POLITICAL AND POPULATION SURVEY LENINGRAD ECONOMIC-ADMINISTRATIVE REGION COMPRISING NO. 113 LENINGRADSKAYA OBLAST NO. 115 NOVGORODSKAYA OBLAST NO. 116 PSKOVSKAYA OBLAST (INCLUDING PART OF 104, FORMER VELIKOLUKSKAYA OBLAST)

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP81-01043R002600040003-2
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 126
• Document Creation Date: December 23, 2016
• Document Release Date: November 20, 2013
• Sequence Number: 3
• Publication Date: April 9, 1958
• Content Type: REPORT

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POLITICAL AND POPULATION 50X1 -HUM
SURVEY
LENINGRAD ECONOMIC-ADMINISTRATIVE REGION
COMPRISING
No. 113 LENINGRADSKAYA OBLAST
No. 115 NOVGORODSKAYA OBLAST
No. 116 PSKOVSKAYA OBLAST (INCLUDING
PART OF 104 ,FORMER VELIKOLUKSKAYA OBLAST)
Prepared by
Air Research Division Library of Congress
Washington 25, D. C
SECRET
9 APRIL 1958
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OBLAST POLITICAL AND POPULATION SURVEY
LOCATION OF
LENINGRADSKIY ECONOMIC REGION (LENINGRADSKIYA, NOVGORODSKAYA, AND PSKOVSKAV
200 400 600
80
1.????? STATUTE MILES (INCLUDING PART OF FORME
KILOMETERS VELIKOLUSKAYA) OBLASTS
1000
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Political and Population Survey
Leningrad Economic-Administrative Region
Comprising:
No. 113
LENINGRADSKAYA OBLAST
No. 115
NOVGORODSKAYA OBLAST
No. 116
PSKOVSKAYA OBLAST
(including part of No. 104, the
former VELIKOLUKSKAYA OBLAST)
Prepared by
Air Research Division
Library of Congress
Washington, D.C.
9 April 1958
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NOTICE
1. The estimates appearing in this study result
from an accelerated survey of available data.
All figures are the best possible estimates
to be derived from accessible informatinn_
2. Population estimates as of 1 January 1959;
administrative-territorial boundaries as of 1
January 1958.
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POLITICAL AND POPULATION SURVEY
LENINGRAD ECONOMIC-ADMINISTRATIVE REGION
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Statistics
I. Government Controls
A. General
B. Control Groups
Page
1
1
1
3
1. Communist Party and Komsomol
3
2. Military
8
3. Government
16
II.
Population, Labor Force, and Ethnic Composition
21
III.
Psychological and Sociological Factors
40
A.
Political and Social Tensions
40
B.
Civil Defense
45
C.
Medical Facilities
49
D.
Educational and Cultural Facilities
52
E.
Communications
59
Socio-Economic Factors
63
A.
Housing
63
B.
Food Supplies
65
C.
Transportation
67
1. General
67
2. Railroads
68
3. Shipping and Water Transport
72
4. Highways and Roads
76
5. Air
78
6. Pipelines
78
D.
Utilities
79
E.
Economic Significance
83
V.
Urban Areas
93
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TABLES
Page
I. Estimated Communist Party Members by Administrative-
Territorial Divisions: 1956 4
II. Estimated Composition of Armed Forces of Leningrad
Military District: 1 January 1956 10
III. Estimated Military Control Force: 1956 10
IV, Estimated Government Control Force: 1958 17
V. Summary of Demographic Characteristics: 1959 21
VI. Population Changes: 1926-1959 23
VII. Estimated Age and Sex Composition: 1959 26
VIII. Birth, Death, and Natural Increase Rates: 1940-1956 27
IX. Estimated Ethnic Composition: 1959 28
X.. Categories of Employment: 1 January 1959 29
XI. Distribution of Workers and Employees by Sector
of Employment: 1959 31
XII. Workers and Employees by Branch of Industry: 1959 32
XIII. Specialists with Higher Education 33
XIV. Specialists with Secondary Education 34
XV. Estimated Population and Density by Administrative-
Territorial Divisions: 1959 35
XVI. Civilian Medical Facilities in Leningrad Economic-
Administrative Region: 1956 50
XVII. Major Institutions of Higher Education in Leningrad:
1956-1957 53
XVIII. Distribution of Institutions and Students by Branch
of National Economy in City of Leningrad:
1956-1957 54
XIX. Number of Students (including correspondence students)
in Higher Education Institutions and Secondary
Specialized Schools Outside City of Leningrad:
1956 55
XX. Distribution of General Education School and
Students: 1955-1956 56
XXI. Cultural Facilities in the Leningrad Economic-
Administrative Region: 1956 59
XXII. Housing Space in Selected Cities in Leningradskaya
Oblast: 1956
ii
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XXIII. Volume of Incoming and Outgoing Freight on
Railroads and Waterways in the Leningrad Economic-
Administrative Region: 1955
XXIV. Railroad Mileage within the Leningrad Economic-
Administrative Region: 1941-1956
Page
69
71
XXV. Estimated Production Capacities of Selected
Items in the City of Leningrad 85
XXVI. Urban Area Population Ranges: 1959
MAPS
I. Location of Leningrad Economic-Administrative
Region
II. Administrative-Territorial Divisions
III. Population
IV. Transportation and Resources
V. Military Control
iii
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93
Frontispiece
Back Pocket
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9 April 1958
LENINGRAD ECONOMIC-ADMINISTRATIVE REGION
Statistics
Land Area 41)
Sq. Miles4/
Total Est.
1959 Pop.
Urban Pop.
Rural Pop.
Cities
Towns
Urban Settle-
ments
Rural Rayons
Selsovets
A
69,131.0
6,274,000
4,442,000
1,832,000
20
32
64
102
1,179
480.0
3,296,000
3,296,006
12
5
28,410.9
1,225,000
632,000
593,000
9
14
34
26
372
19,660.0
731,000
262,000
469,000
3
4
16
35
398
20,580.0
1,022,000
252,000
770,000
2
13
2
41
404
A. Leningrad Economic-Administrative Region
B. Leningrad Administrative Area
C. Leningradskaya Oblast
D. Novgorodskaya Oblast
E. Pskovskaya Oblast
1/ These figures do not include the largest lakes in the region.
That portion of Lake Ladoga contained in Leningradskaya Oblast is 4,042
square miles; Lake Ilmen, in Novgorodskaya Oblast, has a measured area
of 345 square miles; and, that portion of Lake Peipus contained in
Pskovskaya Oblast has a measured area of 730 square miles.
I. Government Controls
A. General
The Leningrad Economic-Administrative Region, comprising a
territory of 69,131 square miles, contains 3 oblasts: Leningradskaya,
Novgorodskaya, and Pskovskaya Oblasts. The Economic Region is in the
old Northwest Economic Region (although that included the Karelskaya
ASSR), lying S of Lakes Ladoga and Onega, and bordering on the Gulf of
Finland (refer to Map I). The region, sometimes called the Lake Region,
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has a moderate but humid climate, and a well-developed lake and river
network which, except for the southermost part, drains into the Gulf
of Finland. The city of Leningrad is located at the easternmost
extension of the Baltic Sea, the Gulf of Finland, and has access to
the Atlantic Ocean.
The boundaries of the present day Leningrad Economic-
Administrative Region (Leningradskly Sovnarkhoz) are equivalent to the
original Leningradskaya Oblast when it was formed in 1927 (less Mirman-
Biwa Oblast which became independent in 1938). In 1944 Novgorod-
skaya and Pskovskaya Oblasts were formed, reducing considerably the
territory administered by Leningrad. In the middle 1940's the border
with the then Karelo-Finskaya SSR was revised to give Leningradskaya
Oblast the entire land area between Lake Ladoga and the Gulf of Finland.
Novgorodskaya Oblast has had no significant territorial changes
since its formation in 1944. In October 1957, Pskovskaya Oblast was
doubled in size when Velikolukskaya Oblast was abolished and approxi-
mately two-thirds of its territory was transferred to Pskovskaya Oblast.
That part of Velikolukskaya Oblast transferred to Pskovskaya Oblast
has been treated in this report as an integral part of Pskovskaya
Oblast. Late in 1957, a relatively small exchange of territory
between Estonskaya SSR and Pskovskaya Oblast occurred. The exchange,
as far as numbers of people are concerned, was negligible.
Leningrad, the second largest city in the USSR, is the capital
of Leningradskaya Oblast, the second most heavily populated oblast in
the USSR. Within the Leningrad Economic-Administrative Region,
Leningradskaya Oblast has the largest population and the highest degree
of urbanization (86.9 per cent with the city of Leningrad and 51.6 per
cent without the city); Pskovskaya Oblast is second in terms of total
population; Novgorodskaya Oblast is more highly urbanized.
The Economic Region is the second most important region of
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the USSR in terms of industrial production, being surpassed only by
Moskva. The region produces 6 per cent of the industrial product of
the USSR and about 10 per cent of the industrial product of the
RSFSR.
The epicenter of the Economic Region lies in the city of
Leningrad, the capital of Russia from 1713 to 1918. Under Peter the
Great, who founded it in 1703, and his successors, Leningrad (then
called St. Petersburg) developed as one of Europe's most brilliant
capitals and cultural centers. In the late 19th century it also
developed as a leading industrial and maritime center. Although the
capital was transferred, Leningrad has remained Moskvats economic
and cultural rival. Within the Economic Region Leningrad contains
53 per cent of the population and produces about 95 per cent of the
industrial product of the region.
In recognition of Leningrad's significance to the national
economy, the city was elevated to a city of Republic subordination
in 1931, and the government of the city was made directly subordinate
to the government of the RSFSR in Moskva.
B. Control Groups
1. Communist Party and Komsomol
There are an estimated 382,000 Communist Party members
in the Leningrad Economic-Administrative Region, of whom approximateIY
22,500, or 5.9 per cent, are full-time Party members, defined as the
Party control force. The incidence of 97 Party members per 1,000
adult population, age 18 and over, is higher than the estimated
average for the RSFSR (65 per 1,000) and well above the average for
the USSR (56 per 11000) (see Table I, page 4). In terms of total
population, the incidence of 63 Party members per 1,000 total popula-
tion is higher than the estimated average for the RSFSR (42 per 1,000)
and well above the average for the USSR (36 per 1,000).
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TABLE I
ESTIMATED COMMUNIST PARTY MEMBERS BY ADMINISTRATIVE-
TERRITORIAL DIVISIONS: 19561/
?
tx!
C)
PJ
tal
Divisions
Membership
Members per
1,000 total
population
Members per
1,000 adult
population
(age 18 and over)
Number in
armed forces
Number in
Party control
force
Lu
C)
tri
1-3
Leningradskaya Oblast
Leningrad City Admin-
istrative Area
Oblast residual
Novkorodskaya Oblast
Novgorod City
Oblast residual
Pskovekaya Oblast
Pskov City
Oblast residual
Regional Total
342,000
(297,000)
( 45,000)
25,000
( 4,000)
( 21,000)
15,000
( 4,000)
(l]1
78
(94)
(38)
35
(78)
(32)
27
(56)
(23)
108
(125)
( 58)
57
( na)
(na)
38
(na)
Loa
97
67,000
(Pa)
(na)
na
(na)
(na)
na
(no)
(11g)
ma
20,200
(17,500)
( 2,700)
1,400
( 200)
( 1,200)
900
( 200)
( 700)
382,000
63
22,500
21 The figures for Pskovskaya Oblast do not include those Party members in that part of
Velikolukskaya Oblast ceded to Pskovskoya Oblast. Velikolukskaya Oblast, before being abolished, had
an incidence of 30 Party members per 1,000 total population.
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Within the Economic Region, the number of Party members
in the Leningrad City Administrative Area comprises about 9.4 per
cent of the total population, or 12.5 per cent or the adult popula-
tion. This is the highest participation in the Economic Region and
one of the highest incidences of urban Party membership in the USSR,
The high Party representation reflects the administrative and political
significance of the city and the concentration of nationally signif-
icant economic, educational, research, and military facilities. In
the remainder of the oblast approximately 3.8 per cent of the total
population are Party members. This is a higher incidence than in the
other ?blasts of the region but is much less than the incidence of
Party members in the Economic Region or in the city of Leningrad (see
Table I).
All Party agencies in the 3 oblasts of the Economic
Region are responsible, through their departments for economic, civic,
and cultural activities, for implementation and fulfillment of
directives from the Bureau for RSFSR Affairs of the Central Committee
of the Communist Party in Moskva. The Oblast Committee of the Comr.
=list Party, in each oblast of the Economic Region, direct the
activities of subordinate committees in each of the cities and rural
rayons of their respective oblast. The City Party Committee directs
the work of Party Committees in 16 rayons of the city and Party
activities in the 6 cities subordinate to the Leningrad City government.
The First Secretary of the Leningrad Oblast Party Committee
is usury a member of the USSR Party Central Committee; all previous
First Secretaries have had this distinction. The position is con-
sidered to be one of highest authority. In December 1957, the First
Secretary of the Oblast Party Committee, Frol R. Kozlov, advanced to
become Premier of the RSFSR and I.Spiridonov became First Secretary
of the Oblast Party Committee and N. N. Rodionov First Secretary of
the City Party Committee.
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All Party agencies within the cities and oblasts of the
region are responsible for (and direct) the activities of members in ful-
filling all directives of superior Party organs. They also supervise
all civil Party Primary Organizations (comprised exclusively of Party
member's and candidates) formed in enterprises, machine-tractor sta-
tions, collective and state farms, government agencies, research and
educational institutions, trade unions, and other establishments,
through Party Secretaries "elected" by these organizations with the
approval of the local Party Committee at the same level. The func-
tion of each Primary Organization is to maintain a continuous check
on the operations and personnel activities within its jurisdiction.
Primary Organizations in military and militarized MVD units, and in
fleet, maritime, air units, and MGB units are directly subordinate to
political directorates of USSR ministries or committees in Moskva.
The City and Oblast Komsomol Committees in Leningrad City
and the three oblasts of the Economic Region, under the direct super-
vision of the City and ()blasts Communist Party Committees, direct the
activities of Komsomol members within the Region. In Leningradskaya
Oblast (including Leningrad City) there are an estimated 519,000
Komsomol members, representing about 12 per cent of the total popula-
tion. The Komsomol is active in mobilizing support for Party and
government policies and in promoting the paramilitary and civil defense
training programs.
During the period of the consolidation of Stalin's power,
the Leningrad Party apparatus led by Zinoviev resisted the efforts
of Stalin to gain absolute control over the Party. The resistance of
the Leningrad Party organization led by Zinoviev came to an abrupt
end in February 1926, when at a special Party conference, a Stalinist
apparatus vas installed in Leningrad. 'Kirov, a Stalin man, became the
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new leader of the Leningrad Party organization and presided over the
purge that was instituted in Leningrad. In December 1934, Kirov was
assassinated by an alleged former member (Nikolayev) of the Zinoviev
opposition group and a new purge began in the Leningrad Party organiza-
tion. ift should be noted here that there are rumors that Stalin
himself had Kirov assassinated because of his (Kirov' a) increasing
powerj In 1935, thousands were arrested on the assumption that they
harbored oppositionist tendencies. Zinoviev was tried and shot.
From Leningrad the purge spread throughout the USSR. In 1934, Andre7
Zhdanov was transferred to Leningrad as the Party secretary.
In the post-World War II period, the Leningrad Party
organization again became involved in the KreMlin power struggles.
Zhdanov, a power in the national and Leningrad Party organizations
appears to have been struggling with Malenkov for Stalin's favor.
Following Zhdanov's death in August l94B, all 5 Leningradskaya Oblast
?arty secretaries, all 5 Leningrad City Party secretaries, and the
chairmen of the oblast and city executive committees were removed from
office. At the same time, N. A. VOznesenskiy, a Politburo member and
the Chief State Planner, A. A. Kuznetsov, Secretary of the All-Union
Central Committee, and M. I. Rodionov, head of the RSFSR government,
disappeared.
Pretexts for the dismissal of the Leningrad Party members,
and those Party members in Moskva, were charges of moral degeneration
and "nationalist tendencies," that is, Great Russian nationalism.
They had allegedly held, without consent from the All-Union authori-
ties, an industrial fair in Leningrad to sell products of the Russian
Republic. There has been speculation that the plan was to establish
an RSFSR Party organization in Leningrad, which was to become the
capital of the RSFSR in place of Moskva.
Following the arrest of Beria in the summer of 1953, the
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"Leningrad Case" again came to light. Beria's former MB chief, V. S.
Abakumov, and 5 other accused persons, were tried in Leningrad on
charges of having made false accusations against individual Party and
government workers in Leningrad City and Oblast, and of having
obtained false confessions of serious crimes through illegal methods
of investigation.
V. M. Andrianovithe successor to the purged First Secretary
of the City and Oblast Party organizations in 1949, remained in power
until after Beria's arrest in 1953. In November 1953, Frol R. Kozlov?
at a meeting attended by Khrushchev, was appointed the new First
Secretary of the Leningrad Party organization. In February 1957,
he was named an alternate member of the Party's Presidium, and 4 months
later Mr. Kozlov was advanced to full Presidium membership. In December
1957, Mr. Kozlov was appointed RSFSR premier and I. Spiridonov, First
Secretary of the Leningrad City Party organization, was appointed First
Secretary of the Oblast Party Committee. On March 31, 1958, Mr. Kozlov
was made First Deputy Premier of the USSR. The changes in the local
Party leadership in Leningrad with each change of Party leadership in
Moskva is an indication of the importance the Leningrad Party organization
plays in national affairs.
2. Military
The city of Leningrad is one of the most important military
control, training, and research centers in the USSR. Headquarters,
Leningrad Military District (Target 0153-0598), located in Leningrad
and subordinate to the USSR Ministry of Defense in Moskva, directs
army and tactical air operations and also exercises supervisory con-
trol over land-based naval personnel in the district, which includes
Leningradskaya, Novgorodskaya, and Pskovskaya ?blasts. Tactical air
units are directly subordinate to the 13th Tactical Air Army Head-
quarters in Leningrad (Leningrad Air Force Headquarters, Target
0153-0597), under the Military District Headquarters. Long Range Air
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Army (LRAA) units based at the major airfields in the Economic-
Administrative Region are under the jurisdiction of the let LRAA
in Mbskva. Leningrad is also Headquarters of the 12th Air Defense
Region, and all Air Defense Command (PV0) personnel in the region
are subordinate to this headquarters (refer to Map V).
As of 1 December 1957, the following units were sub-
ordinate to the Military District: 13th Tactical Air Army; 8th Am'
(Gatchina Headquarters Army, Target 0153-0642) with the 45th Guards
Rifle Division at Vyborg, 63rd Guards Rifle (Mecz?) Division at
Pargolovo, and 64th Guards Rifle Division at Priozersk. The inter-
mediate subordination of the 2nd Guards Tank Division at Pechory
and, the 76th (Airborne?) Guards Rifle Division at Pskov (both in
Pskovskaya Oblast) is unknown. An antiaircraft regiment is attached
to each rifle division, with the exception of the 76th (Airborne?).
Two.additional unidentified antiaircraft (WO) divisions are stationed
near the city of Leningrad.
The Eatanskaya SSR, formerly incorporated within the area
of the Leningrad Military District, is now part of the Baltic Military
District, headquarters in Riga.
Leningrad is also the single most important Soviet naval
shipbuilding, ship repair, and training center in the USSR. Naval
operations ashore, afloat, and airborne in the Leningrad Economic-
Administrative Region are probably directed by Headquarters of the
Baltic Fleet in Baltiysk (Kaliningradskaya Oblast), operating through
the Kronshtadt Naval Defensive District. The Kronshtadt Naval Defen-
sive District (KMOR) extends from the Finnish border to Kunda
(Estonskaya SSR). The District, analogous to U.S. Naval Sea Frontiers,
is responsible to the Fleet Commander (in Baltiysk) for the administra-
tion of the district. The following estimated percentages of the
USSR's combat ships are based at Leningrad/Kronshtadt: 12 per cent of
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the major combat ships; 27.1 per cent of the long- and medium-range
submarines; and 19.1 per cent of the short-range submarines.
Headquarters, Leningrad Military District controls an
estimated 266,000 military personnel (see Table II) representing
about 6 per cent of the Economic Region's adult population, age 18
and over.
TABLE II
ESTIMATED COMPOSITION OF ARMED FORCES OF
LENINGRAD MILITARY DISTRICT:
1 January 1956
Division
Army
Air Force
MVD
Total
Leningradskaya Oblast
80,000
_Elm.
85,000
38,000
12,000
215,000
Novgorodskaya Oblast
10,000
6,000
2,000
18,000
Fskovskaya Oblast
25,000
6.000
2,000,
33,000
Economic Region
Total
115,000
85,000
50,000
16,000
266,000
The military control force of the Leningrad Economic-
Administrative Region is estimated at 111,000 (1956), 40,000 officers
and 71,000 NCO's (see Table III). Almost all of the officers and prob-
ably more than 50 per cent of the NCO's are members of the Communist
Party.
TABLE III
ESTIMATED MILITARY CONTROL FORCE: 1956
Primary Secondary
Branch of Service (Officers) (NCOts)
Total
Army
15,000
29,000
44,000
Navy (excl. SNAP)
10,500
20,500
31,000
Air Force (incl. SNAP)
12,500
17,500
30,000
(MVD)
( 2.c00)
( 4,00O)
6,000)
Total 40,000 71,000 111,000
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The Baltic Sea area bordering on Leningradskaya Oblast, is
the location of facilities capable of the construction and repair of
vessels of practically any type. Leningrad, the major shipbuilding and
41 repair center of the area, has the following major shipbuilding and
repair yards:
Leningrad Shipyard, "Baltimok Ordzhonikidze" 189
(Target 0153-0019)
Leningrad Shipyard, "Marti" 194
(Target 0153-0088)
Leningrad Shipyard, "Zhdanov" 190
(Target 0153-0064)
Leningrad Shipyard, "Sudomekh" 196
(Target 0153-0167)
Leningrad Shipyard, "Krasnyy Sudostroitel" 370
(Target 0153-0375)
Leningrad Shipyard, "Kanonerskiy"
(Target 0153-0210)
Kronshtadt Naval Base and Shipyard
(Target 0153-0167)
The shipyards in Leningrad (including the shipyard at Kronshtadt)
represent an estimated 28 per cent of the total USSR capacity for
shipbuilding and an estimated 25 per cent of the total USSR capacity
for ship repairing, but at the present time they are reported to be
supplying 40 per cent of the USSR's newly built craft. These ship-
building facilities, together with the supporting industrial establish-
ments in and near the city of Leningrad, can readily build mar ves-
sels ranging from small coastal submarines and patrol boats to battle-
ships and aircraft carriers.
In addition to the major shipbuilding yards, about 20
minor yards, distributed along the Neva River and its delta, are sup-
porting the construction program of patrol craft and mine sweepers.
Some of these yards are engaged in experimental research and new
designs for hulls, propulsion units, and various component parts.
Kronshtadt, a strong defense point on Ostrov Kotlin (island) at the
eastern extremity of the Gulf of Finland (18 miles W of the city of
Leningrad), is an operating base and the most important repair base of
the Baltic Fleet. Major hull and engine repair can be undertaken
here.
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Leningrad is one of the foremost Soviet navaltraining
centers in the USSR. Located in Leningrad are 25 naval schools which
provide academic and/or practical instruction. Of the 4 higher naval
schools in Leningrad, 2 are equivalent to the US Naval Academy and 2
to the US Naval War College. There are various other preparatory and
advanced naval schools: medicine, engineering, construction, submarine
training, intelligence and political science, naval shipbuilding and
armaments, and communications.
Leningrad is also one of the foremost centers for research
and development in naval weapons and equipment. The Central Scientific
Research Institute for Warship Construction of the Naval Forces,
Leningrad, is the only naval vessel research and development instal-
lation known to be under the direct control of the Soviet Navy. It
conducts yesearch on hull designs. The Committee of the USSR Council
of Ministers for Shipbuilding also conducts research on naval vessels
in Leningrad. The Central Scientific Research Institute 45 im. A. N.
Krylov, Leningrad, probably still subordinate to the Committee of the
USSR Council of Ministers for Shipbuilding, is the most important
organization in Soviet naval research, conducting research in all
aspects of naval architecture and marine egnineering. The Central
Scientific Research Institute 48, Leningrad, conducts research in the
metallurgy of weldable shipbuilding steels and in naval armor plate.
The Central Design Bureau for Standardization, Leningrad, develops
and designs standard equipment for warships. Additional research and
development is carried on by the Leningrad Shipbuilding Institute under
the Ministry of Higher Education.
In addition to the naval schools there is an Air
Force Engineering Academy which trains Air Force technical per-
sonnel and probably also conducts applied researach in air-
craft and related fields. The ground forces also have schools in
Leningrad which provide training in poison gas, medicine, artillery,
electricity, and mechanics.
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The cities of Leningrad and Kronshtadt are naval supply
centers supporting the operating forces of the Soviet Baltic Fleet and
can supply general stores and POL. In addition Kronshtadt can supply
munitions and torpedoes. POL storage in Leningrad is estimated to be
1,085,000 metric tons and in Kronshtadt 40,000 metric tons. The
military port capacity of Leningrad is estimated to be 60,000 long
tons of general cargo per 20 hour day.
The Soviet Air Force and Soviet Naval Air Force operate
in the Economic-Administrative Region the following number and types
of airfields and seaplane stations (refer to Map V and Section V for
location of airfields).
Number
Airfield Category
Class
2
Primary Bomber Bases
1
1
Possible Primary Bomber Base
1
1
Alternate Bomber Base
1
1
Alternate Bomber Base
2
1
Possible Alternate Bomber base
2
6
Primary Defense Bases
2
1
Primary Defense Base
4
5
Alternate Defense Bases
2
3
Alternate Defense Bases
4
1
Fighter Recovery Base
3
2
Fighter Recovery Bases
4
7
Fighter Recovery Bases
5
4
Seaplane Bases
6
2
Seaplane Bases
7
3
Reserve Bases
4
1
Reserve Base
5
1
Other
3
5
Other
5
1
Undesignated
5
Total 48
Of the 48 targeted airfields in the Economic-Administrative
Region, 40 are military, 6 are joint civil/military and 2 have an
unknown subordination.
Leningrad is reported to have the third largest concentra-
tion of IAPVO (the fighter arm of Soviet Air Defense) strength. It is
reported that 10 regiments with a TO&E strength of 370 aircraft are
deployed within 60 miles of the city. Five of these regiments are
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reported to be based across the northern approaches to the city, 5
to the S and W. Both early warning and ground control intercept radar
stations are located in the Economic-Administrative Region.
It has been reported that SAM activity (the construction
of surface-to-air guided missile sites) has been observed near
Leningrad. Located in Leningradskaya Oblast are possible, but uncon-
firmed, guided missile plants at Svirstroy and Sestroretsk, a guided
missile test range at Strelna, a guided missile site at Lisiy Nos, and
a rocket launching site at Kronshtadt (refer to Map 3 for location).
Research and development concerned with guided missiles is
generally centered around the Committee of the USSR Council of
Ministers for Defense Industry (formerly the All-Union Ministry of
Defense Industry). It is probable that this Committee has the respon-
sibility for coordinating the missile development effort of all
ministries and committees participating in the missile program. In
Leningrad 4 institutes have been identified as participating in missile
development. Believed contributing to the over-all guided missile
effort is the Polytechnic Institute in. M. I. Kalinin, in Leningrad.
The Leningrad Institute of Applied Chemistry, GIPKH (Target 0153-
0358), probably under the All-Union Ministry of Chemical Industry, is
studying the problems involved in the most efficient utilization of
natural resources by Soviet chemical plants. Research on propellants
was being done here. The Leningrad Television Insitute P Lesnoy,"
NII 380 (Target 0103-0253), probably under the Radio-Electrical Com-
mittee of the USSR Council of Ministers (formerly the All-Union Ministry
of Radio-Technical Industry), is an electronics institute and is
engaged in the development of civilian and military television equip-
ment. It has been indicated that some work was conducted in a secret
department at the Lesnoy branch of the above Institute on a television
guidance system for an air-to-surface guidance system (based on Toone).
Further research is being done at Leningrad Scientific-Technical
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Institute 49 (Target 0153-0440), probably under the Committee of the
USSR Council of Ministers for Shipbuilding, in the development of
ground computers for surface-to-air missiles and development of a gyro-
stabilized platform for inertial missile guidance systems.
A recent report indicates that Leningrad Arms Plant
?Krasnaya Znamyau in. Frunze 7 (Target 0153-0018), subordinate to the
Committee of the USSR Council of Ministers for Defense Industry, may
be engaged in the development and production of small ballistic or
antiaircraft missiles. The plant has had a long history in the develop-
ment and production of conventional weapons, particularly antiaircraft
and field artillery.
Leningrad Tube and Lamp Plant, ?Svetlanan 211 (Target 0103-
0051) has recently been reported as manufacturing the electrotechnieal
equipment, such as transmitters and measuring instruments fbrthe23sundied
Soviet satellites. Manufacture of the electrical equipment for future
satellites is reportedly under way at this plant.
The only identified MVD troop unit in the Economic-
Administrative Region is the 225th Convoy Regiment stationed in Lenin-
grad and probably subordinate to MVD Security Troop Headquarters in
Leningrad. No MVD border detachments have been identified or located,
but they undoubtedly exist along the Finnish/USSR border and in the
port cities of Leningrad, Vyborg, Primorsk, Lomonosov, and Vysotsk.MVD
troops are responsible for the protection of high public officials,
control of the borders, guarding of strategic facilities, and the super-
vision of forced labor.
The All-Union Society for Cooperation with Army, Air Force,
and Navy (DOSAAF) located in Leningrad, Pskov, and Novgorod are
responsible for training of preinductees and veterans in basic and
technical military skills in support of the military. Military
mobilization and the movement and storage of military supplies are
controlled by the Military District Headquarters through Military
Commissariats at the Oblast level.
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3. Government
The total government control force consists of employees
of administrative and nonadministrative agencies of the RSFSR and of
the Leningradskaya, Novgorodskaya, and Pskovskaya Oblast governments
and the coequal Leningrad City government, working in the oblasts and
city governments at all levels of control down to the rural soviets.
The primary government control force comprises employees
of governmental administrative and judicial organs and is estimated
to total 59,460 in the Economic-Administrative Region, or 1.3 per cent
of the adult population, age 18 and over. In the city of Leningrad the
primary government control force comprises 27,390, or 1.1 per cent of
the adult population. The Executive Committees of the 3 oblasts and
the city supervise, under Party direction, the agencies that are
responsible for
mg, consumers'
The
or 8.6 per cent
Region. In the
force comprises
the distribution to the population of food, most hous-
goods, local transport, and other municipal services.
secondary government control force comprises 388,490,
of the adult population in the Economic-Administrative
city of Leningrad the secondary government control
253,260, or 10.2 per cent of the adult population.
The secondary government control force includes health and educational
personnel and those employed in public service and utilities.
Since the reorganization of industry and the establishment
of local economic councils, the number of personnel in the government
control force on the oblast and local levels is in a process of change.
It is expected that the number of government control force personnel
will increase and that the estimates provided in Table IV are minimal.
The Ianingradskiy Council of National Economy (Sovnarkhoz), formed in
May 1957, contains enterprises of Leningradskaya, Pskovskaya, Novgorod-
skaya Oblasts. The Council is the administrative, coordinating, and
planning agency for most industrial and construction enterprises in
the Economic Region. The Sovnarkhdz, within the framework of decisions
taken at higher levels, has responsibility for elaborating and
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TABLE IV
ESTIMATED GOVERNMENT CONTROL FORCE: 3.958
Primary Control Force
Administrative Total Per Cent
Category Control Forcerli Number of Total
Leningrad Economic-
Administrative Region
Republic Govt.
65,000
2,280
3.5
Oblast and City Govts.
365,150
39,380
10.8
Militia
17.800
17.800
100.0
Total
447,950
59,460
13.3
Components: Leningrad-
skaya Oblast
Republic Govt.
9,190
320
3.5
Oblast Govt.
51,050
5.550
10.9
Militia
12.300
12,300
100.0
Total
72,540
18,170
25.0
Leningrad City
Republic Govt.
42,750
1,500
3.5
Oblast Govt.
237,900
25,890
10.9
Total
280,650
27,390
9.8
Novgorodskaya Oblast
Republic Govt.
5,650
200
3.5
Oblast Govt.
31,450
3,420
10.9
Militia
2,600
2,600
100.0
Total
39,700
6,220
15.7
Pskovskaya Oblast
Republic Govt.
7.410
260
3.5
Oblast Govt.
44,750
4,520
10.1
Militia
2,900
2,900
100.0
Total
55,060
7,680
13.9
Not included in this total are professional workers of the
Communist Party, the officer and NCO components of the armed forces,
and economic supervisory and managerial personnel.
implementing current and long-range production plans, for promoting
industrial specialization within the Economic Region, for arranging
deliveries of raw-materials and semifinished products within the region
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and between the region and other regions, and for determining the
financial and economic activities of subordinate agencies.
Most local and cooperative enterprises, and certain other
industries, will remain under the jurisdiction of the local Soviets.
Because vertical subordination of local industry has also been
abolished, the role of local Soviets in the direction of industry
will increase.
The Leningradskiy Sovnarkhoz is subordinate to and formed
by the RSFSR Council of Ministers. The Sovnarkhoz consists of a chair-
man, a deputy chairman, the industrial branch administration chiefs,
and heads of functional departments. It has been recommended that a
collegium (council) be formed under the chairman of the Sovnarkhoz
to act as a planning and decision-making body similar to the collegia
of ministries. However, all decisions are based on the principle of
one-man rule and responsibility (the chairman's).
The Oblast Executive Committees of the 3 oblasts in the
Leningrad Economic-Administrative Region and ihe City Executive Com-
mittee of Leningrad have no jurisdiction over the Sovnarkhoz. The
USSR Council of Ministers realizes control over the Sovnarkhoz
through its control over the RSFSR government. Decisions and directives
of the Sovnarkhoz may be revoked by either the USSR or RSFSR governments.
The Leningrad Economic-Administrative Region has more than
2,000 enterprises with output sufficiently important to be recorded
with the Central Statistical Administration. Six-hundred and fifty
factories, plants, and construction projects, formerly under all-union,
union-republic, or republic subordination, including 8 enterprises in
Pskovskaya Oblast and 32 enterprises in Novgorodskaya Oblast, have been
subordinated to the Sovnarkhoz. St will employ more than 1,000,000
persons producing about 50 billion rubles worth of output annualTy.
Enterprises subordinate to tlie Sovnarkhoz will produce about 5 per
cent of the USSR's entire industrial production and will constitute 76
per cent of the entire industrial production of the Leningrad
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Economic-Administrative Region. Certain plants in the USSR, the
production of which is deemed vital to the national defense and which
were named in a secret list prepared by the USSR Council of Ministers,
remain under direct central administration. It is not known how, many
of these plants are located in the Leningrad Economic-Administrative
Region. However, in cases where the retained USSR Ministries lose
operational control of plants formerly subordinate to them, they will
be able to influence production as they have been charged with the
planning and coordinating function of these plants - tasks relinquished
by USSR Gosplan. Eight All-Union Ministries were retained under the
USSR Council of Ministers. On 14 December 1957, 4 of these Ministries
(Aviation Industry, Defense Industry, Radio Technology, and Shipbuild-
ing) were abolished and the following Committees, attached to the USSR
Council of Ministers, were formed: Aviation Technology, Defense
Technology, Radio-Electrical, and Shipbuilding.
In the Economic-Administrative Region the following func-
tional subdivisions have been formed in the apparatus of the Economic
Council: department of chief mechanic and chief power engineer, depart-
ment of technics of safety and industrial sanitation, administration
of material-technical supply and sales, transportation administration,
department of capital construction, technical administration, planning
and economics administration, department of labor and wages, finance
department, central bookkeeping, economic administration, chancellery,
administration of cadres and educational institutions, department of
foreign orders (probably inter-Sovnarkhoz trade), department of
?
cooperation and specialization, and department of security.
The following branch industrial administrations have been
formed under the Sovnarkhoz: heavy machine building, general machine
building, electrotechnical industry, chemical industry, instrument
building industry, metallurgical industry, shipbuilding industry,
radiotechnical industry, lumber industry, wood-processing and furniture
industry, cellulose-paper and hydrolysis industry, textile industry,
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leather-footwear and fur industry, garment industry, food industry,
fish industry, meat and milk industry, printing industry, construction
materials, glass and porcelain industry, construction, and power and
fuel. In the organizations of the branch administrations are included
not only the enterprises but also the scientific-research institutes,
construction bureaus, and planning organizations which are an integral
part of the industry. The plan does not provide for the formation of
any intermediate organizations, such as trusts or combines.
The reorganization includes the merger of 68 supply and
15 marketing organizations, employing 6,600 workers and employees, to
be under the functional administration of material-technical supply
and sales within the Sovnarkhoz. All operational work of supplying
enterprises and marketing their output will be done through 16 special-
ized administrations. The administrations mill organize a-network of
retail stores to meet the requirements of industry. A Transportation
Administration will be organized to establish the transportation needs
of the various enterprises, and to formulate the necessary shipment
plans and procedures.
Mast of the construction in the Economic-Administrative
Region, with the exception of construction in the city of Leningrad,
will be administered by the Construction Administration under the
Sovnarkhoz. The Chief Directorate for Construction in the city of
Leningrad, under the jurisdiction of the City Soviet Executive Committee,
will continue to supervise construction within the city.
There are 76 research institutes and about 100 different
branch planning and design organizations, with more than 100,000
persons on their staffs, in Leningrad City and Oblast. It has been
recommended that all of them, except 19, be subordinated to the
Sovnarkhoz. Further, it is planned that those technical and research
institutes that were attached to now-abolished ministries should be
made subordinate to the respective branch administration under the
Sovnarkhoz. It has been recommended that the 19 large institutes and
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planning organizations in Leningrad, which are important to the nation
as a whole, should be subordinated directly to the State Scientific-
Technical Committee of the USSR Council of Ministers or the USSR
Gosplan.
II. Population, Labor Force. and Ethnic Composition
The principal characteristics of the 1959 population estimates
of the Leningrad Economic-Administrative Region are summarized in
Table V.
TABLE V
SUMMARY OF DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS: 1959
Total population 6,274,000
Urban population 4,442,000
Urban proportion of total population 70.8 per cent
Population density (persons per square mile) over-all 84.6
Population density (persons per square mile) rural 24.8
Population in working ages (16-59 years) 4,359,000
Proportion of population in working ages 69.5 per cent
Females per 100 males in working ages 115
Military personnel 266,000
Forced laborers Negligible
Proportion of Slays to total population 93 per cent
Per cent of USSR population 3.0
Per cent of RSFSR population 5.3
The Economic-Administrative Region comprises 3 ?blasts: Leningrad-
skaya, Novgorodskaya, and Pskovskaya, and the city of Leningrad. The
city of Leningrad, also designated Administrative area "A" in Table
XV, includes the city proper, and the cities, towns, urban settlements,
and selsoviets subordinate to the city or to the urban rayons of the
city-.1/ The Economic-Administrative Region contains 3.0 per cent of
the population of the USSR, and 5.3 per cent of the population of the RSFSR.
I/ Al]. population figures given for the city of Leningrad are
for the administrative area, unless otherwise specified.
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The Economic-Administrative Region had a calculated 1926 popula-
tion of 5,484,000, of which 39.4 per cent was urban. The city of
Leningrad contained 78.2 per cent of the urban population and 30.8
per cent of the total regional population.
The total population of the region by 1939/40 had increased to
7,346,000 or, 40 per cent above the 1926 total population. Most of
this increase, about 81 per cent, was in the population of the city
of Leningrad. The city grew much faster than the remaining areas of
the Economic-Administrative Region because of its development as one
0 the most significant industrial, education4, and cultural centers
of the USSR. In the 1926-39 period, Leningradskaya Oblast received
1,300,000 in-migrants. Most of these, about a million, went to the
city of Leningrad. Many of the in-migrants came from within the
Economic Region, and as a result the population of Pskovskaya Oblast
decreased and that of Novgorodskaya Oblast increased only about 5 per
cent (see Table VI). The population of Lemingradskaya Oblast
increased about 45 per cent, most of the increase occurring in the
rayons near the city of Leningrad.
The population of the region, and particularly that of the
city of Leningrad, suffered severe losses during World War II. The
regional total population decreased during the mar period due to 3
factors: excess deaths, decreased births, and evacuation. The total
population between 1939-1956 declined by 1,295,000 or, 17.6 per cent.
Each of the administrative divisions of the region shows a decrease
(see Table VI). The population of the city of Leningrad was decimated
during World War II. In the first year of the siege 600,000 persons
were reported to have died; for the whole period the number of deaths
is estimated to have totaled one million, or almost one-third of the
1939 population. At the height of the siege, infant mortality reached
75 per cent. An estimated one million persons evacuated the city.
Thus, by the end of the war, the population pattern of the city and of
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TABLE VI
POPULATION CHANGES 1926-1959
.(in thousands)
Administrative Per Cent
Divisions Total Urban Urban
Rural
Per Cent
Rural
1926
Leningrad City
1,6901/ 1,690
100.0
????.1.
Leningrad Oblast
1,026 186
18.1
840
81.9
Novgorodskaya Oblast
1,068 146
13.7
922
86.3
Pskovskaya Oblast
1.700 138
84
1.562
91.?
Regional Total
5,484 2,160
39.4
3,324
60.6
1939/40
Leningrad City
3,191 3,191
100.0
Imningradskaya Oblast
1,486 514
34.6
972
65.4
Novgorodskaya Oblast
1,122 207
18.4
915
81.6
Pskvoskaya Oblast
1.547 207
1.4
1.340
86.6.
Regional Total
.
7,346 4,119
56.1
3,227
43.9
April 1956
Leningrad City
3,1763/ 3,176
100.0
Leningradskaya Oblast
1,162 563
48.5
599
51.5
Novgorodskaya Oblast
718 256
35.7
462
64.3
Pskovskaya Oblast
995 240
755
75.9
Regional Total
6,051 4,235
_Ail
70.0
1,816
30.0
1959
Leningrad City
3,296 3,2962/
100.0
???????
Leningradskaya Oblast
1,225 632
51.6
593
48.4
Novgorodskaya Oblast
731 262
35.8
469
64.2
Pskovskaya Oblast
1 022 252
24.7
770
214.
Regional Total
6,274 4,442
70.8
1,832
29.2
2/ This figure is the 1926 population of Leningrad within the
1939 administrative boundaries. The 1926 population of Leningrad
within the 1926 boundaries was 1,614,000.
2/ This figure is for January 1, 1956.
.2/ The estimated 8,000 population of 5 selsoviets located within
the Leningrad City Administrative Area, has been treated as urban
population inasmuch as the Soviets treat the population in the Lenin-
grad Administrative Area as a concentration of urban population.
the region had been considerably altered. Soviet reports indicate
that the postwar population of the city is predominantly non-Leningradian,
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that is, the evacuees did not return in great numbers. Rather, people
from surrounding villages filled the population vacuum existing in the
city. ?
In 1939/40 the urban population of the region comprised 56.1 per
cent; by 1959 the urban proportion has increased to an estimated 70.8
per cent of the total population. The city of Leningrad represents
74.2 per cent of the region's total 1959 urban population. The
administrative area subordinate to the city of Leningrad has surpassed
its 1939 population and has an estimated 1959 population of 3,296,000.
Most of the growth in Leningrad in this period has taken place in the
cities and settlements subordinate to the city. The city proper
actually shows a decline in this period from 3,015,000 in 1939 to a
reported population of 2,814,000 in April 1956 and to an estimated
population of 2,875,000 in 1959. The urban areas subordinate to Lenin-
grad increased from a total population of 164000 in 1939 to 421,000
in 1959, an increase of 171 per cent.
Throughout the period 1926-56, the rural population of the region
has shown a decline in absolute numbers as well as in per cent of
total population. Evacuation, increased mortality, and postwar migra-
tion to urban areas accelerated the decline of the rural population
in the 1939-56 period. During this period the rural population
decreased by 1,411,000 or 43.7 per cent. Since 1956 the rural popula-
tion has increased an estimated 16,000, probably due to the increased
effort to improve agricultural output and also due to the effort to
restrain any large-scale growth of the city of Leningrad.
In relation to population growth and food supply it is doubtful
if the Soviets can afford to rely upon the rural areas of the Economic-
Administrative Region for additional industrial manpower. The region
at the present time does not produce sufficient food to supply the
heavily urbanized area around the city of Leningrad. Any additional
drain on rural manpower would worsen the situation. On the other hand,
the city of Leningrad is fast approaching the maximum population
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(3,500,000) that the Soviets have planned for the city. If it is
possible to limit the size of the city of Leningrad to 3,500,000
persons, any additional large-scale growth probably will take place
in the urban areas bordering the administrative area. The rate of
urban growth, though, probably mill decline, as it has in the USSR 40
a whole. In the Economic-Administrative Region this will result from
the fact that the urban growth has drawn heavily on the rural popula-
tion and the present supply of rural manpower is no longer as abundant.
Since the rural areas of the region formally supported a much larger
population, and there is now a new increased emphasis on agricultural
production, it is reasonable to expect that the rural population will
increase rather than decrease as it did in the 1939-56 period.
The age-sex composition of the region was fundamentally altered
during the war period. Changes in the age-sax composition were the
result of the same factors that affected the total population, e.g.,
high wartime mortality; reduced natality; and a postwar influx of
persons in the working ages.
Table VII indicates that the 0-15 age group is smaller, especially
in the city of Leningrad, as a result of the decline in the birth rate.
The decline would have been even greater if there had not been a
decline of infant mortality offsetting to some extent the decline in
the birth rate. Higher wartime mortality of older people in the city
of Leningrad is reflected in the lower proportion in this age group
in the city. Due to the lack of reliable statistics, and also to the
relatively small number in the 60 plus age group, the over-all USSR
proportion age 60 plus has been assigned to this age group in the 3
oblasts. Wartime and postwar conditions have accentuated the propor-
tion of the population in the working ages, 16-59.
The sex composition of the region is 113 females to 100 males,
the same as for the USSR in 1958. In Novgorodskaya and Leningradskaya
()blasts the sex composition is the same as the over-ail regional
composition; in Leningrad City and Pskovskaya Oblast the composition
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TABLE VII
ESTIMATED AGE AND SEX COMPOSITION: 1959
(Numbers in thousands)
Males Females Total Per Cent
Economic-Administrative Regl.on
Age Group
Leningrad
0-15
741
741
1,482
23.6
16-59
2,027
2,332
4,359
69.5
60 plus
178.
255
433
6.9
Total
2,946
3,328
6,274
100.0
Leningrad City
0-15
344
344
688
22.2
16-59
1,125
1,279
2,404
72.9
60 plus
84
120
204
6.2
Total
1,553
1,743
3,296
100.0
Leningradskaya Oblast
0-15
167
167
334
27.3
16-59
368
429
797
65.0
60 plus
_2.2
_55.
_2.4.
7.7
Total
574
651
1,225
100.0
Novgorodskaya Oblast
0-15
99
99
198
27.0
16-59
220
257
477
65.3
60 plus
_22.
Total
342
389
731
100.0
Pskovskaya Oblast
0-15
131
131
262
25.6
16-59
60 plus
314
367
681
66.6
7.7.
Total
477
545
1,022
100.0
is 112 and 114 females to 100 males, respectively. In the age group
16-59, the regional sax ratio is 115 females to 100 males, whereas,
for the same age group in the USSR (1958) the ratio is 117 females to
100 males.
Vital rates (birth, death, and natural increase) are available for
Leningrad City and Oblast only. (see Table VIII). The most outstanding
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TABLE VIII
BIRTH, DEATH, AND NATURAL
INCREASE RATES: 1940-56
Year
Births
Per 1,000
Population
Deaths Net Population
Per 1,000 Increase per 1,000
Population Population
USSR
1940
31.7
18.2
13.4
1950
26.5
9.6
16.9
1951
26.8
9.6
17.2
1952
26.4
9.3
17.1
1953
24.9
9.0
15.9
1954
26.5
8.9
17.5
1955
25.6
8.2
17.2
1956
25.0
7.7
17.3
Leningrad City
1940
25.1
18.4
6.7
1950
15.8
7.2
8.6
1951
15.9
6.7
9.2
1952
15.9
6.8
9.1
1953
15.0
6.6
8.4
1954
15.7
6.5
9.2
1955
15.2
6.7
8.5
1956
13.9
6.7
7.2
Leningradskaya Oblast
19401/
__
__
__
1950
27.7
9.1
18.6
1951
27.9
8.9
19.0
1952
27.3
8.4
18.9
1953
25.8
8.3
17.5
1954
26.8
8.0
18.8
1955
25.2
7.8
17.4
1956
22.8
7.3
15.5
1/ Vital rates for this year for Leningradskaya Oblast are
not available.
aspect is the radical decline of the birth rate in the city. The crude
birth rate has declined 44.6 per cent since 1940 and 12 per cent since
1950 in the city. In the oblast the crude birth rate has declined 17.7
per cent since 1950. The crude death rate has declined less spectac-
ularly, 7 per cent in the city and 19.8 per cent in the oblast since
1950. The natural increase rate has remained relatively stable in
both the city and oblast.
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TABLE IX
ESTIMATED ETHNIC COMPOSITION: 1959
Ethnic Number Per Cent
Region
Great Russians 5,847,000 93
Others 427.000
Total 6,274,000 100
Leningrad City
Great Russians 3,065,000 93
Others 231.000
Total 3,296,000 100
Leningradskaza Oblast
Great Russians 1,102,000 90
Others 123,000 10
Total 1,225,000 100
Novgorodskaya Oblast
Great Russians 710,000
Others 21.000
97
Total 731,000 100
Pskovskaya Oblast
Great Russians 970,000
Others 52.000
95
Total 1,022,000 100
One of the most striking features in the region is the homogeneous
ethnic composition. Great Russians predominate in both urban and rural
areas of the region and in none of the administrative areas of the
region is the per cent of Great Russians less than 90 (see Table IX).
The other ethnic groups comprise Jews, Finns, and Estonians. Finns are
to be found in each administrative-division of the region; Estonians
are found in Leningrad City and Oblast and in Pskovskaya Oblast. Jews,
located mainly in Leningrad City, number about 45,000, or 3.5 per cent
of the city's population.
The regional total labor force and the total labor force by
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Divisions
Regional Total
Leningrad City
Leningradskaya Oblast
Novgorodskaya Oblast
Pskovskaya Oblast
TABLE
CATEGORIES OF EMPLOTMENT:
- 1 January 1959
Workers and
EMployees
Collective and
Individual
Farmers
Military
Co-operative and
Non-co-operative
Handicraftsmen
Others'
Total
2,485,000
517,000
266,000
131,000
53,000
3,452,000
1,705,000
130,000
86,000
34,000
1,955,000
360,000
112,000
85,000
21,000
10,000
588,000
207,000
135,000
18,000
12,000
4,000
376,000
213,000
270,000
33,000
12,000
5,000
533,000
?
Per Cent
of Total
Population
55.0
59.3
48.0
51.4
52.2
1/ Includes persons who by definition are excluded from reported categories (defense workers, full-time Party
and Komsomol officials, and self-employed persons).
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administrative-territorial divisions are shown in Table X. The region's
total labor force (including military) represents 55 per cent of the
region's total population; the civilian labor force represents 53 per
lk cent of the region's civilian population.
The labor force of the city of Leningrad comprises a high propor-
tion of the resident population, about 59.3 per cent. It is estimated .
that about 3 per cent of the labor force of the city are commuters from
contiguous areas of Leningradskaya Oblast and as a result the labor
force of the oblast is only 48 per cent. Throughout the region a signifi-
cant part of the rural population is engaged in work in industrial or
trade enterprises in the nearest city or workers settlement.
Workers and employees represent 72 per cant of the region's total
labor force. The majority of workers and employees are located in
urban areas, but in Novgorodskaya and Pskovskaya Oblasts,both having a
large proportion of the population in rural areas, a much larger pro-
portion of the workers and employees are in the rural areas than in
Leningradskaya Oblast. The distribution of workers and empoyees by
sector of employment is available for Leningrad City and Oblast only,
and is shown in Table XI.
Industry commands the largest segment of workers and employees
in the urban areas; the distribution of workers and employees in '
industry is shown in Table XII. The percentual distribution of industrial
workers and employees by sectors of employment in the city of Leningrad
has remained relatively constant in relation to the prewar distribution.
This is not the case in Leningradskaya Oblast. The percentage of
workers in the peat industry has decreased almost 50 per cent since
1940; that of workers in the shale industry has increased by 50 per cent;
and the percentage of workers in the paper and construction materials
industries has increased by 68 and 82 per cent, respectively. The other
categories of industry have shown much less pronounced increases or
decreases.
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TABLE xi
DISTRIBUTION OF WORKERS AND ENTIOYEES
BY SECTOR OF EMMERT: 1959
(numbers in thousands)
Leningrad City
Leningradtkara Oblast
Number
Per Cent
of Total
Per Cent
Female
Per Cent Per Cent
1
Number of Total Jlt.. ;
Industry
825.2
48.4
55
132.8
36.9
47
Construction
104.0
6.1
39
24.1
6.7
37
Rural Economy
__
...-
__
49.7
13.8
Sovkhoz
__
__
( 40,1)
(11.1)
54
NTS
__
__
__
( 9.7)
(2.7)
3.
Transportation
143.2
8.4
.-
43.6
12.1
__
Railroad
( 46.0)
( 2.7)
__
( 16.2),
( 4.5)
--
Water
( 12.0)
( 0.7)
45
( 5.4)
( 1.5)
42
Motor Vehicle
and other
( 85.2)
( 5.0)
_,
( 22.0)
( 6.1)
-,
Communication
15.3
0.9
--
5.0
1.4
--
Trade, Procure-
ment, and Supply
88.6
5.2
73
15.1
4.2
73
Public Dining
37.5
2.2
84
6.5
1.8
91
Education
172.2
10.1
64
25.9
7.2
79
Art
8.5
0.5
54
....-
__
--
Public Health
78.4
4.6
91
22.3
6.2
86
Credit and Insur-
ance Institute
7.0
0.4
67
1.5
0.4
66
Goverment
20.5
1.2
--
6.1
1.7
....-
Other4/
204.6
12.0
_Elk
. 7?4
411.11../M
Total 1,705.0 100.0 360.0 100.0
21 Includes employment in geological prospecting organizations, drill-
ing, capital repairs, forestry, municipal housing, and other types of
enterprises.
The number of specialists with higher education in Leningrad City and
Oblast is shown in Table XIII. In the city the number of engineers has
increased 61 per cent since 1941 and represents the largest category of
professionals. The large number of teachers, university graduates, and
library and cultural educational workers is indicative of the city's
prominent position as a research, educational, and cultural center in the
USSR. The number of semiprofessionals in the city has almost doubled
since 1941. Among the semiprofessionals, the number of technicians in the
city has more than doubled since 1941 (see Table XIV) and now comprises
more than 50 per cent of all semiprofessionals. In Leningradskaya Oblast
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TABLE XII
WORMS AND EMPLOYEES BY BRANCH OF INDUSTRY: 1959
Machine building
Number (in thousinds)
per Cant of Total
Leningrad City
and metalworking
418.4
50.7
Electric power stations
and systems
4.1
0.5
Chemical
23.1
2.8
Rubber asbestos
28.9
3.5
Woodworking and paper
33.8
4.1
Construction materials
19.0
2.3
Garment
42.1
5.1
Textile
92.4
11.2
Leather, fur, nd footwear
41.3
5.0
Food
36.3
4.4
Other
85.8
10.4
Total
825.2
100.0
Leningradskaya Oblast
Peat
9.7
7.3
Shale
4.0
3.0
Electric power stations
and systems
2.8
2.1
Machine building and
metalworking
13.9
10.5
Lumbering
25.8
19.4
Paper
11.4
8.6
Woodworking
7.6
5.7
Construction materials
15.0
11.3
Bricks
( 5.2)
( 3.9)
Food
10.4
7.8
Others
32,2
24.3
Total
132.8
100.0
?
the number of semiprofessionals is available for 1 July 1955 only.
Teachers, library and cultural educational workers, and medical workers
comprise 65 per cent of the semiprofessionals in the oblast.
The average over-all and rural population density of the region,
is 84.6 and 24.8 persons per square mile, respectively (see Table XV
and Map III). The rural density of the Leningrad City Administrative
Area is calculated at 21.6 persons per square mile but since the
administrative area contains such a large concentration of population
this figure in actuality has little significance. The over-all density
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TABLE XIII
SPECIALISTS WITH HIGHER EDUCATION
1 January 1941 1 July 1955
Category
Per Cent
Number of Total
Engineers
Agronomists, zoo-
technicians, veter-
inarians, foresters
Economists, statisti-
cians, commodity
Leningrad City
33,100
1,700
44
2
experts
5,100
7
Lawyers
1,100
2
Doctors
10,000
13
Teachers and uniyqr-
sity graduates,Al
library and cultural
education workers
18.500
Total
74,900
_21
100
Engineers
Agronomists
Zootechnicians,
veterinarians,
foresters
Doctors
Other specialistsV
Total
Leninfiradskaya Oblast
0?10.4m?
Number
Per Cent
of Tota.
53,400
47
2400
2
7,500
7
2,300
2
15,800
14
25.100
22
113,800
100
3,296
26
648
5
681
5
1,966
15
6.272
12,863
_42
100
V- Other than lawyers, doctors, and economists.
2/ Probably includes teachers, university graduates (see
footnote above)) library and cultural education workers, and other
specialists.
of the administrative area is 6,865.2 persons per square mile. The
rayons of Leningradskaya Oblast that are contiguous to the Leningrad
City Administrative Area also have relatively high rural and over-all
densities (see Map III). In general, densities in the Economic-
Administrative Region are highest in the W and decrease as one moves
eastward. The lowest densities in the Region are in Novgorodskaya
Oblast and in the N-E part of Leningradskaya Oblast.
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TABLE XIV
SPECIALISTS WITH SECONDARY EDUCATION
1 January 1941 1 July 1,955
Per Cent Per Cent
Category Number of Total Number of Total
Leningrad City
Technicians 19,200 41
Agronomists, zoo-
technicians, veteri-
nary assistants,
foresters 300 1
Statisticians, plan-
ners, commodity
43,200
1,000
51
1
specialists 2,100 5
5,700
7
Medical workers 15,600 33
20,600
24
Teachers, library
and cultural educa-
tional workers 4.900 10
8.500
10
Total 47.200 100
84,800
100
Leningradskaya Oblast
Technicians --
5,169
25
Agronomists -- __
852
4
Zootechnicians,
veterinariansofeldshers,
veterinarian tech-
nicians __ __
816
4
Foresters __
300
2
Medical workers ,
5,963
29
Other specialists-21 __ __
7.376
..,2?..
Total
20,476
100
1/ Probably includes teachers, library and cultural educa-
tional workers, and other specialists.
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TABLE XV
ESTIMATED POPULATION AND DENSITY BY ADMINISTRATiVt-TIERRITORIAL DIVISIONS: 1959
(40
Administrative-Territorial
Division
Area
(Sq. Miles)
Population (in thousands)
Density
(Persons per Sq. Mile)
Urban Rural Total
Rural
Over-all
Leningtadskaya Oblast
(without Leningrad City
Administrative Area)
28,410.91/
632.0
593.0
1,225.0
20.9
43.1
Novgorodskaya Oblast
19,660.0
262.0
469.0
731.0
23.9
37.2
w
Pskovdkaya Oblast
20,580.0
252.0
770.0
1,022.0
37.4
49.7
tzj
w
I
Rayons:
C)
CI
Pi
tzi
%.&)
%.n
1
Leningradska,ya Oblast
tAi
1-3
1-3
Boksitogorskiy
1,113.9
15.0
20.7
35.7
18.6
32.0
Gatchinakiy
1,111.9
82.0
33.4
115.4
30.0
103.8
Kapshinskiy
1,387.2
--
23.8
23.8
17.2
17.2
Kingiseppskiy
1,146.3
15.0
23.8
38.8
20.8
33.8
Kirishskly
1,113.1
12.0
19.1
31.1
17,2
27.9
Le sogorslay
776.0
20.0
9.5
29.5
12.2
38.0
Lodeynopolskiy
1,729.7
30.0
27.0
57.0
15.6
33.0
Lomonosovskiy
806.5
42.0
33.4
75.4
41.4
93.5
Luzhskiy
1,213.1
35.0
35.0
70.0
28.9
57.7
Mginak-4v
987.2
71.0
15.9
86.9
16.1
88.0
Novoladozhskiy
1,450.2
16.0
39.7
55.7
27.4
38.4
Oredezhskiy
731.3
3.0
22:3
25.3
30.5
34.6
Osminikkv
749.4
__
36.6
36.6
48.8
48.8
Podporozhskty
1,849.e
23.0
20.7
43.7
11.2
23.6
.Priozerskiy
822.4
12.0
12:7
24.7
15.4
30.0
Roshchinskty
4019.7
--
15.9
15.9
15.6
15.6
SIAntsevskty
524.7
16.0
9:5
25.5
18.1
48.6
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TABLE XV (Continued)
Administrative-Territorial
Division
Area
(Sq. Miles)
Sosnavskiy
Tikhvinskiy
Tosnenskiy
Vinnitskiy
Volkhovskiy
Volosovskiy
Vsevolozhskiy
Vyborgskiy
Yefimovskiy
570.6
1,303.8
1,389.2
1,129.7
637.4
957.9
1,159.8
988.4
1,741.7
ITJ
Leningrad AdministrataYe
Area - Area 'IA'?
ri
o
City
109.0
Remainder
371.0
Novgorodskaya Oblast
Batetskiy
600.0
Belebelkovskiy
460.0
Borovichskiy
730.0
Chudovskiy
890.0
Demyanskiy
820.0
Dregelskiy
1,150.0
Khvoyninskiy
1,190.0
Krestetskiy
850.0
Lychkovskiy
560.0
Lyubytinskiy
590.0
Malovisherskiy
1,410.0
Malvotitskiy
680.0
Mosherskiy
880.0
Mstinskiy
610.0
Novgorodskiy
1,070.0
Density
Population (in thousands) (Persons per Sq. Mile)
Urban
20.0
46.0
50.0
11.0
36.0
77.0
2,875.0
413.0
132.0
2.0
9.0
6.0
20.0
11:g
6
Rural
Total
Rural
Over-all
15.9
15.9
27.9
27.9
22.3
42.3
17.1
32.4
27.0
73.0
19.4
52.5
15.9
15.9
14.1
14.1
15.9
65.9
24.9
103.4
25.5
36.5
26.6
38.1
20.7
56.7
17.8
48.9
23.8
100.8
24.1
102.0
27.0
27.0
15.5
15.5
--
2,875.0
PJ
8.0
421.0
21.6
1-3
14.4
14.4
24.0
24.0
14.4
14.4
31.3
31.3
24.2
75.2
33.1
103.0
33.3
21.8
25.3
21.8
14.9
26.6
28.4
26.6
18.1
18.1
15.7
15.7
14.4
16.4
12.1
13.8
' 25.4
34.4
29.9
40.5
13.3
13.3
23.8
23.8
18.1
24.1
30.7
40.9
25.4
45.4
18.0
32.2
16.9
16.9
24.9
24:9
27.8
27.8
31.6
31.6
Y9.
8-. 3(.
20.0
18.06).
26.5
74.9
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TABLE XV (Continued)
Administrative-Territorial
Division
Area
(Sq. Miles)
Population (in thousands)
Density
(Persons per Sq. Mile)
Urban Rural Total
Rural
Over-Ail
Okulovskiy
980.0
33.0
30.2
63.2
30.8
64.5
Opedhenskiy
510.0
__
14.4
14.4
28.2
28:2
Pestovskiy
770.0
9.0
23.0
32.0
29.9
41.6
Poddorskiy
680.0
__
12.2
12.2
17.9
17.9
Polavskiy
470.0
--
7.3
7.3
15.5
15.5
Shimskiy
430.0
12.2
12.2
28.4
28.4
Soletskly
380.0
9.0
12.2
21.2
32.1
55.8
Starorusskiy
870.0
40.0
20.5
60.5
23.6
69.5
co
t4
a
1
w
_.7
Utorgoshskiy
Valdayskiy
Volatovskiy
Zaluchskiy
400.0
860.0
380.0
440.0
__
6.0
--
__
9.7
23.0
14.4
10.9
9.7
29.0
14.4
10.9
24.2
26.7
37.8
24.7
24.2
33.7
37.8
24.7
CTJ
LTJ
tzi
Lake Ilmen
345.0
1-3
Pskovskaya Oblast
Ashevskiy
480.0
21.7
21.7
45.2
45.2
Bezhanitskiy
510.0
20.3
20.3
39.8
39.8
Dedovichskiy
570.0
21.7
21.7
38.1
38.1
Dnovskiy
430.0
10.0
17.3
27.3
40.2
63.5
Gdovskiy
510.0
10.0
19.5
29.5
38.2
57.8
Idritskiy,
580.0
4.0
18.5
22.5
31.8
38.8
Kachanovskiy2V
230.0
15.2
15.2
66.1
66.1
Karamyshevskiy
350.0
__
13.0
13.0
37.1
37.1
Kholmskiy
520.0
4.0
15.0
19.0
28.8
36.5
KrasnogorodOsiy
510.0
...,_
11.8
11.8
23.1
23.1
Kudeverskiy/
330.0
13.4
13.4
40.6
40.6
Kuninskiy
570.0
20.3
20.3
35.6
35.6
LoknyanskiY
430.0
6.0
16.8
22.8
39.1
53.0
Lyadskiy
660.0
__
13.0
13.0
19.7
19.7
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tzi
tx1
t-3
TABLE XV (Continued)
Administrative-Territorial
Division
Area
(Sq. Miles)
Population (in thousands)
Density
(Persons per S. Mile)
Cl)
txi
C)
tIJ
Urban
Rural
Total
Rural
Over-all
Nevelskiy
Novorzhevskiy;
Novoselskiy2V
Novosokolnicheskiy
Opochetskiy
Ostrovskiy
Palkinskiy
Pavskiy
Pechorskiy
Ploskoshskiy
Plyusskiy
PodberezinsIsiy
Polnovskiyg/
Porechen4dy
Porkhovskiy ,
Pozherevitskiy2/
Pskovakiy
Pushkino-Gorskiy
Pustoshkinskiy
Pytalovskiy
Sebezhskiy
Seredkinskiy
Slavkovskiy
Soshikhinskiy
Strugo-Krasnenskiy
Ustynskiy
710.0
600.0
390.0
570.0
630.0
500.0
330.0
430.0
330.0
430.0
450.0
560.0
460.0
390.0
560.0
320.0
650.0
390.0
580.0
410.0
580.0
460.0
370.0
410.0
470.0
440.0
28.0
3.0
--
9.0
10.0
14.0
__
5.0
__
__
__
__
8.0
__
71.0
--
4.0
3.0
8.0
__
__
__
20.3
28.2
13.0
18.5
23.6
23.9
17.3
10.8
28.2
11.8
13.0
13.4
10.8
15.0
23.9
15.2
34.7
19.5
20.3
21.7
18.5
15.2
21.7
17.3
13.0
13.4
48.3
31.2
13.0
27.5
33.6
37.9
17.3
10.8
33.2
11.8
13.0
13.4
10.8
15.0
31.9
15.2
105.7
19.5
24.3
24.7
26.5
15.2
21.7
17.3
13.0
13.4
28.6
47.0
33.3
32.5
37.5
47.8
52.4
25.0
85.5
27.4
28.9
23.9
23.5
38.5
42.7
47.5
53.4
50.0
35.0
52.9
31.9
33.0
58.6
42.2
27.7
30.6
68.0
52.0
33.3
? 48.2
53.3
75.8
52.4
25.1
100.6
27.4
28.9
23.9
23.5
38.5
57.0
47.5
162.6
50.0
41.9
60.2
45.7
33.0
58.6
42.2
27.7
30.6
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TARTY, XV (Continued)
Density
Administrative-Territorial Area Population (in thousands) (Persons per Sq. Nile)
Division (5q. Miles) Urban Rural Total Rural Over-all
Usvyatskiy
410.0
--
13.4
13.4
32.7
32.7
Ust-Daysskiy
380.0
--
15.0
15.0
39.5
39.5
VelikolUkskiy
690.0
55.0
21.9
76.9
31.7
111.4
Lake Peipus
730.0
Does not include that portion of Lake Ladoga (measured as 4,042.5 square miles) that is
CD included in Leningradskaya Oblast.
tzi 1 t4
kA3 31 These rayons were abolished 14 January 1958 after this work had been completed. No map
%.110
is as yet available showing the new rayon boundaries, so the computations and accompanying graphics
14
show them as they were. A list of the rayons that were abolished, and the rayons to which they L4
sz3 were transferred, follows: )-3
a) Kachanovskiy4 its territory transferred to Paikindkiy and Pedhorskiy Rayons.
b) Kudeverskiy, its territory transferred to Bezhanitskiy, Opochetskiy and
Pustoshkinskiy Rayons.
c) Novoselskiy, its territory transferred to Pskovskiy and Strugo-Krasnenskiy
Rayons.
d) Potherevitskiy, its territory transferred to Ashevskiy and Dedovichskiy
Rayons.
e) Polnovskiy, its territory transferred to Gdovskiy Rayon.
f) Seredkinskiy, its territory transferred to Gdovskiy and Pskovskiy Rayons.
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III. Psychological and Sociological Factors
A. Political and Social Tensions
No evidence has been found indicating any significant poten-
tial for disaffection in the Leningrad Economic-Administrative Region.
Certain internal stresses and strains exist in the area; they are ten-
sions, however, that unless they are extremely aggravated, will not
lead to disaffection. Most of these tensions concern the disparity
between various classes in the society. Other tensions are centered
around various facets of the Soviet system, such as strictures on
freedom of thought. For purposes of discussion economic tensions will
be discussed first although this does not necessarily indicate any
established order of importance.
Economic. Stresses emanating from disparities in the
standard of living exist in spite of the fact that the
Economic-Administrative Region appears to enjoy relatively better
living conditions than is evidenced in other sections of the Soviet
Union. Those who do not share the relatively high standard of living,
the rank-and-file worker and collective farmers, presumably resent the
economic inequalities that exist between themselves and the favored
segments of society, such as Party members, the military, bureaucrats,
and professionals. In general, they resent the poor return for their
labor and the constant pressure to increase production without any
proportionate increase in benefits.
Within the Economic-Administrative Region, a wide disparity
between urban and rural living standards exists. The standard of
living in the city of Leningrad is higher than in most urban areas in
the USSR. Calculations indicate that the city ranks 6th among all USSR
cities in per capita expenditure on food items, and 7th in per capita
expenditure on food and nonfood items. Housing, although by no means
adequate, is superior to housing in most other cities in the USSR.
Utilities are better developed and medical facilities are adequate.
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In the remainder of the region, municipal and rural utili-
ties are not as fully developed as in Leningrad. Medical facilities
suffer from a shortage of trained personnel and adequate equipment.
Calculations indicate that the ()blasts comprising the region consume
considerably less nonfood items than dogs Leningrad; 40 per cent less
in Pskovskaya Oblast, 45 per cent less in Novgorodskaya Oblast, and 29
per cent less in Leningradskaya Oblast. This economic advantage of the
urban worker gives rise to antagonisms between the urban and rural
segments of the society. The collective farmer resents the fact that
the urban worker benefits disproportionately from the economy. The
collective farmer also resents the fact that his wage level is low
and paid partly in kind; he feels that he is in the least favored
sector of the Soviet economy,
The collective farmer's consolation is his "private plot."
Soviet statistics indicate that a large proportion of the vegetables
and livestock grown and raised in the region comes from private plots.
It is not unwarranted to deduce, therefore, that the government has
permitted extensive private farming in order to meet the food require-
ments of the large urban concentration in and around the city of Lenin-
grad. At the same time, criticism has been aimed at the low level of
production on collective farms, indicating that the collective farmer
is neglecting work on the collective farm in order to devote more
time to his private plot.
In response to the various factors which have tended to
increase tensions in the region, the Soviet government has undertaken
measures that will help to alleviate some of these tensions. The min-
imum wage level has been raised and the work week is in the process of
being reduced to itc, hpurs.. Since 1956, a worker has been able to
change jobs without his employer's permission, though he continues to
pay a penalty in the form of loss of seniority. The collective farmer's
plight has been improved somewhat by an increase in the price the
state pays for crops, and abolition of obligatory deliveries to the
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SE C E T
state. An apparently earnest effort is being made to increase the hous-
ing space in both urban and rural areas. Even among classes which have
not benefitted to an appreciable extent from a rise in the standard of
living, the improvement in health and educational services and public
utilities over pre-Soviet times and even over the pre-World War II
period, has probably reduced dissatisfaction.
Political. In the political sphere Leningrad has a long
history of political unrest. As the capital of Russia from
1713 to 1918, and as the first city to feel the impact of the Industrial
Revolution, it was inevitably the scene of intrigues and conspiracies.
Beginning with the Decembrist uprising in 1825, the city was the scene
of social unrest through the remainder of the nineteenth century and
into the twentieth century. During the revolution in 1917, Lenin had
his headquarters in the city and incited the industrial workers and
military personnel to revolt.
Although the capital was moved to Moskva in 1918, factions
of the revolutionary Party in Leningrad, lead by Zinoviev, resisted
the efforts of Stalin to gain absolute control over the Party. This
resistance came to an end in February 1926, when a Stalinist apparatus
was installed in Leningrad. Since 1926, events in Leningrad have
continued to signal changes in the Party line or struggles among the
top command in the Kremlin for control of the Party. The assasination of
Kirov, Party secretary in Leningrad in 1934, allegedly by a former
member of the Zinoviev opposition group, but possibly on direct orders
of Stalin because of Kirov's increasing prestige, initiated a purge
that was to extend throughout the USSR.
Again, in 1948, events following the death of Zhdanov revealed
that a struggle had been going on between Zhdanov and Malenkov. Zhdanov
and Malenkov appear to have been vying for Stalin's favor. After
Zhdanovts death, all 5 secretaries in the Leningrad City and Oblast
Party organization were purged. The charge made was that the Leningrad
members had "nationalist tendencies," that is, Great Russian nationalism.
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Following the !execution of Beria in 1953, V. M. Andrianov was
removed as First Secretary of the Leningrad Party organization, and
Frol R. Kozlov, presumably with the backing of Khrushchev, was made
First Secretary of the Oblast Party Committee. These changes in the
Leningrad Party leadership, coming as they do with changes of the
Party leadership in Moskva, are an indication of the importance the
Leningrad Party leadership plays in national affairs.
Social. SOMA tensions within the region are an outgrowth
of dissension between the intelligentsia and the regime.
Since Leningrad is one of the foremost educational and cultural centers
in the USSR, it is not surprising that the strictures on freedom of
expression are more resented here than in most other areas of the USSR.
After a period of relaxation of cultural controls during
World War II, Leningrad was chosen as the place to reassert stricter
Party control. On August 14, 1946, a resolution passed by the Central
Committee of the Communist Party, accused 2 Leningrad authors and the
magazines 4yezda and Lenirlgrad, of literary heresy. The magazines were
accused of publishing "ideologically harmful" works and of approving
of art for art's sake. Andrey Zhdanov, Party chief in Leningrad, the
Party spokesman on cultural matters, elaborated on the Central Committee's
resolution. He further accused the Leningrad magazines of showing an
enthusiasm for "the cheap modern bourgeois literature of the West," and
stated: "We all love Leningrad, it must not become a refuge for all
kinds of literary kibitizers (sic) and adventurers who want to use
Leningrad for their purposes. Zoshchenko, Akhmatova ghe authors who
bore the brunt of the criticise, and their like do not hold Leningrad
dear. They want to see in it the embodiment of a different social-
political order, of a different ideology."
The attacks on the literary publications and writers in Lenin-
grad heralded a new era in Soviet literature, an era of increased Party
control over all forms of literature. Dissatisfied intellectuals were
forced into silence. Nevertheless, there have been indications that
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the writers in Leningrad, particularly since Stalin's death, have
continued to write articles and stories distasteful to the regime.
Reports have also indicated that a "cultural underground" exists in
Leningrad. Books no longer published and generally not available in
the Soviet Union are circulated among interested intellectuals and
students.
In 1956, the unsettling influence of the events in Hungary
and Poland were reflected in student unrest in Leningrad. Hungarian
youths studying in Leningrad were said to have taken over a lecture
meeting at the request of the participants and to have denounced Soviet
intervention in Hungary. In December 1956, Ieningradskaya Pravda
indicated that there was continued dissatisfaction at Leningrad Univer-
sity, saying: "some demagogues and shouters among the students in the
Faculty of Philology have been trying to make politically illiterate
and even harmful statements." The newspaper accused the faculty of
doing nothing about the situation.
Unrest among the intellectuals and students should not be
taken as a sign that they are ready or willing, let alone, able to
express dissatisfaction in a forcible way. But the rise in
educational standards from which they benefit is equipping them to
think for themselves, and this poses a definite threat to Party thought
controls.
Another factor to consider is the geographical location of
Leningrad. Located on the western periphery of the USSR and being a
point of international entry, its population probably has more contact
with the West and western ideas than any other city in the USSR with
the possible exception of Moskva. Although these contacts are limited
to a relatively small segment of the population (maritime sailors,
military personnel, trade officials, etc.) the impressions acquired
by these contacts are undoubtedly communicated to other segments of the
population. Such contacts undoubtedly tend to lessen the effectiveness
of Soviet indoctrination and may even cause a rejection, at least in
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part, of the Soviet depiction of the West.
Whether or not the tensions discussed above would ever become
so acute as to prompt disaffection on the part of the population is an
open question. It should be recalled that Leningrad withstood great
strains during World War II, the population displaying a remarkable
cohesiveness during the German siege of the city.
B. Civil Defense
ffor a detailed description of the administrative structure
of civil defense refer to Oblast Political and Population Surveys No.
67* Stalingradskaya Oblast, and No. 109, Komi ASSR. The administrative
structure of civil defense, as explained in those surveys, is applicable
to these 3 oblasts and the city of Leningradj
The Voluntary Society for Cooperation with the Army, Air Force,
and Navy (DCSAAF) is the most important civil defense training organiza-
tion within the Leningrad Economic-Administrative Region, being charged
with the responsibility of training its members and the general popula-
tion in civil defense measures. In 1952 it was reported that training
was to be given to the entire population, the goal to be met in 3 stages:
first* the training of Communist Party members and Komsomols,
second, the training of industrial workers, and third, the training of
the remainder of the population. Since the fall of 1953 there has been
evidence of indoctrination and training of the armed forces in nuclear
war defense; in 1954, reports indicated that such training was extended
to the general population. A recent DOSAAF report stated that 85 per
cent of the population of the USSR had received at least 10 hours of
civil defense training. At the present time, anti-atomic, chemical,
and bacteriological warfare defenses are being emphasized.
Although there has been increasing attention given to civil
defense measures and plans in the Soviet press in recent years, the extent
to which such measures have actually been implemented in the Leningrad
Economic-Administrative Region is not known. There are indications that
a gap exists between theory and practice. Soviet press reports reveal
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that there is insufficient civil defense activity in many areas; Party
organizations and DOSAAF have been criticized for this inactivity.
While the DOSAAF organization in the city of Leningrad was praised in
January 1957, the DOSAAF organization in Pskovskaya Oblast was criti-
cized for lack of useful activity. Again in May 1957, the Pskovskaya
Oblast Committee of DOSAAF was censured for failing to fulfill its
obligations with respect to training leadership and technical cadres.
The city of Leningrad undoubtedly is the focus of civil
defense activity in the Ecorimic-Administrative Region, and it may be
presumed that civil defense preparations in the city are at least equal
to those in other major cities of the USSR. Therefore, although there
is little specific information available about civil defense in Lenin-
grad, certain assumptions may be made on the basis of reports about
other cities. Air raid drills, for example, are conducted, although
their frequency and scope are not known. Leningrad has a Planning
Institute which issues instructions on shelter plans and since 1949 the
standardized plans for the construction of all new buildings in the
USSR have included cellar shelters. About 12 per cent of the multiple
dwellings in Leningrad have been constructed since 1949; whether the
standardized plans have been implemented generally in new structures is
not known. Really effective cellar shelters considerably increase
building costs, and it is known that much of the new construction
throughout the USSR is already showing signs of disrepair, indicating
that they probably are trying to cut costs rather than increase them.
According to a report of a German scientists who worked in Leningrad
until February 1954, there were no provisions for air raid protection
in the cellars of many newly constructed housing blocks on a certain
street with which he was familiar.
There is no evidence that large-scale public shelters are
being constructed. In fact, the Economic Region, as a whole, is
unsuited for the construction of underground installations, either of
the bunker or tunnel type because of unfavorable relief, rock types,
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and poor drainage. This does not necessarily rule out underground con-
struction. The Leningrad subway, built at an average depth of 150 to
175 feet of reinforced concrete, and in swampy terrain, is an excellent
public shelter. Its present length is 6.7 miles, and an additional
length of 2.1 miles is under construction and scheduled to be completed
in 1958. A second line, the first part of which will be 2.9 miles is in
the planning stage. Thus, its capacity as a shelter is increasing. In
addition to itsshelter value, the Leningrad subway would have great
significance as a transportation and communications artery if the city
were under attack, since it connects the most important industrial and
transportation points in Leningrad.
Because of the presence of numerous military installations
in and near Leningrad, the population would undoubtedly receive
advance warning of an attack through the media of sirens or radio.
The city of Leningrad has adequate radio communications, mainly in
the form of wired loudspeakers. DOSAAF, which trains many of its
members as radio operators and technicians, could supply personnel
to supplement the regular communications staffs.
Plans, if any, for a large-scale evacuation of the population
of the Leningrad metropolitan area, the major military target in the
Economic-Administrative Region, are not known. It is unlikely that any
significant mass evacuation would be made N, N-W, or S-W, toward the
border areas of the USSR. Judging from what happened in 1941-1944, when
approximately one million people were evacuated, it seems that the most
probable routes of evacuation would be to the E and the SE, into the
interior of the country. In any case, evacuation by vehicle or by foot
during most of the year mould be beset by difficulties. Throughout
most of the region, with the exception of an area in the extreme southern
part, cross-country movement of vehicles would be rendered difficult
because of the presence of numerous swamps, marshes, lakes, forests, and
rock-strewn slopes. The most favorable time, if large-scale cross-
country vehicular movement were necessary, would be during the winter
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months, roughly from December to April, when the marshes and bogs are
frozen, and in the mud-free period of summer, August and September. In
winter, deep snows would make foot travel exceedingly difficult.
Although the many swamps and forest areas in the region are
barriers to evacuation, they do possess some civil defense utility
in that they provide natural cover.
The most probable evacuation routes would be on or along the
railroad and primary highway running S-E from Leningrad through Nov-
gorod to Moskva; along the double-track Leningrad-Moskva rail line,
running S-E out of Leningrad through Chudovo; or along the Leningrad-
Pestovo or Leningrad-Tikhvin rail lines, both running in an easterly
direction. Since the road network in the eastern part of Leningrad-
skaya and Novgorodskaya ()blasts is very poor, and the area is forested
and swampy, evacuees would be forced to depend on rail transportation
or, if on foot, follow closely the rail lines or river routes.
The latter offer one of the best evacuation routes, either
in summer or winter. The Volga-Baltic Waterway (formerly the Mariinsk
Waterway) runs from the Baltic Sea to Lake Ladoga via the Neva River,
then via the Svir River and Novalodozhskiy Canal, around the southern
tip of Lake Onega and connects with the Volga River at the Rybinsk
Reservoir. The Volkhov River, connecting Lake Ladoga and Lake limen,
offers a possible water evacuation route to the S. The use of Water-
ways as an extremely vital means of transportation was demonstrated
during the siege of Leningrad in World War II. During the 1942 naviga-
tion season while Leningrad was in its second year of siege with the
main railroads between it and the rest of the USSR cut, the river fleet
brought 744,000 tons of freight into the city by waterway and shipped
out about 304,800 tons; almost 800,000 persons were also moved into or
out of the city by water. In addition, an ice-highway across Lake
Ladoga in the winter of 1941-1942 was used to transport food and freight
by truck.
Air facilities in and near Leningrad would play a vital part
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in evacuating key personnel, provided sufficient warning of an attack
were received. These and rail facilities would not be available in suf-
ficient quantity for use by the general population.
C. Medical Facilities
The number of doctors, medical assistants, and hospital beds
in the Leningrad Economic-Administrative Region exceeds both the RSFSR
and USSR averages. This is due mainly to the above-average number of
medical personnel and facilities in Leningrad City and Oblast, which
more than compensates for the below-average ratio of most medical serv-
ices in Novgorodskaya and Pskovskaya Oblasts (see Table XVI).
The city of Leningrad is the major medical treatment center
in the region and one of the USSR's major medical research centers.
The city had, in 1956, 143 hospitals of various kinds, with 34,298 beds.
In 1952 (figures for a later date are not available) the city had 12
permanent tuberculosis hospitals (1,135 beds), 5 psychoneurosis hospi-
tals (3,300 beds), and 14 maternity houses (2,100 beds), all of which
are included in the total number of hospitals. In addition, there were,
in 1956, 26 sanitaria and 35 rest homes with a total of 9,889 beds. The
number of polyclinics, including those located in hospitals, was 269 in
1956. In 1952 numerous dispensaries were reported, including 22 for the
prevention of tuberculosis; 19 for skin and venereal diseases; 10 for
psychoneurosis; and, in addition, one city and 20 rayon (ward) epidemic
stations. A 1953 report indicates that Leningrad had 22 medical
research institutions and training schools, including the country's
largest military hospital. This institution, the Kirovpis the most
important military medical school in the USSR and the research center
of the Military Medical Service of the Soviet Army.
Despite the large number of hospitals in Leningrad, it was
indicated in 1956 that there were not enough hospital beds and that
there was a shortage of several thousand nurses.
Urban areas in the region generally have a large proportion
of medical personnel and services than the rural areas. In the city
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TABLE XVI
txi
#-3
CIVILIAN MEDICAL
USSR
RSFSR
Leningrad Economic Region
Leningrad City
Leningradskaya Oblast
Urban
Rural
Novgorodskaya Oblast
Pskovskaya Oblast/
FACILITIES IN LENINGRAD ECONOMIC-ADMINISTRATIVE REGION: 1956
Doctors Middle Medical Personnel Hospital Beds
Cl)
0
pi
t4
i-3
Number
Per 1,000
Total Population
Per 100
Number Total Population
Per 1,000
Number Total Population
310,175
183,401
19,451
15,532
2,121
2,007
375
765
1,033
1.5
1.6
3.2
4.9
1.8
3.5
0.6
1.1
1.0
800,000
578,900
45,125
29,000
7,100
5,368
2,032
3,900
5,325
4.0
5.1
7.5
9.1
.
6.1
9.5
3.4
5.4
5.1
1,288,890
761,632
51,871
34,298
8,773
7,239
1,950
4,753
4,047
6.4
6.7
8.6
10.8
7.5
12.8
3.4
6.5
4.1
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of Leningrad in 1956, there was one doctor for 204 persons, and in the
urban areas of Leningradskaya Oblast the incidence was one doctor for
about 280 persons. For the rural population of Leningradskaya Oblast
the ratio is one doctor for 1,597 persons. An urban-rural distribution
of doctors in Novgorodskaya and PskovskayaCblasts is not available,
but the ratio of doctors to total population is one doctor for 938
persons in Novgorodskaya Oblast and one doctor for 963 persons in
Pskovskaya Oblast. Secondary medical personnel follow the same pattern
as doctors, the majority of these personnel being located in urban areas.
In 1956, in Leningradskaya Oblast, 73 per cent of the secondary medical
personnel were in the urban areas.
The over-all medical facilities of Leningradskaya Oblast are
generally more prevalent than those in Novgorodskaya or Pskovskaya
Oblasts. In 1956, Leningradskaya Oblast had 162 hospitals, 89 of which
were located in rural areas. At the same time the oblast had 25
sanitaria and 25 rest homes with 8,812 beds. The number of polyclinics
totaled 210, 125 of them in rural areas; the number of dispensaries
run by medical assistants totaled 563, of which 520 were in rural areas.
A training school for medical aides and midwives is located in Luga,
and a nursing school in Lomonosov.
Infant mortality in the rural areas of Leningradskaya
Oblast is significantly higher than it is in the USSR as a whole - 82.7
per 1,000, as compared with 64.5 per 1,000. This indicates that rural
medical care and facilities are not adequate. The government has
called for measures to improve health education among the population
and to ensure early hospitalization of the ill.
Medical facilities are less extensive in Novgorodskaya and
Pskovskaya Oblasts (see Table XVI). A 1957 report indicates that
Velikiye Luki, in Pskovskaya Oblast, has a shortage of doctors, with
the result that secondary medical personnel are being called upon to
render emergency medical aid.
A school for the training of medical assistants and midwives
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is located in Borovichi (Novgorodskaya Oblast), and in Pechory and
Nevel (Pskovskaya Oblast). There is a nursing school in Valday
(Novgorodskaya Oblast).
No information is available concerning the quantity of medical
supplies and equipment in the region. Readily available penicillin
and a blood transfusion center for the city of Leningrad are reported.
Production of pharmaceuticals and possibly penicillin in Leningrad is
controlled by a chief directorate of the USSR and RSFSR Ministry of
Public Health. The Departments of Health, attached to the local execu-
tive committees in the administrative divisions of the region exercise
limited operational control over hospitals and polyclinics and are
responsible for the enforcement of local health measures and sanitary
regulations. In addition to the medical facilities and care adminis-
tered by agencies of the RSFSR Ministry of Health, such ministries as
Defense, Interior, Transportation, and several economic ministries,
have some public health functions.
D. Educational and Cultural Facilities
Leningrad is the educational and cultural center of the
Leningrad Economic-Administrative Region. With 41 institutions of
higher education, 187 scientific institutions, and numerous experi-
mental laboratories, Leningrad is second only to Moskva as a training ?
research, and cultural center in the USSR. The best known institution
in the city is the Leningrad State University in. Zhdanov (Target
0153-0234), which had in 1956-1957 eleven thousand students in its 13
faculties or departments, 3,500 correspondence students, and several
hundred students in the evening division. The other 40 institutions
are specialized schools which train students in various fields, such
as electrical engineering, medicine, pedagogy, forestry, optics, and
music. The largest of these institutions are shown in Table XVII.
The 41 institutions of higher education in Leningrad City in
1956-1957, had a total enrollment of 155,200 (of whom 81,300 were
women); 121,000 were in residence, the rest were correspondence
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TABLE XVII
MAJOR INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN LENINGRAD
(Beginning of academic year 1956-1957)
Name of Institution
No. of Students
Polytechnical Institute im. M. I. Kalinin
11,209
Leningrad State University im. A. A. Zhdanov
10,856
Leningrad Institute of Railway Engineering im.
Academician V. N. Obraztsov
6,798
Institute of Electrical Engineering im. V. I. Lenin
5,815
State Pedagogical Institute im. A. I. Hertsen
4,881
Institute of Shipbuilding
4,656
Leningrad Forestry Academy in. S. M. Kirov
4,627
Leningrad Mining Institute
4,404
Leningrad Technological Institute im. Lensoviet
4,392
Leningrad Institute of Constructional Engineering
4,197
Institute of Precision Mechanics and Optics
3,727
First Medical Institute in. Academician I. I. Pavlov
3,725
Textile Institute in. S. M. Kirov
3,171
Leningrad Agricultural Institute
3,092
Leningrad Medical Institute of Pedriatrics
2,579
Institute for Film Engineers
1,085
State Institute of Physical Culture in. P. F. Lesgaft
982
Leningrad State Conservatoire
615
State Drama Institute
311
students. The city also had 90 tekhnikums and other specialized
secondary schools with 79,300 students (including 42,700 women);
67,1001A residence, the others correspondence students. During the
Fifth Five-Year Plan period, 1951-1955, 135,500 students were gradu-
ated from Leningrad's higher institutions of learning and secondary
specialized schools, an increase of 52,100 over the number graduated
during the Fourth Five-Year Plan. Mbre than 50 per cent of the stu-
dents were preparing for work in industry and construction (see Table
XVIII).
Since 1956 there has been a policy to reduce the number of
admissions to higher education establishments in Leningrad, because
more specialists are being trained in these schools than can be
absorbed in the Leningrad Economic-Administrative Region, and because
410 the policy of shifting large numbers of young specialists from one
region to another is no longer considered desirable. Thus, in 1956,
the number of students in advanced institutions of learning was
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reduced slightly and is scheduled to be reduced further in 1957-1958.
Another new trend is one that gives priority in admitting students to
higher education establishments to persons who have had work experience.
In the 1957-1958 academic year, 40 per cent of the enrollment at Lenin-
grad State University consisted of students with work experience.
TABLE XVIII
DISTRIBUTION OF INSTITUTIONS AND STUDENTS
BY BRANCH OF NATIONAL ECONOMY IN CITY
OF LENINGRAD
(Beginning of academic year 1956-1957)
Branch of
National Economy
Institutions
Tekhnikums and other Second-
ary Specialized Institutions
_Higher
No. of No. of
Institutions Students
No. of
Institutions
No. of
Students
Industry and
Construction
15
61,700
42
43,000
Transport and
Communications
6
15,700
8
8,200
Economics and Law
2
4,600
5
3,300
Enlightenment
5
19,500
9
2,900
Art
5
3,200
6
1,700
Public Health
6
12,200
19
7,400
Agriculture
2
4.100
1
600
Total
41
121,000
90
67,100
Of the 187 scientific-research institutes in Leningrad,
several are branches of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. These
branches conduct significant theoretical and practical research for
government, military, and economic agencies. Among the most important
are the Leningrad Physico-Technical Institute (Target 0103-0158), a
major physical and nuclear research center, and the Leningrad Radium
.Institute (Target 0153-0230), which conducts research in natural and
artificial radioactivity and cosmic radiation. Leningrad is also an
important center for research on the arctic, mathematics, applied
chemistry, missiles, theoretical astronomy, physiology, geology,
oceanography, history, and language. The main astronomical observatory
of the USSR Academy of Sciences is located in Pulkovo, near Leningrad.
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The Leningrad Evening University of Marxism-Leninism, under
the direction of the Leningrad City Executive Committee of the Communist
Party, had 8,100 students, both Party and nonparty, enrolled in 1956-
1957. Leningrad has numerous military schools (see Military, Section
B. 2.)
Outside the city of Leningrad in 1956, in addition to the
Leningrad Agriculture Institute at Pushkin, a suburb of Leningrad,
there were only 4 institutions of higher education, all of them peda-
gogical institutes. These institutes are at Vyborg (Leningradskaya
Oblast), Antonovo Village (Novgorodskaya Oblast), and Pskov and Velikiye
Luki (Pskovskaya Oblast). Their total enrollment was 5,575 in 1956
(see Table XIX). The number of specialized secondary schools and
tekhnikums outside the city of Leningrad is not known. The number of
students receiving training in specialized schools for occupations as
medical aides and midwives, veterinarian technologists, elementary
school teachers, agricultural, construction, transport, and industrial
workers totaled 14,075 in 1956 (see Table XIX).
TABLE MX
NUMBER OF STUDENTS (INCLUDING CORRESPONDENCE STUDENTS)
IN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS AND SECONDARY
SPECIALIZED SCHOOLS OUTSIDE CITY OF
LENINGRAD: 1956
Division
No. of Students
in Higher Education
Institutions
No. of Students
In Secondary Specialized
Schools and Tekhnikums
Leningradskaya
Oblast
500
5,500
Novgorodskaya
Oblast
1,600
3,700
Pskovskula
Oblast!!
',475
4 875
Total
5,575
14,075
1/ Estimated.
In 1955-1956 the Economic Region had 5,104 general education
schools (see Table XX) and 44 schools for handicapped children. Classes
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are small, ranging from an average of 21 students per teacher in the
city of Leningrad to 14 students per teacher in Pskovskaya Oblast.
TABLE XX
DISTRIBUTION OF GENERAL EDUCATION SCHOOLS
AND STUDENTS: 1955-1956
Division
Primary, Seven-Year,
and Ten-Year Schools
No. of
Students
Average No. of
Students
Per School
City of
Leningrad
437
364,589
834
Leningradskaya
Oblast
1,386
141,047
176
Novgorodskaya
Oblast
1,327
88,749
67
Pskovskayda
Oblastg1
1.954
126.292
Total
5,104
720,677
141
V Estimated.
The number of pupils in grades 8-10 has increased in all
oblasts of/the region, whereas the number of students in grades 1-4,
with the exception of the city of Leningrad, and in grades 5-7, has
decreased since 1950-1951. The number of students in grades 8-10
will probably continue to increase, since the present 7-year compulsory
education is supposed to be extended to 10 years in all areas of the
region by 1960.
In addition to the general elementary and secondary schools
in the region, there are special general education schools for urban
and rural working youths and for adults. These schools have substantial
enrollments: 79,100 in the city of Leningrad, 13,900 in Leningradskaya
Oblast, 6,100 in Novgorodskaya Oblast, and 7,575 in Pskovskaya Oblast.
In the fall of 1956 an unknown number of boarding schools
for grades 1-7 were established in the Economic Region; 7, however, are
known to have been established in the area of Leningrad City. Enroll-
ment the following year in the Economic Region was about 2,000. The
0
children stay at the school the year around and are subjected to
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complete Communist indoctrination away from any family influence. These
schools are primarily trade schools, with the students getting practical
experience in agricultural or industrial work. Reports indicate that
in the RSFSR the number of boarding schools and students was to be
increased in 19580 the latter by 50 per cent. This type of schoolva
pet project of Khrushchev, has been acclaimed as the model for educat-
ing children and training them to be leaders in Communist society with
practical experience. Those suited for it will go on to college to
complete their education. The quality of educational facilities and
instruction in general is unknown; there are reports of some deficien-
cies. In the city of Leningrad, rayon (ward) executive committees
have been criticized for poor management of schools; shortages of
school equipment have also been reported. A 1957 report claims that
many graduates of secondary schools displayed inadequate knowledge on
examinations for admission to higher educational institutions. In
March 1958 it was reported that 4,300 students in Leningrad's institu-
tions of higher learning had been expelled for failing to meet
academic standards. In general, however, taking into consideration the
low average number of students per teacher and the low average number
of students per school, educational opportunities in the Economic-
Administrative Region appear to be on a par with the USSR average.
Within the Economic Region, the city of Leningrad has the best educa-
tional opportunities and probably the best trained instructors.
Leningrad has a wealth of cultural facilities, including
numerous theaters, museums, and libraries. There are 13 major theaters
and many museums of world renown within the city; there are also 619
"mass" libraries, 90 of which are state libraries, and over 1,600
libraries in factories, higher education establishments, and other
institutions. The Library of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR,
under the supervision of the Presidum of the Academy of Sciences of
the USSR, in Moskva, is located in Leningrad. The collection report-
edly contains 70500,000 volumes dealing particularly with the natural
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sciences and encompassing complete files of Academy publications
issued since its foundation. The Saltykov-Shchedrin State Public
Library, one of the largest libraries in the USSR, is reputed to
possess a collection of over 12,000,000 volumes, probably representing
the broadest coverage of Russian publications since the beginning of
printing.
Leningrad is also a major publishing center. In 1953 there
were 34 publishing houses, most of them State Publishing Houses or
branches of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1956, 2,209 books were
published in editions totalling 24,000,000 copies, and 27 journals
were issued in editions totalling 3,500,000 copies. In 1956 there
were 150 printing establishments in Leningrad, the most important
being Pechatnyy Dvor (Publishing House), which is reported to issue
daily more than half a million copies of books and brochures.
About 150 newspapers are reported to be published in Lenin-
grad. Presumably this figure includes single-sheet wall newspapers
published by factories, educational establishments, and other institu-
tions. In addition to rayon newspapers in Leningradskaya Oblast there
are 3 oblast newspapers: Leningradskaya Pravda; the Komsomol papers
amena; and the Pioneer paper, Leninskiye Iskry. Their circulation is
unknown. Major city papers are Vecherniy Leningrad, and Stroitelnyy
Rabochiy.
Table XXI presents the number of libraries, clubs, theaters,
motion picture projectors, and museums, by oblast, in the Economic
Region. Cultural facilities in Novgorodskaya Oblast include an oblast
theater of drama, a philharmonic society, an art museum in the city of
Novgorod, in addition to numerous libraries, clubs, and houses of
culture. Novgorodskaya Pravda, the oblast newspaper,- has a circula-
tion of 55,000; each rayon also publishes a newspaper.
Pskovskaya Oblast has an oblast theater of drama, an oblast
museum of popular art in Pskov, and numerous houses of culture, clubs,
and several film theaters. Pskovskaya Pravda, the oblast newspaper,
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has a circulation of 50,000; each rayon also publishes a newspaper.
TABLE XXI
CULTURAL FACILITIES IN THE LENINGRAD ECONOMIC-
ADMINISTRATIVE REGION: 1956
Motion
Mass Books Picture
Divisions Libraries (in thousands) Clubs Theaters Projectors Mhseunm
City of
Leningrad
619
11,317
117
13
205
49
Leningradskaya
Oblast
981
3,744
693
3
728
3
Novgorodskaya
Oblast
778
3,294
694
1
405
5
Pskovskap
OblastY
1,015
4,083
1,158
1
535
6
1/ Estimated.
E. Communications
The telecommunications system in the Leningrad Economic-
Administrative Region is designed to serve state and military needs
rather than the general public. It is probably adequate in meeting
the needs for which it is designed. Radio and wire communications
are fully integrated in one complete telecommunications system. Wire
lines usually follow the main rail and road routes.
Leningrad is the most important communications center in NW
European USSR as well as a great center of the telecommunications
industry. Leningrad has long distance telephone and telegraph connec-
tions with foreign cities, oblast and rayon centers, and other USSR
cities. The Leningrad-Moskva overhead line was converted to a 12
channel system in 1955. There is an underground coaxial cable to
Moskva and there are cables to Helsinki (190 statute miles W), Kronsh-
tadt (19.5 statute miles W), Lomonosov (31 statute miles), Lisiy Nos
(19 statute miles) and Ld4rePaYa (413.5 statute miles SW in Latviskaya
SSR). There is a dial telephone network in the city of Leningrad,
serving approximately 70,000 subscribers, and public facilities for
local and long distance service. Private telephones within the city
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are reported to be quite numerous, although, in many instances, they
are used by several parties. In 1956, 6,4 million telegrams were sent
and 7.9 million local telephone calls were made.
In Leningradskaya Oblast, all selsovets and machine tractor
stations have telephone connections with their rayon centers. In
Novgorodakaya and Pskovskaya ?blasts, all machine tractor stations have
telephone connections with their rayon centers, but it is not known how
many selsovets are connected by telephone with their rayon centers.
Probably about 70 per cent of the collective farms in the Economic-
Administrative Region have telephone communications with their district
centers, and over 90 per cent of the state farms have telephone coal,
municationswith their district centers. Under the radial system of
communications, which was in existence in 1957, oblast centers usnary
do not have direct communications with each other except via an impor-
tant zonal center, such as Leningrad. This situation also prevails
on the rayon level with the rayon centers linked only through oblast
centers.
In the rural areas of the Economic-Administrative Region
telephone and telegraph service is probably minimal. In Jay 1957 it
was reported that more than 200,000 populated centers in the rural
districts of the USSR did not have a single telephone. It was further
reported that thousands of schools, hospitals,trade, and industrial
establishments had no telephone communications with their district
centers.
In addition to the paucity of telephone communications in
some areas, it has also been reported that much of the telephone net-
work is outmoded, most lines still using a manual system of switching.
Furthermore, most of the telephone exchanges operate only part time.
In 1957, it was stated that only 64 per cent of the oblast, kray, and
republic centers had 24 hour-a--day telephone communications with Moskva,
and only alittle Imre than half of the rayon centers had 24 hour-a-day
telephone communications with oblast centers.
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Radio communication is considered the cheapest and most reli-
able form of communication in the USSR, suffering only from one defect--
its lack of security. There are 2 known radio broadcasting stations
and 2 television stations in the city of Leningrad. Other radio stations
are known to exist in the most important cities of the Economic Region,
on military installations, airfields, and machine tractor stations. A
relatively small percentage of the population of the Economic Region
has radio receivers. In the administrative area of Leningrad in 1956,
for example, there were 162,900 radio receivers. The more common method
of reception is the mall loudspeaker (radio tochka), which is connected
directly into a central circuit system. In 1956, there were 910,000 of
these in the Leningrad metropolitan area. The number of television
sets in 1957 was reported to be 253,000. For Leningradskaya Oblast,
exclusive of Leningrad and its suburbs, a total of 86,700 radio
receivers and televisions sets and 140,100 wall loudspeakers
was reported for 1956. The number of radio receivers and television
sets in Novgorodskaya and Pskovskaya Oblasts is not known. It is
probable that most households in the urban areas have a wall loudspeaker,
since the cost is very lour.
In 1955 it was reported that a communications system in the
rural areas had been established on the basis of an intra-oblast radio
network. The heart of this system is the radio receiving and sending
set, the ?Urozhay-1.11 With this system, the Oblast Directorates of
Agriculture maintain dispatcher radio communications with MTS's and
their tractor brigades in the field. A particularly useful feature of
this system is that it can readily be connected with the regular tele-
phone communications system.
Virtually all civil telephone, telegraph, and radio communica-
tion facilities are controlled by the RSFSR Ministry of Communications
through the Oblast Directorates of Communications. Direct control over
the operating management of the main telegraph, telephone, and radio
networks, having an AU-Union significance, is exercised by
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the USSR Ministry of Communications. MVD units are responsible for
security of all telecommunications facilities, except military.
Various industrial ministries have communication lines between
cities within the Economic Region. These lines consitute an independent
communications system and do not come within the jurisdiction of the
Ministry of Communications. It has been proposed that these lines be
transferred to the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Comnunications and
that in the future all communications be planned by the Ministry of
Communications in agreement with Gosplan and the enterprises concerned.
Recent reports indicate that the existing scheme of communica-
tions within the Economic Region may be changed in order to satisfy the
requirements of the Sovnarkhoz. It has been stated that the cumbersome
radial system of communications should be abandoned in favor of a
point-to-point system. This, of course, would call for a substantial
increase in the number of cable and radio relay lines.
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IV. Socio-Economic Factors
A. Housing
All of the administrative areas of the Leningrad Economic-
Administrative Region suffer a shortage of housing, both urban and rural.
This is due to the diversion of construction materials into channels
other than housing construction, to the growth of urban population at a
rate faster than the growth of housing accommodations, and to the severe
loss and/or damage to housing during World War II.
In Ieningradskaya Oblast more than 2,000 villages and settle-
ments and more than 1,000,000 kolkhoz homes and structures were destroyed.
This destruction resulted in the loss of about 1,500,000 sq. meters
(16,125,000 sq. ft.) of housing and more than 1,000,000 sq. meters
(10,750,000 sq. ft.) rendered uninhabitable. In the city of Leningrad
about 5 million sq. meters (53,750,000 sq. ft.) of housing was destroyed,
resulting in the loss of housing space for about 700,000 persons. Nov.
gorodskaya and Pskovskaya Oblast' also received extensive damage. Most
of the cities and towns in these 2 oblasts were damaged; many were corn..
pletely destroyed.
Reconstruction and restoration-of destroyed and damaged housing
began immediately after the war. In Leningrad the total housing by
1951 was 22,833,000 sq. meters (245,454,750 sq. ft.) compared to
25,700,000 sq. meters (276,275,000 sq. ft.) in 1941. By the end of
1956 the total housing in the city. was 25,300,000 sq. meters
(271,975,000 sq. ft.), very close to the prewar level. However, per
capita floor space in the city of Leningrad in 1956 was higher than
the per capita floor space in 1939. This increase in floor space per
person is the result of a decrease in the population between 1939 and
1956.
Per capita floor space in Leningrad is above the 1956 USSR
urban average of 7.4 sq. meters (79.55 sq. ft.) but is still below the
RSFSR legal norm of 12 sq. meters (129 sq. ft.). Nevertheless, crit-
icism of the housing situation in Leningrad still continues. Much of
the criticism concerns the state of disrepair of many buildings, and the
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quality of repair work due to the poor quality of building materials.
Other criticisms center around the slow construction of housing due to
slow planning and processing of technical data and working blueprints
by the planning organizations. In 1957, 520,000 sq. meters (5,590,000
Bq. ft.) of housing were to be built in Leningrad, but as of October 1,
1957, only 158,000 sq. meters (1,698,500 sq. ft.) had been built.
The other cities in Leningradskaya Oblast for which floor
space is available are shown in Table XXII. In general, the per
capita floor space in these cities is less than in Leningrad. Sestror
etsk has a larger per capita floor space, probably because the city
is a large health resort and therefore has a larger housing fund which
in this table has been divided among a smaller, permanent population.
TABLE XXII
HOUSING SPACE IN SELECTED CITIES IN
LENINGRADSKAYA OBLAST: 1956
Estimated Total Floor Housing Space
21-1Y Population _jam_ Sq. Meters .29,11221
25,300,000
479,00o
102,000
257,000
338,000
532,000
Leningrad
2,814,0001/
Kolpino
48,000
Pavlovsk
28,000
Petrodvorets
40,000
Pushkin
58,000
Sestroretsk
34,000
allwdammomms???????????????10
9.0
10.0
96.65
107.28
3.6
39.16
6.4
69.06
5.8
62.65
15.6
168.20
V. Reported population 1956. The rest of the populations are
estimated for 1 January 1959.
In the postwar period in the city of. Novgorod, 200,000 sq.
meters (2,150,000 sq. ft.) of housing has been restored or rebuilt.
The Soviets report that this is extremely inadequate and that per
capita floor space in the city is only 96 per cent of prewar level.
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In Pskovskaya Oblast restoration was reported to have been
basically completed during the Fourth Five-Year Plart (1946-50). It has
been reported that more than 96,000 sq. meters (1,032,000 sq. ft.) of
housing in cities and rayon centers and about 32,000 houses for kol.
khozniks were rebuilt or reconstructid?
Over 40 per cent of the region is covered with coniferous and
mixed forests. The region, though, does not have an overabundance of
building materials other than lumber. Clay, quartz sand, quartz,
limestone, dolomite, gypsum, and other building materials are found
in the region; but not in large quantity. Enterprises of the build-
ing materials industry exist in all 3 administrative areas of the
region.
The Chief Directorate for Construction, under the jurisdic-
tion of the Leningrad City Executive Committee, supervises the direc-
tion of trusts concerned with housing and communal construction in
the city. In the 3 ?blasts, the Chief of the Oblast Department of
Construction and Architectural Affairs and the Chief of the Oblast
Directorate for Kolkhoz Construction supervise nonindustrial urban
and rural construction, respectively. Most of the industrial con-
struction in the Economic-Administrative Region is supervised by
the Branch Construction Administration under the Sovnarkhoz. Coordina-
tion among these construction organizations is realized by RSFSR
Gosplan.
B. Food Supplies
The primary purpose of agricultural activity in the Leningrad
Economic-Administrative Region, according to a 1956 Soviet report, is
to supply the city of Leningrad with vegetables, potatoes, milk, meat,
and cheese for its light and food industries, and, in turn, for its
population. Large quantities of potatoes, vegetables, meat, fruit,
and dairy products must be brought into the city from Latviyskaya,
Estonskaya, and Belorusskaya Republics, as well as from the 3 oblasts
comprising the Economic Region.
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Although the Economic Region is primarily an agricultural area,
an estimated 61.5 per cent of the region's population (excluding the
city of Leningrad) residing in rural areas, the production of food
crops is limited by extensive forested and swampy areas and by poor
sals. Small areas are sown to wheat, although the soil and weather
do not favor it. Fodder grasses and flax predominate in Pskovskaya and
Nargorodskaya ?blasts. The raising of dairy cattle in the region is
favored by the abundance of meadowland.
Intensive agricultural activities aimed at supplying the city
of Leningrad occupy a zone 31 to 37 miles S and SW of the city. Potatoes
and vegetables are the chief crops; dairying, and the raising of pigs
and poultry are important. Hot house agriculture is quite prevalent
in this area, providing the city with early potatoes and vegetables.
S and SW of this suburban zone the area is predominantly agricultural
and serves as an additional supplier of vegetables, potatoes, and
milk. Further S, in the NE part of Pskovskaya Oblast, there is a
large area devoted to dairying, pig raising, and vegetable-potato
cultivation. Pskovskaya Oblast has a surplus of grain and potatoes
and these foods are shipped to other areas within the region, partic-
ularly to the city of Leningrad. Novgorodskaya Oblast is self-
sufficient in dairy and meat products, vegetables, and potatoes.
Some of these food products are shipped to Leningrad and other indus-
trial centers within the region. The oblast, though, is not self-
sufficient in bread. Grain must be brought into the oblast from
Pskovskaya Oblast or from outside the region.
Since the Economic Region has an extensive coverage of
rivers and lakes, and also borders the Gulf of Finland, fish are an
important staple in the diet of the population. Game presumably is
important also, since forests cover about 40 per cent of the region.
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The distribution of food within the Economic-Administrative
Region, beset by such difficulties as poor roads and adverse climatic
conditions, is facilitated by the fact that the great bulk of the
population, except for the city of Leningrad, has local sources of
food. Being a predominantly rural population, most of the households,
both in the country and in the suburban areas, have their own gardens.
This is indicated by the fact that in Novgorodskaya Oblast, approxi-
mately one-third of the vegetable and half of the potato crop grown
in 1956 was on private plots. In Pskovskaya Oblast about 40 per cent
of the potatoes and 50 per cent of the vegetables are grown in private
gardens. In Leningradskaya Oblast the ratio was 40 per cent of the
potatoes and about 11 per cent of the vegetables. In Leningradskaya
and Pskavskaya Oblasts over 50 per cent of the cows were on private
plots and in Novgorodskaya Oblast, in 1956, almost twice as many
swine were raised privately as were raised on state or collective
farms.
Available data indicate that in terms of food supplies
Leningrad is substantially better off than most other USSR cities as
a result of all the intensive cultivatiork in the area surrounding it;
it ranks 6th in total per capita food expenditures, and 7th in total
per capita expenditures for food and nonfood items.
Total food supplies in reserve at the end of 1955 would have
sufficed for only 15 days of normal turnover in Leningrad City, 36
days in Leningradskaya Oblast, 34 days in Novgorodskaya Oblast,
and 27 days in Pskovskaya Oblast.
C. Transportation
1. General
Leningrad, located on the Gulf of Finland at the delta of
the Neva River, has direct access to the Baltic Sea and the Atlantic
Ocean. The Baltic-White Sea Canal and the Volga-Baltic Waterway
(formerly the Mariinsk Waterway) provides inland connections with
the White Sea (500 nautical miles to the NE), with Moskva, the
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Volga Basin, and the Caspian and Black Seas. As the rail center of
NW Russia the city has extensive facilities for receiving, storing,
and forwarding freight to the port of Murmansk, to the Baltic Republics,
and to inland cities. The highway network is not extensive and is used
mainly for local traffic. Leningrad is second only to Moskva as an air
transport center and point of international entry.
2. Railroads
The rail network in the Leningrad Economic-Administrative
Region, particularly in Leningradskaya Oblast, is one of the best
developed in the USSR. The network is of great importance in trans-
porting raw materials and fuel to the industrial complex centered
around the city of Leningrad. Ninety per cent of the fuel and 70 per
cent of the raw materials used by the industrial enterprises in the
Leningrad industrial complex must be brought into the Economic Region
from other areas of the USSR. In 1955, 85 per cent of the incoming
freight and 92 per cent of the outgoing freight of Leningrad City
and Oblast was transported by railroads. The remainder was trans-
ported by waterways (see Table XXIII). Highway trucking is relatively
unimportant.
Leningrad, with 5 large passenger stations and 6 freight
stations, has rail lines connecting the city with Moskva, the Urals,
the Ukraine, the Baltic countries, Poland, Finland, and northern USSR.
A dense network of 12 rail lines radiates from the city (refer to
Map IV): to the N$ lines -extend to Finland, the Karelskaya ASSR, and
to Murmansk; to the E, lines run to the Urals and the Far East via
Cherepovets and Vologda and to Moskva via Ovinishche; to the SI lines
run to Moskva, Novgorod, and Kiev; to the W, lines run to Ust Luga on
the Gulf of Finland, to Tallin, Riga, and Warsaw. Only 3 main rail-
roads in the Economic Region do not enter Leningrad. They are the
Eblogoye -Pskov-Riga line, the Moskva -Velikiye Luki -Riga line, and
the Bologoye-Velikiye LukiWarsaw line. All rail lines entering
the city, their terminals, and the port facilities are connected by a
semicircular belt line.
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Volga Basin, and the Caspian and Black Seas. As the rail center of
NW Russia the city has extensive facilities for receiving, storing,
and forwarding freight to the port of Murmansk, to the Baltic Republics,
and to inland cities. The highway network is not extensive and is used
mainly for local traffic. Leningrad is second only to Moskva as an air
transport center and point of international entry.
2. Railroads
The rail network in the Wiingrad Economic-Administrative
Region, particularly in Leningradskaya Oblast, is one of the best
developed in the USSR. The network is of great importance in trans-
porting raw materials and fuel to the industrial complex centered
around the city of Leningrad. Ninety per cent of the fuel and 70 per
cent of the raw materials used by the industrial enterprises in the
Leningrad industrial complex must be brought into the Economic Region
from other areas of the USSR. In 1955, 85 per cent of the incoming
freight and 92 per cent of the outgoing freight of Leningrad City
and Oblast was transported by railroads. The remainder was trans-
ported by waterways (see Table XXIII). Highway trucking is relatively
unimportant.
Leningrad, with 5 large passenger stations and 6 freight
stations, has rail lines connecting the city with Moskva, the Urals,
the Ukraine, the Baltic countries, Poland, Finland, and northern USSR.
A dense network of 12 rail lines radiates from the city (refer to
Map IV): to the NI lines-axtend to Finland, the Karelskaya ASSR, and
to Murmansk; to the E, lines run to the Urals and the Far East via
Cherepovets and Vologda and to Moskva via Ovinishche; to the S, lines
run to Moskva, Novgorod, and Kiev; to the W, lines run to Ust Luga on
the Gulf of Finland, to Tallin, Riga, and Warsaw. Only 3 main rail-
roads in the Economic Region do not enter Leningrad. They are the
Iblogoye-Pskov-Riga line, the Moskva-Velikiye Luki-Riga line, and
the Bologoye-Velikiye LukigrWarsaw line. All rail lines entering
the city, their terminals, and the port facilities are connected by a
semicircular belt line.
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TABLE XXIII
VOLUME OF INCOMING AND OUTGOIM FREIGHT ON RAILROADS AND WATERWAYS IN
THE LENINGRAD ECONMIC-ADMINISTRATIVE
REGION:- 1955
(thousands of tons)
Railroads Waterways
Incoming 2djaaLna Incoming Outgoing
4,746
1,259
35
Leningradskaya Oblast
38,380
21,045
6,759
Noirgorodskaya Oblast
4,226
5,335
777
Pskovskaya Oblast/
3,160
2,960
35
V Estimated.
.1.111?1111?1
The most important rail line in the region, in terms of pas-
senger and freight loads, is the 404-mile, double-track Leningrad-Moskva
line running S-E out of Leningrad via Chudavo (refer to Map IV). This
line is scheduled to be electrified under the new Seven-Year Plan with
work to begin on the Moskva-Kalinin section. The Leningrad-Malaya
Vishera section is scheduled to be electrified by 1960. A second con-
nection between Leningrad and the capital is through Orinishche
(Kalininskaya Oblast) via the single-track Leningrad-Pestovo railroad.
Leningrad is connected with the Urals by a railline which runs
SE out of Leningrad via Tikhvin and Podborovye. This line is very
important for transporting metal products from the Cherepovets region
and coal from the Pechora Basin to Leningrad.
The double-track Leningrad.Tallin line, running SW from
Leningrad via Gatchina and Ivan-Gorod, connects the city with the
Baltic area. This line is of particular importance in the winter
months since Tallin (Estonskaya SSR) serves as an alternate port
for Leningrad when the latter 's harbor is frozen. Leningrad is also
connected with the Baltic area by lines of the double.track
Leningrad-Pskov trunk line. This trunk line also connects Leningrad
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with Warsaw via Pytalovo (Abrene) and Vilnyus (Litavskaya SSR).
The Leningrad-Dno..Vitebsk (Vitebskaya Oblast, Belorusskaya
SSR) rail line, running N-S through the Economic Region has connections
extending to the Ukraine. Major shipments on this line include grain
from, and manufactured goods and timber to, the Ukraine.
There are several rail lines running N and N=W from Leningrad
which are economically significant. The Leningrad-Murmansk rail lines
running SE and E along the S side of Lake Ladoga, then N via Lodeymye
Pole to Petrozavodsk and Murmansk is important because Murmansk also
serves as an alternate port during the winter months when Leningrad's
port is frozen. Imports from Murmansk, ore from the Kola Peninsula,
and timber from the Karelskaya ASSR reach Leningrad on this line.
Important rail lines running N-W from Leningrad are the Leningrad-
Vyborg line, with connections to Helsinki, Finland, and the Leningrad-
Miitola railroad which provides a connection between Leningrad and the
Karelskaya ASSR and an alternate rail route to Murmansk. Within the
Economic Region there are branch lines which are used primarily for
transporting freight, particularly food products, within the region.
They also serve as connecting links between the main lines.
Few of the rail lines in the region are electrified; those
that are electrified are found only in the immediate vicinity of Len-
ingrad (refer to Map IV). Electrification of railroads has lagged
behind plans. The largest and most important rail junctions in the
Economic Region are Leningrad, Vyborg, Volkhov, Pskov, Dno, and
Velikiye Luki. Other important junctions are Gatchina, Mga, Navgorod,
4evel, and Novosokolniki.
The densest rail network in the Economic Region lies within
Leningradskaya Oblast, which has 56 per cent of the rail line mileage.
Navogordskaya Oblast has 23 per cent and Pskovskaya Oblast 21 per cent.
There has been very little new rail line construction in the region
since 1917, primarily because the area already had an extensive
network, but also because of the need to reconstruct the lines that
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were destroyed during World War II. The only major railway constructed
in the Economic Region by the Soviet government is the 229-mile Len-
ingrad-Pestovo line, which roughly parallels the Leningrad-Moskva line
within the region. The fact that total rail mileage was less in 1956
than it was in 1941 indicates that some of the rail lines destnoyed
during the war were not restored. Also there apparently was consolida-
tion of some lines and obsolescence of others. Rail mileage in Pskov-
skaya Oblast in 1956 Comprises only 82 per cent of the mileage in that
oblast in 1941. Rail mileage in all 3 oblasts comprising the Economic
Region has declined slightly since 1951 (see Table XXIV).
TABLE XXIV
RAILROAD MILEAGE WITHIN THE LENINGRAD
ECONOMIC REGION:
1941.1956
Division
1941
1.246.
Leningradskaya Oblast
1,755
1,811
1,772
1,722
Novgorodskaya Oblast
729
721
719
712
Pskovskaya Oblastli
770
58o
64q
Total
3,254
3,112
3,131
3,064
12 Estimated.
Ma11.1111?11101=111,
Included in the Sixth Five-Year Plan (1956-60) were plans
for the construction of 2 new rail lines in the Economic Region. One
is to run from Sosnovo, N of Leningrad, through Leningradskaya Oblast
to Michurinsk (Tambovskaya Oblast). The second is to run from Novgorod
S-E to Kresttsy, thereby linking Novgorod with the E-W Pskov.Bologoye
rail line at Valday. Most of the plans) however, concern only the
improvement and modernization of existing lines. New types of rails
which would permit an increase in the weight of passenger and freight
traffic and higher speeds, are planned for existing lines. Steam
engines are to be replaced by diesel locomotives. The entire
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Leningrad-Moskva rail line is to be equipped with an automatic blocking
system. Electrification of rail lines has also been included in the
plans. Since the Sixth Five-Year Plan has been abolished and a long-
range Seven-Year Plan has been decreed it is not known when the above
plans will be implemented.
Railroads within the Leningrad Economic-Administrative
Region come under the jurisdiction of 4 railroad systems operating in
the region. The Directorate, October Railroad System, in Leningrad
controls the movement of all freight and passenger traffic and troop
convoys over the major portion of the rail lines with the Economic
Region. The Directorate operates the railroad system through subordinate
division headquarters: 5 of these are located in Leningrad and control
traffic to Finland, Moskva, Tallin, Vitebsk, and Warsaw; other division
headquarters are at Dno, Pskov, and Vyborg. Within the Economic Region
the jurisdiction of the October Railroad System extends from Khiitola
and Vyborg in Leningradskaya Oblast E to Volkhov and Borovichi, S to
Pytalovo and Sushchevo in Pskovskaya Oblast, and W to Ivan-Gorod. The
Kirov Railroad System, headquarters in Kirov (Kirovskaya Oblast)
adjoins the October Railroad System at Volkhov, Posadnikovo, Chudovo,
and Nebolchi (refer to Map IV). Volkhov, a major railroad junction,
Ls a division headquarters of the Kirov Railroad System. The Kalinin
Railroad System, headquarters in Kalinin (Kalininskaya Oblast) has
jurisdiction over rail lines in the S part of Pskovskaya Oblast. It
adjoins the October Railroad System at Sushchevo. Velikiye Luki is
a division headquarters of this system. The Latvian Railroad System,
headquarters in Tallin, enters the Economic Region at Pyatalovo
(Abrene).
3. Shipping and Water Transport
The Economic-Administrative Region has several seaports,
including the principal ports of Leningrad and Vyborg, and the
secondary ports of Vysotsk, Primorsk, and Lomonosov. Leningrad,
the USSR's principal port, is located at the delta of the navigable
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NeTa River, at the E end of the Gulf of Finland. Seagoing shipping enters
the Oulf from the Baltic Sea and reaches Leningrad from Kronshtadt via a
constantly dredged channel. Leningrad port is estimated to have a capac-
ity of 19,000 short tons per 20.-hour day and with improvement of existing
facilities it could handle 45,000 short tons. Icebreakers are used to
keep the port open as long as possible. The harbor is closed about 15
weeks each year, from approximately the third week of January until the
first week in May. Bulk freights wood and coal, constitute the largest
proportion of imports; coal from Poland was an important import in 1956.
The port has good loading and storage facilities. There are extensive
rail transshipment facilities throughout the main harbor area on moles
between the basins. In 1956 the port was reported to be able to handle
up to 3,000 railroad car loadings and unloadings per day.
In addition to the main port and docking area there are
innumerable river port facilities (boat yards, small piers, jetties
and docks, boat landings, and basins) scattered along the Neva River
and its delta distributaries.
A recent report indicates that work has been completed on
the first stage of the Leningrad fishing port, near Avtovo. Structures
for the repair of fishing equipment and the preservation of fish, moor-
ages for anchoring and unloading fishing boats and premises for ancillary
operations are being constructed. At the present time the port can
accommodate and process as many as 30 seiners at a time. Construction
of a cold-storage plant with a capacity of 1,000 tons of fish has begun.
When all the work is completed, in 1961 or 1962, the Leningrad fishing
port is expected to be one of theeUSSRIs largest specialized ports.
Vyborg, located 70 miles NW of Leningradvis the second most
important port in the region. It is estimated to have a capacity of
11,200 short tons per 20-hour day, with a maximum potential capacity, with
existing facilities, of 15,300 tons. Expansion of port facilities is
believed to be livracticable due to lack of anchorage and to the difficult
access for large vessels through its tortuous 19-mile entrance channel,
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which has a limiting depth of 20 ft. Ice interferes with navigation from
December to Hay, but icebreakers are generally able to keep the harbor
open.
Vysotsk, Lomonosov, and Primorsk are secondary ports. Ice-
breakers are able to keep the harbors open at Vysotsk and Primorsk.
Lomonosov is icebound for about 3 months a year.
All maritime shipping is controlled by the USSR Ministry
of Maritime Fleets. All import-export exhanges with foreign countries
are controlled by the USSR Ministry of Foreign Trade. The Regional
Office (in Leningrad) of the Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route,
an agency of the USSR Ministry of Maritime Fleets, controls maritime
shipping and port facilities along portions of the Northern Sea Route,
from Leningrad probably to Murmansk. The Directorate also controls the
Leningrad Arctic Scientific Research Institute, which reportedly has the
most complete information available on arctic weather, climate, oceanog-
raphy, geography, and all fields of arctic activity. It is also engaged
in development of northern air routes.
Leningrad has important inland water connections with Mur-
mansk, Arkhangelsk, Moskva, and the Volga traffic network via the Baltic-
White Sea Canal and the Volga-Baltic Waterway. The l50-year old Volga-
Baltic Waterway and the 25-year old Baltic-White Sea Canal are currently
undergoing extensive reconstruction and lengthening. The Volga-Baltic
Waterway, which links Leningrad with the White Sea Canal via the Neva
River, the Novoladozhskiy Canal and the Svir River, shortens the dis-
tance between Leningrad and Arkhangelsk by 2,485 miles. When recont-
structed$ the military and industrial importance of the waterway will
increase significantly, since it will be possible for large ships to pass
throughout the system. Used chiefly to transport timber, lumber, grain,
oil, and salt, the waterway is open to navigation 6 months of the year,
from about May to November.
In addition to the important Neva and Svir Rivers in Len-
ingradskaya Oblast, the Volkhov River, flowing from Lake Ilmen
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(Novgorodskaya Oblast) to Lake Ladoga, is navigable along its entire
course. Regular passenger service is in operation from Novgorod to
Volkhov during the navigation season.
The Oyat and Pasha Rivers, which flow into the Svir, the
1606-mile Syas River, which flows through Novgorodskaya and Leningradskaya
()blasts into Lake Ladoga, and the Luga River which flows into the Gulf of
Finland (refer to Map IV) are navigable on portions of their courses.
These rivers are open to navigation from late April to December. In
addition to rivers, Lakes Ladoga and Onega are important water routes for
transporting freight.
Important river ports in Leningradskaya Oblast, in addition
to Leningrad and Petrokrepost, 25 miles apart at the delta and issuance
of the Neva River, are Sviritsa, located at the confluence of the Svir
and Pasha Rivers, and Lodeynoye Pole, Podporozhye, and Voznesenye on the
Svir River. In 1955 about 11.5 million tons of freight were transported
by water in Leningradskaya Oblast. This represents about 20 per cent
of the freight carried by railroads within the oblast. Lumber products,
construction materials, and oil constitute the bulk of water freight.
Passenger boats ply between Leningrad and Novaya Ladoga, Sviitsa, and
Petrozavodsk (Karelskaya ASSR), as well as between towns on the Neva
River.
Novgorodskaya Oblast has numerous rivers and lakes, many
of which are used for transporting passengers and freight within the
oblast. In addition to the Volkhov River, the Mbta River (275 miles) is
an important intraoblast shipping route. This navigable river, linked
with the Volkhov by a system of canals, flows WNW toward Novgorod and
empties into Lake Ilmen. Lake Ilmen (546 sq. miles) is used extensively
for shipping. There is passenger service between Novgorod and Volkhov
on the Volkhov River, and between Novgorod and Staraya Russa via the
Volkhov River, Lake Ilmen, and the Lovat and Polist Rivers. The Lovat
River, which rises SE of Nevel in Pskovskaya Oblast, flows 335 miles to
Lake Ilmen. This river is navigable for 40 miles along its lower course
in Novgorodskaya Oblast.
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Pskovskaya Oblast is poor in waterways, permitting navigation
only in the estuary of the Velikaya River on which Pskov is located, and
on Lakes Pskov and Peipus in the western part of the oblast. Gdovi located
65 miles N.41 of Pskov on the E shore of Lake Peipus is a port of local
significance, constituting with Pskov a terminal trading point.
Control and coordination of traffic on the inland waterways
in the Leningrad Economic-Administrative Region is effected by the RSFSR
Ministry of River Fleets, which functions through agencies in the 3 ?blasts
in the Economic Region.
I. Highways and Roads
The highway network in the Economic-Administrative Region
is not extensive and is used mainly for local traffic. In general,
the highways are not of high quality and suffer from adverse climatic
conditions and poor drainage throughout the region, but they are
reportedly better, particularly in the Leningrad City area, than most
roads in other parts of the USSR.
The best roads in the Economic Region are in the immediate
vicinity of Leningrad City, the only area where a network of roads may
be said to exist. Numerous hard-surfaced roads connect Leningrad with
its suburbs and are important for bringing agricultural products and
other freight into the city.
There are 4 primary highways of bituminous or concrete cone.
struction radiating out of the city of Leningrad which are of more than
local significance. The most important is the Leningrad-Moskva hilehigys
running through Chudovo and Novgorod to Moskva, 434.9 miles SE. Recon...
struction and repavement of this highway was completed in early 1958.
The Leningrad-Tallin highway (238 ales) is a heavily travelled road,
connecting the Economic Region with the Estonskaya SSR. Traffic on it
will be greatly expedited when a reinforced concrete bridge over the
Narva River is completed. The.Ienindeadqybbrg highway, running NW
out of Leningrad to the Finnish border, has international military
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significance. The Leningrad-Luga-Pskov highway, 179 miles in length,
with connections to the Ukraine and the Baltic area, is reported to be
hardimurfaced as far as Luga. Not as heavily travelled as the other
main highways, this road is important primarily as a means of exchang-
ing foodstuffs, construction materials, and light industrial products
among tows along its route. Another highway reported to be hard-
0
surfaced is the EW Velikiye Luki-Sebezh highway. In addition to the
primary highways, important secondary roads include the Leningrad-
Priozersk-Khiitola, running N to the Karelskaya ASSR; the Chudovo-NaT-
gorod road, the Pskov-Ostrov-Opochka-Nevel road, and the Novgorod-Pskov
road (refer to Map IV). There are roads, generally of poor quality,
which connect the rayon centers in the region with their respective
oblast capitals. Most of the roads in the Economic Region are dirt
roads or a combination of crushed rock, gravel, and sand, and the
majority of them become almost impassable in wet weather. Snow is also
a formidable obstacle to travel since there is reportedly little mech-
anized snow removal equipment in the region.
The city of Leningrad has bus connections with its suburbs,
and in 1954 regular bus transportation was inaugurated on the Leningrad-
Tani% Leningrad-Pskov, and Leningrad-Vyborg highways. Daily bus
service between Leningrad and Moskva was initiated in February 1958.
It was also reported in 1954 that regular bus service was established
between Pskov and Riga and that 11 new bus lines connecting Pskov with
its rayon centers and with other dblastsmere to be put into operation.
Potentialities for road construction throughout the Economic
Region are seriously limited by the presence of extensive forested areas,
particularly in the E part of Leningradskaya and Novgorodskaya Oblasts
and by extensive swampy terrain. As Map IV indicates, most of the roads
run in a N-S direction.
In each of the 3 oblasts comprising the Economic Region,
the Oblast Directorate of Automotive Transport and Highways, subordinate
to the RSFSR Ministry of Automotive Transport and Highways, has charge of
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repair and construction of roads within its respective oblast.
5. Air
Leningrad, a point of international entry, is second only
to Moskva as an air transport center. There are 48 targeted airfields in
the Economic-Administrative Region, of which 17 are located in the Lenin-
grad City Administrative area. The most important civil airfield in the
region is Leningrad Airfield (Target 0153-8048), a Class II civilian
operated airfield (refer to Map V), used jointly by civilian and military
planes. This airport, located 5 miles SSW of Leningrad, has 5 flights
daily to Moskva, a daily flight to Murmansk and Arkhangelsk, and regularly
scheduled flights to Odessa, Kiev, Kharkov, Smolensk, and other cities.
It is a scheduled stop on the Moskva-Leningrad-Helsinki-Stockholm route.
In addition, only 5 other joint civil/military airfields
exist in the Economic Region; the remaining 41 airfields are military
airfields. The 5 airfields operated by the SAF and used jointly by
civilian and military planes are: Velikiye Luki Airfield (Target
0153-8131), a Class IV airfield; Leningrad/Ruchi Airfield (Target
0103-8607) a Class IV airfield located NNE of Leningrad; Borovichi
Airfield (Target 0154-8008) a Class IV airfield; Novgorod Southwest
Airfield (Target 0153-8140) a Class V airfield; and Pskov Airfield
(Target 0153-8058) a Class II airfield. The one at Velikiye Luki is
used by international airlines as an emergency landing ground. Recent
reports indicate that there are as few as 6 flights a day origina:ting
from this airfield.
The Northern Directorate of Civil Air Fleet, located in
Leningrad and directly subordinate to the USSR Chief Directorate of
Civil Air Fleet under the USSR Ministry of Defense in Moskva, coordi-
nates all civil air traffic in passengers, freight, and mail throughout
the Economic Region and along air routes to Helsinki and the Baltic '
region.
6. Pipelines
A gas pipeline extending 106 statute miles between Kohtla-
Yarve in Estonskaya SSR and Leningrad, with a throughput capacity of
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130,780 cubic yards per day, was constructed in 1948. The pipeline runs E
and N-E from Kohtla-Yarve over level terrain, parallelling the Narva -
Leningrad highway (refer to Map IV). This lines fed by the gas works at
Slantsy and Kohtla-Yarve, supplies the industries and houses of Leningrad
with gas manufactured from oil shale, thus reducing the amount of coal
brought into the city. Known underground storage facilities are in
Kohtla-Yarve and Leningrad. In March 1954, it was reported that the con-
struction of a second gas pipeline between Kohtla-Yarve and Leningrad
had been begun, but it is not known if it is completed.
Preparations weremader ugly in 1956 for piping natural gas
into the city of Leningrad from the western Ukraine. Orginally it was
planned to construct a gas pipeline from Dashava to Leningrad via Minsk.
An underground gas reservoir was to be built near Pskov on the proposed
route. Reports in July 1957 indicate that this plan has been dropped
because the gas reserves in the western Ukraine are now believed to be
insufficient to meet Leningrad's needs.
The construction of a natural gas line from Serpukhov, 60
miles S of Moskva, to Leningrad is underway. It is reported that by 1959
gas from the Stavropol and Shebelinka deposits will be carried along this
route. By 1959, it is estimated that Leningrad will receive 7.19 million
cubic yards of gas, 8 times more than in the summer of 1956. By 1960,
it is anticipated that most industrial establishments, all communal,
educational, and medical establishments will use gas as a fuel. Also
planned is a gas line from Bryansk to Leningrad.
Plans, not yet completed but already announced, indicate
that gas lines between Leningrad and Novgorod, and between Novgorod and
Valday, are under consideration.
D. Utilities
Facilities for providing utilities to the population and indus-
trial enterprises of the Leningrad Economic-Administrative Region were
severely damaged during World War II. Much construction of utility
facilities has taken place, but at the present time most of the region
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(with the exception of the city of Leningrad) still has inadequate facili-
ties.
The Leningrad Regional Power Network, controlling power plants
with a total installed capacity of about 1,500,000 kw, furnishes power
to the industrial complex around the city of Leningrad, to the Estonskaya
SSR, and to Leningradskaya and Novgorodskaya Oblasts. Since 1955 the
Leningrad and Estonian Power Networks have been furnishing power to the
population and enterprises of both areas. The export of power to either
area is jointly controlled by the Estonian Power Economy Branch Directorate
and the Leningrad Power and Fuel Branch Directorate. At the present time
Pskovskaya Oblast is not connected to the power network, but upon comple-
tion of a high-voltage power line from Ivan-Zorod to Slantsy, and then
from Slantsy to Pskov, all administrative areas of the region will be
connected _(see Map III for these locations).
The network furnishes the city of Leningrad and its suburbs
with power from hydropower plants at Volkhov$ Podporozhye, Svirstroy,
Roukhiala, Enso (Svetogorsk), and Narva (Estonskaya SSR), and from
thermal power plants at Dubrovka, and Tallin. The hydroelectric power
plants supply almost 50 per cent of the power used by industry, trans-
portation, and the city economy of Leningrad. The remaining power is
supplied by 8 major thermal power plants and many smaller industrial
power plants located in or near the city of Leningrad. About 70 per
cent of the thermal power plants use peat as fuel, the remaining 30 per
cent using coal and mazut.
Recent Soviet reports indicate that most of the hydraulic energy
of the large rivers in the Economic Region has been utilized; new hydro-
power stations of average power can be built only on the lower courses of
the Vuoksi and Neva Rivers. The emphasis now, and in the future, will
be on the construction of thermification plants (generation of electricity
at central heating plants) based upon local fuel, peat. A large thermal
power station, under construction about 2i miles W of Narva, will be a
major power producer of the Baltic area. Much of its power will be
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transmitted to Leningrad and Leningradskaya Oblast. Construction research
and geological research is reported to be taking place in the Economic
Region in connection with the construction of an atomic electric power
plant with a capacity of 400 - 600,000 kw. It is planned to begin con-
struction of this plant about 1960. Also in the planning stage is the
construction of a hydropower plant on the Neva River near Leningrad.
This plant will provide additional power for the city and is considered
necessary to prevent the flooding of industrial enterprises and houses in
the Nevskiy city rayon. In the rural areas of Leningradskaya Oblast 227
electric power stations, functioning independently of a power network,
and with a:reported installed capacity of 11,682 kw (1955), provide
power to rural rayon centers, sovkhozes, kolkhozes, MTS1s, and other
rural enterprises. The number and capacity of rural power stations in
Pskovskaya and Novgorodskaya Oblasts is not available.
In addition to Leningrad, Kolpino, Petrodvorets, and Pushkin
are reported to have public water supply systems. The extent of their
service is not known but scattered reports indicate that the water systems
generally service only the center of the cities and that suburban districts
(including those of Leningrad) have access to public water only through
street taps and hydrants. Two purification plants supply Leningrad with
220 million gallons a day (1955). It is not known if purification
plants- exist in other cities of the Economic Region but reports indicate
that water must be boiled before drinking, even in Leningrad.
No sewage treatment plants have been reported. Sewage in Len-
ingrad is drained into the Neva, Fontanka, and Pryazhka Rivers and also
into sewage-disposal fields.
Gas, used for heating, cooking, and refrigeration, is at present
utilized in 15 city rayons of Leningrad. The length of the gas mains
exceeds 497 statute miles, and 90 per cent of the apartments use gas.
The gas supply of Leningrad comes chiefly from the oil-shale fields in
Estonskaya SSR. Before completion of the pipeline, gas was produced in
one coke-gas plant in Leningrad, which was able to serve only 7 per cent
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of the population. Plans, in 1956, to build a gas pipeline from Dashava
(in Ukrainskaya SSR) to Leningrad, have been dropped because the gas
reserves in the western Ukraine are now believed to be insufficient to
meet the city's needs. In 1957 plans were announced concerning the con-
struction of a natural gas line from Serpukhov, 60 miles S of Moskva,
to Leningrad. By 1959 it is estimated that Leningrad will receive 5.5
billion cubic meters of gas (7.19 million cubic yards), 8 time more
than in the summer of 1956. There are no indications that gas is
extensively used in the Economic Region outside the city of Leningrad.
Some of the power stations in Leningrad also supply heat,
chiefly to industrial, administrative, or institutional buildings. In
the past most apartment buildings had their own central heating systems
but recent reports indicate that many of these are being connected to a
centralized heat and hot water supply. Outside the city of Leningrad,
heat is probably supplied by local supplies of firewood, peat, and
shale-gas and less by centralized thermification stations.
Supplementing the roads within the city of Leningrad is a
well-developed streetcar and bus transportation system, and the Lenin-
grad Metropolitan (subway)-, the first section of which was completed in
November 1955, connecting the most important industrial and transporta-
tion points in Leningrad. At the present time a second section of this
line is being constructed.
Control of utilities and the distribution of fuel in the Len-
ingrad Economic-Administrative Region is the responsibility of various
government agencies. The control, distribution, and development of
the fuel and power resources and enterprises of the Economic Region,
after taking into consideration the requirements established by the
Sovnarkhoz for enterprises and construction projects under its jurisdic-
tion, will be retained by the local Soviets. The Leningrad Regional
Power Network, under the USSR Ministry of Electric Power Stations, con-
trols the generation and distribution of electric power by the major
electric power stations in the region. The Oblast Office of the Chief
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Directorate of Rural Electrification in the 3 oblasts comprising the
region controls the electrification of collective farms and MTSIs in the
respective oblasts. The povnarkhoz controls the supply and distribution
of coal, gas, and petroleum to enterprises under its jurisdiction. The
supply and distribution of these products to enterprises of local sub-
ordination and to the general population is under the appropriate Oblast
and City Administrations.
E. Economic Significance
The economy of the Leningrad Economic-Administrative Region is
dominated by the city of Leningrad, second only to Moskva as the major
industrial center of the USSR. The primary importance of the 3 oblasts
comprising the Economic Region is the function they serve in providing
the Leningrad City industrial complex with part of its food, fuel, and
industrial raw materials requirements. Since the establishment of the
Leningradskiy Sovnarkhoz in June 1957, about 650 of the most important
enterprises in the Economic Region (about 610 of them in the city of
Leningrad alone) have been included within that economic organization.
The .povnarkhoz will undoubtedly have the effect of increasing Leningrad's
preponderant role in the economy of the Economic Region. At the present
time about 95 per cent of the Economic Region's industrial production
is concentrated in the industrial complex centered around the city of
Leningrad.
The region has a vital role in the economy of the USSR and
RSFSR, accounting for approximately 6 per cent of the total USSR indus-
trial production and approximately 10 per cent of the industrial produc-
tion of the RSFSR. More than 70 per cant of the region's manufactured
products are sent to areas outside the Economic Region.
Leningrad was the leading industrial ,center of Russia before
1917, and today ranks second only because of the ascendancy of Moskva
under Soviet rule. The city still enjoys the reputation of being the
most important center in the USSR with regard to the development of new
industrial technology. Characterized by a high proportion of skilled
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workers, advanced and complex technological processes, and utilizing a
relatively low volume of raw materials, Leningrad's industries minimise to
some extent their deficiency in raw materials.
?
Leningrad is second only to Moskva in the extent and diversifica-
tion of its industry. The city is primarily a heavy industry center, its
leading branches being machine building, metalworking, shipbuilding, the
manufacture of heavy electrical equipment, and precision tool making.
The chemical, woodworking, and cellulose-paper industries are of All-Union
importance. Light and food-processing . industries occupy a prominent
place in the economy of the city.
The city ranks first in the USSR in the production of generators,
steam and hydraulic turbines, and the construction of ships. Plants in
the city have recently completed 20 turbogenerators for the hydropower
plant at Kuybyshev (Zhigulevsk Hydro Power Plant Kuybyshev GES -
Target 0165-0076) and are now building turbogenerators for the Stalingrad
Hydro Power Plant GES (Target 0235-0137).
Leningrad, the most important shipbuilding center in the USSR,
at the present time supplies 40 per cent of the country's newly built
craft. The city's shipyards have built about 76 per cent of all ocean-
going vessels constructed in the USSR since 1918. Located in the city
are 5 major shipbuilding yards: the Baltic, Marti (recent reports indicate
the name has been changed to Krylov), Zhdanov, Sudomekh and Krasnyy
o?
Sudostroitel yards, about 20 minor yards, and one major ship repair
establishment, the Kanonerskiy Yard. The Kronshtadt Shipyard also outfits
for the yards in the Leningrad area. Leningrad Shipyard, "Marti" 194
(Target 0153-0088), recently constructed the world's first nuclear ice-
breaker, the 162000-ton "Lenin."
Estimated production capacities of selected items are shown in
Table XXV. Other significant production includes a wide range of elec-
trical and electronic equipment such as transmitters and instruments for
the sputniks, telephone and telegraph equipment, oil circuit breakers,
mercury arc rectifiers, electric lamps, electric motors, and electrical
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TABLE XXV
ESTIMATED PRODUCTION CAPACITIES OF SPLECTED
ITEMS IN THE CITY OF LENINGRAD
Item
Per Cent of Estimated
USSR Production Capacity
Technical cloth
Viscose
651/1
Generators
631/,
Steam turbines
562/
Rubber footwear
48.91
Hydraulic turbines
481
Ships (construction)
401/
Crude abrasives
27
Torpedoes
22
Optical equipment
22
Transformers
19 ,
Railroad passenger cars
18.61/
Bonded abrasives
18
Railroad passenger cars (repair)
17
Sea mines
17
Electron tubes
17
Tanks and self-propelled gums
16
Electric wire and cable
15
Ships (repair)
14
Lead acid batteries
14
Chemical warfare agents, standard
14
Radio and television equipment
12
Chemical equipment
12 ,
Leather footwear
11.12/
High-pressure boilers
11
Soap
10.12/
Earth-moving equipment
9
Knitted outer-garments
8.61/,
Linen tricot
Stockings and socks
8.12/
Major-caliber guns
8
Rubber tires
8
Sulphuric acid
8
Propellants
6
Machine tools
5
Chlorine
4
Refined copper
4
Smelted copper
4
Aircraft engines
4
2.1 Reported production.
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welding machines; precision instruments including measuring instruments,
0
electronic microscopes, pyrometer, meteorological equipment, calculators,
temperature control apparatus, and electric gauges; chemical manufactures
including rubber manufactures, paint, lacquer, acids, synthetics, plastics,
perfumes, pharmaceutical products, and mineral fertilizers.
The spinning, garment, and leather footwear industries in Lenin-
grad are of All-Union significance, and the city's food processing indus-
try serves not only the population of the city but adjacent areas as well.
There are several enterprises in Leningrad engaged in producing prestressed
concrete.
Industry outside the city of Leningrad is most highly developed
in Leningradskaya Oblast, next in Novgorodskaya Oblast, and least in
Pskovskaya Oblast. Heavy industry is the predominant type of industry in
Leningradskaya Oblast, chiefly metalworking, machine construction, extrac-
tion of fuel, power development, and production of building materials.
Also well developed are the woodworking, light, and food industries. All
of these industries are closely allied with those in Leningrad.
Three important industrial centers in Leningradskaya Oblast are
Kolpino, Volkhov, and Vyborg. The former, which lies within the Leningrad
City Administrative Area, is a heavy industry centers with metalworking,
machine building, and machine tool industries closely connected with those
of its parent city.
Volkhov, 77 miles E of Leningrad, has the most highly developed
industry based on local raw materials and local power in the entire
Economic Region. Its important aluminum industry is based on local
bauxite deposits and power is furnished by Volkhov Hydroelectric Power
Plant GES (Target 0153-0036).
Vyborg, 70 miles NW of Leningrad, ranks next in importance as
an industrial center in the oblast. It manufactures agricultural machinery,
is a shipbuilding and ship-repair center, and has metalworking, lumber,
paper, and textile industries.
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In addition, other cities which have metalworking and machine
building as their main industry are Gatchina, Pavlovsk, and Sestroretsk.
Novgorodskaya Oblast's industries are fewer in number and of
less significance than those ineLeningradskaya Oblast. The oblast's
major industries are wood processing, sawmilling, veneering, paper milling
the manufacturing of furniture, matches, and other wooden products, and
the processing of local mineral resources, peat, silicates, and clay.
Also widely developed are the embroidery knitted wear industries. There
are 3 main centers of industry in Novgorodskaya Oblast. One is Borovichi;
a second is the region around Lake Ilmen where Novgorod and Staraya Russa
are located; and the third is along the October Railroad, particularly in
the Chudovo region.
Borovichi is the largest industrial city in Novgorodskaya Oblast.
Its industry is based to a great extent on local clay deposits and timber
resources. It has clay-processing industries, ceramic plants, brickworks,
paper and lumber processing industries, as well as metalworking and
knitted wear industries. In the region near Borovichi lignite is mined.
In the Chudovo region there is sawmilling, match manufacturing, china-
earthenware, glass, and cement industries.
The most important branches of industry of the city of Novgo-
rod are ship-repair, woodworking, the manufacture of household pottery
and china, and food processing. Staraya Russa, the third-ranking city
in the oblast has woodworking, veneering, brick, and tile industries.
In Novgorodskiy Rayon, centered around Tesovo-Netylskiy, the peat-
processing industry is important.
Novgorodskaya Oblast is one of the most important flax grow-
ing areas in the USSR. Ten to 12 per cent of the sown area of the
oblast is in this crop; the flax-processing industry is concentrated
mainly in Okulovskty Rayon.
Pskovskaya Oblast is the least important industrial area of
the 3 oblasts in the Economic-Administrative Region. It is the best
suited for agriculture, and is a leading flax-growing region in the
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USSR. Flax-growing, which occupies about 15 per cent of the sown area
in the oblast, is an important basis of the ?blast's industrial activity.
The major types of industry in the oblast age flax and food
processing, particularly dairy and meat products. Second in importance
is the processing of lumber and third is the extraction and processing of
local resources of peat and building materials. Other branches of indus-
try are metalworking, garment and footwear manufacturing.
Pskov, the most important city in the oblast, has as itm major
industrial activity the production of flax-processing machinery and the
manufacture of flax textiles. Food processing, particularly of poultry
products, is also important. Velikiye Luki, the second largest city in
the oblast, has important railroad-servicing enterprises and construc-
tion materials, lumber, and food processing industries. Nevel, which
ranks third in population, has flax and food processing enterprises.
Other flax processing industries are located at Ostrov, Opochka, Porkhov,
and Pechory.
The Economic-Administrative Region is not well endowed with
mineral resources (refer to Map IV). There are some lignite deposits
near Borovichi, shale near Slantsy and Gdov, and bauxite in the Boksit-
gorsk and Tikhvdn areas. Building materials, such as limestone,
dolomite, gypsum, and clay, are found in the region. There are large
peat deposits in Leningradskaya and Novgorodskaya ()blasts, but peat
extraction comprises only one to 2 per cent of the All-Union total.
Numerous rivers in the region, particularly those in Leningradskaya
Oblast, are a major source of inexpensive electric power. Forests are
the most important natural resources occupying about 40 per cent of the
area of the Economic Region. To meet the needs of Leningrad's numerous
industries, the city has to import from outside the region more than
70 per cent of the raw materials and 90 per cent of the fuel it
requires. Coal is imported from the Pechora Basin and from Poland;
iron, nickel, apatite, and nepheline are imported from the Kola Peninsula;
steel is brought in from the Cherepovets region (Vologodskaya Oblast),
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?
the Urals, and the Don Basin, oil from the Volga region, shale gas from
Estonskaya SSR, and cotton from the Ukraine and Central Asia.
Intensive efforts are being made to find closer sources of
supplies of industrial raw materials. EXploitation of petroleum and
coal deposits in the Far Ncrth, and more vigorous exploitation of fuel
sources (shale, peat, and lignite deposits) within the Economic Region
are being practiced. Along with the development of fuel resources, steps
have been taken to give Leningrad its awn metallurgical supply base. An
iron and steel works has been constructed at Cherepovets (Vologodskaya
Oblast) based on coal from Vorkuta and iron ore from Karelskaya ASSR and
Murmanskaya Oblast.
It is well known that production capacities of many enterprises
in the Soviet Union are used irrationally and this applies to those in
Leningrad also. Khrushchev, in his theses on the formation of the
Sovnarkhoz, March 30, 19570 cited Leningrad as an example. He stated
that Leningrad produces annually up to 360,000 tons of pig iron and
steel, of which only 250,000 tons are used by its industries, the rest
being shipped elsewhere. At the same time Leningrad received up to
40,000 tons of large iron and steel castings from other parts of the
USSR.
Except for the industrial concentration in and near the city
of Leningrad, the economy of the region is primarily agricultural. The
agricultural activity is devoted to the growing of potatoes, vegetables,
and flax, and to the raising of dairy cattle and pigs. Agriculture in
the region is devoted primarily to supporting the local economy, except
for flax which is exported to other areas of the USSR.
The W part of Leningradskaya Oblast serves as a supplier of
vegetables, potatoes, and milk for the city of Leningrad. Grain is
also grown; rye and oats are the principal products. In the N and E
parts there is not much cultivation, largely because of the extensive
forests; dairying predominates in this region. By 1960, leningradskaya
Oblast hopes to become self-sufficient in the production of cabbage,
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carrots, beets, milk, and, to a large extent, in potatoes and meat.
In Novgorodskaya Oblast flax, rye, and oats are the principal
crops. The oblast produces enough vegetables and potatoes for its local
needs and exports some to Leningrad and other industrial centers. The
raising of livestock is also important. Agricultural production is
limited in the oblast because of poor and swampy soil, and because more
than 42 per cent of the land area is in forests.
Pskovskaya Oblast is the best suited for agriculture of the 3
oblasts in the Economic Region. This is due to its warmer climate,
relatively productive loamy soils, and its lower percentage of forests,
only about 20 per cent of the oblast land area. The oblast is one of
the chief flax growing areas in the USSR. Rye, oats, barley, peas, and
wheat are also grown. Potatoes and other vegetables are grown in
sufficient quantities to supply local needs. Dairy farming is important.
All agricultural land in use by rural enterprises and households
in the region in November 1955 totalled approximately21.5 million acres,
about 43 per cent of the total land area. Of this total about 5 million
acres were under cultivation. In Leningradskaya Oblast in 1956, about 4
per cent of the total land area was in crop acreage; in Novgorodskaya
Oblast about 9 per cent; and in Pskovskaya Oblast about 16 per cent.
Extensive meadow lands occupy a large part of the agricultural lands,
about 14 per cent on the average for the region.
The region had at the end of 1956 the following number of
agricultural enterprises:
Collective Farms
State Farms
MTS 'a
Leningradskaya O.
442
123
44
Novgorodskaya q.
1,005
51
50
Pskovskaya 0.1/
1,550
?42
Regional Total
2,997
214
189
3../ Estimated.
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Although there are many factors limiting agricultural production
in the region, those responsible for agricultural prOuction have been
criticized for not utilizing the full potentialities of the region. It
has been stated that the amount of land under cultivation could be
extended by draining swamps and clearing the land of shrubs and boulders.
Ameliorative measures could also raise the productivity of the soil.
Nevertheless, in 1956$ it was reported that the general state of agri-
culture in the region was not satisfactory. Grain, vegetable, and
potato yields were low. Productivity of livestock was low because of
inadequate fodder and poor breeding. The number of cows in the region in
1955 was still below the prewar level. In Leningradskaya Oblast, during
the period 1951-55, the number of sheep on collective farms decreased by
25 per cent. There was criticism in 1956 to the effect that Pskovskaya
Oblastts output of dairy products was low and that its
average milk yield was only half of that obtained in Leningradskaya
Oblast. In 1955 it was reported that a quarter of the tractors in Lenin-
gradskaya Oblast were idle each day and that the MTS's were not ful-
filling their contracts adequately or on time. This unsatisfactory
state of affairs in agriculture was declared to be the result of poor
management and organization, rather than of physical conditions, and
local Party organizations were criticized for not exercising adequate
leadership.
The Leningrad City Executive Committee Department of Agriculture
probably controls truck gardening, dairying, and other agricultural
enterprises within the metropolitan area as well as supervising the
distribution of these products to the city's population. The Chiefs
of the Oblast Directorate of Agriculture and the Oblast Directorate
of Grain Products in each of the ()blasts of the Economic-Administrative
Region supervise the agricultural production in their respective spheres
through the rayon executive committees and the rural soviets. The
local soviets in rural areas have been given increased responsibilities
for agricultural activity in their districts. They may, for example,
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require reports from collective farms administrations on the fulfillment
of plans, progress in sowing and harvesting, and fodder procurement. They
may also require reports from the director of a state farm within their
region on the fulfillment of production plans. The local soviets are
supposed to give all possible help in carrying out these activities, and
in addition, to organize competition for plan fulfillments between
collective farms, between state farms, and also to provide courses in
agrotechnology and zootechnology for collective and state farm workers.
Under the reorganization of the economy which took place in
the spring of 1957, some of the local enterprises of the abolished Meat
and Milk Products Ministry and the Food Products Ministry were trans-
ferred to the local soviets. The larger enterprises were put under the
supervision of the Sovnarkhoz. Food processing and distribution is
under the supervision of the Sovnarkhoz and local soviets.
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TABLE XXVI
URBAN AREA POPULATION RANGES: 1959
Divisions
Population Number of
Ranges Urban Areas
Leningrad Economic-
Administrative Region over 100,000 1
50,000-100,000 7
20,000- 50,000 15
10,000- 20,000 20
less than 10,000 21
Total us
Leningrad City Adminis-
trative Area
"Leningradskaya Oblast
(less Leningrad City
Administrative Area)
over 100,000
50,000-100,000
20,000- 50,000
10,000- 20,000
less than 10,000
Total
over 100,000
50,000-100,000
20,000- 50,000
10,000- 20,000
less than 10,000
1
2
6
2
10
21
:4
Population
(thousands)
Per Cent
of Total
2,875
64.7
394
8.9
474
10.7
263
5.9
428
9.6
4,434
99.8V
?
Lxi
2,875
87.2
CD
113
3.5
195
5.9
tzi
30
.9
r3
?7.2
, 2.3
3,288
99.81/
0
2 104
6 167
12 158
222
Total 57
? I ?
16.5
26.4
25.0
32.1
632 100.0
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TABLE XXVI (Continued)
Divisions
Population
Ranges
Number of
Urban Areas
Population
(thousands)
Per Cent
of Total
Novgorodskaya Oblast
over 100,000
0
??=4????
50,000-100,000
1
51
19.4
20,000- 50,000
2
84
32.1
10,000- 20,000
2
31
11.8
less than 10,000
18
36.7
Total
23
262
100.0
Pskovskaya Oblast
over 100,000
50,000-100,000
2
126
50.0
20,000- 50,000
1
28
11.1
10,000- 20,000
4
44
17.5
tzi
less than 10,000
10
21.4
Total
17
252
100.0
Li
1/ The missing two-tenths of one per cent represents 8,000 rural population
estimated to reside in 5 selsovets in the Leningrad City Administrative Area but
which was not distributed among the urban areas located in the Administrative Area.
Throughout this study this population has been treated as part of the urban popula-
tion of the Leningrad City Administrative Area. Therefore, the Leningrad City
Administrative Area total population is 3,296,000 and the total urban population of
the Leningrad Economic-Administrative Area is 4,442,000. See also footnote g Table
VI, page 23.
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The Leningrad Economic-Administrative Region contains the following urban
areas:
LENINGRADSKAYA OBLAST
Leningrad 59-55 N; 30-15 E.
Population: 2,875,000 (1959 est, for the city proper);
3,296,000 (1959 est, for the Leningrad administrative
area).
Administration: Capital of Leningradskaya Oblast; city
of Republic (RSFSR) subordination; Oblast Committee
of Communist Party; City Committee of Communist Party;
Council of National Economy (Leningradskiz Sovnarkhoz);
Oblaet Executive Committee; City Executive Committee;
MVD Department of Local Anti-Air Defense; Oblast
Society for Cooperation with Army, Air Force and
Navy (DOSAAF); Oblast Red Cross Society.
Military: Headquarters: Leningrad Military District;
13th TAA; 12th Air Defense Region; 2 u/i AA (PVO) Div;
MVD Security Troops; 392nd MVD Convoy Regt., Naval
Border Guard, MVD. Naval training center.
Airfields: One Class 2 (int.); 3 Class 2 (mil.); one
Class 3 (mil.); 3 Class 4 (1 mil, 1 jnt., 1 unk.);
4 Class 5 (mil.); 1 Class 6 (mil.).
Transportation: Directorate, October Railroad System;
Division Headquarters, October Railroad System
(Tallin Line, Warsaw Line, Vitebsk Line, Moskva Line,
Murmansk Line); 5 engine depots; classification yard;
5 steam locomotive engine houses; railroad car
repair shop; steam locomotive repair shop; principal
seaport of USSR.
Economic: Second leading industrial center in USSR;
machine-building and metalworking most important;
produces heavy equipment, machines, and tools for
power, metallurgical, electrical, coke-chemical,
transportation, communication industries and for
agriculture; ranks first in production of generators
(reported 63 per cent of USSR production), steam tur-
bines (reported 56 per cent of USSR production),
hydraulic turbines (reported 48 per cent of USSR
production); produces high pressure boilers (est. 11
per cent of USSR capacity), earth moving equipment
(est. 9 per cent of USSR capacity), machine tools
(est. 5 per cent of USSR capacity), aircraft engines
(est. 4 per cent of USSR capacity); some important
heavy equipment plants are: Leningrad Heavy Equipment
Plant, nNevskiy Lenin? 232 (Target 0153-0090), Lenin-
grad Electric Equipment Plant, nlektrosila Kirov"
38 (Target 0153-0016), Leningrad Heavy Equipment
Plant, nrasnyy Putilov Kirov" 185 (Target 0153-0029).
Leads in manufacture and repair of railroad passenger
cars (reported 18.6 per cent of USSR production and
est. 35 per cent of USSR repair capacity). Most
important shipbuilding and ship-repair center in USSR
(reported 40 per cent of USSR shipbuilding and est.
14 per cent of USSR ship-repair capacity). Important
manufacturer of electrical equipment: ranks first
in production capacity of radio and television equip-
ment (est. 12 per cent of USSR capacity); second in
production capacity for electron tubes (est. 17 per
cent of USSR capacity), electric wire and cable (est.
15 per cent of USSR capacity), transformers (est.
19 per cent of USSR capacity); produces electric lamps,
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Leningrad motors, welding equipment, mercury arc rectifiers,
Contd. oil circuit breakers. A leading producer of preci-
sion instruments and equipment: ranks first in produc-
tion capacity of optical equipment (est. 22 per cant
of USSR capacity); precision measuring instruments,
electronic microscopes, pyrometers, meteorological
equipment, calculators, temperature control apparatus,
electric gages. Important chemical products: ranks
first in production capacity of sulphuric acid (est.
27 per cent of USSR capacity); ranks second in pro-
duction capacity of crude abrasives (est. 27 per
cent of USSR capacity), bonded abrasives (est. 18
per cent of USSR capacity), lead acid batteries (est.
14 per cent of USSR capacity), chemical equipment
(est. 12 per cent of USSR capacity); also production
facilities for synthetics, plastics, propellants
(est. 6 per cent of USSR capacity), chemical warfare
agents, standard (est. 14 per cent of USSR capacity),
chlorine (est. 4 per cent of USSR capacity), soap
(reported 10.1 per cent of USSR production), mineral
fertilizers, pharmaceutical products. Important
armaments: missiles (See Military, Section I., B.,
2.) torpedoes (est. 22 per cent of USSR capacity),
sea mines (est. 16 per cent of USSR capacity), tanks
and self-propelled guns (est. 16 per cent of USSR
capacity), major-caliber guns (est. 8 per cent of
USSR capacity). Woodworking, cellulose-paper, spin-
ning, garment, and footwear industries of national
importance: leather footwear (reported 11.1 per cent
of USSR production), rubber footwear (reported 48.9
per cent of USSR production), stockings and socks
(reported 8.1 per cent of USSR production), knitted
outer-garments (reported 8.6 per cent of USSR pro-
duction); important light and food-processing
industries; also printing, film, musical instruments
enterprises. Numerous textile enterprises: leading
producer of viscose (reported 65 per cent of USSR
production), technical cloth (reported 70 per cent
of USSR production), linen tricot (reported 8.5
per cent of USSR production); also produces rubber
tires (est. 8 per cent of USSR capacity), refined
copper (est. 4 per cent of USSR capacity), smelted
copper (est. 4 per cent of USSR capacity); several
large prestressed ferroconcrete plants. Leningrad
Electric Power Grid includes 16 major power stations,
totalling 1,558,000 kw.
Educational: 41 institutions of higher education:
Leningrad State University and the following insti-
tutes and academies: polytechnical, mining, techno-
logical, electrical engineering, constructional
engineering, precision mechanics and optics, textile,
refrigeration technology, aviation equipment con-
struction, electrotechnical communications, agri-
cultural, agricultural mechanization, shipbuilding,
railroad transport, water transport, engineer-
economics, finance-economics, industrial, engineering-
seamanship, hydrometeorological, chemical-pharma-
ceutical, sanitation-hygiene, Soviet trade, forestry
(2), food industry technology, film engineers, drama,
painting-sculpture-architecture, library, state con-
servatoire, industrial art, pedagogical (4), first
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Ink:Aral medical, pediatrics, physical culture, veterinary.
(Contd.) 90 tekhnikums and other specialized secondary schools:
industry and construction (42); transport and com-
munications (8); economics and law (5); enlightenment
(9); art (6); health (19); agriculture (1). Refer
also to Leningrad Target Complex Study (A-11, 0153-
9997, March 1950, revised 1951, SECRET) for more
detailed city analysis.
Elaisk 59-42 N; 30-24 E.
Population: 58,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: City subordinate to Leningrad City
Executive Committee.
Airfields: One Class 1 (mu.).
Economic: Brickyard, sawmill, motor vehicle repair
plant, agricultural equipment repair plant, metal
products factory, furniture factory, textile plant,
slaughterhouse.
Educational: Agricultural institute, military school.
Kronshtadt 59-59 N; 29-47 E.
Population: 55,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: City subordinate to Leningrad City
Executive Committee.
Military: Operating base and most important repair
base of Baltic Fleet.
Airfields: One Class 4 (mil.); one Class 7 (mil.).
Economic: Shipyard - does outfitting for the shipbuild-
ing yards in Leningrad city area, and has facilities
for building medium-sized submarines. Liquid fuels
storage (nonrefinery).-
Y.,022Eg 60-43 N; 28-44 E.
Population: 54,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: City of oblast subordination; center
of Vyborgskiy Rayon.
Military: Headquarters, 45th Guards Rifle Div.; naval
training center.
Airfields: One Class 2 (mil.).
Transportation: Division Headquarters, October Rail-
road System; major rail junction; steam engine house,
engine depot; principal seaport.
Economic: Important commercial and industrial center;
shipyard; metalworking; agricultural machinery,
electrical instruments, furniture, fish nets, textiles;
paper milling; fish canneries, brickyard, liquid fuels
storage (nonrefinery).
Educational: Pedagogical institute; school for medical
aids and midwives.
Volkhov
59-54 N; 32-21 E.
Population: 50,000 (1959 est.).
Administration:. City of oblast. subordination; center
of Volkhovskiy Rayon.
Airfields: One Class
Transportation: Division Headquarters, Kirov Railroad
System; major rail junction; engine depot, car repair
shop, steam engine house; turnaround point; classifica-
tion yard; port facilities on Volkhav River.
Economic: Aluminum-refining center; metalworking,
sawmilling, food processing; asphalt concrete plant,
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VOlkhov cement plant, paper combine, porcelain factory;
(Contd.) extraction of refractory clay; liquid fuels storage
(nonrefinery); hydroelectric power plant (80,000 kw.).
Educational: Railroad tekhnikum; railroad, medical
and trade schools.
Gatchina 59-34N; 30-07 E.
Population: 48,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: City of oblast subordination; center
of Gatchinskiy Rayon.
Military: Headquarters, 8th Army.
Airfields: One Class 4 (mil.).
Transportation: October Railroad System; rail junction;
engine depot, steam engine house; turnaround point.
Economic: Industrial center; metalworking; machine
castings plant, motor vehicle repair plant, machine-
foundry plant, aircraft engine repair plant, armament
plant, shale oil distillation plant, cement plant,
lumber milling, peat worke.
Educational: Teachers' school.
Kolpino. 59-45 N; 30-36 E.
Population: 48,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: City subordinate to Leningrad City
Executive Committee.
Economic: Heavy equipment plant produces naval equip-
ment, machine tools, steam engines, steel-rolling
equipment; steel plant, machine shop, motor vehicle
repair plant, tank plant, asphalt plant, chemical
plant, brickworks, sawmill; food processing; liquid
fuels storage (nonrefinery); heat and power plant
(36,000 kw.).
Petrodvorets 59-53 /429-54 E.
Population: 40,000 (1959 est.)
Administration: City subordinate to Leningrad City
Executive Committee.
Transportation: Port facilities.
Economic: Production of industrial gems (for precision
---iZol-7); watch factory; electrical instrument plant.
Educational: Naval academy. Tsar's former palace,
"Petergofon
Sestroretsk 60-06 N; 29-57 E.
Population: 34,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: City subordinate to Leningrad City
Executive Committee.
Transportation: Port facilities on Gulf of Finland.
Economic: Possible guided missile plant, footwear
factory. Metalworking, cutting tool plant,
machine tool plant, chemical plant.
Luga
58-44 N; 29-51 E.
Population: 30,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: City of oblast subordination; center
of Luzhskiy Rayon.
Economic: Metalworking; crucible works, metallurgical
plant, production of bonded abrasives; textile combine,
meat combine, tannery, sawmill, brickworks.
Educational: School for medical aides and midwives.
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Pavlovsk 59-42 N; 30-27 E.
Population: 28,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: City subordinate to Leningrad City
Executive Committee.
Economic: Metalworking, shoe manufacturing, cement
plant, brickworks.
Educational: Trade tekhnikum; agricultural mechaniza-
tion school.
Lomonosov
Uritsk
59-55 N; 29-46 E.
Population: 25,000 (1959 est.)
Administration: City of oblast subordination; center
of Lomonosovskiy Rayon.
Airfields: One Class 6 (mil.)
Transportation: Secondary sea port on the Gulf of
Finland; important base for coastal patrol vessels,
submarines, destroyers and minesweepers.
Economic: Metalworking; machine-foundry plant, railroad
locomotive repair shop, engine repair shop; extraction
and production of construction materials; brickworks,
lumber mills, fish combine, liquid fuels storage
(nonrefinery).
Educational: Nursing school, agricultural mechanization
school.
59-51 N; 30-14 E.,
Population: 25,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Town subordinate to Kirovskiy Rayon
Executive Committee of City of Leningrad.
Economic: Metal and clothing industries.
Lodeynoye Pole 60-44 N; 33-34 E.
Population: 22,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Town of rayon subordination; center
of Lodeynopolskiy Rayon.
Airfields: One Class 2 (mil.).
Transportation: Kirov Railroad System; steam engine
house; locomotive repair shop; port facilities on the
Svir River.
Economic: Railroad servicing enterprises, machine
works, motor vehicle tractor plant, sawmills, brick-
works, meat combine, food processing.
tducational: Railroad tekhnikum, teachers' school.
Naziya 59-51 N; 31-36 E.
Population: 22,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Urban settlement located in Nginskiy
Rayon.
Economic: Large peat-extracting center.
Tikhvin 59-38 N; 33-31E.
Population: 20,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: City of oblast subordination; center
of Tikhvinski,y Rayon.
Transportation: Kirov Railroad System; steam engine
house; turnaround point.
Economic: Woodworking center; sawmilling? alunite
processing; woodpulp-chemical combine, metalworks,
cement plant, peat plant, flour milling, food proces-
sing, liquid fuels storage (nonrefinery).
Educational: Forestry tekhnikum, teacher's chool.
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60-12 N; 29-46 E.
Population: 20,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Town subordinate to Kurortnyy Rayon
Executive Committee of City of Leningrad.
Economic: Health and vacation resort; machine plant.
Kirovsk 59-52 N; 31-00 E.
Population: 18,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Town of rayon subordination located in
Mginskiy Rayon.
Economic: Aluminum plant, ammunition plant, chemical
combine, food processing.
Slantsy 59-06 N; 28-05 E.
Population: 16,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Town of rayon subordination; center of
Slantsevskiy Rayon.
Economic: Shale extraction and processing center; gas-
shale plant; shale-ash brick plant, cement plant,
metalworking plant, motor vehicle parts plant, loco-
motive repair shop; brickyards, sawmill.
qyanovka 59-39 N; 30-46 E.
Population: 16,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Urban settlement located in Tosnenskiy
Rayon.
Transportation: October Railroad System; rail junction.
Economic: Agricultural activity, lumbering and peat
extraction carried on in the area.
Pargolovo,
60-04 N; 30-18 E.
Population: 15,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Urban settlement subordinate to
Stalinskiy Rayon Executive Committee of City of Lenin-
grad.
Military: Headquarters, 63rd Guards Rifle (Mecz?) Div.
Economic: Metalworks; peat extraction nearby.
Podporozhye 60-55 N; 34-12 E.
Population: 15,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Town of rayon subordination; center
of Podporozhskiy Rayon.
Transportation: River port facilities.
Economic: Boat-repair yard, lumber combine, wood
processing, ore dressing plant, metalworks, electric
repair shop, concrete block plant, paper mill, sawmill,
extraction of building materials, food processing;
hydroelectric pcwer plant (160,000 kw).
Strelnya 59-52 N; 30-04 E.
Population: 15,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Urban settlement subordinate to Petro-
dvorets City Executive Committee.
Economic: Shipyard, turpentine plant, metal construction
factory; poultry incubator station.
Tosno
59-33 N; 30-51 E.
Population: 14,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Urban settlement; center of Tosnenskiy
Rayon.
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Tosno
(oz-za.)
Krasnoye Selo
Priozersk
Vsevolozhskiy
DUbrovka
Siverskiy
Vyritsa
Petrokrepost
Boksitogorsk
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Economic: Peat briquet plant, autobus-body plant, motor
vehicle plant, hat factory, sawmilling, brickyards.
59-43 N; 30-09 E.
Population: 12,000 (1959 est.)
Administration: Town of rayon subordination located in
Lomonosovskiy Rayon.
Economic: Paper mill, sawmill, furniture factory,
machine repair shop, peat-processing plant, food
processing.
Educational: Tsar's former Summer Palace.
61-03 N; 30-08 E.
Population: 12,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: City of oblast subordination; center of
Priozerskiy Rayon.
Military: Headquarters, 64th Guards Rifle Div.
Economic: Cellulose-paper combine, sawmill, alcohol
distillery, concrete plant, textile combine, brick-
works.
60-02 N; 30-38 E.
Population: 12,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Urban settlement; center of Vsevolozh-
skiy Rayon.
Economic: Boat-repair yard; peat beds nearby.
59-51 N; 30-55 E.
Population: 11,000 (1959 est.).
Administration; Urban settlement located in Vsevolozh-
skiy Rayon.
Transportation: River port facilities.
Economic: Lumber and paper mill center; manufacture of
prefabricated houses; thermal power station
(300,000 km).
59-21 N; 30-03 E.
Population: 11,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Urban settlement located in Gatchinskiy
Rayon.
Airfields: One Class 2 (mil.).
Economic: Health resort; hydroelectric power plant;
lumber milling.
59-24 N; 30-20 E.
Population: 11,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Urban settlement located in Gatchinskiy
Rayon.
Economic: Sawmilling.
59-55 N; 31-05 E.
Population: 10,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: City of oblast subordination located
in Mginskiy Rayon.
Transportation: Port facilities on the Neva River.
Economic: Shipyard, cellulose and paper combine, high
explosives plant, textile mill, brickyard; peat beds
nearby.
59-25 N; 33-51 E.
Population: 9,000 (1959 est.).
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Boksitoicorsk Administration: Town of rayon subordination; center
(Contd.) of Boksitogorskiy Rayon.
Economic: Aluminum plant (4.2 per cent of USSR
capacity); bauxite mining; cellulose and paper plant,
cement plant, peat dehydration plant; metalworks;
lime deposits.
Kammenogorsk 60-57 N; 29-11:E.
Population: 9,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Town of rayon subordination located
in Lesogorskiy Rayon.
Transportation: Rail junction.
Economic: Paper factory, extraction of granite, sugar
milling.
Pesochnxy
60-08 N; 30-08 E.
Population: 9,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Urban settlement subordinate to
Sestroretskiy Rayon Executive Committee of City of
Leningrad.
Economic: Brickworks.
Pontonnyy 59-47 N; 30-38 E.
Population: 9,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Urban Settlement subordinate to
Kolpino City Executive Committee.
Economic: Veneer and brick producing center; boatbuild-
ding.
Primorsk
60-22 N; 28-36 E.
Population: 9,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Town of rayon subordination in Vyborgskiy
Rayon.
Transportation: Secondary seaport.
Economic: Fish-canning center; paper and sawmilling
nearby.
Ust-Izhora 59-48 N; 30-35 E.
Population: 9,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Urban settlement subordinate to
Kolpino City Executive Committee.
Economies Briamirks, ammilling, shipbuilding.
Imeni Morozova 59-59 N; 31-00 E.
Population: 8,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Urban settlement located in Vsevolozhskiy R.
Economic: Cotton milling.
Kingisepp 59-23 N; 28-36 E.
Population: 8,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Town of rayon subordination; center of
Kingiseppskiy Rayon.
Transportation: Port facilities on Luga River.
Economic: Leather footwear factory; sawmilling, dairying,
food processing, shale extraction.
Lakhtinskiy 60-00 N; 30-07 E.
Population: 8,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Urban settlement subordinate to
Sestroretsk City Executive Committee.
Economic: Peat works.
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LiRovo
Lyuban
Ma_
Petro-
SECRET
59-51 N; 30-14 E.
Population: 8,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Urban settlement subordinate to
Kirovskiy Rayon Executive Committee of City of
Leningrad.
Economic: Truck farming.
59 21 N;31-16 E.
Population: 8,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Town of rayon subordination located
in Tosnenskiy Rayon.
Economic: Veneer factory, brickworks, sawmill.
59-45 N; 31-02 E.
Population: 8,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Urban settlement; center of Nginskiy
Rayon.
Transportation: October Railroad System; rail junction;
steam engine house.
Economic: Railroad servicing center; railroad equip-
ment repair shop, lumber mill, extraction and produc-
tion of construction materials, food processing, peat
extraction nearby.
Slavyanka 59-48 N; 30-30 E.
Population: 80000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Urban settlement subordinate to
Kolpino City Executive Committee.
Economic: Truck farming, dairying.
Svirstroy 60-48 N; 33-44 E.
Population: 8,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Urban settlement located in Lodeynopol-
skiy Rayon.
Economic: Possible guided missile plant, steel parts
factory, railroad car plant, paper mill, sawmill,
ship-repair yard, fish cannery, flour mill, food
processing, liquid fuels storage (nonrefinery); hydro-
electric power station (100,000 kw).
VolodarskiY 59-49 N30-06 E.
Population: 8,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Urban settlement subordinate to
Petrodvorets City Executive Committee.
Economic: Truck farming.
Budogoshch 59-17 N; 32-28 E.
Population: 7,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Urban settlement; center of Kirishskiy
Rayon.
Economic: Brickworks.
Ivan-Gorod 59-22 N; 28-13 E.
Population: 7,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Town of rayon subordination located in
Kingiseppskiy Rayon.
Airfields: One Class 5 (mil.).
Economic: Flax-jute mill; fishing.
Educational: Textile tekhnikum.
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Otradnoye 59-46 N; 30-49 E.
Population: 7,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Urban settlement located in Mginskiy'
Rayon.
Economic: Brickworks.
Syasstroy 60-08 N; 32-34 E.
Population: 7,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Urban settlement located in Novoladozh-
skiy Rayon.
Economic: Cellulose-paper combine, woodworking, caustic
soda 'plant, chlorine plant, peat works, briekyard, ?
electric motor repair shop, machine factory, sawmill,
shipyard, food processing.
Druzhnaya
Gorka
Kikerino
Krasnyy Bor
59-18 N; 30-08 E.
Population: 6,000 (1959 est.).
Administration; Urban settlement located in Gatchinskiy
Rayon.
Economic: Glass manufacturing center; production of
laboratory apparatus, glass implements and dishes.
59-30 N; 29-36 E.
Population: 6,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Urban settlement located in VolosovskiY
Rayon.
Economic: China-ceramics factory, construction materials
industry, lime plant, brickyard, liquid fuel storage
(nonrefinery).
59-41 N; 30-35 E.
Population: 6,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Urban settlement located in Tosnenskiy
Rayon.
Economic: Glass manufacturing center.
LesogorskiY 61-03 N; 28-54 E.
Population: 6,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Urban settlement; center of Lesogorskiy
Rayon.
Economic: Sawmilling and paper milling center; fodder
mixing plant.
Levashevo
60-06 N; 30-12 E.
Population: 6,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Urban settlement subordinate to Stalin-
skiy Rayon (ward) Executive Committee of City of
Leningrad.
Airfields: One Class 4 (mil.).
Economic: Truck farming, dairying.
Novaya Ladoga 60-07 N; 32-19 E.
Population: 6,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Town of rayon subordination; center of
Novoladozhskiy Rayon.
Airfields: One Class 5 (mil.); one Class 6 (mil.).
Transportation: Port facilities on Lake Ladoga at
mouth of Volkhov River.
Economic: Ship-repair yard, fishing fleet base, fish
cannery, vodka distillery.
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Pikalevo
SECRET
59-35 N; 34-05 E.
Population: 6,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Town of rayon subordination located in
Boksitogorskiy Rayon.
Economic: Construction materials industry; building
trust, cement works, slate plant, aluminum plant,
motor vehicle repair plant.
Sinyavino 59-50 N; 31-07 E.
Population: 6,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Urban settlement located in Mginskiy
Rayon.
Economic: Peat extracting center.
Sovetakiy 45-20 N; 34-56 E.
Population: 6,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Urban settlement located in Vyborgskiy
Rayon.
Economic: Cellulose-paper combine.
Kirishi 59-28 N; 32-00.E.
Population: 5,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Urban settlement located in Kirishskiy
Rayon.
Transportation: Port facilities on Volkhov River.
Economic: Sawmilling and woodworking center.
Lisiy Nos 60-01 N; 30-00 E.
Population: 5,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Urban settlement subordinate to
Sestroretsk City Executive Committee.
Economic: Asphalt plant.
4batskoye 59-51 N; 30-30 E.
Population: 5,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Urban settlement subordinate to
Nevskiy Rayon Executive Committee of City of Leningrad.
Economic: Sawmilling center.
Svetogorsk 61-09 N; 28-48 E.
Population: 5,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: City of oblast subordination located
in Lesogorskiy Rayon.
Economic: Cellulose-paper milling center; chlorine
plant, caustic soda plant; 2 hydroelectric power
plants (100,000 kw each).
Tolmachevo 58-52 N; 29-54 E.
Population: 5,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Urban settlement located in Luzhskiy
Rayon.
Economic: Sawmilling center; brickworks, ceramics
plant, peat enterprises, dairy products plant.
Volosovo 59-26 N; 29-28 E.
Population: 5,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Urban settlement; center of Volosovskiy
Rayon.
Airfields: One Class 5 (mil.).
Economic: Lime and gypsum processing, dairy products
plant, liquid fuels storage (nonrefinery).
Educational: Dairy products industry tekhnikum.
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Voznesenie 61-01 N; 35-29 E.
Population: 5,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Urban settlement located in Podporozh-
Vysotsk
skiy Rayon.
Transportation: Port facilities on Lake Onega at outlet
of Svir River.
Economic: Fishing center; metalworks.
60-38 N; 28-34 E.
Population: 5,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Town of rayon subordination located
in Vyborgskiy Rayon.
Transportation: Secondary seaport on the Gulf of
Finland.
Economic: Health resort; lumber shipping.
Kobrinskoye 59-25 N; 30-07 E.
Population: 3,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Urban settlement located in Gatchinskiy
Rayon.
Economic: Peat processing center.
Kommunar
Krasnoostrov-
59-37 N; 30-24 E.
?opulation: 3,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Urban settlement located in Gatchinskiy
Rayon.
Economic: Truck farming, dairying.
60-18 N; 28-40 E.
Population: 3,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Urban settlement located in Vyborgskiy
Rayon.
Economic: Fishing center; fishing kolkhoz, fish
combine.
Educational: Merchant marine academy.
Moziwskis. 59-43 N; 30-06 E.
Population: 3,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Urban settlement located in Lomonosov-
skiy Rayon.
Economic: Truck farming; dairying.
Nikolskiy 59-23 N; 39-20 E.
Population: 3,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Urban settlement located in Podporozh-
skiy Rayon.
Economic: Lumbering.
RAWAya 60-05 N; 30-50 E.
Population: 3,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Urban settlement located in Vsevolozh-
skiy Rayon.
Economic: Peat-extracting center.
Sviritsa 60-28 N; 32-53 E.
Population: 3,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Urban settlement located in Novoladozh-
skiy Rayon.
Transportation: Port facilities on the Pasha River at
its confluence with the Svir River.
Economic: Ship-repair shops, metalworks.
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Torkovichi 58-51 N; 30-21 E.
Population: 3,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Urban settlement located in Oredezhskiy
Rayon.
Economic: Glass manufacturing center.
Bolshaya
Izhora 59-56 N; 29-31 E.
Population: 2,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Urban settlement located in Lomonosov-
skiy Rayon.
Economic: Brickworks.
Thaw
Fornosovo
Novgorod
59-58 N; 30-58 E.
Population: 2,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Urban settlement located in Vsevolozh-
skiy Rayon.
Economic: Peat beds nearby; paper milling.
59-35 N; 30-35 E.
Population: 2,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Urban settlement located in Tosnenskiy
Rayon.
Economic; Truck farming.
NOVGORODSKAYA OBLAST
58-31 N; 31-17 E.
Population: 51,00041959 est.).
Administration: Capital of Novgorodskaya Oblast; city
of oblast subordination; Oblast Committee of Communist
Party; Oblast Executive Committee; MVD Department of
Local Anti-Air Defense; Oblast Society for Cooperation
with Army, Air Force and Navy (DOSAAF); Oblast Red
Cross Society.
Airfields: One Class 5 (mnt.).
Transportation: October Railroad System; rail junction;
steam engine house; port facilities on the Volkhov
River.
Economic: Ship-repairing, woodworking, food processing;
railroad servicing enterprises, flour milling, meat
packing, distilling; tile plant, radio parts plant,
motor vehicle rapair plant, tractor repair plant,
reinforced concrete plant, vodka distillery, mixed
fodder plant, macaroni factory, sawmill, brickworks,
manufacture of matches, porcelain, liquid fuels
storage (nonrefinery).
Educational: Pedagogical institute.
Borevichi 58-23 N; 33-54 E.
Population: 48,000 (1959 est.).
?Administration: City of oblast subordination, center of
Borovichskiy Rayon.
Airfields: One Class 4 (jnt.).
Transportation: October Railroad System; rail-spur
terminus.
Economic: Largest industrial center in Novgorodskaya
Oblast: clay-processing center; metalworking, paper
and lumber processing, textile manufacturing, ceramics
factory, cotton-spinning plant, paper plant, timber-
processing plant, mechanical brick plant, distillery,
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Borovichi
(Contd.)
Staraya Russa
SECRET
knitted-wear factory, leather footwear factory,
cement plant, aluminum plant, machine plant, saw-
mill; mining of lignite.
Educational: Metallurgical-ceramics tekhnikum, road-
mechanization tekhnikum, teachers' school, school
for medical aides and midwives.
57-59'N; 31-22 E.
Population: 36,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: City of oblast subordination, center
of Starorusslay Rayon.
Airfields: One Class 5 (mil.).
Transportation; October Railroad System; steam engine
house; river port facilities.
Economic: Woodworking, veneering, brickyard, sawmill,
tile manufacturing, agricultural-machinery shop,
flour mill, ammunition plant; gypsum and salt deposits
nearby.
Malaya Vishera 58-51 N; 32-14 E.
Population; 16,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Town of rayon subordination; center of
Malovisherskiy Rayon.
Transportation: October Railroad System; turnaround
point; steam engine house, railroad car repair shop.
Economic: Railroad-servicing enterprises, glass and
brick plant, sewing machine factory.
Parakhino-
Poddubye 58-25 N; 33-17 E.
Population: 15,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Urban settlement located in Okulovskiy
Chudovo
Kresttsy
Pestovo
Rayon.
Economic: Paper-milling center.
59-10 N; 31-39 E.
Eopulation: 9,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Town of rayon subordination; center of
Chudovskiy Rayon.
Transportation: October Railroad System; rail junction;
turnaround point.
Economic; Match-manufacturing center; sawmilling, glass
factory, brickworks, cement mill, metalworks, shoe
factory, ammunition plant; shale deposits.
58-15 N; 32-32 E.
Population: 9,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Urban settlement; center of Krestetskiy
Rayon.
Transportation: October Railroad System; rail-spur
terminus.
Economic: Wood-processing center; sawmill, woodworking
plants.
58-36 N; 35-48 E.
Population: 9,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Urban settlement; center of Pestovskiy
Rayon.
Economic: Lumber center; sawmilling, lumber combine,
flax processing, juice extracting, automobile-servicing
plant, sewing factory.
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Soltsy
SECRET
58-07 N; 30-19 E.
Population: 9,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Town of rayon subordination; center of
Soletskiy Rayon.
Military: Special weapons storage site (Target 0153-
0929).
Airfields: One Class 1 (mil.)
Economic: Lumber center; sawmilling, woodworking, paper
mill, flax processing; brickyard.
Okulovka 58-23 N; 33-18 E.
Population: 8,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Urban settlement; center of Okulovskiy
Rayon.
Transportation: October Railroad System; rail junction.
Economic: Railroad-servicing enterprises; garment
factory, embroidery factories, gypsum and lime process-
ing.
Testovo-Netyl-
isittz
Valder
58-57 N; 31-05 E.
Population: 8,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Urban settlement located in Novgorod-
skiy Rayon.
Economic: Peat-processing center; construction-materials
plants.
57-59 N; 33-15 E.
Population: 6,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Town of rayon subordination; center of
Valdayskiy Rayon.
Economic: Woodworking; furniture factory, embroidery
plant, brickworks, fruit processing, sawmill.
Educational: Pedagogical school, nursing school.
Kulotino 58-27 N; 33-22 E.
Population: 5,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Urban settlement; center of Okulovskiy
Rayon.
Economic: Flax processing, linen mills.
Educational: Agricultural mechanization tekhnikum.
.Uglovka
Bolshaya
Vishera
Parfino
58-14 N; 33-31 E.
Population: 5,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Urban settlement located in OkulovskiyR.
Transportation: October Railroad System; rail junction.
Economic: Limestone combine, gravel quarry, brickworks,
gypsum processing, peat enterprises, dairy.
58-55 N; 32-05 E.
Population: 4,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Urban settlement in Malovisherski7
Rayon.
Economic: Glass manufacturing center.
58-00 N; 31-38 E.
Population: 4,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Urban settlement located in Starorusskiy
Rayon.
Economic: Lumber-processing center; veneering.
-109-
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0
SECRET
Proletari7 58-26 N; 31-42 E.
Population: 4,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Urban settlement; center of Metinskiy
Rayon.
Economic: Ceramics plant.
Zarubino 58-42 N; 33-30 E.
Population: 4,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Urban settlement located in Lyubytinskiy
Rayon.
Economic: Refractory clay extraction center; mechanized
mining enterprises, lignite deposits.
Krasnofar
42-Ma
59-08 N; 31-51 E.
Population: 3,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Urban settlement located in ChudovskiY
Rayon.
Transportation: Port facilities on Volkhov River.
Economic: Porcelain manufacturing.
VslOya 58-23 N; 33-58 E.
Population: 3,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Urban settlement subordinate to Boro-
vichi City Executive Committee.
Economic: Paper milling, spinning mill, metalworking
enterprise.
Khvoynaya 58-54 N; 34-31 E.
Population: 2,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Urban settlement; center of Khvoynin-
skiy Rayon.
Airfields: One Class 5 (mil.).
Economic: Railroad servicing enterprises; metalworking.
Komarovo 58-39 N; 33-27 E.
Population: 2,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Urban settlement located in Lyubytin-
skiy Rayon.
Economic: Lignite mining in the area.
Educational: Agricultural mechanization school.
Krechevitsy 58-37 N; 31-24 E.
Population: 2,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Urban settlement located in NovgorodskiY
Rayon.
Airfields: One Class 2 (mil.).
Transportation: Minor river port facilities.
Economic: Extraction and production of building mate-
rials.
Pskov
PSKOVSKAYA OBLAST
57-50 N; 28-20 E.
Population: 71,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Capital of Pskovskaya Oblast; city of
oblast subordination; Oblast Committee of Communist
Party; Oblast Executive Committee; MVD Department of
Local Anti-Air Defense; Oblast Society for Cooperation
with Army, Air Force and Navy (DOSAAF); Oblast Red
Cross Society.
SECRET
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2013/11/20: CIA-RDP81-01043R002600040003-2
?
Pskov
TSTIT01.)
SECRET
Military: Headquarters, 76th (Airborne?) Guards Rifle
Div.
Airfields: One Class 2 (jnt.).
Transportation: Division Headquarters, October Rail-
road System; large rail junction; engine depot, steam.
engine house; river port facilities.
Economic: Industrial center of Pskovskaya Oblast;
production of flax-processing machines, flax-process-
ing industry, flax-linen combine, food processing,
poultry combine, grain mills, bread combine, fish
cannery, meat combine, distillery, brewery, metal-
working industry, metallist works, motor repair and
auto repair plants, railroad servicing enterprises,
garment industry, garment and footwear plants,
woodworking plant, asphalt and concrete plant, binder-
twine plant, brickyard, lime plant, peat-processing
plant, boatyard, liquid fuels storage (nonrefinery).
Educational: Pedagogical institute, civil construction
tekhnikum, agricultural tekhnikum.
Velikiye Luki 56-20 N; 30-32 E.
Population: 55,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: City of ',blast subordination located
in Pskovskaya Oblast (until October 1957 center of
Velikolukskaya Oblast).
Airfields: One Class 4 (jnt.).
Transportation: Division Headquarters, Kalinin Railroad
System; large rail junction; engine depot, steam
engine house, railroad car repair shop.
Economic: Construction-materials industry (cement and
lime deposits nearby), 2 brickworks; lumber industry,
match factory, food-processing industry, meat combine,
mechanized foundry.
Educational: Pedagogical institute, railroad tekhnikum.
Nevel 56-01 N; 29-59 E.
Population: 28,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Town of rayon subordination; center of
Nevelskiy Rayon.
Transportation: Kalinin Railroad System; rail junction;
turnaround point.
Economic: Flax-processing plant, dairy products plant,
juice-extracting plant, 2 brickworks.
Educational: Teachers' school, school for medical aides.
Ostrov
Dno
57-21 N; 28-22 E.
Population: 14,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Town of rayon subordination; center of
Ostrovskiy Rayon.
Military: Special weapons storage Gorodhovka Airfield
(Target 0153-0941).
Airfields: One Class 1 (mil.).
Economic: Flax processing, brickworks, dairying,poultry
combine, liquid fuel storage (nonrefinery).
57-50 N; 29-59 E.
Population: 10,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Town of rayon subordination; center of
Dnovskiy Rayon.
Transportation: Division Headquarters, October Rail-
road System; major rail junction; engine depot, stem
engine house, railroad car repair shop.
SECRET
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2013/11/20: CIA-RDP81-01043R002600040003-2
Dno
Td;ntd.)
SECRET
Economic; Railroad-servicing enterprises.
Gdov 58-44 N; 27-50 E.
Population: 10,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Town of rayon subordination; center of
Gdovskiy Rayon.
Airfield: One Class 5 (mil.).
Transportation: River port facilities.
Economic: Fishing and lumbering center; fish canning
plant, sawmills, woodworking, basket weaving, brick-
yard, shale extraction nearby.
gplc!lka 56-50 N; 28-40 E.
Population: 10,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Town of rayon subordination; center of
Opochetskiy Rayon.
Economic: Flax-processing industry; food processing;
woodworking.
Educational: Teachers' school.
Novosokolniki 56-26 N; 30-05 E.
Population: 9;000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Town of rayon subordination; center of
Novosokolnicheskiy Rayon.
Transportation: Kalinin Railroad System; rail junction;
steam engine house.
Economic: Railroad-servicing enterprises; food process-
ing, poultry-incubator station, brickworks.
rorkhov 57-46 N; 29-34 E.
Population: 8,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Town of rayon subordination; center of
Porkhovskiy Rayon.
Economic: Flax:processing; dairy, poultry-incubator
station. Peat extraction nearby.
Sebezh
144alya
Pechory
56-17 N; 28-29 E.
Population: 8,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Town of rayon subordination; center of
Sebezhskiy Rayon.
Economic: Peat-extraction plant, building materials
enterprise, food processing, cloth-weaving plant,
boat factory.
Educational: Agricultural teckhnikum, agricultural
construction tekhnikum.
56-53 N; 30-10 E.
Population: 6,000.
Administration: Urban settlement; center of Loknyanskiy
Rayon.
Economic: Agricultural equipment repair shop, juice-
extracting plant, cheese-manufacturing plant, sawmill,
poultry-incubator station.
57-48 N; 27-36 E.
Population: 5,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Town of rayon subordination; center of
Pechorskiy Rayon.
Military: Headquarters, 2nd Guards Tank Div.
Transportation: Brick-tile plant; flax processing.
- 112 -
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?
SECRET
Pechory Educational: Teachers school, school for medical aides
(Contd.) and 'midwives, school for veterinarians.
Idritsa 56-25 N; 28-55 E.
Population: 4,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Urban settlement; center of Idritskiy
Rayon.
Economic: libodworking combine, brick-tile plant, flax-
processing plant.
Kholra
57-10 N; 31-10 E.
Population: 4,000 (1959 t
Administration: Town of rayon subordination; center of
KhoImBkiy Rayon.
Economic: Brickworks.
Pustoshka 56-19 N; 29-22 E.
Population: 4,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Town of rayon subordination; center of
Novorzhev
Pustoshkinskiy Rayon.
Economic: Flax processing, say/milling, brickworks.
57-02 N; 29-21 E.
Population: 3,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Town of rayon subordination; center of
Novorzhevskiy Rayon.
Economic: Flax processing, butter plant.
PYtalovo 57-03 N; 27-52 E.
Population: 3,000 (1959 est.).
Administration: Town of rayon subordination; center of
Pytalovskiy Rayon.
Transportation: Latvian Railroad System; rail junction
(Abrene).
Economic: Flax growing area.
- 133 -
SECRET
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3
61'
30
59'
CO
3-
en
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/11/20: CIA-RDP81-01043R002600040003-2
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L___ NAUTICAL
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TOY TO PLACE E.A.Es
MOLOTOV - er lutO?D
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/11/20: CIA-RDP81-01043R002600040003-2
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/11/20: CIA-RDP81-01043R002600040003-2
e
t.
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i
MAP III
LENINGRAD ECONOMIC -ADMINISTRATIVE REGION
0 LENINGRADSKAYA, 0 NOVGORODSK AYA,
AND 0 PSKOVSKAYA (INCLUDING
PART OF FORMER VELIKOLUKSKAYMOBLASIS
SCHEMATIC OUTLINE
POPULATION
) t? - .
I -%
t r?
l. l
I..-1 1...nya
I
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11
(
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N..... .
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tAtE
? ? INT ERNATIONAL 110UNIIARY
????? REPIJOLIC SOLINOARY
nolAss -..ss. soimod,
RAYON BOUND/AY
NATIONAL ?KRUG IDOUNDARY
zoo.ccomo van
e too coo - 5C0 000
O 5000D -100.000
O 20000 - 50.000
? 10 000 -20.000
O LESS THAN 10 000
PO4 0110.
MEV TO MACE NAI,ES
MOLOTOV - otftsoc eft
vsk - to? 0, MAST OS alt. S.
OCNEN - /0.0.01 A.D.. V..1.0.0 A.T4C.
en., - Pfl 5.?1,1./.1
- NON u????..,0,,L,CD PlArt
..... vS10 ?
.aysTovi 1..1 SIC
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/11/20: CIA-RDP81-01043R002600040003-2
35
,t,?? 3
ProlviS,D s ..? C? .4," C. ICV1.11
AION.0 A,Nv
ZA134
10 TAM,
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/11/20: CIA-RDP81-01043R002600040003-2
1 1 1 1 1 1 I I
9.
?'?
! r? ? KAWENNOCORSR
IV'
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KARELSKAYA ASSR
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K A R E L SK A VA A S S R
36 30'
SECRET
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5,111540TE
If SivOIR
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VUOKSA
02E050
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? PODPOROITIVE
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ON iv,
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(Bary1114.)
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1150
E T0
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LAKE L ADOGA
CANAL
NOVAYA LADOGA
LOOEYNOTE POLE
ROKREPOST
LENINGRAD
Scir zALiV
(NEPA)
DvbroMmi?
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KINGISEPP
KRASNOTE SOLO
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(P0manArr.o) ?
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AKE PEIPUS
ro AlGa
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PYTALOVO
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V ?
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? 1' 20i?
Suschoro,
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? IBANOLLITI
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LAKE ILMEN
STARAYA RUSSA.?
PUSTOSHK
VEITHIVE LUAU
St
?
e ?
4
?
50
0
I KILOMETERS
?
30 A? 50
ISTATUTE MILES 0
4? SO
NAUTICAL MILES 5
28' 30
29?
NOVOSOKOLNIKi
LACE
NEAL
SKA VA
'
S S RI
B
LANE
vEL1
,_?C
A T ( s * S
? (R
skOs
)S M
30' 30
31 '
? MALAYA V1SHERA
ao 32'
THebokh11
0514
MV/0
SOROVICNI
c,
0
0
US
MAP IV
1.? ",LENINGRAD ECONOMIC -ADMINISTRATIVE REGION
0 LENINGRADSKAYA, ONCVGORODSKAYA;
?ct.
AND 0 PSKOVSKAYA (INCLUDING
PART OF FORMER VELIKOLUKSKAYA) ?BLASTS
SCHEMATIC OUTLINE
TRANSPORTATION AND RILSOURCES
LEGEND
SINGLE TRACK RAILROAD
DOUBLE TRACK RAILROAD
NARROW GAUGE RAILROAD
0. AV 00 ROAD
WATER IMMO ROUTE
*Ps KILL. 00.9 PIPEUNE
0 PRINCIPAL PORT
III SECONDARY PORT
0
US
7,
340
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/11/20: CIA-RDP81-01043R002600040003-2
RESOURCES
GRAIN
LITESTOCK
If TIMBER
magfwg
?
SHALE
PEAT
OTHER MINERALS
ACT TO PLACE NAMES
MOLOTOV ? CITH Of P(PROLIC toKOKOMMION
ESE ? OTT Of OOm$1?KK0T,Of Asso KKK.
OCHER ? TOOT. OP ROTOR SupoPmwmom
Omar ? of IAN SETTLIKENT
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ILL TYPE SUE
30 35. 30
000050/501fOlINCAL Ast, 00N50105 LUPYtIf NODJ
nitamp !WANK ? t MICK MUM" M COMAS*
6'
30
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