PROPOSED FEDERAL STANDARD 1023

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP91B00390R000100100007-1
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 19
• Document Creation Date: December 27, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 5, 2013
• Sequence Number: 7
• Publication Date: September 15, 1988
• Content Type: MISC

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ROUTING AND RECORD SHEET
SUBJECT: (Optional)
Proposed Federal Standard 1023
Chief. Policy and Plans Staff/OS
STAT
OS 8-1315X
DATE STAT
15 September 1988
TO: (Officer designation, room number, and
building)
DATE
RECEIVED
FORWARDED
OFFICER'S
INITIALS
COMMENTS (Number each comment to show from whom
to whom. Draw a line across column after each comment.)
DD/PTS
ATTN:
16
EPearg
For review and comment by
22 September, please.
Thanks,
S TAT
STAT
STAT
STAT
--
STAT
PIE (L-7-7--
./(.,e.-2,(../
FORM 61 0 USE PREVIOUS
1-79 EDITIONS
CON
IAL
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STAT
STAT
STAT
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IN REPLY
REFERTO:
NCS-TS
NATIONAL COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM
OFFICE OF THE MANAGER
WASHINGTON. D.C. 20305 ? 2010
Chief, Management Services Division
Office of Information Technology
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Washington, DC 20505
Dear Sir:
7\UG 2 3 1
Proposed Federal Standard 1023 "Telecommunications: Interoperability
Requirements for Encrypted, Digitized Voice Utilized with 25 KHz Channel FM
Radios operating above 30 MHz," is enclosed for your review and approval.
This proposed standard was developed by the Land Mobile Radio (LMR)
subcommittee of the Federal Telecommunication Standards Committee (FTSC) with
broad Government participation.
Proposed Federal Standard 1023 was widely circulated for industry comment in
January 1988. Following this comment period, the enclosed report was prepared
by the Department of Commerce's Institute for Telecommunication Sciences
(ITS). The draft standard has been reviewed by the FTSC, and it was approved
by them for formal government coordination at their August 11, 1988, meeting.
Your comments on the enclosed standard should be furnished within 90 days of
the date of this letter to the Office of Technology and Standards, National
Communications System, Washington, D.C. 20305-2010. Any questions regarding
the proposed standard should be directed to Mr. Robert M. Fenichel, telephone
[phone].
2
Enclosures
Sincerely,
B. E. MORRISS
1
Proposed Fed Std 1023
Deputy Manager
2
ITS Impact Assessment
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PROPOSED FEDERAL STANDARD 1023
TELECOMMUNICATIONS: INTEROPERABILITY REQUIREMENTS
FOR ENCRYPTED, DIGITIZED VOICE UTILIZED WITH
25 KHZ CHANNEL FM RADIOS OPERATING ABOVE 30 MHZ
First Draft
Revision 1
January 14, 1988
This proposed Federal standard has not yet
been approved and is subject to modification.
I. SCOPE
1.1 Description. This standard establishes interoperability requirements
regarding the analog to digital conversion, encryption (with related
synchronization), and modulation of encrypted voice associated with Frequency
Modulation (FM) radio systems employing 25 kHz channels and operating above 30
MHz. In this standard, voice is digitized using 12 kbit/s Continuously
Variable Slope Delta-modulation (CVSD) and then encrypted using a National
Security Agency (NSA) Commercial COMSEC Endorsement Program (CCEP) Type I
encryption algorithm.
1.2 Purpose. This standard is to facilitate interoperability between
telecommunication facilities and systems of the Federal Government.
1.3 Application. This standard shall be used by all Federal departments and
agencies in the design and procurement of digitized voice encryption equipment
for use with nominal 25 kHz channel FM radio systems that operate above 30 MHz
and digitize voice at greater than 4.8 kbits/s and less than 16 kbits/s, other
than Data Encryption Standard (DES) algorithm-encrypted radios. All such
equipment must be capable of digitiling voice using 12 kbit/s Continuously
Variable Slope Delta-modulation (CVSD).
2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
a. NSA Specification 86-33, INDICTOR Interface Control Document (FOUO)
b. NSA Specification 86-32, WINDSTER Interface Control Document (FOUO)
C. Communications Security Equipment System Document 14, TSEC/KY-57/58
(CONFIDENTIAL)
Note: All references to the above document assume the KY-57/58 has been
modified to operate at 12 kbits/s (i.e. 75 percent normal clock rate).
The above three documents are published by the National Security Agency (NSA),
Fort Meade MD 20755, and can be made available to Government departments and
agencies and to manufacturers participating in the NSA Commercial COMSEC
Endorsement Program (CCEP).
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Draft Fed Std 1023 -- Jan. 14, 1988 draft --
3. REQUIREMENTS
3.1 Overview. This standard describes interoperability-related requirements
for the conversion of analog voice to digital form (section 3.2), its
encryption and related synchronization (section 3.3), and subsequent frequency
modulation (section 3.4).
3.2 Analog to Digital Conversion
3.2.1 Digital Rate. Voice shall be converted, using Continuously Variable
Slope Delta-modulation (CV913), to a 12,000 +.02 percent digital stream.
3.2.2 Block Diagram and General Description. The following diagram is a
typical representation of the CVO analog-to-digital conversion process.
FILTER
HCOMPARATOR
PRINCIPAL
INTEGRATOR
PULSE , MLA
M INTEGRATOR
MODULATOR
(SYLLARIC FILTER)
MODULATION.
LEVEL
ANALYZER
In the typical CVSD representation above, the incoming analog voice signal is
passed through a Voice Frequency (V.F.) Filter and then compared, by a
Comparator, with the output of the Principal Integrator. The previous bit
output of this Comparator is used: (1) as the digital output of the CVSD
encoder, (2) to determine the polarity of the pulse generated by the Pulse
Modulator, and (3) as input of the Modulation Level Analyzer. The Modulation
Level Analyzer (MLA) provides indication to the MLA Integrator whenever the
last and previous two bits from the Comparator are either all ONEs or all
ZER0s. (This is referred to as run-of-three coincidence coding). The MLA
Integrator determines the step size, which is variable and based upon the MLA
output, and provides this pulse amplitude information to the Pulse Modulator.
The Pulse Modulator provides pulses to the Principal Integrator as the
Principal Integrator attempts to follow the shape of the input voice waveform.
3.2.3 V.F. Filter. The V.F. Filter should have an attenuation at 6 kHz and
higher frequencies relative to frequencies between 300 and 3,000 Hz of at least
20 dB. It is recommended that the filter be essentially flat (i.e. +3 dB)
between 300 and 3,000 Hz.
3.2.4 Comparator. The binary digital output of the Comparator shall be
either ONE or ZERO, depending upon whether the amplitude of the input voice
signal is greater than or less than the output of the Principal Integrator.
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Draft Fed Std 1023 -- Jan. 14, 1988 draft --
3.2.5 Modulation Level Analyzer. The Modulation Level Analyzer (MLA) shall
charge the MLA Integrator whenever the last and two immediately preceding bits
from the Comparator are either all ONEs or all ZEROs (i.e. there is
run-of-three coincidence).
3.2.6 MLA Integrator. The MLA Integrator (often called Syllabic Filter)
provides pulse amplitude information to the Pulse Modulator. The change in
pulse amplitude from one bit time to the next (i.e. quantizing step size)
should vary, in a linear manner, from a run-of-three coincidence rate of 0
percent to a rate of 50 percent by a voltage ratio of approximately 10 to 1
(i.e. 20 dB). The time constant of the MLA Integrator shall be 6+2 ms.
3.2.7 Pulse Modulator. The pulse modulator shall create pulses using
amplitude information from the MLA Integrator and polarity information from the
Comparator.
3.2.8 Principal Integrator. The Principal Integrator shall have a time
constant of 1+.25 ms.
3.3 Encryption
3.3.1 Encryption Algorithm. Encryption of the digitized voice shall be
accomplished with the encryption algorithm used in the INDICTOR and WINDSTER
COMSEC Modules (see references a and b) using the cryptographic mode that has
cryptographic compatibility with the KY-57/58. (Other compatible
implementations may be substituted.)
3.3.2 Encryption Operating Mode. The encryption process shall use the
cryptographic operating mode of the INDICTOR and WINDSTER COMSEC Modules
designated for compatibility with the KY-57/58. (Other compatible
implementations may be substituted.)
3.3.3 Cryptographic Synchronization.
3.3.3.1 Synchronizition Check Bits. Transmitting radios shall predictably
force synchronization check bits in the unencrypted digitized voice, prior to
encryption, as is done by the KY-57/58 (see reference a (section 5.3, paragraph
2) and reference c). Receiving radios shall utilize these predictable
synchronization check bits to determine whether cryptographic synchronization
has been lost (see reference a, section 5.3.3, paragraph 3).
3.3.3.2 Alternating ONE/ZERO Pattern. Continously Variable Slope
Delta-modulation (CVSD) should inherently produce an alternating binary
ONE/ZERO pattern during the idle condition (i.e. pauses in speech). In order
to promote rapid initial synchronization and resynchronization, transmitting
radios shall ensure that a segment of alternating ONE/ZERO pattern at least
95 percent the length of the segment produced by the KY-57/58 (see reference c)
is produced in the unencrypted bit stream, prior to encryption, at least once
every two seconds. All receiving radios shall be capable of initial
synchronization and subsequent resynchronization (after detecting absence of
synchronization check bits) utilizing segments of alternating ONE/ZERO pattern
in the decrypted bit stream.
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Draft Fed Std 1023 -- Jan. 14, 1988 draft --
3.3.4 End-of-Message Sequence. Radios shall transmit the same encrypted
End-of-Message sequence used by the KY-57/58, with a duration between 60 and
120 percent of that transmitted by the KY-57/58, at the end of each half-duplex
transmission, followed by 160+10 ms of unencrypted alternating ONE/ZERO
pattern, to mark the end of a transmission. (Note: this is to assist
encryption equipment and repeaters in distinguishing between a fade condition
and an actual end of transmission.)
3.3.5 Additional Non-voice Sequences. Radios may employ additional,
unspecified, non-voice sequences at the start of transmissions (e.g. KY-57/58
initial synchronization). However, use of these additional sequences shall not
impair interoperation with radios not utilizing such additional sequences.
3.4 Modulation
3.4.1 Deviation and Coding. Transmitter deviation shall be ?4 kHz
(+10 percent) from the carrier frequency. Receiving radios shall operate
satisfactorily regardless of whether transmitted binary ONEs (or ZER0s) were
coded as positive or negative 4 kHz shifts in carrier frequency.
3.4.2 Spectral Shaping. For the following values of frequency offset in kHz
(f) from the carrier frequency, spectral power in dB shall be reduced from the
unmodulated carrier power by more than:
a. 5 to 10 kHz 83 1og10(f/5)
b. 10 to 50 kHz
116 log10(f/6.1) or 50+10 log10 (transmit power in
watts), whichever is the lesser attenuation
c. above 50 kHz 43+10 log10 (transmit power in watts)
4. EFFECTIVE DATE. The use of this standard by U.S. Government departments and
agencies is mandatory effective 180 days following the date of this standard.
5. CHANGES. When a Government department or agency considers that this
standard does not provide for its essential needs, a statement citing specific
requirements shall be sent in duplicate to the General Services Administration
(K), Washington, DC 20405, in accordance with the provisions of Federal
Property Management Regulation 41 CFR 101-29.403-1. The General Services
Administration will determine the appropriate action to be taken and will
notify the agency.
PREPARING ACTIVITY:
National Communications System
Office of Technology and Standards
Washington, DC 20305-2010
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IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF PROPOSED FEDERAL STANDARD 1023
L. T. Jones
Submitted to:
National Communications System
Office of Technology and Standards
Washington, DC 20305
July, 1988
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT 1
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. DETAILED DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR FED-STD-1023 2
3. WRITTEN COMMENTS 3
3.1 Defense Communications Agency 3
3.2 Department of Energy 3
3.3 Department of Transportation 5
3.4 Survey Forms 5
4. RESULTS OF VERBAL SURVEY 6
4.1 Company "A" 6
4.2 Company "B" 6
4.3 Company "C" 6
4.4 Company "D" 8
4.5 Company "E" 8
5. PRODUCT AVAILABILITY 8
6. TECHNOLOGICAL IMPACT 8
7. ECONOMIC IMPACT 9
8. CONCLUSIONS 10
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IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF PROPOSED FEDERAL STANDARD 1023
L. T. Jones*
This report records a study which was aimed at assessing the
economic and technological ramifications associated with the adoption
of proposed Federal Standard 1023, entitled "Telecommunications:
Interoperability Requirements for Encrypted, Digitized Voice Utilized
with 25 kHz Channel FM Radios Operating Above 30 MHz." Written
comments were submitted by the public, industry, and several
U.S. Government agencies. Verbal survey remarks were gathered, by
the Institute for Telecommunication Sciences, from several
manufacturers of land mobile radio equipment. These have been used
to assess the perceived impact of the proposed standard and to derive
the conclusions. It is shown that the proposed standard provides an
acceptable means of satisfying established Government requirements.
1. INTRODUCTION
In a July 5, 1978 letter from R. F. Carroll, Jr., Assistant Commissioner
of the General Services Administration (GSA), to Marshall Cain,
Assistant Manager of the National Communications System (NCS), Mr. Carroll
stated that it is essential that Federal telecommunication standards
be
promulgated with due consideration of product availability and economic and
technological impact. He specifically requested that future standards proposed
for approval and issuance as Federal Standards include the following:
? Justification for inclusion of detailed design requirements (if
any) in lieu of functional/performance requirements
? Summary of significant agency and industry comments that were
considered in the formulation of the standard
Assessment of product availability and whether commercially
available off-the-shelf; including number of potential suppliers
The information presented in the following sections of this report is
intended to address the concerns of GSA (and other Government agencies)
relative to proposed Federal Standard 1023 (FED-STD-1023).
*The author is with the Institute for Telecommunication Sciences, National
Telecommunications and Information Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce,
Boulder, CO 80303. ,
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The design requirements of proposed FED-STD-1023 are discussed in
Section 2. Comments from both industry and U.S. Government agencies are then
presented. These comments are divided into two classes, those that are
primarily written and those that are primarily verbal. Section 3 summarizes
the written comments. Section 4 summarizes the verbal comments gathered by the
Institute for Telecommunication Sciences (ITS). The availability of
transceivers complying with the proposed standard is addressed in Section 5.
The perceived impact of proposed FED-STD-1023 is presented in Sections 6 and 7,
-and conclusions are given in Section 8.
During the course of this study, contact was made with several industry
sources. Questions, formulated prior to those contacts, were administered in
the same manner to all sources to avoid leading or biasing the respondents.
Because of the sensitive and competitive nature of product information among
manufacturers, the names of the companies represented in the interviews are not
stated in this report. However, a detailed cross reference is available at the
Institute for Telecommunication Sciences for inspection by Government agencies.
Identification of companies will be considered "For Official Use Only."
2. DETAILED DESIGN REQUIREMENTS OF PROPOSED FED-STD-1023
FED-STD-1023 establishes analog-to-digital (A to D) techniques, encryption
(with related synchronization), and modulation to be used for radio
transmission of encrypted voice employing 25 kHz channels operating on carrier
frequencies above 30 MHz. The A to D technique specified is Continuously
Variable Slope Delta-modulation (CVSD). An overwhelming majority of digitally
encrypted radios used by the Government today use this A to D technique. The
specified bit rate is 12 kbit/s. FED-STD-1023 specifies the use of
Type I encryption. Type I encryption may be used to send classified
information (if a classified key is used). Type I encryption or a lesser level
of encryption may be used to send sensitive but unclassified information.
Encryption is accomplished in FED-STD-1023 using the encryption algorithm of
the National Security Agency developed INDICTOR and WINDSTER COMSEC Modules
using the cryptographic mode that has cryptographic compatibility with the
KY-57/58 (other compatible implementations may be substituted).
Proposed Federal Standard 1023 contains the necessary detailed information
to ensure interoperability between digitally encrypted radios (operating with
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the same key) regardless of the manufacturer. It does not, however, contain
any detailed design information that would restrict a manufacturer in the
methods used to implement the operational requirements, or give one
manufacturer an unfair advantage over another.
3. WRITTEN COMMENTS
Following the request for comments on proposed FED-STD-1023, listed in the
Federal Register, in addition to comments by the public and industry, three
-U.S. Government agencies provided written responses: Defense Communications
Agency (JTC3A), Department of Energy, and Department of Transportation.
3.1 Defense Communications Agency
The Defense Communications Agency (JTC3A) suggested that:
? "an option using the Data Encryption Standard (DES) should also be
included" in FED-STD-1023 "so that tactical radios can interface
directly with compatible DoD base radios"
? "the standard specifically rules out digitizing voice at 16 kbit/s."
Regarding the first point, it does not seem wise to require all radios to have
a DES option in order for them to comply with FED-STD-1023. Most users may not
even need this option. If it is a requirement for enough users, then the
manufacturers (with necessary concurrence from NSA) will probably attempt to
provide such a radio. At this writing, NSA would not endorse any more DES
radios. FED-STD-1023 will not prevent production of such a radio. Regarding
the second point, Section 1.3 of FED-STD-1023 states that it applies to radios
that "digitize voice at greater than 4.8 kbit/s and less than 16 kbit/s."
Therefore 16 kbit/s equipment is not covered by FED-STD-1023 and is not
excluded by it.
3.2 Department of Energy
The Department of Energy (DOE) expressed concerns about some aspects of
FED-STD-1023:
1. DOE felt it was unclear whether the standard was designed for
transmission of classified as opposed to sensitive (but unclassified)
information.
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2. DOE was also concerned about the capability of 12 kbit/s CVSD to be
used for simulcast and complications of using commercial modems and
multiplex equipment.
3. DOE believed 12 kbit/s CVSD was proprietary and was concerned about
possible range reduction.
4. DOE was concerned about a possible requirement for existing equipment
(particularly DES equipment) to be replaced rather than grandfathered
out.
5. DOE felt that the FCC's Public Safety National Plan led to the
conclusion that the requirement for interoperability as specified by
FED-STD-1023 was questionable.
Regarding item 1: Section 1.1 of FED-STD-1023 states that the standard employs
Type I encryption. Classified information may be sent using Type I encryption
if a classified key is used. Type I encryption is also suitable for sending
sensitive but unclassified information (a classified key is not required in
this case). In addition, a level of encryption below Type I may be used for
transmitting sensitive but unclassified information. Regarding item 2:
(1) simulcast systems have been built and operate satisfactorily using
12 kbit/s CVSD; (2) V.33 modems can be utilized to send 12 kbit/s CVSD;
(3) multiplexing 12 kbit/s CVSD is not as straightforward (using standard
equipment) as is multiplexing 4.8 or 9.6 kbit/s data rates (however, few radio
users have this requirement). Regarding item 3: (1) 12 kbit/s CVSD is not
proprietary; (2) Range reduction problems of early DES encrypted CVSD radios
were primarily the result of the error extension inherent in the cryptographic
mode used (cipher feedback) and not a function of CVSD itself. The encryption
mode specified in FED-STD-1023 does not have this problem. Regarding item 4:
Section 1.3 of FED-STD-1023 specifically prevents the standard from placing any
restrictions on the purchase of DES equipment. Regarding item 5: it is
unclear what the relevance of the FCC's Public Safety National Plan (which
addresses trunked systems) is to the requirement for FED-STD-1023. Perhaps DOE
was thinking of the five common channels that the FCC plan established for
accessing a trunked system with a conventional radio or a trunked system that
is not interoperable with the trunked system of the organization being called.
However, even if two people are on the same radio channel, without some
external conversion they will not be able to communicate by voice in the
encrypted mode unless their radios use the same A to D technique, same
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encryption, same synchronization, same key, and same (or compatible)
modulation.
3.3 Department of Transportation
The Department of Transportation suggested that FED-STD-1023 should use
either 4.8 or 9.6 kbit/s data rates and pointed to studies using an
"APC-NS algorithm" at 9.6 kbit/s, which had intelligibility, superior to that of
12 kbit/s CVSD. These tests were apparently made with various types of
background noise. However, it did not appear that these tests were made on a
radio channel experiencing Rayleigh fading (as one might expect in a land
mobile radio channel). It is generally agreed that advances in voice coding
technology will allow narrowband digital radio. The Land Mobile Radio
Subcommittee of the Federal Telecommunications Standards Committee (FTSC) is
following developments in voice coding technology as well as advances in
transceiver and modulation technology for possible application to FED-STD-1024
(narrowband, digital, encrypted voice radios). However, developments are not
far enough along to support standardization at this point in time.
3.4 Survey Forms
Over 200 check list survey forms in opposition to FED-STD-1023 were
submitted in response to a campaign by one manufacturer opposed to
FED-STD-1023. A few respondents included letters along with the check lists
and a few wrote letters in lieu of the check list, but most merely submitted
the check list. Most who submitted these responses had apparently been led to
believe that FED-STD-1023 proposed a proprietary A to D technique and would
therefore guarantee one manufacturer a monopoly. Others were concerned that
the standard did not make use of the latest voice coding and modulation
technology. The A to D technique proposed by FED-STD-1023 (CVSD at 12 kbit/s)
is not proprietary. A standard that will likely be issued sometime in the
1990's, FED-STD-1024, will make use of later technologies for a narrowband,
encrypted digital voice radio. FED-STD-1023 is designed for Federal radio
users who have an immediate need for encrypted, digital voice radios. Other
issues included on this checklist are addressed in other parts of this report.
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4. RESULTS OF VERBAL SURVEY
Several companies who are manufacturers of land mobile radio equipment
were telephoned initially and the rationale behind the economic and
technological impact assessment of proposed FED-STD-1023 was explained. In
several cases, the company representatives did not have a copy of proposed
FED-STD-1023 or were not familiar with it. In those cases, a copy of the
proposed standard was sent to them. Follow-up telephone calls were made to
those companies. Five company representatives ultimately provided their
opinions. The summary of verbal and voluminous written comments from
Company "C" is covered in Section 4.3.
4.1 Company "A"
Company "A" indicated that it is actively investigating the manufacture of
radios that will comply with FED-STD-1023. This is somewhat complicated by the
fact that its radios are manufactured overseas. The representative from
Company "A" does not feel that FED-STD-1023 provides an unfair advantage to
any one manufacturer, nor did he feel that the standard would be deleterious to
the industry. It is probable that Company "A" will attempt to provide a radio
complying with FED-STD-1023.
4.2 Company "B"
Company "B" is actively working on radios that will comply with
FED-STD-1023. Company "B" does not believe that FED-STD-1023 provides an
unfair advantage to any one manufacturer, nor does it feel that the standard
will be deleterious to the industry. However, Company "B" was concerned that
the standard might prevent the manufacture of radios that will operate on both
FED-STD-1023 and DES (a concern similar to that expressed by DCA above). The
response given above to DCA's concerns covers this issue.
4.3 Company "C"
Representatives from Company "C" believe that 9.6 kbit/s sub band coding
(SBC) should be the A to D technique specified by FED-STD-1023. Points not
previously addressed in this document that were raised by representatives from
Company "C":
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1.
The 12 kbit/s data rate proposed by FED-STD-1023 will force
"specialized RF design" of land mobile equipment.
2. FED-STD-1023 will "effectively preclude all other suppliers from
entering the market."
3. Trunking and encryption should be linked.
With regard to item 1, the only aspect of standard analog FM radio design that
should be changed to implement 12 kbit/s CVSD (that is not required for
9.6 kbit/s SBC) is a widening of the IF bandwidth (16 kHz to 20 kHz). Even
this change may not be essential: the Bureau of Alcohol Tobacco and Firearms
(ATF) has
adapted to
regard to
suppliers)
obtained satisfactory performance from standard analog FM radios
operate on 12 kbit/s CVSD without modifying the IF bandwidth. With
item 2, there are already transceivers (made by two different
that use CVSD that are proceeding through NSA's Commercial COMSEC
Endorsement Program (CCEP) at this time. However, only one of these companies
is proposing radios complying with FED-STD-1023 in every respect. The other
company is proposing radios that operate with 16 kbit/s CVSD (not covered by
FED-STD-1023) as opposed to 12 kbit/s CVSD.
suppliers have expressed an interest in
Integrated circuits which perform the A to D
However, this company and other
providing FED-STD-1023 radios.
conversion are already available
from more than one supplier. Based on manufacturers' estimates, the encryption
modules will be available from more than one supplier in early 1989. With
regard to item 3, manufacturer "C" gave no particular reason why trunking and
encryption should be tied together, except that manufacturer "C" uses the same
data rate (9.6 kbit/s) on its trunking channel as it does for digitally
encrypted voice. An advantage of this approach is that it allows the use of
the same modem for both digital voice and signaling channel data. Such a high
data rate (9.6 kbit/s) for the signaling channel may not be acceptable for use
on narrowband digital systems anticipated by FED-STD-1024. In fact, a
representative from Company "C" indicated that on 900 MHz trunked systems
(which use narrowband analog FM on 12.5 kHz channels) Company "C" will use a
4800 kbit/s rate on its signaling channel. Company "C" has indicated it will
not build radios to the present draft of FED-STD-1023. However, if the
standard should be adopted this decision may change.
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4.4 Company "D"
Company "D" objected to FED-STD-1023 because it believes it gives an
unfair advantage to the manufacturer which, for several years, has built radios
that use the A to D technique specified in FED-STD-1023. When it was explained
to this manufacturer that integrated circuits which perform this A to D
conversion are available fror more than one manufacturer and that encryption
modules will be available from more than one manufacturer, the opposition was
greatly reduced. Company "D" will seriously consider building radios complying
with FED-STD-1023.
4.5 Company "E"
Company "E" does not believe that FED-STD-1023 will give one mobile radio
manufacturer an unfair advantage over the others, nor does it believe the
standard will adversely affect the land mobile industry. Company "E" has a
radio progressing through NSA's Commercial COMSEC program that is FED-STD-1023
compatible except for the data rate. Company "E" indicates that it probably
will build a radio complying with FED-STD-1023.
5. PRODUCT AVAILABILITY
No radios complying with FED-STD-1023 are currently available. One
company now has FED-STD-1023 compatible radios progressing through
NSA's Commercial COMSEC Endorsement Program. Another company has radios
progressing through NSA's Commercial COMSEC Program that are FED-STD-1023
compatible except for their data rate. This company has indicated that it will
probably build a radio complying with FED-STD-1023 as well.
A review of industry comments for this document indicates that other
companies are also considering building equipment that will comply with
proposed FED-STD-1023.
6. TECHNICAL IMPACT
The technical impact of proposed FED-STD-1023 is perceived to be minimal.
This is further evidenced by some manufacturers' apparent willingness to build
(or expressed plans to build) mobile radio equipment that complies with
proposed FED-STD-1023. Integrated circuits which perform the A to D conversion
are currently available off-the-shelf from more than one manufacturer. Modules
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which perform the encryption function will probably be available off-the-shelf
in early 1989 from more than one manufacturer.
The standard contains no technical requirements that would give one
manufacturer an unfair competitive advantage over another.
7. ECONOMIC IMPACT
The economic impact of this standard is perceived by most sources to be
minimal, but generally positive. The existence of a Federal Standard in this
area will undoubtedly encourage some manufacturers that had not marketed
products of this type up until this time to build encrypted digital voice
radios. If enacted at the date of this report, the standard would lead to a
short-term monopoly by one manufacturer for land mobile radios employing
Type I encryption. In comparison, a Government user purchasing DES encrypted
land mobile radio equipment (where the A to D technique has not been
standardized) has a choice between only two manufacturers, one offers
12 kbit/s CVSD and the other offers 9.6 kbit/s SBC. However, once that choice
is made, he is locked into one manufacturer's equipment (effectively a monopoly
to that user). This standard will not effect this situation for DES users;
however, it should help avoid this same situation in the future for users of
Type I encrypted land mobile radio equipment, because it will encourage a
number of suppliers to produce interoperable Type I encrypted land mobile
equipment. This will undoubtedly lead to reduced prices and eliminate the need
for sole source procurement by Government users purchasing Type I encrypted
digital voice land mobile radios. The existence of a standard will hurt the
market for other techniques such as 9.6 kbit/s SBC. Naturally, this is
perceived by the manufacturer of these radios as a negative impact. However,
it appears that these radios have not made much of a dent in the Federal
market. This is evidenced by the fact that 12 kbit/s CVSD already has
approximately 80 to 90 percent or more of the Federal market for encrypted
digital voice radios.
Most manufacturers and Government users support standardization in this
area. Most manufacturers feel that such standards help stimulate the market
and increase competition, which should result in eventual lower costs to
Government users.
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Review of the previous
that proposed FED-STD-1023
8. CONCLUSIONS
sections of this report
provides a reasonable
leads to the conclusion
approach
to providing
compatibility and interoperability between Government-procured land mobile
radio transceivers which use encrypted, digitized voice.
As noted earlier, the
technological impact of this standard upon both industry and Government users
is minimal. The economic impact to the industry as a whole should be minimal.
If enacted on the date of this report, the standard would lead to a short-term
-monopoly by one manufacturer; however, the standard should lead to increased
competition and lower prices than would result if no standard were implemented.
This will lead to a positive economic impact to the Government.
Equipment that meets the standard will be available off-the-shelf in the
near future. Adoption of FED-STD-1023 will create an added demand for
compatible equipment, encouraging more manufacturers to build this equipment,
resulting in increased competition among manufacturers. This should result in
considerably lower costs to Government users.
10
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