(SANITIZED)NEWSPAPER ARTICLES ON MEXICO, INDIA, PUERTO RICO, AND TIBET(SANITIZED)

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP81-01043R003800210002-1
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• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 11
• Document Creation Date: December 27, 2016
• Document Release Date: February 26, 2014
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: June 12, 1959
• Content Type: OPEN SOURCE

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_ I .3 ? 1.A. a
JUN 1 2 .159
MEXICO'S REMARKABLE PROGRESS
A LESSON AND A WARNING
FOR INDIA
By ASOKA MEHTA
Iwent to Mexico to understand the remarkable develop-
ment achieved in the country: an annual rate of
growth in the economy of 7% to 81 and agricultural
production taking a lead in it. How is it done?
I asked Dr Manuel Sanchez
Sart?. Professor of Economics,
Universidad Nacional de Mexico,
if he thought Mexico had achiev-
ed the .'take off", had moved
from the stage of underdevelop-
ment to that of a developing eco-
nomy. His response was affirm-
ative. How has this difficult
transition been achieved?
In many ways conditions in
Mexico and India are similar,
our problems comparable. Only
Mexico has gone further on the
road to development and its ex-
perience therefore provides us
both encouragement and warn-
ing. So ricaht fact is the mate-
rial, fronn?bplfilithe points of
; View,.?tharit"would be of im-
mense help if the Planning Com-
mission would send out a mixed
team of economists and sociolog-
ists to study the lessons.
My stay in Mexico was much
too short and though I met a
number of informed persons my
report must be treated as sketchy.
Mexico is almost half the size
of India and its population is
nearly 35 million. The out-
standing fact about Mexico is its
proximity to the giant on the
north, the USA. That proximity
shapes to a considerable extent,
for better or for worse, the des-
tiny of Mexico.
PEACE AND STABILITY
Mexico has enjoyed peace and
stable government for over a
generation. In terms of Latin
American conditions Mexicans
enjoy democratic rights. The
fact however remains that there
is, in effective political terms,
just one party, the Institutional
Revolutionary Party that has con-
trolled the administration for
many years. Political pressures
of democracy are not keenly felt,
though they are slowly on the in-
crease.
Between 1910 and 1940 the em-
phasis was on agrarian reforms.
Nearly half the land was affected
by the reforms, u here the big
estates were broken un, small
holdings set bp on condition that
they were non-transferable by
sale or mortgage and had to be
'personally cultivated. The other
half of the lands were not
touched because they then lacked
elements of fertility. The agra-
rian reforms set up the economic
fermentation The quondom
land-owners flocked to the capital
and sought to turn their resources
and skills to non-agricultural
purposes. Everyone in Mexico
traces the origin of economic
development to the agrarian re-
forms which incidentally sup-
plies the political mythology of
the nation.
The high-water mark of this
phase was the administration. of
President Cardenas (1934-40).
It was then that the petroleum
industry was nationalized. With
the next President, Camacho, a
new emphasis developed. Indus-
trialization and increased pro-
duction became the immediate
national goal, and foreign invest-
ment was encouraged by the
Government: "Less attention has
been given in recent years to how
the pie is sliced, and more em-
phasis is being put on produc-
ing a bigger pie."
Me:sico has made great pro-
gress on many fronts since 1940.
During 1939-54 the volume of
agricultural production increased
155% and industrial production
increased by 76%. There has
been a real break-through in
agricultural production For ex-
ample, between 1950 and 1955
the population increased 15% (a
very high rate of increase) and
the gross national production
rose 27%, but the agricultural
production increased by 43%.
Almost everyone I talked to
seems agreed that the impulse for
economic expansion came from
the industrial sector, and in agri-
culture it was spread by the
Government's devoted efforts at
expanding irrigation. Initially,
the Government spent 80% of
their investment in agriculture
on irrigation, mainly construc-
tion of dams, etc, that is, large-
scale irrigation. Later, it was
realized that much greater results
would ensue if the same invest-
ments were spread on medium
and small irrigation. The em-
phasis has now shifted.
Irrigation facilities, particular-
ly sinking of deep wells, changed
the position of lands in the north
that had escaped redistribution.
A large part of 1.3 million
hectares of irrigated land creat-
ed in 1940-55 were added In the
north, and there the use of trac-
tors jumped up from 4,620 to
55.478. Cotton production increas-
ed 462?;. and a crop of agricul-
tural millionaires (in peso of
course) appeared. The lands that
had escaped reforms, and that
were often in the hands of thv.
post-revolutionary elite, made
the spurt.
The attention of the adminis-
tration is mostly directed to the
productive sector in agriculture
For instance, the yield of corn,
the staple of the poor, has not
gone up very much. When I asked
Arnaldo Lerma, Director, Fede-
ral Agricultural Extension Ser-
vice, as to what was being done
to help the poorer peasants, his
reply was: "The most revolution-
ary step in Mexico would be to
undo the reforms, but no one
has the courage to suggest it. In
Mexico agricultural reforms are
the sacred cows!'
PRODUCTION DOUBLED
By bringing new lands into
cultivation wheat production has
been doubled in three years, but
again through large-scale efforts
(The harvested area increased by
4.1 million nectares, or 69%,
from 1940 to 1954.)
While capitalist farming
grows, the tiny farms work with
traditional methods, and the gulf
between the two grows. As many
discerning Mexicans told me, the
mistake made was that too much
had been invested in materials
and too little men. One has to
build new men to sustain a new
society.
Some of the old sugarcane
farms with the Complex of pro-
cessing and manufacturing indus-
tries were converted into co-
operatives. They have worked
well, because of the high degree
of development and heavy
capitalization. The other co-
operatives?ejidoes?have en-
countered rough weather. The co-
operatives a:ave tended to foster
corruption. To avoid concen-
tration of control, the law laid
down that no one can be re-
elected in a co-operative. The
result has been constant split-
ting. I was told that some co-
operatives had split three or four
times in succession to evade the
law!
Other laws passed to help the
weak 'nave tended to breed cor-
ruption and add to the burdens
Of the poor. Agricultural mar-
keting, has worked in that
fashion, so also laws against
transfer of cattle. The toll of
corruption makes a mockery of
most legislation.
Industrial development spread
from production of "ubiquitous
goods" like beer, wines, cotton
textiles to other consumers', in-
termediate and producers' goods.
As soon as a new industry is
established, tariff walls are set
up, often prohibitive import
quotas Introduced. I was how-
ever told that nowadays the
rate of protection is lower, and
the Mexican industries are facing
competition.
The tax rates are low. Only
about 8% of the national income
is gathered up in the exchequer.
New industries enjoy a fairly
long period of tax holiday. The
profit margin tends to be large.
Manuel German Parra, a
leading Mexican economist,
has shown that in 1955 one-
hundredth of the gainfully em-
ployed population took 66% of
the national income, while the
remaining 99% of the popula-
tion received only 34% of the
income; in 1940 the distribution
had been exactlo the reverse.
MODERNIST OASIS
A recent Fortune article stat-
ed, "Indeed, it might correctly
be said that the true hero of
tha Mexican investment boom
is the ordinary Mexican worker,
whose acceptance of a declin-
ing real income has in effect
'subsidized' mucn of the nation's
bu:iding ... It is a token of Mexi-
co's political stability that this
programme of chronic inflation
has been accompanied by no
political disorders or even by
any noticeable diminution in
the popularity of the party in
power."
I inquired as to how this could
happen, I was told that while
an individual's real income may
have gone down, due to rapid
increase in total employment.'
family incomes had remained as
high or sometimes higher than
before.
Sr Manuel Alvarado, the bril-
liant economist of the Financiera
Intercontinental S.A., had an-
other or additional explanation
to offer: Anything between one-
seventh to one-fifth of Mexico's
population is in the capital
city and its environs In spite
of the State being Federal, the
administration is highly central-
ized, as is the ruling party, and
the 29 federating States have
little real power. The energetic.
people, the potential opposition,
flock to the capital. There the
Government maintains a
modernist oasis in an otherwise
traditional economy. Transport
is subsidized, hospitalization is
first class, educational oppor-
tunities great. In short, the capi-
tal is provided with conditions of
welfare and the periphery per-
mitted to shift for itself.
TROUBLE COMING
My reading is that Mexico's
halcyon days are coming to .an
end?unless of course U.S. capi-
tal flows even more abundantly
(to-day from 10% to 15%
of the national income comes
from across the northern fron-
tier)?and the time of trouble
is round the corner, The recent
crop of strikes has, as it were,
served the notice.
Mexico's development has been
spectacular but it has not besn
balanced, In social and politic-
al terms While it can provide
us with many significant hints, it
has a lot more warnings to offer:
The growth of agricultural pro-
duction has enabled commercial
crops to provide 60% of
the exports?that is what should
be in a developing country. On
the other hand, that trade and
services should account for 40%
of the national income is indi-
cative of maldevelopment.
Our Prime Minister must
realize that if the Left proves
ineffective, the Right, often from
the same 'party, will take over
A lopsided development can in-
crease production, provide op-
portunities to the energetic but
can condemn the mass of peop:e
to distress. There is the con-
stant danger of development of
the Centre occurring al. the cost
of the extremities. Hence the
need for well-planned counter-
vailing measures which are the
core of democratic socialism.
STAT
?
TAT
STAT
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" I
JUR 1 1959
FASCINATING AS-15-EQ-
OF PUERTO RICO 't
SMALL ISLAND DOES BIG
?
BUSINESS
By ASOKA INIEKTA
pUERTO Rico is a small island in the Caribbean
cluster, with a population of 2.3 million (with
900.000 more in the USA), that has worked out Common-
wealth relationship with the USA.
The story of the fight
over status is well described in
a recent book, "Puerto Rico
Middle Road to Freedom". by
Carl J. Friedrich of Harvard
University. The question of
status is still the main issue in
politic&: the two Opposition
parties are known as the State
Party and the Independence
Party.
Puerto Rico has essayed a re-
markable development., With its
bootstrap, it claims to have
pulled itself up to the path of
expanding prosperity. There
are some special advantages
that the island enjoys, such as
the large immigration facilities
to the USA and its inclusion in
the tariff-free market of the
USA which also enables it to at-
tract vast capital. But there
are enough tools and techniques
shaped in Puerto Rico that are
? of intereit to us.
The Governor, 'Luis Munoz
Marin, is an outstanding person
? by any standard. He has the
genius to collect round him
gifted men of divergent capaci-
ties ?and orientations and to
orchestrate them through his
many-sided personality. The key
instrument of development is
the Planning Board which has a
staff of 450. How many of our
States have,, sought to have a
brain trust of this kind? More
than in the USA, in India the
egg-heads are suspect'
KEY. INSTRUMENT
. The miin impulse Pr deve-
lopment has come frcim industri-
alization, mainly sponsored in-
dustrialization The Economic
Development Administration has
a flexible instrument for this
task. How great a role the
EDA?"Fomento"?plays is
brought out by the following
table:
mAsaIrAcTusimG NET INCOME
PRODUCED
(In of Dollars/
Fiscal Sugar ? Fomento All ? % '
Years, Tobacco P1ant1. Plants. Fom
e. o,d ento
fr,thistries.
1950 312 83 846 93
1951 37 6 12.6 106.5 11.8
1952 36.5 138 113 8 i36
306 131 1 33.3
45.4 144 8 314
550 151 4 363
75.0 175.3 42.8
1953 353
1954 363
1955 33.5
15*6 33.8
Inc.'ease
from
195o 8.3% 814.65 107 2:
The Fomento is a promotional
organization Often when a new
industry is promoted. the Fom-
ento staff that was working on
.the project joins the new enter-
prise. The Fomento likes such
rapid turnover.
INCENTIVES
Various concessions are offer-
ed to entrepreneurs. an greater
incentives are offered to those
who would take their plants in-
to the less developed parts of
the island From 1950 to 1953.
the Metropolitan Area, with
about 33'e of the total popula-
tion. had 46'.. of the new in-
dustrial jobs. So Fomento began
to offer standard factory build-
ings at lower rates of rental out-
side the Metropolitan Area and
, to offer special incentive pay-
ments to firms to locate plants
in smaller and less accessible
? areas. During the next three
years, the Metropolitan
which by then had about 367c
of the population, gained only
21% of the new jobs.
FOI1LNITO FACTORIES
1950 1956 In'r:r. ease
No. Nn
Zor.es I and II 42 167 300
Zones III ar-d IV 32 125 290
?cneV 10 SS 450
54 347
The return on Zone V build-
ings (4.9%) is 28% below the
return on other standard build-
ings (6.8%). In addition to this
rental subsidy, special incentives
have been granted. between
1953 and 1956, to 25 firms to
secure their establishment in
Zone V. The total ss.bsidv_.used
in the effort to 41.Et firs to
locate V pis amounts
to about ,000.
ROM'S - -
Puerto Rico has a high birth-
rate and mortality rate of enter-
prise. Between 1949 and 1954,
more than 1,000 manufacturing
establishments were started,
about the same number of plants
shut down in the same year. But
there was qualitative change?
bigger and stronger firms
capable of making higher pro-
fits and paying higher wages
came up, the more inefficient
went to the wall. Per worker in-
vestment increased by $1,000.,
Such a turnover, while demand-
ing constant adjustments from
the entrepreneurs and workers,
'denotes progress. The key role
in this has been played by the
research division of the Fom-
ento which continuously works
on different industries to im-
prove productivity.
The rate at which the income
generated by Fomento's program-
mes has advanced is very rapid.
The rise from about $19 million
to $131 million amounts to near-
ly 700% in five years, or roughly
50% a year. compounded annual-
ly. In 1949-50, these program-
mes accounted for less than 3`1,
of the total Commonwealth in-
come. whereas .five years later
the', generated 13 of the total.
The Fomento programmes?
have, in the past five years
made a net contribution to the
Treasury of about $53 million.
In 1950-51, an expenditure of
$1.3 million yielded $9 1 mil-
lion in Government revenue. a
276"; return In 1954-55, an ex-
penditure of $5 3 million yield-
ed $23 million, a return of 430".
In rural areas, community
education is separated from pro-
jects administration. The staff
of the education directorate
there is able to stimulate and
lead the people. The self-help
housing schemes are not only
changing the face of rural com-
munities-25c-, have been so
re-housed and electrified?but the
scheme is so organized that all
the people in a rural community
work on building their houses,
where the land is provided by
the Government, building mate-
rials supplied on long credit by
the Government and the labour
supplied by the community, in
unison, and no one is allowed
to break out of the community's
rhythm of construction.
SPANISH RENAISSANCE
There are other fascinating
aspects of the island, some rele-
vant. other unreiated to our con-
ditions. There are advantages
available to Puerto Ri:o that
cover up the mistakes, But the
fact remains that it is a centre
of Spanish renaissance By
choosing to be the cross-roads
of two cultures?Spanish-speak-
ing and English-speaking?
Puerto Rico has made itself
fecund in many directionc. It
is not an accident that the Nobel
Laureate of Spanish literature.
Juan Ramon Jimenez, whose
magnificent translations of
Gurudev Tagore's works has
made the poet so familiar to the
Spanish-spealdng world, has
sought his final resting place in
the island commonwealth.
Puerto Rico can be a magnetic
spur to many of our States.
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JUN 2 0 1959
NEW LIBERAL SPIRIT ASTIR IN-TFTE
UNITED STATES
DISCERNIBLE CHANGES IN A
FABULOUS LAND
By ASOKA MEHTA
IT is usually dangerous to generalize about a country
on the basis of a short visit. But I believe it is less
dangerous in the case of the USA than perhaps any
other country of comparable size. I spent nearly four
weeks in the country, travelled from coast to coast, and
met scores of people in different walks of life. Surely the
impressions made by them, if they fall into a pattern,
cannot all be wrong.
A new liberal spirit is astir
in the country. The tired Ad-
ministration (or the lack of it.
as many people said in the
States and in England) does not
represent the emergent mood.
But then we often feel the
same way about our tired, old
men in New Delhi. As one of
our Ambassadors once said to
me. "It is surprising that the
country still keeps going!"
There is much more buobling
vitality at the grass roots in the
USA than in India.
11UNGEtt fOlc r,DUCATION
The most hopeful group in
the USA as in most countries
are the students. There is a
tremendous hunger for educa-
tion, and the young people are
looking at the compieuc world
not win Irritation out as offer-
ing possibilities of enrichment.
More and more the young peo-
ple realize that if the whole
world was shaped in the Ame-
rican image it would be a
very dull place indeed! Every
year a million students visit the
U.N. headquarters in New
York.
The skin of the McCarthy era
is definitely sloughed, and the
new skin is growing. As it 16
true of the Soviet Union, so it
is of the USA?unnerstanding
from the rest of us can help to
shape the new skin. The hope-
ful indications are many in toe
USA. There is a climate that is
responsive to us. I hope we
send a new team to the next
U.N. General Assembly to bene-
fit from the situation. It is not
necessary, and it would be un-
wise. to compromise on our
principles, but it is possible to
feel triendly, and we need to
do it.
In the States, among best-
sellers is a book called The
tuglit American, which describes
American diplomats abroad
Perhaps they are ugly; I do not
, know. But few Americans are
' ugly in their behaviour indivi-
dually. It is only collectively
that they tend to be conformist.
though even that hard crust of
ice is slowly thawing. The Ame-
rican politician tends to be
responsive?"give the consumer
what he wants". Hence, while
the USA needs responsible lead-
ership, it is not easy to provide
it. This emphasizes the value
of understanding the ground-
swell of public opinion.
MANY TfiEstiS WRONG
There are many things wrong
with America. The family is
losing its close-knit character
The man is being domesticated.
, The children tend to be treated
fraternally rather than patern-
ally by their parents. The child-
ren feel left out?hence girls start
dating at 11 and the normal age
of marriage is 17 to 13. The
authority of the father has
suffered obsolescence.
In this fabulous land. 2.5% of
families still have incomes
below $3,000 a year. In fact the
picture of poverty in America
is even darker; there are 6.5
million families (over 157s of
the total) with incomes under
$2,000, including 2.8 million
families with less than 51.000 a
year. As the cesspool of pover?
ty is mostly in the South. racial
!tensions have an economic
basis. Many of the poorest are
to be found among the coloured
people.
Overthe past five years. the
difference between what Ameri-
ca's halting economy has
actually produced and what it
!could have had with full pro-
duction. full employment and full
utilization of the obvious poten-
tialities for growth, would
amount to more than $200
? hillinn (or equal to over five
months' current production).
So much for the lax policies of
the present Administration.
But there are many attractive
features .of American life. Peo-
ple constantly talk about the
racial problem. Discrimination
rankles in the people more than
similar Injustices do with us.
The negroes too are articulate.
there is not much docility left.
The universities play a very
important part in the life of
the country. A professor's is a
highly respected profession, winch
we cannot say of our country.
University men are consulted
everywhere, and the univer-
sities recruit men from every
walk of life. As Prof Slichter
has shown, ever-increasing
amounts are being spent on re-
research and development
which directly or indirectly
stimulate the growth of pro-
ductivity. Such expenditure in-
creased from $900 million in
1941 to $8.25 billion in 1957?
a ninefold increase. And much
of this is being used?and fruit-
fully?in the universities. Of
course, one finds men in edu-
cational institutions whose job
is merely administrative, who
are concerned with raising
funds and whose scholarship
rusts.
The Foundations play a vital
role. Much fresh thinking is
financed by them. They are not
run by the business houses that
set them up (as is the case in
India with the Tata Trusts and
the Birla Education Trust) but
by independent Boards. ofton
manned by men of courage and
vision. At least here tha egg-
heads are not despised' The use
of wealth is being institution-
alized so far as the big Founda-
tions are concerned. Whether
such persuasive influence will
be good in the future remains
to be seen.
NEW PROBLEMS
The technological revolution
is creating new problems for
the USA. The following table
makes interesting study:
The Americans need to re-
plan their economy?fewer
hours of work, better social se-
curity, greater drafts on their
generosity, and that leads to
Elzht months Recmery of
after low-point Product.on
loss
Oct. 1549 June 1950 128;
AuZ i554-Ari 1965 to%
Az: 14.55-Dec. PAS 84%
the crucial question of the fruit-
ful use of expanding leisure and
abundant production.
The Ford Foundation has set
up an Advanced Centre for the
Study of Behaviourial Sciences.
The AFL-CIO sent out a task
force to study the problem?
how not to make leisure frus-
trating. A remarkable long-
shoreman told me in San Fran-
cisco that the USA was not a
business man's country. If it
was, we need not worry about
the future of culture. "Look at
what the Medic's did to their
city". No, he argued. the USA
is a worker's country, and the
worker must learn to care for
culture, otherwise there would
be a sad eclipse of the trea-
sures of the spirit.
INNER STRAIN
While wealth grows and gad-
gets multiply, life becomes more
strenuous. Labour is costly, and
everyone has to do everYthing
htinself?there are few service
aids, except the mechanical ones
that one has to operate. When
someone wants to be friendlY, he
will say "Just relax", meaning
thereby that he will bring you
Ycsir cup of coffee, or a drink, or
wash the dish. The constant
advice to relax indicates-a grow-
ing inner strain.
It is amazing to hear music
everywhere and all the time?at
railway stations, at airports, in
hotel lifts, in taxis. The flow of
music which few listen to and
probably not notice until it sud-
denly stops seems to fill/some
vagrant, vacant mental need.
But as against this the Ameri-
cans are a remarkably generous
people. It is not just that they
have enough to spare. they have
generous impulses that it would
be churlish to deny. Dr Scherpen-
berg. Foreign Secretary of the
Federal Republic of Germany,
told me that he often asks his
friends whether the Germans
would have treated their defeat-
ed enemies as generously as the
Americans have treated the Ger-
mans. We have a right to cavil
at many things American, but it
would be uncharitable to ques-
tion the generous nature of most
Americans.
GIFT FOR ADMIRATION
We Indians are chary about
admiration. We can flatter, we
can be bitter, but spontaneous
admiration does not come natural-
ly to us. We do not know how
much we lose by it: The Ameri-
cans have a gilt for admiration.
But they need to cultivate depths
of feeling. This land of great
open spaces has made the
people extrovert; friendliness
comes too easily and hence re-
mains superficial. America
would be a richer country if its
people sought deeper veins of
human contacts.
Americans still have the
frontier psychology hence the
herd mind, the proneness to
panic, the instinctive courage
and warmheartedness. I believe
it is necessary to help them to
discover new frontiers. There
are many frontier problems
emerging in technology and
social life. But the greatest of
the expanding frontier beckon-
ing our energies is not space
travel but the growing human
family. To transcend the exist-
ing frontiers is to discover new
frontiers. In this task there is
no chosen race. In every country
there are a few men and women
who are equipping themselves as
world citizens. When I said that
a liberal renaissance is stirring
in the States. I meant that such
kindred spirits are growing
there. With their frontier psycho-
logy, they can be magnificent
path-builders of tomorrow.
NEED FOR PATIENCE
American political institutions
are peculiar As Walter Reuther
pointed out to me. the Democratic
Party can adopt with over-
whelming support-4 1?the most
liberal platform. The people can
rally round it massively. But
the institutional devices of the
Administration are such that the '
minority can successfully baulk ,
the will of the majority. Trio
Congress functions through its ,
Committees and by convention,i
Chairmanships go by seniority.'
and seniority invariably favours I
Recovery of Per cent of re-
employment covered produc-
loss
non loss per 1'.
of Job toss.
72; I
40; 213?,
26; 3
the Southern (by definition die-
hard) Democrats- Eut one has to
take the ins:Alit, as as they are.
If the pressure ,e public opinion
can be sustained long enough,
even these hurdles will vanish
As we are patient with our peo-
ple. so must we be patient with
American institutions!
The American is growing up.
He is suddenly becoming aware
of his South American neighbour.
of Africa and of Asia With Latin
America, as with Africa, there
are special ties?next only to
those with Europe. With Asia
the relationship has to 'cc achiev-
ed imaginatively. As we have
to make a special effort to bring
Latin Amerk within OUT focus
of understanding, so has an
average American to exert him-
self to become aware_ of an A.s.an
country Knowing these difficul-
ties, is it too muco to expect that
in the interest of good relaon.s
between our two countries and
our people we shall strive to
meet the American at least half-
way?
American understanding of
India is possible. It can be of,
real hell in the difficult days
ahead of us But on our part it
demands some effort at sTrilPa-
thetic tmderra--ellng of Amer:ca?
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STATESMAN MAY 2 1959
EXTERNAL AID FOR THIRD PLAN
RESPONSIVE MOOD IN THE
UNITED STATES
By ASOKA MESTA
T are e prospects of our getting the external
Wfi th
nance needed for our third Plan? In particular,
how good is the climate for investment in India, in the
public as well as the private sectors, in the USA?
It is not easy to answer these
questions in concrete terms, part-
ly because we ourselves have
not formulated our proposals.
One can merely guess at the
size of the next Plan and of its
foreign exchange component.
Assuming that we are going to
have a Rs 10,000-crore Plan and
I the foreign resources needed are
likely to be five billion dollars
1 In the Plan period, do the pro-
spects look encouraging?
1 Here again, one can comment
only on the general climate of
opinion in the USA because we
? have not come forward with
' firm proposals nor do we ex-
pect 'the whole amount to come
from the USA. We expect to get
. five billion dollars from various
currency sources?dollars, ster-
' ling, marks, roubles?and also
from international organiza-
tions like the World Bank. So
far we have roughly received,
for our first two Plans, foreign
assistimee equivalent to 3.5
billion dollars of which 1.5 billion
dollars has come from the USA,
0.5 billion from the Communist
countries, and the remaining
1,5 to 1.7 billion dollars from
other countries and institutions.
The break-up of the next dose
of 5 billion dollars we need will
have to be somewhat different.
A larger proportion can come
from the USA. It is interesting
to find that a growing section of
the American people is slowly
getting accustomed to the idea
of a billion a year aid to India.
BALANCED BUDGETS
, Any suggestion of cutting off
aid to India, as ex-Senators
Knowland and Bricker tried to
do earlier, will get no response.
Knowland lost in his home State,
California. by a million votes
and that has its own lesson to
teach. The purse strings, how-
ever, will not loosen fast becaqse
the Eisenhower Administration
has made a philosophy of a
balanced budget. As Dean Ache-
son told me with some bitter-
ness, it is the Bureau ot Budget
and not the State Department
that makes foreign policy in the
USA today!
Even those in Congress who
are opposed to a more balanc-
ed budget at the expense of eco-
nomic growth, at lime and
abroad, are not able to do much.
As the new Senator McCarthy
pointed out, the manoeuvrability
left to the legislative branch is
about three per cent either way!
In the framework of a balanced
budget the two main parties con-
test to fit in the things they
desire?the fight is over the dis-
tribution of the cake and not
over the size of it
Senators Fuibright, Humphrey
and Kennedy are seeking to
amend the Mutual Security Act
in various ways: first, to put the
foreign aid programme on a long-
term basis The suggestion is
to agree to a five-year pro-
gramme of 1.5 billion dollars a
year. Secondly-, a greater flex-
ibility is sought to be given in
transferring funds voted for
military aid to economic deve-
lopment. It is desired to extend
the transfer from 10% to 30%
of the funds voted. The Sena-
tors are confident about the
adoption of the new principles
they advocate, but the actual
amount may be a billion or even
less per year?and that would
have to meet the needs of all
the under-developed world!
MALN OPPOSITION
' The main opposition comes
from the House of Representa-
I tives, and that for more than
I one reason. The House is elect-
ed every two years and the
members are sensitive to the
charge which the Republicans
love to hurl against the Demo-
crats,.that of being "spenders",
Secondly, the American Congress
works cniefly through Commit-
- - ?
tees. Positions on the Commit-
tees, and assignments to import-
ant Committees, go by senior-
ity. Even though the Democratic
Party, which has been adopting
increasingly liberal platforms,
has a decisive majority in the
House, the key posts go to the
Southern Democrats, who are
generally die-hards. In the Party
Conventions, these die-hards lose
4 to 1, but in Congress they are
In a position to stall that very
programme! For instance, Howard
Smith, Democratic Chairman of
the Rules Committee of the
House, has been blocking a pro-
gramme of welfare that the
Senate has pushed through.
verilY, there are far too many
checks and balar.ces in Ameri-
can democracy' The House
therefore tends to be cheesepar-
ing.
The mood however is chang-
ing, Senator Lausche, who was
catapulted into the Senate from
the House in the 1958 elections.
recently said in the Foreign
Relations Committee (of which
he is a freshman member) that
he had come determined to
oppose the "nonsense" of foreign
aid but the discussions in the
Committee had made him change
his views. A similar change in
understanding is going on among
a wider public. Presidential
hopefuls like Senator Kennedy
(and to a lesser degree even
Nixon) can talk of a Marshall
Plan for Asia and evoke sup-
port.
The American people are
freeing themselves from the con-
straint into which the McCarthy
period put them. Their essential
decencies and generosity can be
appealed to once again. On this
renaissance of liberalism differ-
ent estimates are offered. The
East and West coasts are hope-
ful, but I am told it is the mid-
West which still retains the old
stance. While opinions vary on
the extent of change, nobody
doubts the fact of the change.
OPEN DOOR IN 1961?
The 1960 Presidential election
will be important. It can prove
as important to America's inter-
national relations and to the
energizing of world economy as
the 1932 election of President
Roosevelt proved for the USA.
Given a courageous leadership
the American people can be in-
duced to endorse and partici-
pate in an international New
Deal. Both the parties are like-
ly to put up Liberal candidates.
While it would be foolish to
spot the winner or even to dis-
cuss the possible candidates, It
is safe to say that from 1961 we
may hope to find an almost open
door to aid programmes.
There are many who com-
plain about the slow rate of
growth of the American eco-
nomy, just 2.7% a year. There
are five million unemployed to-
day. If only the economy could
be organized to provide work
for all of them, to remove the
slack and hold back inflation!
America's economy, which is
nearing an annual production of
$500 billion, can further step up
output by $70 to se billion a
year. Those who are plugging
for such a policy in the USA
are not happy over cur modest
demands for aid. They feel
that India should draw up a
bolder Plan and confront the
USA with the task of under-
writing such deficits as might
warrantably emerge. Dean
Acheson, for instance, unfolding
his ideas to me, said that in his
view the USA should pick out
India and Brazil and, as it were,
guarantee their development
needs. Walter Reuther voiced
similar ideas.
Fidel Castro, the new ruler of
Cuba, seems to have taken this
advice in his cnaracteristic
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colourfulness and has asked for
a $20 billion aid for Cuba!
Mr Adlai E. Stevenson, as
usual, has a realistic understand-
ing. He feels that much of the
aid provided in the past has not
helped development and that has
caused frustration in the lend-
ing as well as the receiving
countries. In his view there is
growing disillusionment over
purely military aid programmes.
There is need for careful plan-
ning?and that should bot be
deemed as attaching strings. He
told me that if the Western
countries could all come to-
gether in a consortium. Ameri-
can aid could flow more freely
and the Soviet Union challeng-
ed to play its part in it. I believe
that the more projects we have
on tap, the more precise our
blue-printing of the Plan, the
easier it should be to get the
aid we need.
BETTER MOOD
There is a somewhat responsive
mood towards India today in
the USA. The old misunder-
standings obtrude less, some
even feel a subtle attraction. It
is possible and necessary to put
across the real image of India
to the American people. There
is usually a gasp when one
points out that the population
of India alone is larger than the
combined population of the con-
tinents of Africa and Latin
America.
In the Senate the atmosphere
is distinctly hopeful, tnougn
leading Senators nave ditterent
assessments of the quantum of
aid. The House of itepresent-
atives is more difficult, but the .
changed mood in the country
should make an impact on Con-
gressmen sooner or later. Mr
George Meany, President of the
A.F.L.?C. 10, showed me the
letter he had sent to Mr Dillon
of the State Department urging
help to India to set up a new
steel plant. Such a demand can
be backed with support not
only from organized labour, but
trom the wider public.
There is some change in the
attitude of the business com-
munity. If in politics India's
"neutralism" is no longer the
estranging issue, so in matters
economic, "socialism" is no
longer the bogey man. Mr
narriman, for instance,
nas been speaking to business
audiences explaining ana ae-
lending India s rignt to be
"socialist." As our Consul-
Generai in New York was tell-
ing me, some leading men from
Wall Street are anxious to con-
stitute a kind of Advisory Com-
mittee to remove possibie mis-
understandings and assure co-
operation to those who may
plan to invest capital in India.
On the use cil surplus food
stocks for economic develop-
ment, the understanding of the
public here is as immature as in
our country. Today, the U.S.
Government is spending $1.7
billion a year merely to store
the surplus food and fibre that,
unless quickly utilized, must
deteriorate. Tne Soil Bank idea
keeps coming up. The develop-
ment potential that food loans
can provide has yet to capture
the imagination of the peoples
concerned.
The American Government
and Congress might decide to
send out a mission to India to
study her needs as was done by
the Herter Mission in Western
Lurope before the Marshall
Pjan was launched. Such a mis-
sion, I hope, will have the wis-
dom not to tell us what we
should do, but it would be use-
Jul to discuss with the compe-
tent team that this is bound to
be. our needs and our hopes.
Given informed and imaginat-
ive leadership on our part, we
can in the next two or three
years make sure of the foreign
exchange requirements of toe
new Plan. Mr B. K. Nehru can
be relied upon to work that out.
It would then be our task to
mobilize the moral and econo-
mic resources of our people for
that organizational leap for-
ward on which ultimately de-
penes the extent of our internal
resources anti the size and the
pattern of the next Plan. The
sooner we are free from anxie-
ties about external needs the
fuller will be our attention to
internal mobilization of re-
solaces.
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T :74ES OF INDIWEsDAY. MAY 26, 1959
A TRAVEL DIARY-I
Deep Concern Abroad
Over Tibetan Affair
By ASOKA MEHTA
ON the flight from India in the
last week of April, Mr. Boris
Litvinoff, a Belgian journalist of
Russian origin, started discussing
with mc the intellectual ferment
in the Soviet Union. He said
newspapers like the Pravda did
not convey the real state of af-
fairs. It is ncccssary to read the
specialised journals to discover
the scintillating discussions that
arc going on. He regretted that
intellectuals abroad were not
carrying on a fruitful dialogue
with the Russians. Mr. Litvinoff
was returning from a visit to
South Viet Nam and he told me
of the intense agitation in that
country over developments in
Tibet. University students were
anxious to organise international
brigades to lend support to the
Tibetans.
Prof. Asulkar of Nagpur Uni-
versity on his way to deliver lec-
tures at Cambridge discussed vari-
ous problems of public health. He
was most excited over the discov-
ery of Hexa-decarrol that can pre-
vent (to the extent of 40 per cent.)
loss by evaporation of water. Its
implications, not iust for rural
areas and small irrigation, but for
urban areas with their growing
populations and constantly chal-
lenging problems of water supply
arc obvious.
Mr. Sadulla Mir, Speaker of
Kashmir Legislative Assembly, on
his first trip abroad to study par-
liamentary institutions proved as
inquisitive about the outside world
as he was informative about Kash-
m tr.
AFRICAN RIVALRY
In Rome Mr. and Mrs. Silone
came to the airport. Ignazio SsIone
is an outstanding writer of Italy
with an international reputation.
Mrs. SiIone told me about a con-
ference then on in Rome?
Presence A fricant. She said that
at that conference where African
intellectuals from many parts of
the world had gathered together,
those from French Africa looked
down upon those from British
Africa as "barbarians." The Afri-
cans with French intellectual and
cultural influence made long and
eloquent speeches. A group of
intellectuals from Ghana after a
surfeit of such expositiorr of the
"African personality" summed up
the matter tersely: "Cadillac plus
Cocaeola!"
In London lunched with Mr.
Albert Carthy. The Secretary-
General of the Socialist Interna-
tional told me about the major
developments challenging Franco's
position inside Spain. We dis-
cussed the two recent splits in the
French Socialist Party and about
the deep terment that has started
in it over Algeria. He told me
that in 1..-ragua. in South America
the Colorado Pan!, a liberal
socialistic party, had lost to dye
Conservative Party after 95 scars
ot uninterrupted tenure of office.
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I wondered if Mr. Masanits Con+
servative party would have that
much patience in our country!
At Mr. Hugh Gaitskell's, I mei
Mr. John Strachey, Mr. Woodraw
Wyatt and other old friends. The
Burmese Ambassador was also
present and the discussions rang-
ed almost exclusively round Tibet.
Nepal and Burma. The result
was that we never came to dis-
cuss the forthcoming elections in.
the United Kingdom! The lead.
era of the Labour Party were
deeply concerned over the cam-
paigns started by Peking against
India. There was general scepti-
cism about Moscow's ability to
restrain Peking.
U NU'S PLAN
From friends who had met U
Nu, both in London and in
Washington. I heard of his plans
to launch satyagraha on his re-
turn to Burma. "I shall be in
jail soon," was his frequent ob-
servation. While he had little to
say against General Nc Win, ho
was critical of the colonels. To
justify his proposed fight for
democracy. U Nu described hit
former colleagues, now in the
"stable" faction of the AFPFL,
as "fascists"!
DinCd with the socialist histo-
rian Julius Braunthal. This warm-
hearted and erudite writer, who
grew up in Vienna in the hey-
day of Austrian socialism under
Bauer and Adler, has been en-
trusted by Mrs. Margaret Cole
with the task of completing the
monumental History of Socialist
Thought begun by the late Prof.
G.DiL Cole
My first appointment in \\ ash-
ington was with Mr. Dean Ache-
son. the Secretary of State under
President Truman He outlined
his "Acheson Plan" He feels
that. the US. should select two
or three key countries?his choice
would be India and Brazil?and
underwrite their plans of deve-
lopment. He said their export
earnings should be guaranteed.
If due to market fluctuations the
earnings drop, there should be
provision for prorortionate sun-
port from the U.S. He felt that a-iv
hold mote of that kind mi: t
await the return of a Democra-
tic administration. President
Eisenhower. in his opinion, is
good at execution but unsure in
deciding big policy issues. Gene-
ral Marshall used to say. said
Mr. Acheson. that the gift of
ouick decision is the rarest of all.
His recipe was? we the pros
and cons and if the pros tip the
scales forget the cons and to
straight ahead. Because of Pre-
sident E;senhower's constitutional
aversion to reaching difficult de-
cisions. Congressional luck-T.4110
by itself cannot achieve meta
Mr. Acheson called the de. z-
latynentt in Tibet a blunder for
China. He saw little hope of any
STAT
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-
, restraining intleenec working :from
Moseutvt.,influerteerwiarks-theother
`sgettl?Fhe'4iIel.Hir,felt: that
.11? thel.?,Tibetan', revolt ha
crushed tiod'i;;" &tett cal fe.
-The -,Conumunisti
a tobgh4problem"
t;a1Waysrdeelit'SeUtuientl.J.'to
' meet4ste,vandlMreCtiester;11044:,
es. They are enkiyingPti,r fresh.'
?cinarreGon to
ingtoit:- Bowlea::,told:intelhow
; ? wheitlhe"; wag Ambassador :tin New
? DelhW=!,-PresIdent 'i,.-3:Trurnart: had
told him that.? if :he',1,..nsuld6r,'.!14.1o? lt
eithire'f, Dean g?Achison"orAvereli
Hattimad td"sbnport abla plea
economicssuppert, thei.. Indian
, plane he ''svould.,-$1 to it :',forth=
with; ?Then nett, ......;'Achesitri."-:rint
w01114.`41 Steef-%:i.TodaY
houkiltrts..1'111,41nt -,forefront of.. the
e flOwleCfeelithat-lthe
change opinlch.. -:such.. that
even
Ketkefelle07gatia elected, as
derilli1nl"19,60,1heit id .5`.,pnegitimme
- Mr,Zt.litnvIes,:,deScribta the eiri
U.S.:-
. Pak sten/.4Milltar0 .paerKssas Grit
titidijante..t.,;,PeW".. wantediti.kin
'
Washington?yet : throuth'ireutious
muddling,, and _.stellnie
standings -1 got IstitAogether:1,
Senator Symington. "the-, hand-
somest Member of :the Senate."
Is ,one ol the hopefult -for the
Presidential race from . the .Demo.
cratic stables. This ,former Air
Seeretary has a deep 'understand.
Ing or deftece problems. his ex-
position', Oil the "missiles gars"
betweeli'L U.S. and Russia
_e?eommields7araltentltiti,'"."-- In other
sinatterikhis. (elicit, Is. Aire._ Ha
mentioned tai evasion' in the US.-
About 25 to, 26 billion dollars
? escape the tax rict.
NAT1O4AILN PLANNING
I began the next day with a
visit to the National Planning
Association. Dr. Gerhard Coinc.
the Chief Economist, has done
apientled work- on projections.
Bat I was mac Interested in the
various 'studies. now under prepa.
ration 'On the EcOnOmies bf com-
petitive , Co-existence, The re-
search projecteunder the director-
ship or Henry G. AubreMpro.,,
, ntises to be very Interesting'.'"'
At the Twentieth Century Fund
met Mr. Philip Mullenbach, Re-
search 'Director in studies on Pre-
. ductive Uses of Nuclear Energy.
I fc has been in touch ,witheDt.
Ilhabha but is ? critical various
matters, abottr.put, npelear2:0911ey..
The.".'RePOrrott.'ilregi4oal 4EconnOtic
Dettoeloppedjet and ,isluelear 'Power,' in,
MAI lies ;41any?,' penetrating Criti.
clams tO oder. c.
SenatOr 1.Kentietly toOie$ charm
and' drab Mism. It is posse 'of,
sixteen i-,Secretariell and. n.- number
of research,' assistants:: his ?Mee is
a whirling dynamo. Ho has
plunged.- ileeniy into promoting
assured' aid for Out development.
Discussed Ibb "delis Of Various
amendments sponsored by Sena-
tors Fulbright, liuntphrey ' and
Kennedy to the Mutual Security
Act of 1939. Who makes foreign
policy?the State , Department or
the ? Bureau oft. Bodgety-,...,3"hat ? is
the questicO!, one: constantly COthC3
, aeress.1t...Washington,.t,,,, *rut= Is
never,' as
i4
il,';'Oenrgetownj,Univerity
where ,Father Bernit.hadturrangcd
'a 1V,Ind4...rra4ietrogrlimrrict,for
I. Mr. B:, K. Netieeind6rne:-.1"Nalf
an hour's clisetissionion'Jildia'a
? deetiopmentcum theiTV.-Was use-
ful. Father Benin"' sPent some
months In Madras and has pro-
dueud -interesting -study of
? clusters of small Industries grow.
Ing tip ' In the Stat&`
Began the last day of April
with Mr. Victor Reuther of 4lits
United Auto Workers. Ho is ;an
old ,frientln ang outstandinftz, leader
of labour and la, sincere friend of
India. With him ' as everywhere,
the talk started with Tibet. Then
we moved on to the labour situ-
ation in India and the US, As
1.11weYs, happens in every discus-
siont with' trade unionists abroad
the fi..INTUG-HNIS differenece
becomei:ditIleult explaini'"! The
structurall3chettges that leahnolo-
fical ,;.,edeiintirszato bringing about
in American?,ecencimy are. putting
strains .4onethei, ilabour .? movement.
Al.,thi:it'Imposituot;hbadetilartarA
of thdv-Mtl.t...C.i.0met0T.Mr.,
Geot110-MdatVy.;:lio. has e,,thiti:: tallith
hands .''eirk":,writkOr and ::Ith e stocky
figure `,b a filthier.,1,1S1r.';?, Meinv
on tictiait- of his great.:,,organisa.
Bon has. additi' his,?wciahti, to the
proposal ?canvassed ; here for Uni-
ted Slates: help ,,,5,11.1 tsetting pp a
new steel"- plant tri"lndia.
MR I II,MIPIIREI"S I)EFEAT
401/7v=a647----"
.1117,13/
friends-inr New. Delhi-.11 , study
`iif,taistioni`Poilibilities in India,
r,,' P?itjl Molts. , the ibit
'representative from ,Illinois, ail.ed
9e-r, characteristic- question: Should
recoinise Tibet?' "Ale
disappointed at my reply;
Since our last, meeting three years.,
:ag0,,e7;1..he become more7,14-
terestedAn'Indial though this erni-
pent,;;.:econtindst-ptilitician`s main
prinficcupatior0 remains with pro-
tittne. of economy.. He said
TheSeriale:-,*ould-,'never count?,
any move. to stop aid" to
India:.',1":!, But le,'t impos.sibl& to
Ussess,".:the" amount:, that,. might", be
ietilible for, the. third; Man. The
eltrriatei, apted,;Was''Improving,
,t`Nthrif -:,unneceisarilyIrritated
the t.1.4?1,fil.,.? the "-
.4iSielitt.'. Interesting two hours over
lunch ?effth woad,
bine editorial board of the
,WathingtOri Post. Mr. Friendly
and .'r? Mt.EitabniSok's appreciation
of. Ind Ian affairs '7;0d sentiment
wa heart?Wartning." 'At' is good ..to
know: ';..that.: thanks:, to the devoted
labouts,of-otif.' former. Ambassa.
doric L'-"Mehtav who is
warmly., remembered in all qUar-
tea in Washington, we have in
the IV'euhingtOn Poo a depend.
able interpreter.
S. and E. S, WoytinSky.
authors of ' the monumental work
World, Population., and iion?Ttrndi and Outlook beet
whin\ oUt with a neWt'stittly of. the
economy.- : Therein.- it out.
:Ned the. i!tiese- economic rhythm"
of the US. 'and they advocate the
appointinent, of weathermen-La
kind of econOlities?radar?to watch
events and forewarn the adminls.
tratiOn against 'disturbing currents.
It is amazing ,ltove much of macro.
analyses and."' regulative planning
lajwilling!to, go in for.
whilnIstill2t..elinging,? ties its Bud!'
tional,Nifolkioni.::that tr.., Makes the
word 'Jibe FiultsetL'1,??',
.Atthe.WorId Dank's I ? (sea ve red
theref,,,Wat:f. a ?lot r. of.. humour
In that awe.iunplring -: institution.
41,Ellistbit Taylor
on Introdtleed one'. of the
World" Bank spoke5rri?n.' 'gushed:
"Ah. I would like to borrow some
money."' Quick .came (lie reply:
"We lend only .p.?,unttpr:ddvelopo
Col-Minted) '
?
When I met Senator. Humphrey
he had lust lost his fight for
autonomous administration, for
rural elWriticatioli. The Senate
had overridden the President's
veto. but in the House the 'veto
fell short by four votes.. 'While
we were discussing various mat.
ten. a reporter rang him up and
be blasted the administration:
"Today on the Hill. there Is no
separation of powers. etc." ,:.11e. is
hopeful about the Development
Loaa rands programme going
through. It asks terra five-year
"..-* programme of ? 1.5 billion 'dollars
, a sear. Suith a fumi:yobld enable
the administration' -to -.assure we'.
, tamed assistance to plans abroad
, Ile said that if mdii i.s Irotapeci-
?
fically mentioned In 'the
'ion, it will be pre-eminently men-
', tioncti in the Report1,-.''S'Azil, that
ahould?semr?our purpose.,:j 'told
him ,,that:A.LS`"CongreSssatien had
told OW of lheir doubti theta the
measurett;jgoing,?? through' their
lioulellelitid the Stnotti,vcrivid
not alloWICtei',,be.',.turrit..?,;The
, Demoeratia Inelority: in:the.Senste
was determined to';,,clearCitnf, many
polleles4,z;"
Senator ...Humphrey expects to
be in India this autumn. Talking
about:.--ihtsrrearattion meeting' with
Comiede, Khntshe.hcv ..heKtold,sor
about the self-seereptioh 'of the
Chin,L?se students in, Moscow. They
were unifoindy?dolne, better than.
the Russians which' provoked
some tension, so instructions, liVere
received from Peking not. to do
too well in clams.'" eituld"i.uti-
tierstand his tiredn'ess when he
said that his day starts at ,8 a_ra.
and cods well after midnight. I
too have such a schedule to keep!
usually` and I know wisat, it sates
Cut at Ar I
Sirs histrewsTest 1.4
o,Afting
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I.
?
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_
Conference.-Stre4ieAs
'India's Needs-
Zy
sof ioetheight reanows
?
,060kA;
ENATOR remind.;
Senator Kennedy ipoks uen
. and sincerely: about the need
for sustained and long teem' aid
India.' Ten years after the Mar-
shall Plan, he asked for similu
imaginative gesture towards Asia.
Tha idea of an assured aid "of a
billion ,. dollars a , yous, to India. is
'catching the 'attention ,of the' peo-
ple,In the' United States:':? -
,? Mr.13.'KstNehru'esurvey of our
problems and prospects-. was cleat
and ; held the interest of ?the audi-
ence. -.His pereonality
and, soothing voice , are... real assets
to.usin.putting-pur case'for 'aid.
Later.: Mr. Iengars; offered' a ; corn-
prehensiVesurvey 4of the'structural
changes 'mada,,ind ?desired'in In
dian econoiny;,'?,which 'was" much
ippresiaterL-. 2"
,The' most'' eloquent ' speech of
the day was made-at the' luncheon
bY Barbara' Ward -(Lady
Jackson): "She 'Is -of course "the
most, beautiful .of the economists,
and- thd 'most' erudite or' the wo-
men one knows. At her birth,
fond fairies seemed to have show-
ered ,upon, her every gift. Her
presentation of, India's case in the
world, setting ,was masterly. .But
then she.always has her audiences
In ,the palm of her hand. Only
the previous evening' she had told
me that 'in the vast six years dur-
ing which she had often been to
the USA. she -viewed the future
with meth anxiciy. But now she
felt reassured because .she saw be-
fore her the stirrings of the revival
of. Jeffetioaian ideals. She is a
perspicacious;observer, arid her
insight is. at once informed and
intp As itive, Mrs. Sherman Coop-
er later' said:. to me, in 1948 on
the eve of the Marshall Plan. 11iiss
Ward had foreseen the forthcom-
ing awakening of the spirit of
understanding.
? .At the evening banquet John D.
Rockefeller III was in the Chair.
Governor 'Harriman and I spoke
on "An American view, of India"
and, "An. Indian view of the U.S."
respectively. Governor Harriman
who had recently visited! India
spoke with anderstaading and
sympathy about ;India. My talk
--.1-andI spoke for over 40;minutra
?that is?longer than anyb_ndy else
a good humoured way poked
fun at the snarly little foibles of
the Americans.' Justice Douglas
called my speech well meant earl-
cater? and "t
l. ;A-
, on
A
ed me of the great. role former
University teachers -play In .the
Senate.' Many of the, top notch
Senators, 'like.' Fulbright, -Humph-
Dotiglas.'llsforse, are former
faculty members, and what lustre
they shed on. the legislative -pro-
cess.
Senator Fulbright 'is- the, 'chair-
man ,of the Foreign -Relations
Committee. , Hes is - a, magnificent
liberal on' almost; all 'Issues _except
racial discrimination. - ale comes
from Arkansas,, where tthe 'racial
conflict is being fought out. Mrs.
Fulbright, an Intelligent and graci-
ous, lady, talked:, about. thei incon-
gruity' 'of ? thesame constituency
simultaneously 4, electing el staxply
dissimilar 'leaders.' %Perhaps she
had in mind her distinguishedliu.s.
band 'arid Governor Faubiis.: The
iGovernor might rim against 'the
!Senator in the 1960 primary, And
;in' that one party Stato?Democra-
' tic?that is a challenge which it
Is not easy to meet., As, Senator
Douglas, also coming up for re-
election; said, before one can, work
In the 'Senate one hit- to' ,stay
elected and, as Senator' Pulbright
emphasised, under the American
system if your State rejects you,
you cannot 'pt in from another
State?as I in India am wont to
do!
Senator Fulbright is, 'a -scholarly
person widely respected but for
different reasons. Somebody sent
for publication to his home State
papers an advertisement hailing
him, as an "egg-head," the Ameri-
can equivalent of an Intellectual.
The newspapers indignantly 'refus-
ed to print it and informed the
Senator that they had such deep
respect for him that they did?not
want to insult him by publishing
such an advertisement!
INDIAN STUDENTS
Met and addressed some seventy
Indian students working in Uni-
yersitics near about Washington.
A number of them work in our
Embassy or the Supply. Mission.
Noticed a considerahlo amount of
discontent in their ranks at the
way the work is organised. -
Chief Justice Earl Warren is a
delightful elder statesman. He has
built up an enviable record of
partisanship for civil 'liberties on
the Bench. Ile, with his charac-
teristic kindness, worked out my
schedule for California, where he
' said his heart .still remains, Ile
shared the view of another judge
of the Supreme Court, Felix
Frankfurter, that lt is wrong to
confine selection of judges or the
Supreme Court to members of the
Bar or the judges of the High
Courts. The Chief Justice said in
different words what Mr. Frank-
furter had told me: the questions
coming up before the Supreme
Court arc so comprehensive and
of such social importance that I
mere legal background is not
enough. It would be wise to select '
walks of life also. The Chief
men of wide experience from othcs
Justice's own distinguished record
is a pointed testimony to this
advice.
An official of the State Depart-
ment told me an Interesting story
of the days of McCarthyism. A
person seeking employment had as
his address _Walden Thoreau. Be-
cause, of the verbal association
with the 'exponent 'of civil resist-
ance, the applicant was deemed
to be a security riskl As Barris '
Wofford said the sole silver lining
to the cloud was that the high-ups
in the Department had heard of
Thoreau) ?
On May 3, discussed with Jus-,
(ice Douglas and Congressman
Judd the work of the Tibetan Re-
fugee Aid Committee. Congress-
man Judd being himself a doctor I
had a keen awareness of the needs.'
Ile had spent tcn years in China
practising medicine among the
poor. His wife was born. in Simla
and has taught in ?a school in
Kosialkanal. At the India and
United States Conference-1959,
which I have come here to attend.
I found Mrs. Judd hammering
away at a typewriter to help copy
things for the organisers. When
I said to her that in India we
thought that in the U.S. such work
was done by electronics. she en-
gagingly replied "1 am the electro-
nics!" Among the other honorary
workers at the Contemnce I found
Senator.. Morse's sistee and the at-
trattille niece 'Of Senator Lyndon
Johnson.
That evening there was a large-
ly attended reception given by Mr
Eric Johnston At the Motion Pic-
ture Association. A remarkable
film of a self-revealing interview
with Pandit Sehru shown there
proved to be a great attraction.
It was in extraordinary record.
because Vhave oes'er before seen
the Prime Minister enjoying a
searching self-analysis.
STUDY IN DEPTII
Mr. Johnston is the Chairman
of the Committee on internstional
Eronomie Growth. 'It was orlon-
isui, early in 1958 and. this Avii the
first conference devoted to the
study' of the development problems
of lust one country, a study in
depth.
The' conference opened in the
, glittering banquet hall of the May-
flower Hotel About 700 pawns
%he had come from all States of
the U.S.A. attended the confer-
cam. They had dome 'at their
own mpense and t'aid 'led dollars
each for the mistiest' of-attending
the cooferersec-Tisesidm the extras
for Ittemei?-,send....? dinner's. There
were over, 200 -,busintssosers pee-
most ? of - them 'acnior' execu-
tives of banks and industrial 'cor-
porations. The- re-
maned :tinifitrrtrilY '-evro for two
full class--?' - ? -
..Vicey.Prealdekt." 'Mum' !autu-
nite() the' conference. IrCan, able
speech he said that -the econOtrue
development, weis.'as
portant if, pot,more,'so than the
Rerlin crists?a: truly bold, state-
ment esti of the
Foreign conference.?. at
M Chs strut cal ,our
,00Aitinn9,'ici4 his charactertitioqly
caricatures,", he added. It was
i' heart-warming to hear the applause
rising to a crescendo and the audi-
ence getting up to cheer to the
echo. That night and the next
day I had to shake over SOO
hands. 'I he Americans can be
warm and generous in apprecia-
tion. Some of them said I had
converted them to Socialism)
Next morning I had to get up
early to be on DaVe GarroWay's
7 o'Clock TV show which is seen
by between SiX to eight infilion
Americins. The day was taken
up with panel discuSsionS that had
distinguished participants and deep-
ly interested audiences. At the
start, Mr. Chester Bowles made
an able survey of American poll-
cies at our stage of development
and persuasively argued for ind-
tuft! ?toidetstanding and co-opera-
tion. At Ittneli the main speaker
was Senator Humphrey, lic as-
sured India that all the food sur-
pluses she might require to accel-
erate het economic development,
Would be made available.
The conference was adjudged
to be extraordinarily successiul.
An Indian thirty years resident in
the US. who had attended every
conference on India during that
period hailed it Its most represen-
tatixc and effective. Justice Doug-
las told me that ho had suggested
such a conference to President
Truman ten years back. Ifc said
India bubbled with ideas while
the US. was in the_ grip of con-
(emns+ of thought. He felt happy
,
that the climate of opinion was
:at long last perceptibly changing.
' There was keen disappointment
in certain quarters when they
found that Indian speakers do not
employ ghost writers)
I was disappointed to read Pre-
sident Eisenhower assuring Inas.
.sive interest in Indies develop-
mcnt but hedging on the question
of massive aid. Lunching with
Senators Kennedy, Kealipg and
Cooper, 1 jvai assured that such
,eanicisions 'need not be taken at
there face value. x -
Met freSitmln Senator Harrison
Williams of New Jersey. Ills Was
a dramatic victory for the Deana
crats in the last elections. It waa
interesting to discover from hid
how a junior Senator learnt the
legislative processes and begins to
hold national attention.
, Congressman Saund, the first
Indian to be elected to the U S.
}louse of Representatives, and his
charming wife showed more con-
fidence about the 1960 elections
, than many a seasoned Senator,
. The reception at our sErahassv
I that evening was largely attended.
I We had to stand for nearly 100
Iminutes to receive guests. But
Mrs. Chagla told ma that an Re-
public Day, the had to be on her
feet for three full hours! Our re-
I ceptiens are popular and our
I hospitality generous witbfout being!
i lavish.
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IMES OF INDIA
? FRII*Y, MAYMet9,52.,
q{'
TV, Idra And k Chin
By A?SOCA._ B/PEItAt
for, setting 'the-AM.:that 'we 'neat
for our Plan?and we are asking'
for almost a; billion dollars a yeari
have been tryincter seek sup-
"Port for the Tibetan refugees. I
had, useful talks with - Justice
Douglas,' Senator Douglas and
Congressman Judd ?in ,Washing-
ton:, In New York, I nieta many
others including a nurnbefot or-
ganisations and voluntary agencies
dedicated to silent ' service .of 'hu-
'manity. Already promises of medi-
cines worth S600,000 have been
received, so also for'food, blankets
and other requirements..
In New York. I have had a
round of luncheon engagements
with the different Foundations.
was with Dean Rusk and his col-
leagues at the Rockefeller Centre.
At the Carnegie Endowment for
International Peace, I met not only
old friends like William Holland
of the Institute of Pacific Relations,
but also many representatives of
various Foundations like Mr.
George Grant of the Ford Founda.:
tion, Lyman Hoover and .Ernest
Howell of the Asia Foundation,
Mrs. Hulie d'Estournelles of the
Woodrow Wilson Foundation. Mr.
Lawrence Finkelstein of the Car-
negie Endowment is such a kind
friend that one can always rely
upon him for co-operation in any
good cause?a cause that fosters
world peace. I lunched with Mr.
Julius Pleischmann, President of
the Farfield Foundation and had
dinner with Dr. Robert Hutchins,
the intrepid President of the Fund
to. the Republic. The Foundations
play such-a vital part in the Intel-
lectual life of America that through
them one reaches the midstream of
American thought and creatiso
efforts.
GRAND JOB
Darius !herald who has achieved
the position of a senior editor in
the Newsweck?o remarkable
achievement for a foreigner and
one so ,young ?in ,age?got together .
at the Overseas Press .Club n some
leading newsmen front, the New
York Times. and 'other journals of
opinioti in the city.' -it etc'ced-
Ingly- interesting?this, ,'?game of
give and take inr:interpretetion-?of
World ?events, ' ? ?..S. ?
.0 ?
Mr Max . Asebli .1 who: run Oho.
four million dollar journal. the
Reporter, was induced to discuss
his socialist youth in Italy when
we settled down for a chat in his
Guggenheim home. We talked of'
Roselli and Matteotti, of Sorel and
Jaures?and forgot the contempo-
rary world!
The contemporary world was
very much present when I sat down
(or breakfast tin two successive
mornings with Mr. Hamilton Fish
Armstrong, of Foreign,..Agotrs and
"Mrs. Vera M. Dean of the Foreign
Policy Association The F.P.A. has
done a grand job in brineing
to the attention of the American
people through their endless clubs
and-ever foliating groups the main
facts of world issues.
I had a valuable get together
lunch with the permanent repre-
sentatives to the United Nations
from Indonesia, Burma, Japan.
Philippines.- Ghana, Liberia, Ceylon
and India. .The discussion mostly -
centred round the question of inter-
national stabilisation of commodity
prices, and the impact of develop-
ment on international trade.
At the United Nations Head
quarters I was happy to renew my
acquaintance with Mr. Graham.
While his legalistic approach to
Kashmir depresses me, his genial.
homespun personality always &t-
racts me. Our brief chat on
Kashmir repeated the usual gambits
on the two sides?then we talked
freshly about other and less in-
volved problems. It was a joy to
meet Prof. Arthur Lewis` at the
U.N. who is working with Mr. Paul
Hoffman. Lewis is back from
Ghana. and has enriched his unique
understanding of economic growth.
Lewis was highly appreciative of
the work done by Mr. B. K. Nehru.
He said: "You Indians can charm
money out of anyone." He there-
fore asked ma to raise for his West
Indies University a modest sum of
Rs. 2 crores: Also met a number
of other young Indians working at
the United Nations.
HELPFUL
THEri'4
e day that,I Wssi in Bos-
ton, I enjoyed shunting between
the Harvard ...University the
MLT,. meeting students an' teach-'
era alike. I was happy to find the
day rounded off?with a dinner given'
by NUT: friends in the Harvard
Faculty Club! At the Centre of Inter-
national Studies..I ?met some old
friends like Lloyd and Susanne
Rudolphs, Mayer, Kessinger and
made new contacts with persons
like Bowie, Emerson and Merle
Fainsod.,Mr. Bowie was the Chair-
man of the Policy Planning Cons-'
mittee of the State Department
and now heads the Centie at Har-
vard. Prof. Emerson is an authority
on South East Asia as Fain' aod
on the Soviet Union. t
Al the M.I.T.' Centre of inter-
national Studies, Prof. Max4Milli-
kan gave ; his time-librially.4, -With
him were, men like Papanell. who
have worked in Pakistan 'and per-
sons like Wilfred hialenbaum
whose field has-been India. The
discussion inevitably turned to
India and China. That the pro-
portion of total investment made by
Government is 35 per cent. for
India and 93 per cent. for China
caused no surprise to me. I was
only mildly interested In the fact
that allocations to directly produc-
tive sectors were 52 per cent. and
68 per cent, respectively or that
the overhead sector in India ab-
sorbs 48 per cent, as against 32
per cent, in China. What really
disturbed me was the key factor
underlying the contrasts: A. Were
India investing at the same rate
as China the gap between the rates
of economic growth in the two
countries would close by 45 per
cent; B. Were each unit of- India's
investment resulting in the same
income flow as in the case of
China, the gap would narrow by
55 per cent. That we can invest as
heavily as China, because ne
cherish our democratic Institutions
is understandable: but, that our
inefficiency engenders ? avoidable
"lois -4,-55'Irer cent.'is What.-deP-'
teases the.SAs Albert Mayer. pointed
,
out- l in .New:" YOrk democracy, can
'bc more effective In India.
BACKWARD
:
' The diseussinn:at'alie two . cen-
tres?,of, learning -,ranged over ,wide
,areii, and T was hear
Prof. Mallenbaum remark at the
end, "After such a discussion one
wonders who is under-developedl"
I returned to Washington to
address the Convention of Ameri-
cans for Democratic Action where
I spoke with Mrs. Eleanor Roose-
velt and :the young African' leader
Tom Mboya w:.o has made a deep
Impression here. The A.D.A. strives
to bring together the most prog-
ressive elements In U.S. political
life.
In Washington I have been
caught up in a round of TV and
radio programmes. As I was told
az the C.B.S. studio after I had
, been 'through' their 'major -Face
'the Nation" programme, I have
through TV and radio already con-
tacted half the population of the
United States. I said niter thirty
years of political work I have not
vet achieved it in my own country!
The American pressmen have a
reputation of being tough, but, I
have found them to be extremely
courteous ar.d engagingly friendly
even in their questions.
' In the TV programme "Open
? Hearing" I had with me a Nige-
rian spokesman and Dr. Figgaros,
twice President of Costa Rica and
one of the most respected men
from Latin America. , He is an
M.I.T. trained engineer who -has
turned politician and has in his
stride -mastered economics. Aniong
the many problems we discussed
about the under-developed world,
one story of his stands .mit in my
memory. When he was the Presi-
dent of the Costa Rica Govern-
ment. a major aluminium concern
started drilling for bauxite in his
country. Reserves of 100 million
tons or more were located. After
a year's tangled negotiations be dis-
covered that in a ton of aluminium
that would fetch 5500, his country
prosiding bauxite would -get in
wages, taxes and all just five dol-
lars. As he said he would not
allow them to take away the
exhaustible raw material?bauxite
from his country, leavinnahenther
resource-'of "7, develtipment-'-hydel
potentlal-:-tmeiploited.,7- The ; deal
on aluminirer never...Cana* thrriugh.
Ito is itt,courageous ,, man-with ' a
distinctive insight, in world 'politics.-
.. . .
IRANQUILLITY:f: ---?-
Governor:" and. Iladame....'lltunoz
Marin - of' Puerto Rienaltarnelover
ito see us He is erectile:the few
, remarkable persons s,1",,, have ?met.
-'.I am lookingi-s?forward,', to
my visit to his exining country
that he has madetodaygic bbo-
ratory of social .ex_Nrimentation.
He is a poctzpolitician,artorniiirt&-
tion I. have always 'tonna. ins-
We as it is rare. This big man
with his aristocratic ancestry or is
, truly a man of the people. ., He
,embarked on a big' development
I programme and called it "Opera-
:60n Bootstrap" and then felt that
the necessary orientation was slip-
; ping. So he called his associates
1 together and pointing to Gandhi-
sTs statue that always stands on
his table asked for a new ears?
'Operation Tranquillity:- .
The Amba.ssadar of Pakistan asked
me to dinner and we spent nearly
150 minutes discussing the prob-
lems and relations of our two
countries. There is a change in the
mood of the rulers of Pakistan;
'many people have noted it here
and commented on it to me. I
hope in the clang Iii border cla-
shes. we do not miss its import
The Israeli AmbassadOn, Abba
Fban." is anion Brie 'older., ablest
and most articulate o1. the,,,diplo.
osats in . Wa.sbington. We roved
over the problems of the Middle
East Mr. .)ban is returning to
enter active politics.-His insight
into America's chansng mood is
distinctivt.
Apart ?from doing my little bit
',to Improve the atmosphere here
--
0dr:representative at the U.N.
Mr. Jha, and our Consul-General,
Mr. Gopala Menon, were uniformly
helpful to me. Mr. :Simon has
established valuable contacts with
Wall Street and industrialists. I
was.hapPy.nislearn.that as an, after,
effect of our ponference
ington. a, grouR:' of "iiimprtant
spokesmen of business had ale: to
consider the advimbility,,ofilicttinit
up .a group to help investnicht., in,
India, s
s ;;'
? Lo ? "OreatlLr
?
ramfarts ',have said,.anrJung about
Inv visit to the International Mone-
tary Fund. There I met not only
old friends from India like Mr.
Adarkat and L G. Patel but also
friends from other countries like
Dr. Than Tin ? from Burma At
the India House I addressed a
meeting convened lay Mr. Gopaia
Merton. of Indian students. There
are 600 of them in New York
alone. Also snatched some hours
to motor down to New lbven to
address students at the Yale Uni-
versity, I told them how the initial
aidowirient for the Unirersity had
come from Mr. Yale who as Gov-
ernor of Madras had amassed his
wealth in India. I said that I
was happy to ace the rnagnifice-?.1
sprouting. of the seed supplied
covered with the sweat of the
people I tiled the fine bunch of
students there. I thought they res-
ponded to the more open heartedly
than the India House audience!
It has been a crowded seek, It
has been so crowded that I was
able to meet my host. Albert Mayer
v.bit is advising us on the planned
development a Dal' urban area,
only on the fourth day of my nay.
I lived in his house but could net
ntaxt him!
(To be continued)
STAT
S
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tIliftlES OF IDIDA W.FpNESDAY. TUNE 3,...1959
A TRAVEL DIARYI4
Meeting With Reuther In
Depressed Detroit
By ASOKA MEI1TA
N May 15, I went to Detroit and the slack in the economy removed,
from New York; it is the
automobile centre of the United
States, where by a trick of geo-
graphy Canada is to the south and
not to the north of the United
States.
The auto industry is hit by re-
duced demand, competition from
small cars from Europe?their
share of the U.S. market has gone
up from two to over seven per
mt.?automation and dispersal
of the industry. The result is that
Detroit has nearly 2,00,000 un-
employed. The slate of Michigan
has not paid Its employees, in-
cluding the Governor, their salaries
for two weeks running! An offi-
cial of the United Auto-Workers'
Union. who had come to meet me
at the airport told me how is
Hudson plant employing 6,000
workers had shifted 500 nines
away. Only 200 workers had
managed to go with it. The rest
,' appeared to be the human scrap-
'
,2' heap. Thu workers, depending
J
on the, period of work put in, arc
entitled to unemployment insur-
ance for 26 weeks and for a fur-
ther period of 13 weeks. After that.
they live on relief. Some 20.000
workers constituted such a hard
core of the distress in the city
I went to see the Plymouth en-
gine plant, one of most automatis-
ed plants In the United States. It
is the showpiece of Detroit. The
King or Belgium had been there
the previous day. I have read
something on automation and as-
sembly Imes, discussed them, but
one has to see automation at work
to get the full impact. It is
1 amazing to see these rows of ma-
chines working without men as it
were. It tires you more to see
just machines. faultlessly working
with a few blundering humans
around !
INTERESTING HOURS
I then spent three interesting hours
with Walter Reuther. ['resident of
the U.A.W. and one of America's
outstanding personalities, lie had just
come back from Berlin where he
addressed a May Day rally of 6,00.00o
persons. We talked about the depres?
sion. He said that last year when big
auto companies had a million cars in
moth-balls, they terminated the con-
tracts with the Union to provoke
workers to strike. The auto workers
arc unaccustomed to work without
contract, without which they feel as
if they have been shorn of clothes!
But is special convention attended 'by
3.500 representatives from the plants
decided to carry on. With the lapse
of contracts, the check off of Union
dues stopped. The companies had
hoped to put the financial squeeze on'
the Union. But so efficient is the.
. oiganisation or the Union that through
, personal contacts and collections 95
per cent. of the dues were collected.
At last after three months fresh con-
tracts were made but so unbending
was the attitude of the auto barons
that in ii number of plants the Union
had to spend over 30 million in stag-
lop strikes.
Reuther Is an outstanding spokes-
man of American liberalism and radi-
calism and he is therefore hated 'by
the upholders of the "status quo". In
the. 1953 elections to Congress, in 2.000
daily newsrxrpers all over the country
three l'ull nava of advertisementa dr-
ii ottaci-ae Re at 4 a Y -re published Ile
shoa! ale a kaastet where he was list-
:el (with photograph) as 'the candi-
date for es-cry office for khich the
racnrocratic Peaty wits fighting! The
? . Republicans bad made him the main
target and a .bogey man. The election
results however showed that neady
56 to 37 per cent. of the voters in
Detroit backed the Democrats, the
highest percentage in any city in the
' United States.
: Ile said the U.S. had reached the
, stage where the working-class could
1 progress only with the advance of the
general community. The cake having
grown big, there need be no quarrel
over its slicing. But it was necessary
Ito insist on its continued growth. Tho
U.S. economy was not running at fun
. steam'. Its late of growth Was under
3 per cent, a sear. If all the four
million unemployed are prosided lobs,
in die next five scars the American
economy could produce 5403 billion
more of goots over and above its
current annual output of nearly 5500
billion, a war.
We discussed the political situation
in the U.S., the international acme and
its tensions and hopes, the labour
movement in India, our third Plan
and a host of other questions, includ-
ing the urgent nxd to organise white-
collar workers and the problems of
leisure. Walter Reuther can be elo-
quent and infectious even "tete-a-tete".
That evening I spent with a group of
auto-workers, men and women, white
and Negro, employed and unemploy-
ed. Someone said, "In this city we
live in fears of losing jobs." As the
rule of lay-ofi is last come, first go,
there Is proportionately more unem-
ployment among the Negroes than the
Whites. Men over 45, once they get
laid off or lose their jobs, find it
very difliault to get fresh employment.
Amenca is a land of the young.
WITH MR. STEVENSON
Next morning I left for Chicago.
From the airport I was driven to thz
sylvan retreat of Adlai E. Stevenson
It is an abode of peace where he
lives with his son and charming
daughter-in-law. Stevenson's home is
to many American progressives a new
Mount Vernon. Ile has helped to
change the climate of opinion in the
United States. Ile was in a *relaxed
mood and over lunch we chatted for
more than two hours. First he in-
sisted on my telling him "all about
India" and then he talked freely about
his own country and the wider world
hc knows so well This great idealist
is also a sturdy realist. Ite feels that
if the Western "owers can he brought
together, much greater help can flow
to the under-developed world and
Russia can be challenged to join and
match its strength in constructive
endeavour..
From Stevenson's place I drove to
Chicago University to address a meri?
mg of students. After the meeting I
was the guest of "The Chao,
Club." It is a faculty organisation
has no membership, no premises, no
constitution or organisation and little
funds. Whenever an interesting visitor
comes to the university Chaos turns
to order and an interesting dinner-
discussion ensues. I ant many old
friends both American and Indians
(I was happy to meet Mr. Krishna
Kripalani and also Prof. Nilkanta
Shastri there.) For some hours. ques-
Asa,,
had been to Hawaii to do soma as tar sa:ia-c,,,E
tniasionanes and had done well for
themselves. "There was a world
La-
moos heart-specialist, a learkipi.archt-
lect and many others. ill OktPubli:
s=ns and the Democrats.,a..ilr them
st.me out and clashed. 4.%
Next morning I went to the Stand-
ard Research Institute to talk to 'a
b ons and answers went back and group of experts on investment =-
forth. I was happy to hear Prof tres and other ideas that arc being
Milton Singer tell me at the end,
"Mehta, you arc no socialist, you
arc plain man thinking!"
TV PROGRAMME
Prof. Ilea Hoselitz took me later
in the evening to participate in an
exciting TV programme. It as a weekly
programme called "At Random." It
' started at midnitht and went on till
3 a.rn. It is a new programme but
has been so popular that I was
assured at 3 a.m. that a million
people were then watching ad There
were six of us, brought together with-
out rehearsal. The other five were:
[slim Lorraine I lansberry, young
, Negro author of a Broadway hit play
' "A Raising in the Sun." The play has
been acclaimed the best of the year.
Gregor., Boyington one of the air
aces of World War It and author
of a recent hest selling autobiography
"Bea, Baa Black Sheep." lie had the Commonwealth Club?and I had
climbed back to sanity and respec- to promise them that I would return,
tability from the dark depths war ex- The San Franciscans were scandalised
periences had cast him Into. Otto
Preminger?one of Hotlywhood's most that I preferred to spend a day in
Los Angeles in preference to one
daring and successful producers and
directors. Miss Soia Mentschlkotl. more day in their fabulous city. But
Professor of LAw at the University of then thew hsathens have not heard
of Hollywood!
San Francisco with its bay and
worked out. This great institution is
the model and the ally of our Na-
tional Council of Applied Economic
Research.
I had lunch at the centre of
advanced study in behaviourial scion'
tea, a new Ford Foundation outfit. It
Is, as Prof. Max htillikan had told
me in Boston parodying Veblen (au-
thor of the "Theory or the Leisure
Class), the 'leisure of the theory
class." Fifty top intellectuals front
the U.S. and abroad are brought here
together in idyllic surroundings to
spend a sear in' quiet work?to rein-
vigorate the deepest springs of their
creativity. I spent four interesting
bouts with the cream or American
egg-beads!
I could not take advantage or a
number of interesting invitations, for
instance by the Bank of America. by
Chicago. first woman to teach law
at Harvard and Chicago. and Eugene
Gilbert. President of Gilbert Youth
Research. the world's largest and first
organisation devoted to the determina-
tion of teenage attitudes, made up the
rest. The six of us discussed and
argued about all questions that could
hold our inter&At and spark our
thoughts. Naturally this new pro-
gramme of uninhibited discussion, re-
vise) of the lost art of conversation,
has caueht the imagination of people
jaded with "popular ' programmes.
On the 17th 1 reached San Fiats-
cisco, the golden gateway to, Ame-
rica. Our Consul-General met me at
the airport, and among those present
at dinner to meet me I was happy to
find the atahamia of Mysore. Ile is
here partly on holiday and partly to
speak on Indian philosophy at lead-
ing universities. His shy.' cultured,
deeply religious personality has great-
!) impressed all whom he has met. It
is so characteristic of him to give rip
his well earned vacation, to bat for
India. The Maharaja's utter simpli-
city came out when he asked me whe-
ther in view of the extravagant ex-
penditure of the Ameticans, the dol-
lar was safe. 1 said it was safe but
not stable!
Early next morning I left for Sac-
remento to meet Governor Edmund
Brown who only six months hack de-
feated Senator Knowland by a mil-
lion votes. Ile is a robust, breezy, ex-
trovert. We talked for over an hour,
about local politics, the international
scene. the Presidential possibilities (lie
is himself very much of a dark
horse). his Roman Catholicism. the
revival of the Democratic Patty and
his forthcoming visit to India.
In the afternoon I was able to
assert my bipartisanship by meeting
the Republic Mayor of San Francisco
who honoured me with the key of
the city.
UNUSUAL PERSON
Later I met a most unusual Per- r
cora a Loneshoremem Eric Holier.
who has written some highly original
books. Inchiding The True Reliever.
lie told mc about how the hook strew
in him and how he wrote it in long
hand and sent it to Ilarp:r aros. and
the manuscript C4s, accepud and
published. Now The it't to York
77m,..t and The Reporter seek him rr
out for articles. He told me of the
life and the world view of the dock-
ers. This unique intellectual is proud
to work as it dockman. I could write
a whole article on him. and I hope
some day I will Ire was like fresh
mountain air?refreshing, the dew of
the dawn opening the petals of one's
being.
The same evening I dined with the
President of the Asks Foundation and
met come old friends, rite Dr. Har-
old Fisher of the Hoover Founda-
tion. and Dr. Robert North, and Dr.
Richard Parks. Also made new stimu- ?
lating contacts with person like Prof.
Robert Stalapino. In the United
Statist Professors play an unusually
important role. I was hapny to note
complete metamorphosis the Found-
ation has undergone.
That nicht I went to Berkeley,
homerrr,;tc: ef the h
o, in
of University of California.
one
trrheeatcellie.andNebsit monteesttAnni;
?1."hali Windmilla took me to
KPFA tor a radio interview.
WindmiTler is part author or
a study of Communism in India.
tust published. The KPFA Radio
is high-brow. It works on the basis
linenere sponsor:him Those who
tune in its tweseramme4 Pay S12 a
Tear if they Eke it and Its support
teem on grerwina. I was harpy to
meet again Thomas Reesch who has
been worktne on the history of the
socialist mew-ruler,' in Ind's, I was
sairnosed that in the University of
California. quite a fear students are
working on the ideas of Asoka
Mehta! One cf the students gave me
a forty-page article on my "philoso.
Phv"!
It was heart-warming to meet learn
Div.rststr=ree Fisher and Joan Bon-
durant. two devoted lavers of India.
Dr. Boodurant told inc haw she al-
ways used to assure frimods here, even
when I was under a cloud in my
mow and in r:rr country. that my
political ideas did not denote somor-
clarion of any kind!
Al droner that night. as at lunch
carrier. I met a cross section of Sae'
Francisco's society. Nest to use war.
a lady who I later discovered wag
worth $25 rafflion?ber forefatherg
woods is perhaps the most beautiful
city in the United States. It is "a
city of waves" as I told the Mayor.
It has the bursting vitality of Cali-
fornia so different from the mature as-
surance of New York.
20th May: Los Angeles. the mush-
room city of America that does not
expand but explodes. Huge, sprawl-
ing, ungainly. wallowing in wealth.
the movie capital of the wessil. If
San Francisco boasts of the first "fly-
in hotel" (motels have become dated.
Los Angeles has the first 52.5 million
private atom-bomb proof residence
with walls three feet thick. An Ameri-
can and a Dutch student took me
round in the evening to show me the
sights of glittering Hollywood and
exclusive Beverley Hills?the hub of
triumphs and tears.
Next morning I had to give a talk
at the Occidental College, go to the
City Hall and meet the young May-
lankar. son of the late Speaker, who
has been here for sit months cis a re-
sult of a had car accident.
In the four days that I spent nu
the wevt coast, the only news about
India that I saw was about Sonalini
Devi. "who wears a ruby on her fore-
head."
(To
Be Cnnetnesftil
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/02/26: CIA-RDP81-01043R003800210002-1
(77.=
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/02/26: CIA-RDP81-01043R003800210002-1
REMARKABLE PROGRESS BY
PUERTO RICO
? Continued from page 6 col. 8
transferred to Poking. and the S0413 and Commerce. He said eo-ope-
Ambassador has just come from ratites had proved neither better
there, and, you Can Imagine my in- nor worse than other enterprises.
'tcrest in them ? just after 1 'bet! The agricultural sector was shrink-
Later I met HE. Daniel Cosio ing, even though 48 per cent. of
Vince's. He talked, about Meal- the population was still engaged in
? co's propensity for discovering it. Because more people were mie-
:nety?problema. Many a Latin Arne- rating to the United States and
' rican problem Is first discovered in faking to industrial work pet capita
Mexico. The solutions found xy income of agriculture 021 fixing but
not always be wise, but at least increasingly agriculture had to be
theyare attempted. lie said that nude more attractive if , enough
Mexico could talk a lot about what people were to be trained in it.
experiments not to make. Sir VII- Later he took mc round to sell-
lega* will be visiting our country help housing ,projects in rural areas.
soon, I hope somebody will get Two hundred and forty such GM-
from him all such invaluable ncga- munities have been built, re-housing
sive hints! 25 per cent, of Puerto Rico's rural
23rd May?A number of ecia- population. The new villages are
nomists, aocfologisu and adminis- planned by the Government, the
!raters continued my education. Dr, requisite land being provided free.
Rollelfo Orudas, of the Banco De The,Government supplies building
Mexico; and Dr. Mancul Sanchnc mattarials?costing about 5300 to
. Sart?, of the National University S350 to be paid back in 10 or 12
of Mexico; Mr. Ralph W. Rich- ycara--and the people build them-
ardson, Director of the Mexican mayo. Tednical advice, if any'.
Agricultural Programme of the comes from the Government. A
Rockefeller Foundation, Mr. Robert community must build its cluster
C. Ones, sociologist, of the. Spanish- of houses together. No one can
English Association were among complete it before the other, be-
those I met, cause then joint effort ceases. It
?
As in Egypt, to in Mexico a sub- is is wonderful scheme which has
stantial portion of the national in- real potentialitlea for our country.
come cornea from (or goes to) corn- FF.DERAL 'CANES
memo and services (411 per cent.). At 6-30 p.m. I went to the Guy'
Agriculture's contribution is less ernment House for dinner with
than 20 per cent, though 50 to 55 the Governor, LUIS Munoz Marin.
per c,cot. of the labour force is He had with him his entire Cabi-
engaged in it. The trading inter- net 'the Presidents of the Senate
cut skim off the cream The U.S. and the 1-louse wcrc also there,
firm of Anderson Cly ton la so obi- though the legislature was then
quitous and important that Its re- sitting, for three and half hours'
preventative was once greeted by discussion ranged on a wide array
Prof. Sarto as the "Viceroy of of subjects. Because of the special
Mexico." Commonwealth relations Puerto
Agricultural production has toe- Rico has with the United States,
daily risen in cotton and coffee the island pays no federal taxes?
While the trend In corn is uneven and that means $130 million or 13
and sluggish, what has doubled per cent, of the national income.
Its output in three years?front I told him that New Zealand with
0.75 million to 1.5 million. There the same population 21 Puerto
is a dispute over whether the pre- Rico had set up in the past few
revolutionary and post-revolutio- years 11,000 factories, mostly small
nary elites were the same or had scale, employing 2,00,000 persons
changed. Many of ? the former as against nearly 2,000 factories
"men of property" have prospered employing 79,000 jsersons In
under the new regime, but much Puerto Rico. He smiled and said
of the rich cotton lands are being that they had to compete with the
held by descendants of the fathers U.S. mainland giants. We discussed
of the revolution. the remarkable record of the
THE INITIAL PUSH Fomento in developing for a period
of seven years industrial expansion
Almost everyone seemed to he
at the rate or 50 per cent, a year
agreed on the initial push In econo-
mic development having come ?and . of inducing industries to
from industry, though now Indus- move into rural areas.
he Governor asked me why
try and agriculture arc interacting.
Thc Industrial revolution it,t, India had never called all the
f
o- the world, other than
started with "ubiquitous" Industries nations
liao textiles and beer,
thoac belonging to the II-club, to
I had a quiet lunch with Mr. discuss the nuclear threat to man-
Menem our Charge d'etflairs. lie kind.
"India .can afford to rise
is evidently liked and respected
above national interest.do
ih
I_ human
hero. It is unfortunate that we groups cannot o t, ere is no
have not a full-fledged embassy 1?J" for 1114"'"
here. male? City is the heart of tie talked about the recent re-
Latin America. The Russians,
f with
nith the Indian revolution,
lii Cuba. Ile compared it
was told, have nearly 800 persons .
lure?in various guises. Four of "though not JO spiritual " Figel
Castro had an "army" of 600 that
them have recently had to be ex- . .
pelted. There is leen interest in uefcated Batista 3 nighty trained
India: and we can reap rich re-, and fully equipped forces of 40,000
wards In political and cultural un- ecausethrl superiority. He prais-
ed
I
ea people's support aye
l
derstanding if a better effort is him a mo
made. ed Castro's men as being Innocent
I realised once again how much and free from any sense of self-
I had lost by coming during the importance. They had made his-
tory but they had retained their
summer holidays. Bet for the
holidays I would have had the youth and innocence.
I turned the talk to Spanish
honour of inaugurating the Mexico-
literature because I knew the
India Association, Just being
started Governor is not only an outstand-
Mis Alma Read, a prominent ing politician and administrator
s
writer and journalist and a friend but a philosopher and poet. For
of Mrs. Sarojini Naldu, gave me some 40 minutes around the table
the Governor and his colleagues
fascinating details about the family
background of Mexico's new Pro- discussed literary problems with
sident, Adolfo Lopez Matesos. the same zest as lie had displayed
I saw sonic of the magnificent in the discussion of administrative
and economic problems.
churches with their ornate altars.
1 realised that to Puerto Rico too
'I he exotic, extravagant and ince-
? I had conic two days too latet-
lug"lurals olp s,,ic
ieg7eRi,l'ilera p'2g: over
s cause tifel.cjisniaalesPt:rioblohaCdas Just
tite?ttrst
the other great
ters made mc feel that the secret after a triumphant tour.
of colours was unlocked only here.
? In the churches, full of 'devout COMMUNITY PROGRAMME
people. I saw the riots of colours 26th May?Saw a short prize-
in women's dresses and realised winning documentare produced by
that the ancient sun-worshipping the Community Education Divi.
ateaienns are verily the children sion. Then had a long discussion
of the spectrum. Perhaps that is with Mr. Fred Wale, Director,
ehy there Is no colour conscious- Community Education Division of
nes% uh.rolutcly no racial discrimi-
t.ie Department of Education. Mr,
nation here. Wale is an Englishman by birth.
Gave a long intenicw on idea- a person of deep sensitivity and
logical efflorescence In India to humane vision. Ile is frightened at
hxamen. "a journal of ideas.' the influence the American experts
again through an interpreter, an are hating on our community de-
able add sensitive young man from velopm i
ent programmes. because, n
Bombay, Mr, Shirali his view, thc programmes are ex-
Some Mexican and Chilean cellent as extension services but
friends took me In the evening to do little to promote the commu-
sample Mexican food, wine and nity spirit. Two incidents that Mr.
music, I could enjoy only the Wale related would make his
approach clear. In a rural corn-
ECONOMIC DIALLOPMLNT munity in Puerto Rico $550 had
24th May?I take off for San been collected to obtain a match'',
Juan, Puerto Rico. The whole tog grant from the Government to .
day will be spent travelling "cr. construct a tillage mad. The trea.!
surer, a woman, had resigned and i
to Rico, with 2.4 million people,
enjoys some kind of Conniton- the community =cane was dis-
wvalth relationship with thz United cussing the situation. Some people
were worried about the safety of
Slat' Ii has had a rcularka.""' the money. Someone suggested that
programme oi' economic develop-
mcni and social change in the past a field worker of the Community
go
tell )ears. "Foniento." rasholthiclis
is
word for development, is inscribed
Spanish al:ndtrtsecti"thencersa-ritreames'iut
et cr>,. here in this island bursting where the field worker came in
with creatite caorts. He slid not want the community
25th May--The day has been so to look outside, to authorities
above, but discover strength from
:ull of discussions that it is moos-
within Pie problem was satisfac.
sible to note down eversthirtg that jd .
SSSS said. ton so
in another community, at a
My first intestiew was with Mr. meeting arranged to work for the
Hugh Barton. Director. Office of
supply of pure d
Economic Studies, Economic De- drinking water. a
%element Adntinistration. Math the treasurer, woman steposal forward to be
few preliminary remarks I made A nun spat and said.
him feel that knew something of a woman was no good for such a
the Puerto Rico's adventure in cue-
. job. The field worker knew that
?..yelopment and gladly plunged into the waterworts would sink if he
got into the controversy. But he
, details. did. For over an hour the meeting
? Then we went to meet Thcorodo aisectssact women's place in life.
Moseosos. Director of the Econo-
mic Development Administration. and while no new consensus men-
lie bemoaned the political pro-standing
cd straightsvay. a deeper under-
prevailed. The corn-
nut that has increased wages and munity education people lute no
eaten into investments. "The project responsibility. The wain'.
wages of transport workers hate cal staffs conic in only when the
increased so much, that we hate people are ready to re...setae them
now no money to bur buses! Our community development offi-
Wages of industrial workers have dais would get a new insight into
increased by 85 per cent, in the
past three sears and of Guy the problems if they had Mr, Fred
cutploaces by 15 per cent The time,
esannent Wales in their midst for some
result is that a bus drit cr earns j had lunch utth Dr. Arthuro
'$200 a month, while a unit-mita' Morales Carrion. Under Seem-
trained teacher just SI25. Govern- tary of State of the Common-
meat plans had to be sold because wealth of puerto Rico. We talked
a Labour Government could riot about the impact Puerto Rteti is ,
bargain over wages effecurely. But making on LS. policies. pant-
he admitted, notwithstanding his eularly in Latin America. The
, well-known predilection for the pri- Governor's influence in this direc-
vete sector, that nearly.10 per tion has been grow-mg. Then we 'a
cent. of Puerto Rico's income came discussed the &Item:Kea in the
from the public sector. ove.riess communities and States a
I lunched with Mr. Luis Rivera pioneered by Britain and
ISIntos, Secretary of Agriculture those pioneered by Spain. The
English create schools - even in
literature and art. the Spanish only
outstanding exponents who defy
cla.saification. It is fascinating to
study the unfolding of the conti-
nent of Latin America, connected
in such diverse ways with Europe.
Africa. Asia and America, grow-
ing to -new positions of power and
awareoess, a continent that will
have 500 million people by the
turn of this century. It is unfor-
tunate that we take so little inter-
eat in the Latin half of the New
World.
LITERARY FIGURES
Chile usually sends out its out-
standing literary figures as Its
ambassadors abroad. We also need
to do it. We should attach to our
embassies capable young writers.
That will give them opportunities
to soak in other literatures and cul-
ture) and interpret our literature
and culture to others. I believe the
cultural section of our Foreign
Service can be greatly improved.
In the afternoon, 1 went to the
Planning Board, the Jam:runt
3011?011117, of the Governor's office.
His co-ordinating office, which has
no executive burdens but is only
a "think-shop", has a staff of
persons, drawn from many coun-
tries?a miniature United Nations
as the Chairman of the Board
smilingly put it.
'I hose with w horn 1 bad dis-
cussions included Sr. Candido
?liven's, chairman, Carlos
Alvarado, member, and Everett
Reimer, Dr. Scott Keyes, and
Mohinder Bhatia, consultants
Puerto Rico has reached a higher
stage of development than
Mexico, though its development is
not wholly self-generating. Of the
21 per cent, of income invested, II
to 12 per cent. comes from the
mainland United States. But the
country is struggling with the pro-
blems of welfare economics, and
the prospects of affluence are just
round the corner.
"Operation ? Bootstrap," how-
ever, has been tin, though
the bootstraps have mainly been;
industries, particularly large and I
capital intensive. There are both!
high birth and death rates in
In-
dustry, but the loss productive in-
dustries seem to be dying and the
more productive growing. Hence;
the success of the development
programme.
Puerto Rico of course spends
nothing on defence. Mexico spends
just 8 per ccnt, of its budget. The
less defence takes away, the more
is left for development.
Puerto Rico has few natural
resources except its people, and it
has to Import raw materials, pro-
ma them and export finished goods.
The relationship of Puerto Rico
to the United States, as Governor
Marin had put dramatically to me,
is that of an Imperial to colonial
country except that in this case the
purveyor of raw materials is also
a Number I booming market for
manufactured goods. Tho siphon-
ing of surplus population to the
U.S. also plays an important part
in the comparatively quick develop-
ment of the island Comnionwealth,
1,600 miles from New York.
Puerto Rico has much to give
our State governments. There is a
remarkable vitality in the admini-
stration. The Governor has gather-
ed round him a team of able and
articulate persons. There is verve
and faith in the administration ,
which, if emulated, would impart
a now dimension to our State goy- t
ernments,
26th May?I leave in the morn-
ing for Now York, to complete the
last lap of my journey to the
United States
TINKS OF LNIMA FRIDAY, JUNE 5, 059
A TRAVEL' DIARY-5'
- The Latin States
By AS0E:A
21 ST MAY?Los Angeles to
. Mexico City is a long flight
-aait is like going from Srinagar to
Trivandrum. The sky was spot-
lessly dear, the wings of the Me-
xico airliner shone like a reflector
under a full moon; 17,000 feet be-
low a sheen of silver covered the
undulating earth.
Mexico City, a federal district?
keeps growing in population. As
in Jakarta no two persons here,
agree on its population. About a
seventh of the population of Mexico
is in the capital city and
was told it provides half the mar-
ket for the goods of the country.
I was happy to find myself on
Reforma Avenue, and in Hotel
Refonna, both of which were com-
memorating the new agrarian re-
forms. Mexico delights in flaunt-
ing its allegiance to the revolution.
by. now a mystic word. The two
best monuments in the city arc
those commemorating the revolu-
tion and the nationalisation of the
petroleum industry. The city
boasts of many modern buildings
glimmering in the sun in steel and
glass Skyscrapers (tallest 46
storied) and men scraping out an
uneasy living make tip the disturb-
ing contracts of the city, which is
perched on a high altitude and en-
joys fickle weather
The day ? the 22nd ? began
' with a press conference. This is
the first press conference I have
held at which questions and answers
were "carried on through an inter-
preter. It received a good coverage
,and I saw my photographs the
next day in many of the local
newspapers ? unfortunately only
on the inside pages.
The Congress for Cultural Free
dom had arranged for me to meet
some literary people ? but cats
one discuss literature thiough air
interpreter?
I seem to hate come here at the
wtong time. A summer tacation of
ten days is on. Parliament is in
rcccss, and all Government ofTi?
cials arc out of the city. I ant to
have a holiday from politicians.
VISIT TO MEXICO
My main purpose in coming to
Mexico Is to understand its develop.
Fluent plans. Mexico has made re-
markable progress in the past ten to
hi-teen years. Production is grow-
ing at the annual cafe or 7 to 8
, per cent and agricultural output
'leads the way, Between 1950 and
1955 the population increased 15
per cent. (Mexico has one of the
highest grow rates in population)
and the gross national product rose
by 27 per cent., but the agricultural
product increased by 43 per cent.
discussed "the miracle of
atecico" with -a number of econo-
mists. 1 began with Manuel Al-
varado. of the Financera Inter-Con-
tinental S A.. who has just helped
to float r synthetic rubber factory
with an investment of 150 million
pesos (or Rs. 6 crores)- His analys-
is was interesting,. He felt that
the land reforms had stirred up
the people. The well-to-do who
lost lands had to turn to other ave-
nues. They came to the city and
MEHTA
from the ensuing ferment entre"
preneurs emerged. The small hold.
Inas created, which legally could
neither be sold nor mortgaged, pro-
duced proletariat, particularly front
the younger branches of the fami-
ly. Capital came from a liberal
tax policy ? no taxes for ten years
for a new enterprise ? inflationary
financing, and the large inflow of
funds from abroad. American tour-
ists bring 5500 million a year. The
1.5 million Mexicans who work in
the US. as &ocelot or tempo-
rary agricultural workers remit
nearly 5500 million a year (and
they return with improved efficiency
as well as higher expectationrand
Often become artisans or skilled
workmen), and the net foreign in-
vestments are tariously estimated
but he put them tat $400 million a
year. So nearly 15 per cent. of
Mexico's national income comes
from abroad, I shall not load this
travel report with the details I went
into.
SI4111LAR PROBLEJIS
Next, thice experts in agriculture
came to see mc. They were Mr.
Edwin Deckles, l'rof. licbcrto M.
Scin and Sr. Arnaldo Lemu, Pea-
era! Agricultural Extension Service
Director. They had a fascinating
story to tell, particularly Signor
Lerma. As we discussed problem
after problem. the similarity be-
tween India and Mexico became
clearer, except that Mexico has
taken certain vital decisions and
the consequences arc now appa-
rent. Talking to these experts was
like looking into a crystal ball; one
could foresee the many mistakes
we are likely to commit and the in-
evitability of hopes turning to frus-
tration where men pursue contrary
goals. I was informed that a pro.
duct had shot up in that sector of
agriculture which had escaped re-
forms. "Land reforms". said Arnal-
(In Lemma. "arc the sacred cows of
Mexico"
Then came Dr. Wifold L Lang'
rod of the United Nations' Cons'
mission for Latin America. Ile is
a sociologist and his special (ACE-
CO is not administration or law but
human beings. He analysed for
mc the social forces at work in the
rural areas. the political tensions
operating and the economic thrusts
backward and forward. 1 must not
embarrass his official position by
quoting Iiim.in print.
The reception arranged for me
brought together many intere-ting
persons. There were officials of the
Bank of Mexico and of the State
Department. There were journal-
ists and writers (some of whom
with characteristic Iberian genero-
sity !misted on loading me with
their Spanish works): a number of
diplomats (at one time I had to
carry on conversation.simaltancous-
Iv with the US. and the Soviet re-
presentatives, not a difficult feat
because the two apparently had very
little to say to each other): busi-
ness men, and to top everything
else. a Hollywood star floated in
to impart glamour to the ,,how,
The. Danish Ambassador is being
STAT
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release
50-Yr 2014/02/26 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003800210002-1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/02/26: CIA-RDP81-01043R003800210002-1
TIM OF INDIA 140IqDAY. n.ire s.
A TRAVEL DIARY-6
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/02/26 ? CIA-RDP81-01043R003800210002-1