SOCIOLOGICAL, POLITICAL, AND MILITARY INFORMATION ON NORTH KOREA

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80T00246A072100330001-4
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 43
• Document Creation Date: December 27, 2016
• Document Release Date: April 29, 2014
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: February 28, 1964
• Content Type: REPORT

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CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
-chic material contains information affeetina the National Defense of the United States within the meaning of the Esoionage Laws. Title
to. Li.J.C. bees. 93 anti "i94, the transmission or revelation of which in any manner to an unauthorised person is
Pr"ibite50X1 -HUM
QUA]
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C-0-N-F-I-D-E-N-T-I-A-L
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COUNTRY North Korea
REPORT
SUBJECT Sociological, Political, and Military DATE DISTR. aly February 1950X1 -HUM64
Information on North Korea
DATE OF
INFO.
PLACE &
DATE ACQ.
NO. PAGES 2
RD
REFERENCES
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THIS IS UNEVALUATED INFORMATION. SOURCE SR/WINGS ARE DEFINITIVE. APPRAISAL OF CONTENT IS TENTATIVE. 50X1 -HUM
MA,
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Table of Contents
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STATE
DIA
I ARMY
I NAVY I AIR I NSA
I AID
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GROUP
Excluded horn automatic
downgrading and
declassification
--(Note: field distribution indicated by "#".)
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INFORMATION REPORT INFORMATION REPORT
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V. Enterprise Management Structure and Life of Workers
VI. ?Ch'ollima Movement
VII, People's Committees at Najin and Ch'Ongjin
VIII. Schools and School Life
IX. Food Situation and Commodity Prices
X. Public Security and Transportation Facilities
XI. Ch'Ongjin City and Port
XII, Special Operational Vessels, Shipyards, and Coast Guard Unit
XIII. Repatriates from Japan
XIV. Miscellaneous Items:
1. Economic Development
2. Repatriates Attitude Toward the North Korean Government
3. Comments about the Chosen Soren jeneral Federation of Koreans
Residing in Japagby North Korean Officials
4. 'Public Reaction to the Campaign for Unrestricted Travel Between
Japan and North Korea
5. Sino-Soviet Rivalry
XV. Repatriates From Countries Other Than Japan
XVI. Sino-Soviet Ideological Rivalry
XVII. Premier KIM Il-sOng
XVIII, Armed Forces of North Korea: Conscription System, Ranks and,Gradep;
Equipment, Training
XIX. Military Facilities: 'Chqingjin, Najin, Nanam, WOnsan
XX. Strengthening of National Defense
XXI. Gasoline Supply
XXII. North Korean Image of Japan
XXIII. Sanitary Conditions in North Korea
Copies of the attachment are available from the CIA Library.
Distribution of Attachment:
OCR
State
DIA
ORR
CIA Library
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The Repatriates Reception Bureau officials promptly ushered
the repatriates into a warehouse on the quay converted into a
rest facility for repatriates. In the gathering held there to
welcome the repatriates, the representative of repatriates from
a certain prefecture in Japan handed a message from the local
Chosen Soren to the chairman of the welcoming committee. After
the repatriate group leader and the Reception Bureau chairman
delivered their speeches, 50 to 60 local Democratic Youths League
members entertained the repatriates with Korean dances and music
and square dances.
It was obvious from the beginning that the North Korean
officials and citizens were avoiding conversation with repatriates ?
But when unavoidable, they replied to the repatriate's questions
in a formal and evasive manner.
Repatriates are sent to either Ch'Ongjin
on their group number. The 9th group
being an odd number, was taken to the reception center at Hamhying;
the repatriates returning in the group with an even number are taken
to the reception center at Ch'Ongjin.
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or Hamhying depending
repatriates were put aboard a train made up
of 13 Soviet-made sleepers, departed for Hamhying after dark on the
day of their arrival at Ch'Ongjin. The sleeper's capacity was 56
passengers, but about 100 repatriates were loaded on each car X1-HUM
A portrait of KIM Il-song and a poster with "Long Live Korean
Labor Party!" and "Long Live Marshal KIM Il-song!" were posted side
by side above the door at either end of each sleeper.
the established rule for displaying the Premier's
portrait and the Party slogans is that the portrait must always
be at the right side and the slogans at the left and that an35oxi -HUM
infraction of this rule is punished severely.
Two Reception Bureau officials assigned to each car distributed
tags showing assignment of quarters at the reception center.
IV. Repatriate Reception Center at HamhOng
1. Facility
The repatriate reception center at Hamh4ng is made up of
three 5-storied concrete apartment buildings located across the
plaza from the Hamhying railway station. These buildings, each with
approximately 260 apartment units, were built in 1959 with financial
aid from East Germany in order to receive repatriates from Japan.
The socialist countries granted aids to finance specific projects
in rebuilding North Korea after the Korean War. East Germany's
project was the reconstruction of Hamhiang.
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The apartments were assigned, beginning from the 1st floor,
with primary considerations given to the size and age of family
members. A married man is given a 2- or 3-room unit, depending on
the size of his family, bachelors were put on the
5th floor, five of them in each of the 1-room units. The 1-room
unit was about the size of a 6-mat room, but it had a wash basin,
a flush toilet, a shower (bath tub for family unit), and was
steam heated, but it did not have a closet, furniture, and house-
hold utensils. There was plenty of running water on th day,
but the pressure dropped so much from the next day that
had hardly enough water to wash their faces.
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The repatriates had their meals in the dining hall on the
1st floor of their respective apartment buildings. Meals were
far inferior to those served aboard the repatriate ship. The
main dish was 250 to 300 grams of polished rice, but subsidiary
dishes did not taste good owing to lack of seasoning.
The apartment store outlet sold Soviet chocolate bars and
North Korean candies, fruits, wine, cigarettes, clothes, and other
items to the repatriates, but not yet aware of shortage of goods
in North Korea, no one bought them in substantial quantities.
The playground between the buildings went unused because
it was too cold and also because no recreational equipment was
available.
2. Welcome and tour of the city
The repatriates unpacked their suitcases and bathed on
their first day at the reception center. They boarded a dozen
buses after supper to attend a welcoming rally held at the
municipal theater. These buses, each with a 50-passenger capacity
and imported from Czechoslovakia, were operated exclusively for
the center. Repatriates were not required to go; but about 90
percent of them attended since they were still responsive as it
was only a day after their arrival in North Korea.
The municipal theater, like the reception center, was
built with East German aid. The seating capacity was 1,500, and
seats and other equipments were East German made. The theater
normally shows motion pictures and plays.
The rally opened with a city official's denunciation of
Japanese imperialism and sympathy extended toward the repatriate's
long hardship in Japan and a praise that the Korean liberation was
a great victory for the Party and KIM Il-song. The repatriate
group leader responded with a speech crediting KIM 11-song and the
Party for making repatriation possible. A program of performances,
far more substantial than the one given at the rest facility in
Chiongjin, followed. The rally lasted for about three hours.
Other than the repatriates, only the city's citizens
selected by the Reception Bureau attended the rally.
No function was held for repatriates in general on the
second day, but in the evening the local Democratic Youths League
organization sponsored a gathering in the Youths Hall in the city
to welcome the returning youths. About 250 young men in the
repatriate group attended, and they were mingled with the league
members in seating arrangement. After the representatives of the two
groups addressed the gathering, the youths enjoyed music and
square dancing.
On the third day, the repatriates were required to submit
personal history statements, their preference for employment and
place of settlement, and other papers and documents (refer to a
later paragraph).
On the fourth day, they were taken on a tour of a farm, a
fertilizer factory, a nursery, and construction sites in the out-
skirts of Hamhung, but preoccupied by the anxiety over not knowing
about their final destination or job assignment, they blankly
followed the guide.
The fertilizer factory, the repatriates were told, was
formerly a 'Japanese-operated nitrogen factory, and its monthly out-
110 MEM Oral
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put is 5,000 tons. The farm they saw, according to the guide,
was a model agricultural co-operative, but its facilities and
implements were quite inadequate. Although the guide boasted
that the farm was completely mechanized, they were cutting rice
stalks for fodder with cogwheels (?).
3. Placement
As mentioned earlier, the repatriates submitted personal
history statements and other documents on the third day at the
reception center. They each received a grant of 20 win in return.
The documents required were a copy each of personal history
statement (biographic information, educational background, family,
and skill), biography (kind of life led since the birth and
description about friends and relatives), and job preference (list-
ing of three preferences for employment and place to settle down).
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exaggeration and falsification went unchecked and that the job
assignment is based on these entries
A repatriate who was only a high50X1-HUM
school graduate stated in his personal history statement that he
was attending a college and was allowed to enter a North Korean
college without any fuss 50X1-HUM
another
repatriate who had no technical skill acquired a job as an
accomplished technician by falsehood. (In later gruups the North
Koreans required students to produce student certificates.)
Contrary to the Chosen Soren's assurance that each
repatriate would be given 200 wOn, only 20 wOn was granted to each
repatriate regardless of his age or sex.
Interviews of individual repatriatesibr job assignment
commenced from the seventh day. Five or six repatriates were called
to a room at a time and interviewed by two middle-aged officials,
and they assigned jobs according to the general plan worked by
the Government. If no agreement could be reached, the interview
was repeated on the next day. 50X1-HUM
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Apparently only the group leader is granted the job assign-
ment of his choice. It seems that about 10 percent of repatriates
accept placement at the first interview, 30 percent after the
fifth or sixth interviews, and the rest at the third or the fourth.
The interviewers obviously prefer to place repatriates in
coal mines, mineral mines, farms and smaller industrial cities.
Some repatriates, unable to reach an agreement with the interviewer,
engage in heated argument with him. Some become drunk on wine
purchased from the reception center store and run amuck in anger.
However, there are cases in which repatriates had their way
Oft caarati DiSSELI
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V. Enterprise Management Structure and Life of Workers
1. OnsOng Stock-farm
A state-operated enterprise, the OnsOng Stock-farm covers
an area of over 4 kilometers square and employs about 1,000 persons
(farm population number 5,000 when dependents are included). Its
livestock is made up of 100 head of cattle, 2,000 to 3,000 pigs,
10,000 head of sheep, 3,000 leghorns, and several tens of thousands
of rabbits.
2. Management structure
Every enterprise is comprised of two parts: management
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and the Party apparat. The structure of state-operated stock-
farms and agricultural co-operatives is as follows:
Manager,
Assistant Manager
Livestock Department
Work Squads
Farming Department
Work Squads
Finance Department
Hospital
Stores
Workers -- Cadre Department
(Handles personnel affairs; a large enterprise
has a workers department and a cadre department)
Mechanical Department
(Makes and maintains farm machinery and imple-
ments)
Party committee chairman
Party committee vice chairman
Party cell chairmen
Party branch chairmen
Party members
The manager is appointed by the Minister of Agriculture;
each work squad is made up of about 20 men and women; the names of
departments differs according to the types of enterprises. The
party committee chairman is in actual control of both the manage-
ment and Party affairs; he is appointed by the Korean Labor Party
headquarters. The manager is often the Party committee vice
chairman.
Each enterprise also has local organizations of the Demo-
cratic Youths League, the Democratic Women's League, the Korean
League of Workers Unions, and the Pioneers. Members of these
organizations are organized under respective local chairmen and
branch chairmen under them. All workers and their families with
the exception of infants, belong to some kind of organization.
3. Production plan and norm
Each enterprise, toward the end of year, receives a pro-
duction quota for the following year from the Government. The
planning committee of the enterprise, made up of departmental
chief and Party cadres, formulates the enterprise's production
plan on the basis of the assigned quota and sets norms for each
department. A large enterprise has a permanent planning department,
which continuously keeps tab on production.
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The norm tor a truck
driver is comparatively light in North Korea because driving is
considered a first-rate skill
Incidentally, it was per-50X1-HUM
miscible to carry up to five persons the truck bed without special
authorization.
4. Daily schedule for workers
All workers, regardless of where they work, are required
daily to be at their respective places of employment by 0730
hours and participate in indoctrination until the work begins at
0800 hours. Conducted by the work squad leader or a party activist,
who take turn as the occasion demanded, the morning indoctrination
is devoted to listening to commentaries on current events and
dissemination of the Party policies, mainly on the basis of the
Nodong Sinmun and the Minju Sinmun articles.
Lunch and rest from 1100 to 1300 hours. From 1700 hours,
when the work stops, to 1730 hours, the workers are assembled
in the socalled "work review" meeting, where their work accomplish-
ment for the day is assessed individually and instructions are given.
They are free from 1730 hours onward except on one evening each
week when they are required to attend weekly indoctrination.
5. Indoctrination
The weekly indoctrination is held from 1730 hours
respectively by the earlier-mentioned organizations at the enter-
prise. Since no time limit is set, indoctrination lasts from
two hours to as long as four hours.
The weekly indoctrination requires study of 1) the party
history, 2) the memoirs of anti-Japanese partisan war, 3) the
resulutions adopted by the Party Congress, 4) the resolutions
adopted by the People's Committee, and 5) the teachings of KIM
Il-song. The time devoted to these items average 30 percent for
1), 20 percent for 2), and 50 percent for 3), 4), and 5), with
the proportion among the last three varying according to the
emphasis of the time. In 5), the workers are required to memorize
the gist of each and all the utterances KIM Il-song made while
touring factories, farms, and other places.
The weekly indoctrination is conducted mostly by the
chairmen of the respective organizations. These chairmen, in
turn, must attend the cadre indoctrination course, which is con-
ducted once a week, from 1500 to 2200 hours for the vice Party
Committee chairman and above.
The workers who fail to attend the weekly indoctrination
are not only harshly criticized and their work credits reduced,
but they are often banished or placed under arrest.
Weekly indoctrination efforts almost always repeat a
basic pattern: 1) lecture, 2) discussion, 3) written test, 4)
workers' comments (their comments are read at the general meeting
held each month; those who submit assenting comments are recommended
for award and those with negative comments are criticized) and
5) discussion of the workers' comments.
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The subject taken up was the production plan for 1962. The
lecturer, after repeating the analysis of the world situations
two or three times, explained why increased production is needed and
gave a briefing on the Party production quota for the enterprise;
the ensuing discussion was devoted to what each worker intended
to do to help meet the production goal; the written test required
each worker to describe the Party policy and his plan for doing
his share to help the enterprise achieve its quota.
The Party tolerates no laxity in indoctrination efforts,
and it ceaselessly harps on the need for indoctrination to the
following effect: "We cannot foretell when and how the enemy
might confront us, so we must be in a constant state of readiness
by arming ourselves spiritually through indoctrination. Indoctri-
nation is synonymous to developing one's revolutionary vigilance."
But most of the workers and low-echelon party men privately
indicate their dislike for indoctrination. Repatriates particular
detested it so much that in their early months of their return to
North Korea, they reacted with almost neurotic abhorrence whenever
they were told to attend one.
6. Remuneration
The workers' monthly wages vary as follows according to
their categories of skill
Average Mo. Wage
Categories 2 to 4 (unskilled workers) 27 to 28 win
Category 5 (semi-skilled workers) 31 to 32 wOn
Category 6 (technicians) (unknown to Sourc
Category 7 (engineers) ft
Category 8 (engineers) 70 to 80 wOn
Party membership or Party position does not mean a better
salary, but the pay for workers in a same jjob category varies
with enterprises. For example, the salaries of workers in the
enterprises, namely, the Ch'ongpinSteel
or six other enterprises, are 5 to 6 won better than the workers
of corresponding categories at the Onsongi Stock-farm, which is a
second-class enterprise, and the salaries for those in the second-
class enterprises are 5 to 6 won more than wages paid to third-
class enterprise workers.
The wages of workers in enterprises operated by county,
(gun) or province (do) (cottage industry) vary according to the
productivity of the enterprises: few workers earn more than the
corresponding workers in the first-class enterprises, but the
rest earn less than those in the third-class enterprises.
7. Cost of living
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Five percent of the salary is withheld for taxes nom-
pulsory saving, and social security, a
truck driver in Category 5, received a monthly wage50X1-HUM
of 31./3 won, of which 1.00 won was withheld for taxes, 5.00 won
for compulsory saving, .50 won for the social security system, .30
won for the Democratic Youths League membership fee, and 3.00
to 5.00 won for food items (meat, edible fats and oil, and rice; the
cost varied by month) rationed to him by the stock-tarm. After
paying 9.00 won more for board (cost of seasonings, vegetables,
fuel, etc.), he only had about 10,00 left each month, out of which
he paid for entertainments (mostly movies) and ci arettes (refer
to the table showing commodity prices)
8. Attitude toward the Ch'ollima Movement
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A work squad must excel in discipline, indoctrination,
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skill, and output to receive the "Chiollima Squad" designation.
A work squad has to work hard to win the title but even harder
to keep it. Ordinary workers are not interested at all in the
title, but if one or more dedicated ones among the squad members
propose extra efforts to try for the title, the rest of the squad
has no particular reason to object, or more correct to say that
they fear being branded reactionaries and punished, so they
cooperate to the extent that they would not be blacklisted.
9. Holidays, physical fitness, and cultural activities
North Korea makes no distinction between sexes in work
norm or wages. The workers, whether men or women, are given a
total of 14 holidays a year. Expectant mothers are given a
total of 70?lays to rest with pay before and after child birth.
The workers with superior performance are allowed to
spend their vacation at a rest facility operated by the Federation
of Labor Unions upon recommendation by the federation's subsidiary
organization at the enterprise, but in most cases the workers
chosen are not enthusiastic because they are not permitted to take
their family along.
The North Korean Government is keen on the physical
fitness and cultural activities of workers, but lacking in
facilities and equipment, the worker is limited to calisthenics
during lunch hours and square dances on May Day and Korean
Liberation Day. Cultural activities and entertainment available
for workers are watching plays and movies. Motion picture
theaters are always packed. Having no place else to go, it is
common for one to see the same picture a half dozen times.
10. Medicines
High-quality medicines such as penicillin and strepto-
mycin are imported from the Soviet Union or Communist China and
are not administered on an ordinary worker unless he is seriously
ill. The newspaper reported quite some time ago that the Na-1_wilm
Koreans have built and begun operating a penicillin factory,
I Other
drugs are also in very short supply; soda is used for indigestion,
and morphine as the panacea for most of other disorders.
50X1-HUM
11. Differentiation between Party members and ordinary workers
There is no distinction between a Party man and an
ordinary worker as far as work or wages are concerned. But a party
member is not subjected to arrest unless the cell to which he
belongs approves; he is given a lighter sentence at the court on the
ground that he could be reformed; and the party membership is pre-
requisite to becoming administrative or political cadres of an
enterprise. So workers, particularly young men, strive relentlessly
to become a party member.
Party members in North Korea are said to now number
1,400,000 but to qualify for membership one must not only excel
in work performance and discipline but more important is to be
born to a right family background. A prospective member is re-
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110 Dissat
commended to the county (gun) party committee by he cell, the
county party committee, in turn, submits its approval to the
party central headquarters for approval.
VI Ch'ollima Movement
1. Origin
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the movement originated
with a man who called for firm unity and a progress of a speed
of a ch'ollima (flying horse) for the reconstruction of the father-
land. The movement was local in scope at first but extended over
the entire North Korea with the government encouragement. The
man who initiated the movement is now a "hero."
2. Objectives
The ch'ollima movement had been introduced into schools
and places of employment for brain-washing and organizing
students and workers, educating them and improving their efficiency,
and having them keep an eye on fellow students or workers. The
movement is the basic KLP tool for implementation of its socialist
policies.
3. Organization
City (Si)
_Fed of Workers Province (To)-Fed of Workers Fed Orgn at
Unions County (Gun) League --places of employ-
KLP- ment
City (Si)
-Democratic -,Province (To)-Democratic __League Orgn at
Youth5League County (Gun) Youths League schools
4. Qualifications
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the proceedings for application
as follows:
a. The group (the league or the federation) at the school
(class) or enterprise adopts a resolution to campaign for con-
ferment of the title.
b. The campaign is put underway with the leader (party
cadre) guiding the efforts to acquire necessary qualifications
and improve efficiency.
c. The application is submitted to the city, province,
and county party committees (TN: Presumably through Party channel).
d. The city, province, and county party committees examine
the qualifications.
When the group is found to be qualified, the "Ch'ollima" certi-
ficate is granted and each member of the group receives a "Ch'ollima"
badge, which he wears over his right chest. Qualifications may
vary with the school or enterprise, but the recipients must be
members of either the Federation of Labor Unions or the Democratic
Youths League. If any member of the applying group is found to be
disqualified, the title is denied to the entire group.
5. Activities
a. The movement strives to increase production by effecting
improvements to double the norm.
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b. It endeavors to step up indoctrination efforts and
further knowledge and appreciation of the Party history, political
science, and economics in order to boost activities of the
respective organizations.
c. It endeavors to "reconstruct" numan beings, that is,
to covert a straggler in the group into a man adapted to the
North Korean situation. In other words, the purpose is to en-
lighten the ones with less appreciation, and if tnere is a
repatriate in the group, he becomes the target of the group's
efforts. A suitable target is created where none is found.
d. New ideas for solving the group's problems are worked
out and executed.
b. Awards
Formerly the group which won the title also received
clothes, radios, watches, and foodstuff (usually candies), but now
only the certificate, badges, and handkerchiefs are issued. No
special award in kind is given to the recipients of the double,
triple, or quadruple Ch'ollima title.
7. Present situation and workers' attitude
The title recipients not only received material incentives
formerly as mentioned in the above paragraph but the leader was
promoted to party official and non-party members were made party
members and assigned to better positions. Anyone wearing the
badge was looked upon with envy by others, and all workers,
regardless of their places of employment, participated eagerly and
fully in the movement. But now one out of 10 workers wear the
badge and some of them are recipients of double and even triple
and quadruple badges (the badge makes no distinction for number
of conferments). Moreover, to receive the badge entails con-
siderable amount of extra time and efforts and sacrifice of what
-little personal leisure available to them. Under these circumstances,
increasing number of workers see no reason why they should p,9ticipate
in the movement when it calls for a greater norm with no refiuMeration.
A majority of the groups which conduct the movement fail these days.
The Party, which considers the movement lobe the principal implement
for conduct of its socialist policies, is having the leaders (cadres)
initiate the movement, but it has become sterotyped and most of
the workers seem to merely go along from force of habit.
8. Disqualification
Because of the growing trend toward ignoring the movement,
increasing number of groups are now being stripped of the title
and the badges. A recipient group must improve, or at least
maintain, the efficiency in order to hold the title, and if the
check by the Party Central Headquarters conducted once or twice
a year uncovers lowered achievement standard of even one member
of the group, that group is deprived of the title and its members
their badges.
Cadres now resort increasingly to falsification of
individual and group achievements in order to conceal declined
efficiency, fearing that their leadership capability would be
questioned if the truth becomes known.
VII,. People's Committees at Najin and Ch'ongjin
1. Organization
Provincial People's Committee
(Committee chairman)
110 FOREn went
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1
Administration Department
-Education Bureau
I-Instructors
Cultural Bureau
LInstructors
-Propaganda Bureau
[-Instructors
-Finance Bureau
[-Instructors
Health Bureau
[instructors
ilitary Department
[Military Office
Ideological Department
rganization Department
I-Guidance Group
LInstructors
Note: 1) Departmental chiefs are also vice chairmen
of the committee.
2) The instructors direct and supervise activities
of lower echelon organizations in places of
employment and personnel affairs are conducted
on the basis of their reports, so they are feared
the most.
2. City people's committee
Functions of a city people's committee which directly con-
cern citizens at large are execution of city planning, assignment
of apartments, assignment of jobs, and issuing of ration cards.
3. Provincial Internal Affairs Bureau
Provincial Internal Affairs Bureau is made up the following
four sections.
Registration Section (Poan Kwa)
This section is in charge of registering birth,
death, change of address, and citizenship identifi-
cation. The citizenship identification renewed in
1962 is effective until 1965.
Security Section (AnchOn Kwa)
The principal function is to handle ideological
offenders.
Inspection Section (Kamch'al Kwa)
Supervision at places of work.
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Guard Section
4. People's squad (Inminpan)
The people's squad is similar to the neighborhood
association in wartime Javan.
50X1 -HUM
a. Organization
A people's squad is made up of 15 to 20 households.
A typical apartment building has four floors and houses 64 house-
holds, so these households are organized into four squads. A
residential area made up of private homes is divided into sections
of 20 households each, and the households in each section is
organized into a people's squad.
b. Squad members
The people's squad is made up mostly of housewives who
are not members of the Party or other organizations. Other house-
hold members are not included because they are either party members
or members of Federation of Labor Unions and other organizations.
c. Qualifications
No special qualifications is needed to become a squad
member. Normally no more than one member from each household joins
the squad. The people's squad leader is to be elected by the
squad, but in actual practice the leader is a housewife picked by
the party.
d. Activities
Liaison among member households, security, observation
of sanitary conditions, furnishing manpower for volunteer work,
keeping an eye on activities of other members.
e. Others
Squad members are given recognition as a matter of
formality, and they display a membership emblem at the main
entrance to their homes. Not a coercive organization, most of
the members do not harbor dissatisfaction toward the people's
squad.
VIII. Schools and School Life
1. Entrance examination
Anyone wishing to enter a school for higher education
applies at the Federation of Labor Unions (FLU) organization at
the place of his employment: the FLU organization submits the
application with its letter of recommendation to the school via
higher echelon FLU organizations.
The entrance examination is made up of two parts: written
and interview. The general subjects covered in the entrance exami-
nation for professional schools and above are mathmetics, physics,
chemistry, Russian language, Korean history, and the Party history.
The interview is conducted at the county people's committee. In
screening ordinary applicants, more importance is placed on the
recommendation than the results of the written examination. Party
members, their offsprings and relatives, and those with the record
of military service are given a priority consideration in entering
the schools of their choice.
3 FORM DISSEEI
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nu I uttuguis orstakoutl, ?
50X1-HUM
16
The Najin Maritime Training School was said to be a college
level institution entrance examination
: the mathematics test
made up of a quadratic equation problem, a factoring problem, a
Pythagorean theorem problem and the chemistry test consisted of
identifying five elementary symbols. 50X1-HUM
2. State-operated professional schools and colleges
The state-operated professional school are the highest
technical training schools in North Korea, and there are altogether
six of them in the country. They are: the Najin Maritime Train-
ing School, the physics school and t150X1-HUM
transportation school at P'yongyang, the fishery school at Sinp'o,
and the agricultural school and the construction school at Onsan,
and one other school.
As for colleges, North Korea has the KIM Il-song University,
a construction college, a transportation college, a physical
edacation college, an art college, a music college, a teachers'
college, a light industry college, and a dental college. In
addition, each province has a college devoted to technical tralning.
3. Curriculum of the Najin Maritime Training School
The Najin Maritime Training School had a student body of
about 4,000, of which about 2,000 were enrolled in the navigation
department (50 students per term), 160 in the engine department
(30 to 40 per term), and 40 in the management department (enroll-
ment in this department iftadjusted to the need).
There were 32 mandatory subjects for the navigation
students, of which Source remembers the following:
a. General subjects: mathematics, physics, chemistry,
drafting, Russian, physical education, literature, and history (total
of about 100 hours; most of these subjects are completed in the
first year, that is, the first two semesters).
b. Technical subjects: terrestrial navigation, celestial
navigation, ship operation, ship theory and engineering, navigation
instruments, and log (approximately 170 hours).
c. Engineering subjects: strength of materials, engine,
electrical engineering (approximately 70 hours).
d. Political subjects: the Party history, the Party
policies, indoctrination in communism, the history of Korean
liberation (approximately 200 hours).
e. Health and hygiene: two subjects.
f. Military subjects: military drill, firing practice,
stripping of weapons, formation drill, military theories (about
200 hours; conducted year-round).
g. Practical training: 1) cruise of the North Korean
waters (a month after enrollment in the school and four months be-
fore graduation) on the training ships, the
FORLICH DISSEhi
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nu I Y11141111 111001.111
?
? ? ?
Paektusan Ho (4101/7333/1472/5714)
Built in NK, 200 tons, 200 hp engine
Pukkuksaong Ho (0554/2819/2502/5714)
Built in NK, 150 tons, German-made engine
and 2) navigation practice on shore.
As evident from the curriculum, much emphasis is placed
on political and military subjects. The military subjects are
taught by reserve officers (senior officers on active duty teach
college students), and the students receive a thoroughgoing
training comparable to the one given to infantrymen. The students
undergo a familiarization course to handle rifles, light and
heavy machine guns and, before the graduation, fire 5 rounds of
ball cartridges with a Japanese "38"rifle and 25 rounds with a
Soviet submachinegun. A passing grade in the firing practice is
29 points or more at 100 meters.
The school instructors are held responsible of any student
failing in the subjects other than the military or political ones,
so they give obvious hints to the students during examinations,
and cribbing is common among the students.
4. Organization
The schools, like enterprises, are also organized for
party control as well as for managing.
a. Management organization
School director--deputy director--head instructors--
instructors--students
b. Party organization
Party committee chairman
Party committee vice chairman
Student party committee chairman
Student cell chairman
Student party members
Party cell chairman
Party members
c. Other organizations
(1) Democratic Youths League
14,
Chairman--class committee chairman--cell chairman--
students
(2) Teachers League
50X1 -HUM
5. Dormitory life
The students enrolled in the North Korean educational in-
stitutions of the professional school level and above are required
to enter the school dormitory. Average age of the students at
Source's school was 27; the youngest ones were 20 years old and
the oldest 36 years old.
al et-? 1,V... a I
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RU FORM MEM -
The students are organized as follows in the dormitory:
School administration department chief--dormitory
inspector--dormitory committee--room leader--roommates
Daily routine is as follows:
Reveille at 0600 hours, followed by physical exercises,
toilet, sweeping and cleaning, and breakfast. Leave
for school at 0750 hours; students are required to
march in formation.
0800 -- 0830 hr: Indoctrination in communism
0840 .;?,- 1220 hr: Two lectures. One lecture supposed
to be two hours but actually 90 minutes
1220 1400 hr: Lunch and rest
1400 -- 1720 hr: Two lectures. Ends at 1530 when only
one is given
1720 -- 1800 hr: Sweeping and cleaning. The students
depart for the dormitory at 1800 hours
Supper
2000 -- 2200 hr: Study hours
2210 hr ?
? Roll call
2230 hr ?
? Bedtime
The students, like workers, are subjected to indoctrination
once a week after school.
The professional schools students are required to work 20
days outside of the school each year (40 days in 1962; college
students work 40 days a year). Their labor is contributed to the
public. In addition, the students are usually required to spend
holidays and Sundays on beautification of the school or attend
various meetings, so they only have an average of one day every
two months for rest.
6. Scholarship and expenses 50X1-HUM
The students who do not have any relative
in North Korea are provided with a scholarship of 11.00 wOn a month,
and those with relatives are granted 9.00 wOn a month. In addition,
the students receive 18.00 wOn for the months they are participating
on the training cruise. The student's expenditures are: the cost
of board, 6.00106n a month, the Democratic Youths League fee, .01
wOn a month, (TN sic), newspaper subscription and other reading
materials, .30 win, and the remainder is his spending money. But
the students never have enough money because they purchase extra
foodstuff to augment the meager meals of staple grain and beanpaste
soup. A vegetable dish is added only to the Sunday meals.
IX. Food Situation and Commodity Prices
1. Production and Ration System
The North Korean Government announced that last year's
domestic production of cereals was 5 million tons. At the same
time it was able to store a 3-year supply of rice as a result of
keeping up the ration system, which had been effective for meeting
emergency.
But because of strained international rdhtions of late,
the Government is asking the people to follow its policy and continue
Ka EDREI11 DISSEM
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with the life of austerity and move forward with the program of
socialist construction. The thinking people are secretly very
critical of the Government by saying: "Even if everyone of the
12 million North Koreans eat one kilogram of ride a day,
4,380,000 tons will be more than enough for one year's supply
of rice. And yet the Government is spending the hard-to-got
foreign exchange for importing cereals from Cuba, Australia,
East Germany and Vietnam. Thy is this necessary, especially
when the Government has rice on hand? After all, the Government
itself exposed the fact that the production figures announced
were false and they were only for propaganda sake." The workers
in general, too, are dissatisfied and complaining "we don't
mind so much about clothing and housing but we want to eat stomach-
ful."
At present, staple foods, oil and fats, fish and meat,
are rationed, but even tobacco and matches become rationed items
in case they run short. With the exception of some of special
workers, the general public gets rice and other cereals as staple
foods. Miscellaneous cereals include corn, corn flour, songhun,
wheat flour, potatoes, etc. The percentage of staple foods
rationed--from harvest time (autumn) to early winter--is 70 percent
rice and 30 percent miscellaneous cereals. Lately the percentage
of miscellaneous cereals has gradually increased that it is now
half and half from winter to spring, 30 percent rice to 70 percent
cereals from spring to summer, and practically all cereals by the
time harvest starts.
The amount of rations differs with age and kind of occu-
pation, and the amount per day for: ordinary laborer, 700 grams;
a pit worker and fisherman, 900 grams only rice); a seaman,
800 grams (only rice); a worker performing a hazardous job, 800
to 900 grams (only rice); up to high school student, 400 grams;
student, 700 grams; a housewife, 400 grams (from the early part
of last year, even a woman working has been treated as a supporter.
Therefore, even a person who was treated as an ordinary laborer
and entitled to 700 grams of staple foods now gets 400 grams if
he gets married.). And each person gets 200 grams of fats and
oils every month and he only gets about 500 grams of meat on
holidays. Workers engaged in hazardous job get special rations of
1 kilogram of pork and 1 kilogram of fats and oils every month.
Fishes near fishing ports seem to be on sale on public markets,
but they are only available once in six months in the mountainous
regions.
Tobacco and matches become rationed as soon as they run
short. A monthly ration of cigarettes is about 300.
2. Commodity Prices
a.
Foods
Rice 07 won for
3.81 pt in
Wheat 07 won for
Sugar 05 won for
Steamed bread 50 won for
1 kilogram 5 won for about
blackmarket
1 kilogram
1 kilogram
200 grams
When one travels he gets a food coupon good for 800
grams per day.
b. Clothing
Shirt 70 won each, made of Japanese nylon
MI Mil DISI
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Undershirt 09 won each, made of rayon
Knitted goods 13 won each
(good quality)
Stockings 70 to .90 won per pair, made of cotton
07 won a pair, made of nylon
15 won to 20 won, made of Japanese nylon
25 won a pair, made of Czech nylon
Leather shoe 25 won to 30 won a pair, made of pig skin
Rubber shoe 3.50 won a pair, made of rubber & canvas
Basketball shoe. .09 won a pair
Suit 170 won a_pair. Only one suit a year is
rationed
Work clothes,
up & down 35 won a pair for summer
c. Luxury items
Cigarettes 15 won a pack & I won for a pack of 20.
Eight different kinds of cigarettes
"Sake" 80 won for .g18 pint. Whenever on sale,
customers line up in front of store and
it sells out in no time
"Shochu" (low
class distilled
drink) 80 won for 1.3 pint
Tinging wine 17 won for 1.3 pint
Vodka 9 won for 3.9 pints, made in Soviet Union
raai-Water 55 won per bottle, includIng .30 won for
bottle
Champagne 11 won
Wine 7 won for 3.9 pints
Beer 70 won for medium size bottle
d. School sueplies, medicines and jewelry
Pencil 05 won each
Notebook 15 won to .30 won each. Hard to get
papers
Fountain pen. .10 won to 14.50 won each, made in Korea
If
27 won to 28 won each, 14-karat mane in
Japan,
"Isan "
Medicine for
stomach 20 won for 50 grams
Mi717secticide..90 won for 2.6 pints
Watch 340 won to 500 won each. The difference
in price between expensive and cheap
watches is not known
e. Others
Motion Picturev.30 won for one show. Most of them are
on revolution
Dramas 70 won to .90 won. Most of them are on
revolution
Haircut 30 won to .70 won. Cheap haircut is
finished in 20 minutes
Fan 800 won to 1,000 won each
Krictric Re-
frigerator 5,000 won each
Repatriates were told not to use electric appliances
brougnt back from Japan.
MI FOREri DISSEM
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X. Public Security and Transportation Facilities
1. How Security is Handled by Ministry of Internal Affairs
(reorganized in Oct 62--now Ministry of Social Security) and the
Status of Hamgyong-pukto's Internal Affairs Bureau
The Ministry of Internal Affairs controls the security
of the nation. As previously mentioned (refer to 11 of V),
ordinary people can be arrested without warrant for any trivial
thing committed and, because they can be severely punished for
criticizing government policy, they are leading a miserable life.
On the other hand, the Ministry handles security cases with
extremely conciliatory as well as repressive punishments. For
instance, in the case of blackmarketing, ordinarily, it would go
only to the extent of confiscating the goods. In other words,
it would only give light sentences to habitual violators of law.
But when a man in charge of food ration center abused his privilege
and stole about 60 pounds of ricepte was shot to death before
the public to let the public know what could happen to anyone
committing the same crime.
50X1-HUM
NO FOREION OISSEM
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-2e- MI MEIN Dna ;
?
50X1-HUM
2. Transportation Facilities
Every time one wants to travel he must get a permit from
his workshop. As there is only a small number of automobiles most
of the traveling is done by train.
Some of the locomotives and passenger coaches
made but were old, and most of them were those in use
reign of Japan.
were Soviet-
under the
Right now there are
semi-express, and the other
tea coastline toy o
a da ii? ? ? ?
?
50X1-HUM
three trains a day - one express, one
local - running from Najin on th-t-IMPart
z _
on the Yellow Sea side to WiroAgyan
to negotiate the distance differs with train that is makipa, the
VILLLAPit_REai=9.2=DAA_AXA -Uwirial.a_diatance_
21-a122mI_R?9_154129atu4/ maistra.Aut,x44. ItLaLaitzur.a.
The tkain faxos_hAYe_bovn_hked ahout_an_amerage_cl 5Q
percent around_the fall of 19614 and now the fare between Nalin
and PLYSTEyang is 11.80 won (-was 7.68 won, a raise of 60 percent)
and _between Nalin and Unggi_is .60 won (was .30 won, an increase
of 100 percent). The express train ticket costs 2.50 won and the
sleeper ticket costs 4 won. Ordinarily, it takes two or three days
before one can buy these tickets.
XI. Chiongjin City and Port
1. Ch'ongjin City
It is said that Cn'ongjin City has a population of about
160,000. The city has three major plan *m - spinning mill, steel
m COMM GISSiii
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CONFICEN TIM. no HUN ?14"14
manufacturing plant, and iron manufacturing plant. The spinning
mill is officially called Chemical Textile Plant and its size
is equal to those in P'yongyang and Sinuiju and is called one of
the three major spinning mills. There are about 2,000 people
working in this plant and most of them are women. The amount of
production is unknown, but North Korea has announced its annual
production of textile to be 250,000,000 meters. More than half
of this textile is being produced by these three plants.
The steel manufacturing plant has two revolving type
blast furnaces (Kaitenshiki Yokbro) and employs 10,000 workers
and produces 1,200,000 tons of steel annually. The iron manu-
facturing plant makes iron out of the iron ore shipped in from
the Musan mines but nothing. else is known except that it employs
about'5,000 workers. As in the case of the steel plant, going
in and out of this iron plant is strictly controlled.
The automobiles seen running in the city are Soviet-made
Volga and Pobeda, and judging from the cars running around the
city, there must be about 30 of them. Only managers of first
class enterprises, party's county committee chairmen and general
officers can make use of these cars. There are about 4o to 50
jeeps, including those belonging to the military.
2. Ch'ongjin Port
a. Port entry and exit of foreign ships
The principal foreign ships that entered North Korea's
leading ports are West German ship (15,000 tons), Greek ship (12,000
tons), Soviet ship (10,000 tons), Norwegian ship (6 to 7,000 tons),
British ship (8,000 tons), and 7 Japanese ships that make regular
runs. The Japanese ships are the No. 11 and 12 KINSEI MARU, 2
under the name of INABAYAMA MAHU, the KIMISHIMA MARU of Kobe, the
TAISHO MARU of Tokyo and one other ship.
The main 'export items are pig iron, zinc and cement
(to the Soviet Union) while the main items imported are wheat,
sugar -(from Cuba), and paints. Paints and most of the wire and
fish nets are imported from Japan. It appears that petroleum is
being shipped overland from Communist China.
b. Harbor facilities
The Chiongjin port is made up of the main port, the
west port and the fishing port.
The main port now is being used as the base of coast-
wise and repatriation ships, as ship refueling place, and as army
and naval base. (The average water depth is from 7 to 8 meters, and
5 to 7 meters deep in the shallow areas.) It was paid that the
main port would be opened as trade port from about August. The
west port (water depth from 7 to 8 meters) is where foreign ships
dock.
The west port is now being dredged with the objective of
digging to a water depth of 13 meters by 1965. When any foreign
ship is in port, a Naval Border Guard Unit member would stand
guard on the quay at all times and no one other than dockworkers
is allowed to go near the ship.
50X1 -HUM
CONFIDENTIAL
NO FOREIGN OISSEV
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UUI1UIL11111114L NO HIM UisSIM
c. Ch'ongjin Dredging Office
The organizational structure of the Chtongjin Dredg-
ing Office Transportation Ministry--
Maritime Trasnportation Administration Bureau--Hamgyong-pukto
Maritime Transportation Administration Bureau--Ch'ongjin Dredging
Office. The dredging office had 400 to 500 employees and 30%
of them were working on land. There were 40 to 50 party members
among them. The office consisted of a manager and assistant
manager and an accounting department chief, a dredging department
chief and an engineering department chief under them. Under the
department chiefs were dredging boat captains and towboat captains,
and under the towboat captains were chief engineers and dirt
hauling boatmen. There wererthree dredgers: a 210-ton and a
600-ton steam enginelbucket-type^dredgers, (made in Japan before
the war) and a 400-ton, 200-hp firedome Yanmar engine. There
were two pump ships (Soviet-made and imported after the Korean
War), one equipped with a 490-hp engine and another with 11500-hp
engine. The towboats were built by the Najin Shipyard around
1957-or 1958, each one of them was a 30-ton job equipped with
100-hp engine. There were 7 of them with numbers from 1,001
through 1,007. About three dirt hauling boats were assigned to
each dredger. The captains of tugboats were party members. .
There were Aine regular crewmembers on the tugboat
The
working hours, as a rule, were 8-huur work in three shifts. Be-
cause of the shortage of personnel, a 6-man crew is working in
two shifts now with a 30-minute orientation class held between
shifts.
The monthly norm for the 210-ton bucket dredger is
5,000 cublo. meters.
XII. Special Operations Vessels, Shipyards, and Coast Guard Unit
1. Special Operations Boats (fast boats)
At the military lase of Chtongjin's main port there were
four 50-ton and one 100-ton camouflaged fishing boats believed
to be for operational use. These ships were said to have been
built at the Najin No. 28 Plant and above the deck of every one
of these ships was of wooden structure for camouflage purpose
(lower part is torpedo boat structure). All of these vessels
were painted either white or gray, but they were constantly being
repainted. Each of the 50-ton class vessel was said to have two
100-hp engines and they were seen cruising in the port at a speed
of 12 to 13 knots. Each had a removable heavy machine gun in
the stern and was equipped with an antiaircraft machine gun in the
bow which could be concealed in the hatch. The 100-ton boat was
equipped with a 31600-hp engine and four screws. It cruised at
an average speed of about 40 knots outside the port, but it was
said it could make a maximum speed of 60 knots.
Since the special operations boat moves in and out of the
port mostly at night and its movements unscheduled, it is very
difficult to find out what it, is really doing. One of the dis-
charged soldiers said that anyone working on this boat "must
keep everything secret even to his wife when he receives orders."
He said that once a certain crewmember carelessly told his wife
"I shall come home in about a week" before leaving home. His
wife told this to the wives in the neighborhood, and it so happened
that her husbands superior found out about this. The result was
that the boat was ordered to return to port with its mission un-
finished. The boat was scheduled to cross the 38th parallel.
CONFIDENTIAL
50X1 -HUM
50X1 -HUM
2 MI FEE Ott!EM
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UW11%1E111
ui 1Wrum,*
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Since the Crewmembers of this boat wear Army chevron, they
must be Army personnel.
2. Shipyards
The shipyards in North Korea have no dock, so overhead
method is being used. The shipyard in Najin called the No. 28
Plant can build freighters up to 3,000 tons, but ordinarily it
repairs steel vessels of about 200 tons. Its monthly repair
capacity is 2,000 tons.
The steel ship repair shop at Kimch'aek employs 400 to 500
people. There is a shipyard in Ch'ongjin which builds mostly
fishing vessels. It can build trawlers up to 400 tons, and
it can build a Little more ships that the Najin shipyard.
There is a shipyard in Wonsan which builds fishing
vessels but the size is-not known.
In Sinp'o there is a shipyard which specialized in repair-
ing fishing boats. It has the capacity of building ten 70 tons
to 80 tons vessels a year and employs 200 workers.
3. Coast Guard Unit
Coast Guard Unit has been set up to control crimes committed
on the high sea and is responsible to the Internal Affairs Bureau.
Fishing vessels going out to fishing grounds carry weapons because
of possible contact with South Korean fishing vessels. Each vessel
carries , . at least one Coast Guard Unit member, who, in case
cdemiergency, wolld take command of the anticipated fight.
XIII. Repatriates from Japan
1. Living condition and mental state
The North Korean Government received the repatriates
warmly in the early days of the repatriation program, but pro-
gressively growing cool toward them, it no treates repatriates
no differently from other North Korean citizens. It still
grants 20 wan each to newly arrived repatriates, but now allows
only one week Before they are assigned to jobs.
Almost all the repatriates find it difficult to make ends
meet, as they had experienced better life in Japan and have no
slid foundation in North Korea upon which to earn a stable liveli-
hood. Because they resort to selling goods and personal effects
brought back from Japan to help meet expenses, their circumstances
deteriorate rapidly.
Moreover, the repatriates are not only barred from the
munitions industry and other sensitive work but are ostracized
by native Koreans, so nearly all of them feel harassed and regret
having repatriated to North Korea.
2. Exfiltration of repatriates from North Korea
Disappointed with conditions in North Korea, most of the
repatriates long to return to Japan. But not allowed to do so,
some of the more desperate ones are seeking for an opportunity
to smuggle out of the county; they are willing to go anywhere
as long as they could get out of North Korea.
repatriates
cases of exfiltration or attempted exfiltratIon by 50X1 -HUM
CONFIDENTIAL
NO OREM DiSSEN
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a. Two bachelor repatriates (names unknown) from Tokyo
employed by the Ch'ongjin Steel Works escaped to the USSR by
train in early 1961. They were arrested by the Soviet authorities
and deported to North Korea after two months of detention. After
40 days of detention and interrogation by the HamgyOng-pukto
Internal Affairs Bureau, they were released and returned to their
former jobs at the steel works.
b. Yl In-su (2621/ntc/ntc), who repatriated from Tokyo
with his mother and a younger sister ( Not clear whether 50X1-HUM
singular or plural), was studying at the P'yongyang Drama-Motion
Picture College, but during the spring vacation of 1962, he and
five or six of his friends attempted to exfiltrate to the ROK.
They were caught by the North Koreans near the DMZ and later sentenced
to 17 years of penal servitude.
c. A group of repatriates (names and number unknown) smuggled
out to Communist China late 1962 but were caught by the Chinese
and deported. Nothing is known about them since.
d. A repatriate ran up the accommodation ladder of the
departing repatriate ship to smuggle back to Japan, only to be
arrested immediately.
The North Korean Government, concerned about recurrence of
exfiltration by repatriates and their repercussions on the piblic,
strictly forbids circulation of rumors and accounts regarding
escapes and deals harshly with those who were caught in the
attempt.
XIV. Miscellaneous Items
1. Economic development
The current progress of economic development and the
future plans for emphasis on certain industry are frequently re-
ported in the Nodong Sinmun and explained at the indoctrination
meetings, but whether these pronouncements merit credence is
doubtful. Nevertheless, it must be recognized that North Korea is
making a steady economic progress, as the workers, though
reluctantly, are producing more, spurred on by the ch'ollima move-
ment. The people's standard of living, however, is not improving
correspondingly because the main efforts are being diverted to
armament..
2. Repatriates' attitude toward the North Korean Government
A certain repatriate commented about the North Korean
leaders to other repatriates: "They are sorely lacking in
statesmanship: they bait workers with medals and titles, a method
completely out of step with the trend of the times, in the atteut
to arouse their will to work. They also require the people to
submit blindly to the cult of individual. Their way is completely
primitive!"
3. Comments about the Chosen Soren by North Korean officials
Apparently only the NK Officials are aware of the existence of the
Chosen Soren in Japan. Comments of officials 50X1-HUM
a. The Chosen Soren is doing a tremendous job of letting
the Free World, particularly Japan, know about the significance
of the existence of North Korea.
b. The Chosen Soren, under order from the North Korean
Goverfiment, is having repatriates bring with them industrial
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KO Mum imam
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machinery, optical instruments, precision tools and instruments,
and other needed items to North Korea. A considerable number of
North Korean railway stations was without watches a few years ago,
but all the stations now have them because watches were brought
back in large quantities by the repatriates.
4. Public reaction to the campaign for unrestricted travel
between Japan and North Korea.
The North Korean Government has repeatedly announced its
support of the campaign for unrestricted travel between Japan and
North Korea, but the general public shows very little interest
because the Government speaks of the freedom of the Korean nationals
in Japan to visit North Korea but makes no mention of the North
Korean citizens' visit of Japan. The repatriates would naturally
welcome the lifting of the ban on travel to Japan, but, resigned
to the likelihood that the North Korean Government would allow
only a select few to visit Japan in the fear that the hard internal
conditions would become known to the outside world. They show
no enthusiasm for the drive even if the Japanese were to approve
unrestricted travel.?
5. Sino-Soviet rivalry
The North Korean Government has publicly criticized that
"the Soviet Union and some eastern European countries, in contra-
vention to the Marxist-Leninist doctrines, have yielded to the
imperialists" and made known it support for Communist China in the
Sino-Soviet confrontation. The danger of revisionism playing into
the imperialists' hands is stressed at indoctrination meetings,
but the average citizen, having only a vague notion of what
revisionism is because no one bothers to explain it to him in
details, merely believes what he hears about it.
ND BRIM OISSEM
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1110 I INUalfil
v.
CP:70:7771L7:71.7.77 A
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XV. Repatriates from Countries Other than Japan
Koreans who repatriated to North Korea from the Soviet Union
and Communist China number several times over those
from Japan. The observations of these repatriates
are as follows:
a. Repatriates from USSR
who repatriated
50X1 -HUM
Repatriates from the Soviet Union reach a considerable
number; they include not only pre-1945 residents of USSR but those
who had gone there in recent years to work as lumberjacks and
fishermen. The trafficking of these lumberjacks and fishermen
is considerable, and the lumberjacks work50X1-HUM
in the forests in the interior of Vladivostok and fishermen in
Sakhalin, all under a three-year contract, and that most of them
go on their own volition but some are sent willy-nilly.
these contract workers live 50X1-HUM
better in Siberia and Sakhalin than in North Korea and noticed
that they are envied by others because they return with watches,
sewing machines, radios, and other items which are unavailable
to other North Korean.workers.
b. Repatriates from Communist China
Most of the repatriates from Communist China are pre-
1945 residents of that country, and many were farmers and coal
miners. They apparently repatriated to escape hard life, for most
of them, unlilw the returnees from USSR, came back with hardly
anything more than the clothes on their backs. Yet, some of them
apparently chose to go back to Communist China again to work, saying
privately that the food situation is worse there but they are
happier.
c. Other information
50X1 -HUM
Repatriates from the Soviet Union say that some North
Koreans defect to the Soviet Union. They first smuggle across the
border into Communist China and then escape to USSR through mountains
along the Sino-Soviet border.
The Chinese Communists are supposed to arrest, detain,
and deport border jumpers from North Korea and the North Koreans
are to reciprocate, but in practice the latter do not punish or
deport Koreans who escape from Communist China. Some several 50X1-HUM
tens of thousands of Koreans crossed the border and returned to
North Korea in the summer of 1962 owing to a disaster ( Presumably
a crop failure resulting from a natural calamity), but none of them
were punished.
Also, a Korean national who was shot in his leg by the
Chinese border guard in mid-August 1962 while escaping was receiving
FOREIGN DISSEll
irtf"7?--- 7? 1'
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uv11.1 .4.11,0.1:A14
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treatment at the Najin railway hospital.
Those who jumped the Sino-Soviet border were apparently
arrested and deported to their native country in the past, but
a rumor circulated in North Korea from about late 1962 that escapees
would be summarily shot seems to have completely discouraged use
of that route to escape from North Korea.
nr;-- Sino-Soviet Ideological Rivalry
1. Developments in North Korea connected with the Sino-Soviet
ideological rivalry
Summer of 1962:
a. Press and radio
Attacks on policies of TITO launched.
Revisionism criticized.
50X1 -HUM
50X1 -HUM
Late December 1962:
a. Press and radio
Sino-Soviet differences over ideology made public.
Press and radio coverage about USSR disappeared
completely.
b. Government actions
That the entire Chinese Communist delegation walked
out of the Twenty-second Soviet Communist Party Congress
was announced.
Indoctrination of KLP members begun.
C. Others
Soviet broadcasts were stopped altogether.
Possession of Soviet publications was banned.
Mid-January 1963:
a. Press and radio
CH'OE Yong-kon (1508/1661/0256) began to be mentioned
frequently in the press and radio, and the individuals
theretofore unknown to the public at large began to be
mentioned in the news.
The press discontinued printing of Khrushchev's pictures
and began carrying pictures of MAO Tse-tung, CHOU En-lai,
and LIU Chao-chi. Also, the press and radio began to
handle more news about Communist China.
Major portions of newspaper and periodical spaces and
radio time were devoted to enlightening the public about
modern revisionism.
b. Government actions
NO FOREIGN OISSEt
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KIM Il-sOng attacked the Soviet Union, particularly
Khrushchev, in his New Year speech and called for strengthening
of the national defense.
Personal history of individuals, particularly members
of the low-echelon Party organizations, were checked.
Instructors from the Party headquarters began conducting
orientation courses on modern revisionism.
c. Others
A thoroughgoing drive was waged to confiscate any
and all Soviet publications.
All organizations began endeavors to bolster the
national defense.
February to March 1963:
a. Press and radio
Much effort began to be devoted to propagandize the
reconstruction of Communist China.
Attack on revisionism was shifted to denunciation of
Khrushchev. Pictures of Soviet students dancing were printed.
b. Government actions
More and more personnel were shifted as the result of
the earlier checks on personal history.
c. Others
Indoctrination efforts devoted to attacks on the Soviet
Union were stepped up.
Endeavors were made to thoroughly enlighten the public
about modern revisionism.
April 1963 onward:
a. Press and radio
All-out condemnation of Khrushchev gotten underway.
Disparaging reports about the Soviet Union printed and
broadcasted.
Reports about Communist China increased.
b. Government actions
Class indoctrination begun (TN: Refer to later paragraphs).
c. Others
Propaganda emphasizes that Communist China is the correct
side in the Sino-Soviet dispute.
2. Investigation of personal history
The investigation of personal history commenced in January
1963 was directed mainly at Party members who are serving as enter-
prise officials. Those who made false entries into their personal
history statements were transferred to other jobs, and students who
falsified their personal history statements were expelled from school.
NO FROM DISSEM
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One of the qualifications to become Internal Affairs men
Presumably policemen) was that he must be born to a family
of workers, but the investigation disclosed that roughly 25 percent
of them were from farm families.
50X1-HUM
Repatriates who have relatives in South Korea serving as
government officials ( Presumably military included) or in
Japan working as Mindan officials were likewise disciplined (
presumably the repatriates who failed to mention about these
50X1-HUM
relatives were disciplined).
3. Modern revisionism
The propaganda and indoctrination call Khrushchev's modern
revisionism "appeasement of the capitalists and imperialists by
the socialists countries." They attack the Soviet Premier for
having sold warplanes to India during the Sino-Soviet border war,
denouncing it as a Soviet act of unarmed aggression against
Communist China; they accuse him of having interfered with inde-
pendence of Cuba when he removed the missiles from the island
country under the American threat of nuclear retaliation; they
denounce him for having concluded a 20-year non-aggression pact
with the Americans for the fear of the latter and call the move a
defeat for the proletariats. Modern revisionism, they tell the
people, stands for personal gains at the expense of other socialist
countries and establishing dictatorial control over the latter
countries.
4. Class indoctrination
a. Objective
The objective of class indoctrination is to brainwash
the people into acquiring correct appreciation of the present state
of the proletarian class.
b. Organization
Indoctrination is conducted by different organizations
(usually the Korean Democratic Youths League for those less than
30 years old and the Korean Federation of Workers Unions for those
30 years old or over) with the officials who attended the courses
at their respective central headquarters taking charge. It is con-
ducted in groups of 20 to 30 persons each.
c. Methods
The time and place for indoctrination are designated
by the respective league or federation organizations each time.
The indoctrination is conducted daily for two hours after work or
school except on Sundays and Tuesdays, which are reserved for 50X1-HUM
militia training to bolster the national defense. ( Militia
training is conducted every Tuesdays but the groups showing poor
results are required to train on Sundays, too.) Two or three days
each week is devoted to study on the basis of the book entitled,
"Class Indoctrination" (Kyeklip Kyoyang), and the remaining two or
three days to discussions, after which weekly examination is given.
The book is not available to group members, so they listen to the
instructor's lecture and take notes. The examinations is conducted
both orally and in writing, but if anyone in a group should fail to
make the grade, the entire group is required to repeat the lesson
until everyone passes the examination. The notes are subjected to
inspection, and anyone with a torn or damaged page is punished as a
thought offender.
d. Indoctrination subjects
(1) Relationship between capitalists and workers,
particularly exploitation of workers by the
capitalists. NOFOREIGNOISSEM
? r
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nint.leis wavy...a
r77.7777-7777
(2) The origin of capitalism and the history of
development from slavery to socialist revolution.
(3) Comparison of life under capitalism and communism.
(4) Criticism of Khrushchev's modern revisionism.
Examples of criticisms directed at Khrushchev are:
he uses modern revisionism to establish his
dictatorship; he exhumed Stalin from his grave and
disposed of the remains; because Khrushchev im-
ported dancing and the strip tease to USSR after
watching them during his tour of the United States,
the Soviet youths and students have become corrupt
and now indulge in lewd passtimes; Communist China
is the correct side in the Sino-Soviet dispute,
and Communist China possesses atomic bombs and is
now the most powerful country in the world.
50X1-HUM
(5) The workers and students are told that they must
endure austerity in order to build up the national
defense for peace and must have faith in order to
accomplish that goal.
5. Public Attitude
Subjected to exhaustive class indoctrination, the North
Korean people believe that KIM Il-song is a very trustworthy leader
who guides the nation on a proper course of supporting the Chinese
Communists in the Sino-Soviet dispute. 50X1-HUM
Some inwardly resent the class indoctrination as vigor with
which it is conducted is far out in proportion with other indoctri-
nation efforts, but they participate because they feel that they
have no choice but to obey the will of the authorities.
_XVII. Premier KIM Il-sOng
50X1-HUM
KIM Il-sOng is almost deified and the public blindly believe
that they are told about him. However, some intellectuals among
Korean Labor Party members are privately critical about dictatorial
methods ("Robot") of KIM Il-sOng, and CHTOE Yong-kOn (1508/1661/
0256) and PAK Se-ch'01 (2613/0013/0772) ( Presumably misprint
of PAK KOm-ch'01 /1613/6855/08117) are gaining popularity among the
North Korean public since about two years ago. The reason for the
NO FORINN IRO 50X1-HUM
J
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VKUiN CONFID7117k1.
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shift in popularity is that CH'OE Yong-kOn is frequently mentioned
in the press because he is in charge of talks and dealing with
foreign countries (-1 It is not clear whether PAK Se-ch' 01 150X1-HUM
gaining popularity also because he is frequently mentioned in the
press). The two (CH'OE and PAK) are deemed by the public to be
successor to KIM Il-sOng, but the common talks speculate in faunr
of PAK Se-ch'01 Sic). 50X1-HUM
Another reason for rising popularity of CH'OE Yong-kOn and
declining popularity of KIM Il-song since about late 1962 is the
banishment of HAN S01-chi (7281/7185/0037)1-7 Presumably mi:50X1-HUM
of HAN S01-ya /7281/7185/68517), the foremost writer of North Korea,
to a coal mine. HAN wrote a book entitled, "KIM Il-ng," but he
was arrested by the Ministry of Internal Affairs ( Presuma50X1 -HUM
the Ministry of Internal Affairs here and elsewhere in this report
means the Ministry of Social Security) because its entire contents
were based on the theme that KIM Il-sging and his group alone re-
built North Korea. The news of his arrest was never printed but
was circulated by rumors and came as a considerable shock to the
public.
?XVID; Armed Forces of North Korea: Conscription System, Ranks and Grades,
Equiptent, and Training.
1. Conscription system
The Korean People's Armed Forces, comprised of the Army,
the Navy, and the Air Force, recruits its personnel under the
conscription system. Young men and women are summoned from the
county military affairs department for physical examination when
they reach the age of 17 or 18. Repatriates (-7 Presumably 50X1-HUM
repatriates from Japan) are not drafted apparently for security
reasons: some repatriates volunteered for military service but
were turned down.
Military men belong to a privileged class in North Korea.
They are not only better treated than workers but are given
priority in job selection after discharge.
2. Military ranks and grades
The components of the People's Armed Forces No 50X1-HUM
distinction in the three services is made in the original document)
are corps, divisions, regiments, battalions, companies, and
platoons.
Its ranks and grades, starting from the bottom are:
Enlisted men (ChOnsa) : Recruit (SinpyOng)
Private second class (YidOng-
pyOng)
Private third class (Samdsing-
pyOng) ( Sic Presumably mis-
print of FC, or IldOngpyfing.)
50X1-HUM
Company grade officers: Junior lieutenant (Sowi)
Lieutenant (Chungwi) 50X1-HUM
Warrant officer (Hoewi)L
Presumably misprint of senior
lieutenant or Sangwi)
Captain (Taewi) 50X1-HUM
Major (Sojwa)( Rank insignias
next page. Place major in the
next category)
Field Grade officers Lieutenant colonel (Chungjwa)
(SangkOp Kunkwang) Colonel (Hoejwa) (Presumably
misprint of Sangjwa)
Senior colonel (Taejwa)
110 FOREIGN DEMI
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CONFD7TiiTTI
General officers
officers :
(ChangyOng)(1412/
0109)
?
50X1-HUM
Major. general (Chungjang)
Bri adier general (Hoejwa)
Presumably misprint of
lieutenant general, or Sangjang)
General (Taejang)
Vice-marshal (Ch'asu)(2945/1596)
Marshal (WOnsu)(0337/1596)
CH'OE Yong-kOn (1508/1661/0256) is the only vice-marshal
and KIM Il-sOng the only marshal in North Korea. General officers
are assigned orderlies, the number of which depends on their ranks.
The People's Armed Forces personnel are issued two types
of uniforms: dress uniform and fatigue. The rank insignia is
worn at the collar of dress uniform and at the shoulders ( Pre-
sumably shoulder boards) of fatigue. The rank system identical
to the military is used for the personnel of the Ministry of 50X1-HUM
Internal Affairs and the Ministry of Transportation.
Sketched below are some of the North Korean Army rank
insignias.
Enlisted men
Red White
Company grade officers
A
Red White
Field grade officers
Yellow
it
Yellow White
General officers
Red
Yellow Large star
Seal of DPRK--40 4:?. Red
Insignia of a recruit.
An additional white stripe
added for each successive
grade.
Insignia of a junior
lieutenant. An additional
star for each higher rank.
Insignia of a major.
Additional stars for higher
ranks.
Insignia of a major general
Additional stars for
higher ranks.
l*k14ia
NO FOREIGN DISSEM
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The rank insignias for the Navy, yellow board with white*
stripes; the Air Force, yellow board with blue stripes; the Ministry
of Internal Affairs, green stripes
the Ministry of Transportation,
50X1-HUM
stripes.
black board with red
50X1-HUM
Ones who pass the required examinations are given promotions.
College graduates are qualified to become junior lieutenants.
3. Equipment
50X1-HUM
parading North Korean troops armed with AK infantry rifles
(7-mm Soviet-made submachine gun; fires 42-round clips either in
semi or full automatic). These rifles have a range approximately
equalling the Japanese Army "38" rifles, and 50X1-HUM
they are now being manufactured in North Korea. The old Soviet-
made submachine guns, equipped with a 72-round drum-type magazine,
are used by students and workers in their military training. 50X1-HUM
The heavy machine guns of the North Korean troops the
Source observed were "Maxim" machine guns, which were 12-mm, water-
cooled machine guns with a range of 4,000 meters.
The field pieces he saw were old 105-mm's, but he heard
from discharged soldiers that the North Korean Army has modern
field pieces with considerably greater destructive power.
During the militia training, wer,50X1-HUM
told that all the Communist countries use standardized ammunition
but the capitalist counties manufacture ammunition of different
calibers among themselves to reap unreasonable profits.
4. Training
The law stipulates four years of active duty for service-
men, but in practice they apparently serve close to seven. Their
training not only emphasize military skills but political indoctri-
nation as well. They are repeatedly reminded to always be prepared
for a national emergency because Korea is under a constant threat
of war. They undergo platoon training daily, company training
each week, battalion training each month, and a large-scale
maneuver each year with divisions and corps with the Navy and the
Air Force units participating.
Work levied on servicemen is limited to digging trenches,
building roads and bridges, and other work linked directly with
military needs.
XIX __Military Facilities : Cht ongjin, Najin, Nanam, Wonsan
1. Ch'Ongjin
Naval vessels stationed at the Main Port of Ch'Ongjin are
six 200-ton class patrol boats (built in North Korea, powered by
a 300- to 400-horsepower center engine, gray hull, armed with a
48-mm gun aft and an antiaircraft machine gun, manned by a crew of
12 carrying small arms) and 10 patrol boats (40 to 50 tonsteach,
armed with a light machine gun. All the North Korean naval vessels
are painted gray.
The North Korean Navy is said to be weaker compared with
her Army or Air Force. Her main Naval forces are concentrated at
Namp'o and WOnsan.
2. Najin
The North Korean Naval Academy is located in the city of
Najin. The academy is in a compound of about 40,000 square meters,
NO NEB DESEM
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50X1-HUM
One 20-ton class motor torpedo boat equipped with two
torpedo tubes and four or five 50-ton class patrol boats are
stationed at the Naval area in the port of Najin
3. Nanam
A pilot training school is located at Nanam; propeller-
driven planes are always seen flying over the general area.
4. WOnsan
The latest jet fighters and heavy bombers
50X1-HUM
are
stationed at Wonsan, and these aircraft area always observed train-
ing in the air over the general area. It is said that a landing
strip had been constructed at Kalma (5514/7802).
Maj 0k-to (7456/6375/1497) at the New Port of WOnsan is
said to be one of the major naval port in North Korea. The entire
island is off limits to civilians. 50X1-HUM
two Soviet-built subchasers
and judging from the manner in which they were sailing,
estimates them to be a vessel of about 200 tons and capable of
developing a speed of 40 to 45 knots. Each of them were arme150)(1-HUM
with a machine gun in turret and two 9-tube depth charge launchers
'L;1sic. Presumably two hedgehogs), one fore and the other aft.
1auncher is about 1 meter by 1 meter and its tubes' bore was
120 to 130 mm. It is said that these depth charges (' : sic)
could easily break a steel plate
50X1-HUM
- -5MT Strengthening of National Defense
1. General
The Korean Labor Party Central Committee in December 1962,
decided to strengthen the national defense, and simultaneously
with making public of the new of Sino-Soviet rivalry in the latter
part of the same month, the press and radio launched a vigorous
propaganda drive for the national defense. The defense need was
also stressed at the political indoctrination classes at the
places of employment and schools at the same time. And the New
Year speech by Premier KIM Il-sOng calling for redoubled defense
efforts drove home to the public the urgency the Government attaches
to boosting the defense of the country.
The North Korean Government justified the increased defense
efforts by pointing out that the country is confronted with the
American imperialists across the DMZ, that the Soviet Union is
orienting herself completely in revisionism under dictatorial
control of Khrushchev, and that therefore, North Korea must
strengthen her national defense to rebuild and defend herself un-
assisted. What added military preparations are in progress is not
3 FORMA OISSEN
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- COPP" L
4244'
known, but the country's adoption of a posture akin to a wartime
footing is being impressed upon the people, what with an expanded
conscription system, strengthening of the militia, and tightened
food rationing.
2. Expanded conscription system
Men are being drafted into military service at an accele-
rated pace since the beginning of 1963, and the draft age, which
was 18 through 26, had apparently been extended by two or three
years.
Moreover, the students in the professional schools, not
often drafted before, came to be pressed into military service in
increasing numbers, and so more and more schools are being closed
and merged. At the Najin Maritime Training School, for example,
an average of one student a month from each class was drafted up
to the end of 1962, but the recruitment, with exception of the
navigation students, was increased five-fold from January 1963.
The enrollment in its engineering course was 45 at the onset,
but only 11 remained by the 1963 graduation.
50X1 -HUM
In Najin alone, attrition of students resulted in closing
of the medical college, the business college, ana the fisheries
trainin: school. Now the Na'in Maritime Trainin: School is the
only fisheries training school sic. Presumabl Source means
that the functions of the fisheries training school were absorbed
by the Najin Maritime Training School and that the latter is now
the only institution in North Korea where courses in fisheries are
offered.)
Out of the population of 50,000 in Najin-gun, 5,000 (20
percent of them women were drafted during the first two months
of 1963.
3. Strengthening of militia
a. Policy
he North
is made up of militiaunits established at schools and places of
employment by, until recently, a limited number of designated
persons and volunteers to defend their respective establishments.
The militia organizations at category I enterprises were armed
with Japanese Army "38" rifles but those at other enterprises were
issued wooden rifles, and they were iven erfunctory trainin
all_aa_axamm_21.1wigg_a_m2111.4. In addition) ey were aug
theories (-7 Presumably political indoctrination) once in awhile
However, the militia units are beipx_Eizamimagg.EIgagilx_AtIax,
the Government
defense,
4
I
I. ?
'a.
50X1 -HUM
b. Militia organization
The militia is organized as follows:
KLP Military Affairs Office
(The militia headquarters is in this office)
pe at ions Department
Provincial, city, and country military affairs
offres
Enterprises (Enterprise officials /Party
members or military men on active Fluty7
serve as commanders or leaders of the militia.--
units at respective enterprises).
flii.fr7)07T7,71/11
AO NW MEM
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. .
CONFIDEFiA
-38-
-Security Department
I-Provincial, city, and county military affairs
offices
LEnterprises
-Sanitation teams
-Medical care teams
A-Military police
-Political Department
'-Provincial, city, and county military affairs
offices
[Enterprises
[
Indoctrination
Propaganda 50X1 -HUM
NOTE: District Party Committee chairmen serve as depart-
mental directors (unit commanders). ( Presumably
district Party Committee chairmen, namely, provincial
city, and county Party Committee chairmen, serve
concurrently as directors of the Military Affairs
Departments of the respective Party Committees and
and as the commanding officers of the militia
organization Lpresumably battalion or larger7 in
their jurisdictional areas.)
c. Militia units
The size of militia units at enterprises varies with
the scale of the enterprises. A militia squad is 'lade up of 7 to
10 militiamen and an enterprise official serve as the squad leader;
a platoon is comprised of three squads and is commanded by a military
man on active duty; a company is made up of 10 Platoons and commanded
by an officer on active duty (first lieutenant to major).
All worker?.1...E.t.g.a1g12?.?....4.91_11.9.1L_EP.A.J. age1 or E.PviotAs
military service, are under jjiJjjiaflei
who work at harbors or aboard vessels are exce ted . ia es
are
ation
acce tO odd 111412?,11-akalImmi.
not a
but
te ear
unlike the re:ular
her and ass' ned
d. Equipment
Militia weapons are stored in the weapons rooms of
respective enterprises and guarded around the clock. Lately
militia squads at enterprises are equipped with "38" rifles, platoons
have submachine guns, and militia companies and category I enter-
prises anti-aircraft guns and 105-mm field pieces, but these are
all weapons worn out by the regulars. Submachine guns, for example,
are effective only up to 250 meters.
Each militiaman is issued a knapsack, some rice, a
canteen, a camouflage net, a shovel, etc., and is required to have
them available immediately.
NO FOREIGN DISSEM
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Unciun
-39-
e. Training
Militiamen at enterprises now receive training every
Tuesday for about three hours after work. Units showing poor results
are required to train on Sundays, too. Although no firing practice
with ball cartridges is given, the training, becoming steadily
more intense, includes handling and mock firing of weapons while
carrying full combat gear, movement in formations, and assault and
defense practice in a simulated battle. In addition, the militia
are called up often without prior notice, and until he defected,
Source's unit was subjected to sudden practice call-up four times
Presumably during the three months or so he worked for t"
50X1-HUM
harbor dredging station).
50X1-HUM
The militia training conducted
since January 1936, when the the intense national defense
initiated
drive was
50X1-HUM
(1) Each class was organized into a platoon and
given training in the order of formations,
discipline, mock firing of weapons, assault,
and defense. The defense tactics ( s150X1-HUM
practiced repeatedly was to have several men
sacrifice themselves by charging forward first
to draw enemy fire and the rest launch an all-
out assault against the enemy thus located.
(2)
(3)
In the firing practice with ball cartridges,
each student fired 'three rounds with a "38"
rifle at a target 100 meters away. Those
who received 21 points or more were graded
"excellent", 15 to 20 points "good", and below
15 points "fair." The first two were passing
grades, but the students with a fair grade
were not eligible to graduate from the school.
The recipients of 21 points or over were made
to fire 25 rounds with a submachine gun.
Normally many students fail to attain a passing
grade in firing, but since such a poor showing
is considered a reflection on the instructors,
everyone is given at least a "good."
50X1-HUM
An unannounced practice mobilization of militia
was conducted once
The code word for enemy invasion
was "Thunder." 50X1-HUM
f. Duty assignments
A number of militiamen picked from enterprises guard
the coast, newspaper plants, radio stations, government buildings,
and uninhabited areas during the hours of darkness under order
from the military. These militiamen carry full combat gear and are
issued ball cartridges.
The militiamen guarding the coast are dressed identically
with regular troops and cover the gaps in coastal vigilance by the
regulars. These militiamen are on guard duty half of the month
and work at their respective jobs during the other half, but the
Source is not knowledgeable about other details.
g. Treatment
Militiamen are not accorded preferential treatment. Even
when they were called out for night duty, they are required to appear
for work next morning. Inwardly discontended with the extra burden,
yet many are burning with desire to defend the fatherland as the
propaganda constantly keeps alive the fear of invasion from South --
ND FOREIGN OMEN
CON AL
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L2V7M
Korea.
--1497
4. Effects on the public
These are the effects of the stepped-up national defense
efforts on the life of the people.
a. The sta,le food ration was 70 percent rice and 30 percent
other grains an cereals, but the ratio has changed to fifty-fifty
since the beginning of 1963.
b. Socks and so became scarce.
c. In late 1962, matches were_put on ra ion
calk.?91111.2.1.11921.32.,4L9.41.4.4A,..pat....W.2_.?921.mt,_1212,garjaura.jaaa.,?,
each erson. _was re uired to o
t.112...E2=211,LL.2arsap.Ata,the metal for .01 win a kilagxajal.
5. There is no direct connection between the chiollima move-
ment and the militia.
Gasoline Supply,
f'
Since North Korean does not produce
petroleum
50X1-HUM
oil, she had been importing
from the
Soviet Union and Communist China. However, the Russians, at the
North Ebrean-Soviet meeting held last year, demanded exorbitant
prices for the petroleum, so the North Koreans replied that they
would be unable to pay such- high prices. It is said that the 50X1-HUM
Chinese Communists learned about it and advised the North Koreans
not to thenceforth accept even a drop of Soviet oil in aid (
176gUMWEly the indignant Chinese promised to supply all the future
need for petroleum in Korth Korea) and assured the Koreans that
they would pay the Soviets for all the debt the North Koreans
incurred in petroleum importation from 'USSR. At any rate, oil
transportation from the Soviet Union ceased since about summer of
1962 and importation from Communist China is on the increase.
North Korea has one small oil refinery at a place called Aoji
(TN: Romaji transliteration of the original kana), located near
the OnsOng (3306/1004) coal mine. It is said that the plan is to
develop the area into a huge petroleum industry complex.
The petroleum imported by rail is distributed to gasoline
stations operated by provinces and cities and made available only
for motor vehicles operated in connection with work, In the early
days of repatriation, petroleum was available for the sedans and
motorcycles the repatriates brought back from Japan, but it is only
ra lone o eir no orcyc es lately. The Ministry of Internal
Affairs is now compelling the repatriates to sell even their motor-
cycles to the Ministry ( Presumably the repatriates were a15axi -HUM
ready forced to sell their sedans to the Ministry).
50X1-HUM
rt171771711A
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-47
XXIII. .Sanitary Conditions in North Korea
?
General
1. The sanitary conditions in North Korea are poor. Bed-
bugs and flies abound, and lice infest workers and Party members
alike. Bedbugs are found everywhere with the exception of re-
inforced concrete apartments and flies are evident everywhere
except at the stores on the main streets.
2. Other than high-class apartments in category I cities,
apartment dwellers share kitchen and toilet facilities with
other dwellers, they use water stored in containers, and they
do not have garbage cans or a sewage disposal system. Apart-
ment dwellers dispose of their garbage and trash by digging
a hole near-by and sharing it as a dump, Other people simply
throw away their garbage and trash in a vacant lot or dump it
in the river. They dispose of sewage in the same manner; some
rural communities do not even have toilets.
3. Toilet facilities at parks, halls, and other public
places are very limited; vacant lots back of stores or apartment
buildings are filthy.
Government Sanitation Measures
4. The North Korean Government, in the Cabinet Order No. 20,
requires extermination of flies and bedbugs. The Government has
established a sanitation week twice a year, once in the spring
and again in the autumn, and the province and country sanitation
week comes every two months. During these weeks, students attend
classes only half of the regular hours and spend the rest in
sanitation drive, and the workers perform thoroughgoing cleaning-
up after work. Everyone must carry a fly swatter during these
weeks and swat 30 to 50 flies daily. He or she takes the required
number of dead flies to the office handling local sanitation
affairs to receive a stamp of acknowledgment; failure to do so would
cause forfeit the privilege of going out of the quarters. A
restaurant in which a fly is found during the week is fined.
5. Communities other than the category I cities like P'yongyang
and Ch'ongjin do not even have a garbage department or garbage
trucks. They collect garbage with man-drawn carts.
6. Because of the shortage of insecticides and other chemicals,
flies and other noxious insects multiply rapidly as soon as the
sanitation week is over.
7. In case of a flu epidemic, only a limited number of people
are inoculated; the others are confined to their general areas to
prevent spread of the disease.
Public Concern
8. Not that the people are unconcerned about sanitation, but
there is not much they can do because needed chemicals, soap, and
other supplies are scarce. Public bath houses are few and
expensive (.25 von for admission), so ordinary workers could afford
to take a bath only once or twice a month. They are so pre-
occupied with making ends meet that they could not be worried about
sanitation.
7.7.777777/1".. WaHMUNDISNM
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