ACOUSTICS IN POLAND/STATIC SIREN DEVELOPED BY LESNIAK AND MACZEWAKI-ROWINSKI/ASSESSMENT BY EXPERT IN ULTRASONICS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80T00246A021400400001-9
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 24
• Document Creation Date: December 23, 2016
• Document Release Date: July 19, 2013
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: May 6, 1963
• Content Type: REPORT

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INFORMATION REPORT INFORMATION REPOT
*NTRAL INTELLIQ.ENCE 4GENtY
This material contains tnformatiorbffectg e National ,PefOnse" of the atei?itr the meaning
18, U.S.C. Secs. 793 and 794, theOraisA o faiielatioWif-whic#Afi tgo unauthorized
CONFIDENTIAL
of the Espionage Laws, IIT IC
person is prohibited by law.
50X1 -HUM
COUNTRY
SUBJECT
DATE OF
INFO.
PLACE &
DATE ACQ.
Poland
Acoustics in Poland/Static
Developed by Lesniak
Rowinski/Assessment
Ultrasonics
REPORT
Siren DATE DISTR.
and Mac zewski-
by Expert in NO. PAGES
REFERENCES
50X1 -HUM
50X1 -HUM
50X1 -HUM
6May 63
2
THIS Is UNEVALUATED INFORMATION
50X1 -HUM
5
4
3
2
1
the following: 50X1 -HUM
A 19 page English translation of "A
Static Siren by the Central Institute of Labor Safety - Poland, by
B. Lesniak and. B. Mazzewski-Bowinski".
The documents are UNCLASSIFIED.
50X1 -HUM
2. The paper discusses the theoretical considerations for the development
of a "Static Siren" (Multi-Whistle) using six convergent-divergent
Delaval Nozzles. The choice of the DeLeval Nozzles (diverging throat)
was based on the steady increase in intensity Proportional to pressure
increase found by B Lesniak. This is opposed to the maximum plateau
generelIy Observed wfth Nartmann (converging throat) generators.
CONFIDENTIAL
BIWA
Eubiedtriautenfic
demmmensid
deciamMaMm
ISTATE
I I ARMY
1 NAVY
AIR
I FBI
I AEC
5
4
3
2
50X1 -HUM
I IJtg2/sLjc
INFORMATION REPORT INFORMATION REPORT
CONTROLLED NO DISSEM ABROAD
DISSEM: The dissemination of this document is limited to civilian employees and active duty military personnel within the intelligence components
of the USIB member agencies, and to those senior officials of the member agencies who must act upon the information. However, unless specifically controlled
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CONPIDHNTIAL
50X1-HUM
There is also & theoretical discussion of the Ilartamm Whistle as well
as design considerations for the Delays]. Nozzle, secondary renamee
chamber, exponential and conical horns.
3. There is shown experimental work using a single generator in a conical
horn, with * flat secondary resonance chmemr bottom connected thereto.
Briefly, the results for the four different Delival Nozzles are:
Power output: 20.6 to 106 watts
Air consumption: 10.5 to 57.6 m3/lir. (6.2 to 34 0310
Pressure: 5 to 7 atm (71.4 to 100 psi)
4. A new static siren will be built using six nozzles with a "theoretical"
free field power output resahing 635 watts. A novel feature of the
design will be ports' built into the horn to remove (try caoressor
suction) most of the air used for sound generation.
5. Fran the data given in this well documented paper
the Lingle whistle developed no
differ to a great extent from the Boucher lasowhistle or from the
Russian 'whistle of W P Harkin. However, the design of the Multi
Whistle with air suction watt% the horn seems a very interesting
improvement copied from the Levavasseur siren. The air commotion
of the new Multi Whistle is relatively high for the power output.
The more origthal feature seam to be the design of several single
whistles which allow a nearly continuous frequency shift between 14,6
and 29.3 KC.
-end-
50X1-HUM
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;?.g
UNCLASSIFIED OFFICIAL USE ONLY X
CONFIDENTIAL SECRET
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
ROUTING AND CONTROL RECORD
DATE
30 April 1963
50X1 -H
I_
TITLE 50X1 -HU
A 19 Page English Translation of
"A Static Siren by the Central Institute of labor
Safety - Poland, by B. Lesniak and B. Maczewski-
Bovinski".
The documents are UNCLASSIFIED. 50X1 -H
"M"242
16.5. mita PReVIOUS COOTI0111.
(20?401
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7. 7 0
-:./1 STATIC SIREN BY THE CENTRAL INSTITUTE OF IABOR
SAPETY
- POLAND -
Following is a translation of an article by B.Lesniak
and B.Maczewski-Rowinski in the Polish-language perio-
dical Ochrona Pracy (Labor Safety), No 11, November
1962, pages 19-25.
Introduction.,
Amang various methods of generating a strong acoustic
field, dynamic air,generators also commonly called ultra-
sonic sirens haVe,become most prominent. It should be noted
owever, that this nomenclature is incorrect in most
cases, because audible (audioacoustic) frequencies are used
for practical purpases, especially for coagulation of aero-
sols, drying and emulsification. For this reasan,a more ge-
neral term, namely "acoustic sirens", is used to describe
them and more specifically "audio-acoustic" or "ultra-acous
tic" whichever the case may be.
Interest has been shown in recent years for the metho
of generating acoustic waves, which utilizes hydrodynamic
flow generatorsAmawn already for a few decades. Special
among them is the whistle invented by the Danish physicist
HARTMANN. Such 'Whistles are placed'at the focus of a para-
olio reflector and thus a source of unidirectional sound
radiation is obtained.
b)
of whistles
)7--;;A
7Y-P4--c-;gge4-
11);47X .Z-c2,7 9 (4-
;
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The power, generated by one such source was Usually in-
sufficient for practical purposes; therefore, the whistles
by HARTMANN were for a long time used only in laboratory re-
search.
Only BOUCHSR's applioation of an aocuatioal horn to the
HARTMANN whistles has resulted in a new type of siren, called
"static" (fig.1). Such name is justified fully by the fact,
that there are no moving parts whatsoever in this device.
The siren contains several HARTMANN whistles located on the
periphery of a ring chamber, which is also equipped with an
acoustic horn. Other types of static sirens, namely those
by SZKOLNIKOWA, KuRgiff and TARTAKOWSKI were built in a simi-
lar manner.
In Poland, the development of a static siren was for
the, first time undertaken by the Central Institute of Labor
Safety (Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy) with the coopera-
tion of the Institute of Principal Problems of Technology
at the Polish Academy of Sciences (IPPT-PAN). This siren is
designed with a new type of whistle having a DE LAVAL nozzle.
Another innovation in the developed siren is a foreseen
possibilty of generating "pure" waves without an acoustic
whiff. This is done by means of properly designed channels
which suck away the air blown into the horn by the whistle.
The advantage of static sirens lies in the easy and in-
expensive construction, the absence of any rotating parts
and its compactness..
Its disadvantages include the difficulty of generating
waves at frequencies below five kilocycles/second. This is
unfavorable-,in-many cases of practical application. (Lately
the CIOP and IPPT-PAN have undertaken the development of a
new type, of static generator for audio,acaustic waves of
greater power and lower frequency).
? The Construction and Operating Principle of Acoustic
Flow Generators (Whistles).
Acoustic flow generators utilize phenomena which appear
when gases leave a round nozzle at critical or at above cri-
tical velocity. When gas flows out of the nozzle, rarifica-
tion waves and oblique impact waves are generated in the
gas stream, but a. steady gas flow'is established .with
dio pressure 'variations in the direction of .the main stream
This is due to the multiple reflection of the waves from
the boundary surface of the stream. BUSEMANN has found, that
the stream of a gas flowing out of a nozzle is divided into
fields between the ends of its edges. Same pressures and ve-
locities prevail in each successive field. The passages of
010?1????????101???????????
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cdmpression or rarification waves from one field'to another
occur more or less simultaneously.
Fig.2 shows the pressure profile in a gas stream as mea-
sured at the axis of symmetry by means of a PITOT tube.
The pressure profile becomes wave shaped at higher pres-
sure differences as a result of generated shock waves in
which supersonic velocity is converted into subsonic velocity
as the. entropy increases. At the same time, pressure losses
result: they are largest in the fields of highest velocity,
that is where the magnitude of pressure is minimum; they are
smallest in the fields of lowest velocity or maximuM pres-
sure.
In order to obtain acoustical vibrations, HARTMANN plac-
ed a resonator tube from xlto x,pr from xsto x. (fig.2 ).
This resonator was periodically -(in a pulsating manner) fill-
ed by and emptied of the air stream. HARTMANN worked out on
this basis an approximate formula defining the frequency of
generated waves:
" j
4(I1, + 04 dr) [1]
here c- is the velocity of sound (meters/second) in the gas
der the condition When the diameter d(cm) of the resona-
or is equal to its depth hr(cm).
,
Por, air the generated frequency was from a few kil
/ ocycl-
e second up to 120 kilocycles/second. At an incoming air
ressure of two atmospheres gage and at a frequency f= 28.2
ilocycles/second the acoustic power amounted to 13.4 Watts
a several times more at higher pressures and lower frequen-
ies-.--This-relates to the size of the resonator diameter and,
o the amount of expended air. (The emitted power increases
?th higher air expenditure). The efficiency of the whistle.a
eel= 4...to 5%.
"HARTMANN, BOUCHER, SAVORY and others were of the opinicn
hat in order to obtain acoustical vibrations, the stream ve-
ocity of the gas flowing out of a nozzle must exceed the ve-
ocity of sound. However, as is well known, they used convex-
ng nozzles which could not satisfy this condition. Other
uthors thought that the nozzle aught to have such shape as
o enable the ?pressure head at its exit to reach the proper
agnitude.
In Poland, B.IESNIAK has in recent years compared the
ction of converging nozzles and DE IAVAL nozzles by exami-
ng the effect of the velocity and exit pressure head of the
as on the emitted acoustic power.
He conduated comparative tests on the change of acoustic
ield intensity with three converging and three DE LAVAL
ozzles. The exit orbss-sections of both types of nozzles
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were the same...-EaCh nozzle was in turn operating .with the
same resonator at identical frequencies and at .maximum emit-
ted power...
The' presture of the entering air was maintained within
' the limits-letween'2 and 6.4 atmospheres gages
. ,
? Ato
20,
w mmm X4
,Odlegrojd x od dozy
eniol.c)
? 2
Krowe
....~ .4wo-
I.1- \
_ ______ ,
..'
--., .. ?.......
......_ -ftglowatiltii 4
... ,
. . .
Kg:2. Pressure profile in a gas stream flowing out of a con-
verging nozzle (HARTMANN): 1- nozzle, 2 - resonator,
,d1.- exit diameter of nozzle, dr-inside diameter of re-
sonator, ht,' depth of resonator.
a)- atmotPhereszage.
b) distance x from nozzle
0).edge of stream
Fig.3 shows' the. characteristics of the discussed nozzles
,in the form of graphs.
Investigations have shown that for a MACH number M=1.4
and'li=1.5 the Maximum intensity of the, acoustic field was
..obtained with.converging nozzles at a gas pressure of about
-4.5 to.25.atmOspheres gage. On the other hand, no maximum
intensitywas observed with DE LAVAL nozzles - the intensity
as funo.4on of pressure was increasing greatly, steadily and
almost proportionally. It was also found, that the expendi-
ture of air "supplying DE LAVAL nozzles was lower than that
for 'the Conve ging nozzles. This leads to the conclusion,
that the acous ical.efficiency of DE LAVAL nozzles is greater:
than the effici ncy of converging nozzles.' ?
' Within the 'project with the cooperation of IPPT-PAN, the
'entire set, of whi'etles of the new type was utilized.in the . .
experimental.singIp-rwhistle siren. The latter served for the,
preliminary establishment of basic parameters absolutely ne, -,
? pessary for the development of the multi-whistle static siren
,
?. ,
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7 2
...
c:3 /
1
k
k
a)
6
oin
2 3 4 5 6
Cisnienie powiettlo
6)
g.3.comparison between converging nozzle and DE LAVAL noz
zle characteristics: a) for a MACH number M=1.4; b)fo
a MACH number M=1.5; 1 - for a converging nozzle, 2
for a DE LAVAL nozzle.
Measurements were made at a distance of 40 cm from th
sound source.
(a) Intensity of the acoustic field
(b) Air pressure
(c) Atmospheres gage
A set consisting of a whistle and a resonator placed i
side a secondary resonating chamber is suitable for inter-
changing.nozzles, regulation of the resonator depth h (fig.
2), varying the distance from nozzle to resonator and also
varying the depth H of the secondary chamber Oig. 4). The
generating set is equipped with an acoustic, horn, thus fo
ing a single-whistle siren shown in fig. 4.
For the purpose of calculating the parameters of the
acoustic horn, the basic frequency f= 2000 cycles/second
and d0=15 millimeters as diameter of the horn entrance were
assumed.
The calaulation was made starting out with the equatio
for the effective horn cross-section:
? (1 T2) y=0?
c
f2r>
-
??? ?????????????
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1
:
?
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ith..the p per values of constants, we obtain
y = y. [C,osh ) Anil (-1-1-:)] . .131
S (11.1) T sinh (1.-t)j1 '
sr*
.S
- cross-section area of the horn at the distance x,c
- aross-sectiOn area of the horn at the entrance 'c
- shape factor of the horn
- radius of the horn cross-section at the distance x
x - distance of the given cross-section
? of the horn cone,
o -.velocity of sound, cm/sec (0=34,400
angular velocity
transmission coefficient
c
2rrf contraction factor of the horn
- damping frequency, cycles/second
from the apex
cm/sec)
With the values T=1 and y= yoe x/h the horn has an ex-
ponential profile; with T=0 the profile becomes catenary;
when T= h/xo and h goep to infinity, then the horn becomes
conical with an angle ,
. 24.= 2 tan-1
First, the dimensions of the exponential horn were_cal
culated according to the formula y= y.ex/h for_the-assumed
parameter values f= 2000 cycles/second and-yo= d0/2 =0.750
l/h = 0.365
It must be pointed out that the horn with an exponen-
tial profile has an advantage; namely, its resistance at th
entrance just above the critical frequency fo is independent
of the frequency and is equal to the wave resistance of airt
In horns with other profile this characteristic appears at
much higher frequencies.
LIn_the,particular case here, however, the exponential
_ _
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hdrn prayed out to ,be too short in view of structural con-
siderations; therefore, a conical horn was designed and used.
-MO
Sketch of a static single-whistle siren with a coni-
cal hoisa -and a secondary resonance chamber.
H, - distance of the flat and of the concave bot-
tom of the chamber from the axis A-A, do- entrance .
diameter of the horn, D - exit diameter of the horn,
x - distance of given cross-section from the apex of
the horn cone, h - depth of the resonator, 4.- apex
angle of the horn. '
. The shape factor of the conical horn is defined by the
equation
T = (t) " (5)
with h going to infinity and with the apex angle v.= 2 ,
n 6
or
tari-1(yo /x, )
(6))
T7!..7T41777774.
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An angle 24)-from 10? to 20? is often used. When the an
too small, then the horn has a low acoustic efficien
y. The exit diameter D of the horn must be greater than th
mitted wavelength in order to avoid the refleotion of
he wave back into the horn. The size of the exit diameter
f the conical horn depends on its length t
In the case under consideration, with f=2000 cycles/se
dA= 170 millimeters, D should be greater than 170 mm, fo
4=20?' the length of the horn is 340 mm (fig. 4).
The damping fre uency was checked according to MORSE:
f
here
c -.velocity of sound (34,400 cm/sec)
a - radius of the exit cross-section of the horn (9 cm)
b - radius of the entrance cross-section (0.750m)
1 - length of the horn (34 cm)
upon substitution of these values
f= 17704:2000 cycles/second was Obtained.
Secondary Resonance Chamber
The secondary resonance chamber plays an important rol
n static sirens.' A properly shaped chamber increases the ef
ficiency of the siren - as tests conducted by BOUCHER have
shown. However, the problem of the resonance chamber has no
yet been fully solved, nor is an exact method of design and
calculation known.
In the design of a secondary cylindical resonance cham
ber one may use calculations similar to those for cylindri-
cal fifes. Therefore, the authors of this article have adop
ed the general EERNUOux equation used everywhere for the
calculation of cylindrical fifes:
N = . e (8)
4H
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4 ?
?
ere
' / -
H - depth of the 'fife
? N frequency of consecutive harmonics
but for the fundamental frequency:
.) (9)
This method can be applied to the case when the chambe
diameter is small compared to the emitted wavelength. '
The design oiithe secondary resonance chamber, carried
out by the authors, is based on the modified BERNUOLLI equa
tion:
X
= n 4 (10)
from which follows for the case considered here:
;L
= -341(13.8g =
17.20 cm
= 17.20/4 = 4.30 cm = 43 mm
t at higher frequencies, for example f= 23400 cycles/sec K,
34400
_ , .
4 4x23406 1.'c," ram
Hmin= = 43 mm was decided on with due consideration
f structural factors and of the feasibility to generate a
ew harmonics. Besides, the adjustable bottom of the cham-
er makes it possible to regulate the depth within wide li t .
As to the effect of the bottom shape, only the results
of BOUOHER's experiments are known; they indicate, that at
ower pressures (f.e. 4 atmospheres gage) a flat bottom is
ore advantageous. In view of this, a flat bottom was pro
ded for the secondary resonance chamber of the experiment
single-whistle. siren.
As a result of the above analysis, it was possible to
evelop a simplified single-whistle siren (fig. 5). The fla
otiom in this siren can be replaced by a bottom of a more
1"
?
?
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-
quitable shape to yield maximum acoustic efficiency, in cas
other pressures are applied or different frequencies are ge
nerated.
Tests have shown, that:
the average intensity of the acoustic field along the
siren axis aniaunted to o.1. Watt/cm2
intensity of sound 150 decibels
total power radiated approximately 15 Watts
diameter of the nozzle and the resonator 3.5 mm
Single-whistle static siren by CIOP-IPPT-PAN.
?10
? ?
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1
'77"77777:77777,777t-74':'
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Development of a Multi-Whistle Siren.
a.system of several whistles the operation of each
is affeoted by the others. The performance of whistles
ft system changes in reference to the performance of a
ingle sound source , mainly as a function of their mutual
istances. The field generated by a multi-souiftce.system is
he result of interaction between several sources and acoue
lc interference phenomena. This problem has not yet been
worked out. The majority of designs (not many in existence)
of acoustical static sirens is probably made on experimental
basis.
In order to arrive at an approximate evaluation of the
radiation characteristics of a whistle system, the authors
of this work attempted to 'utilize the results of analysis
well known in acoustics: namely, the analysis of radiation
from membranes and other systems of sources.
. One of the most essential factors which determines the
Mode of radiation from a given source of sound is the direc
tion coefficient .R. Its value depends on the shape and on
the size of the source.
In the case of a system of n radiating sources spaced
uniformly araund,the circumference of a circle of radius a
this coefficient can represented in the form of an infinite
BESS= series:
where .
te
J 2
oJ p
k -
-
R je(ka sin y) + 2 DP" ? Jp. (ka sin y) ? cos pn 512 [11]
1"= 1
are defined by the coordinates system
are symbols of the function
2Trf
is the wave number (k= = J
e e
Is. the symbol of phase rotation (j= v=i, trans-
lator's note)
A
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:
. ,
BESSEL functions converge fast for small arguments;
therefore, for practical purposes one may consider the firs
terms of the sUm only R J. ? (ka'sin y) + 2,P3J? ? (ka sin y) cos n 0 +
+ 2.1" J2? (ka sin y) cos 2 nal
The first term expresses the direction coefficient of
a source system densely distributed around the circumferenc
of a circle; the'Second term gives the correction due to the
fact that the number of sources is finite.
If the distance between sources along the circumferenc
is smaller than the 'emitted wavelength, then the second tern
can be neglected; the third term can be disregarded already
'for n = 3.
By analogy,. considering considering a multi-whistle siren, one
? may state: starting out with a system of n whistles
the distances between them being close to the emitted wave-
length, a further increase of the number of whistles will
Alot influence fundamentally the radiation mode of the entire
sytem:
\\ ,
.Calculations and Their Results for the Multi-Whistle
Static Siren by the CIOP.
Poll wing asiumptions were made: 1)whistles with the
DE LAVAL no"
le will be used; 2)number of whistles - six;
.3)whistles' wi4 be placed in separate resonance chambers;
4)a simplified orn will be made with an eXponential profile;
5)the siren Adll be able to emit "puren'acauStic waves, with-
in the limits of.p acticality; to accomplish this, proper'
channels will be built into its body by means of which the
return air oan be sucked out of the horn.
The diameter of the secondary resonance chamber and the
. entrance diameter, of the horn was made 0.8 cm; this diameter
' shouid be greater than 1.4 yds-exit diameter of nozzle),
;.i
???????????61.,
12 --
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' following the recommendations by KURKIN and TARTAKOWSKI. Th
horn dimensions were calculated on the basis Of successive
cross-sections, from formula (4) and the following others:
$ $
('Se - entrance area of the horn, 0.5 cm2 at x=0
x - distance from the ordinate axis, cm;
(5 exponent of the curve, 1/cm;')
= 0.4 or 0.3 1/cm where A.,is the maximum acoust
Ao
wavelength, cm.
. Thus:.
= -- = 31.4 cm
p 0.4
.while'ihe frequency of damping
= ?9? . 344400 1095 cycles/second
min A'? 31.
Pig. 6 ellOws the profile of the horn exponentially cur
ved for 13'=0.4/1 and for t=0.3/cm, while X=41.8 cm and .
= 822 cycles/segnd.
The second these curves was adopted for the constru
tion of the horn; ts,exponent is close to the one used b
SZKOiNIKOWA. According her investigations, this horn shape
suitable for the frequencies applied here.
In order to simplify the construction, it Was assumed
that the external generatrix of the horn is a straight line
. and coincides'with the axis of abscissae according to equa-
tion S =So Ox. The coordinates system was rotated bycg=
x
10? from the vertical position. A similar horn is also use
by. other authors.
Four sets of nozzles (fig. 7) were designed; their di
meters are d2-- ' 2 2.5, 3 and 4 mm at the smallest cross-
section. The gas pressure is to be p,= 5 and 7 atmospheres
absolute.
In the nozzle with a
pressure p2 was
diameter d2= 2 mm, the critical
,13
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2
? = 1 (12)
P 52 2.41 ) 0.41, = 2.65 atmospheres absolute
With pressure pi= 5 atmospheres aboolute
e specific volume Of air Vi at pi= 5atm.abs and 't= 2000
? IT_ IKE_ = 29.27x293 - 0.173 m3/kilogram
1- pi 5x104
here
R - gas constant for air
T - absolute temperature
The critical velocity is
1/12 g
x 4- 1? ? pi 316 m/sek 1131,
The exit velocity_i.P
g 'C? 1
PL V ? [1 (-12- 466 m/sek
' Pa
- ? .
For.pi= 7 atm,abs.?and t=20?C, the results were respective;
V = 0.123 m3/kilogram 02= 314 in/sec. ? 03=500 M/sec.
oc?70*
' 0 1. 3 4 6
76
Pig 6 Profile'of a simplified horn (exponentially curved)?
for the multi-whistle static siren by CIOP, with the
exponent t,=0.4 and NT0.3 1/cm
?
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Fig. 7 Contour outlines of several DE IAVAL type
nozzles used for the whistles in the CIOP static
siren for ,a pressure pl.= 7 atm.abs. (see table 1).
The diameter d3 was calculated from the ratio of cros
eotions s is and from the equation
.-1
2 --
1
. s
.1._.- V.) 1 .11314
3 - SS Pa l Pi/ x-11 1 I I
(15)
fter substituting appropriate values and furtheittransforma
tion, following results were obtained:
for 42= 2mm and p1=5 atm.abs.
= A" = 4.33 mm2and 2.35 mm
'0.725 -II
for d2= 2mm and /31=7 atm.abs.
sr 5.02 mm and d3= 2.57 mm
The expenditure of air Q2 at pi= 5 atm.abs. is
Q2= 3600 = 4.33 (466)(3600) = 7.3 m3/h
83.o3..
104
and 9 m3 /hour at pl= 7 atm.abs.
In the final design of nozzles, the HARTMANN formula
as used for simplicity's'sake; this is an equation for the
ozzle output per cm2 of nozzle ( m3/minute.mcm2) as a Arno-
ion of pressure pl, namely:
q,
2 =0.852, (p1 + 1.033)
15
(16)
.774TT
?
717.777574"7,177.7?:
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/19 CIA-RDP80T00246A021400400001-9
where
, q - per unit output, m3/minute
d - diameter of the nozzle exit, ?m2
p1-pressure, kilogra3ns/cm2
The ratio of cross-sections 52/83 is always the same
for the assumed parameters ( pl= 5 and 7 atm:jabs; p2= 1 atm
abs.)
Table 1. Characteristic Data of Whistles and Siren.
1) order number
2) pressure, '
--3) diameter of nozzle
4) narrowest
5) exit
6) angle between generatrices
? 7) in angular degrees
? 8) length of nozzle
9) resonator
10) aperture diameter
11) depth
'12) ratio
13) distance ,from nozzle to resonator
14) velocity of air
15) critical '
16) exit
17) air output of whistle")
18) air output of entire siren
19) calculated fundamental frequency
? 20) calculated power of one whistle
21) theoretical acoustic power of a six-whistle siren
22) remarks
23) whistles emit many harmonics simultaneously
24) nozzles no. 2,4,6,8 (see fig. 7) were chosen for con
?struotion
257)calcu1ated according to HARTMANN
.41
"
16
? #,k..??
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Characteristic Data of -Whistles and. Siren
(.07
1.
Gin nie
ttt;rsi-
. c ia
tworze-
eIch
( .er'r
D/O:0:6
dysey
Rezone*
,.........?
( i 2 ;
3".d-
dek '
, 76:?)?
0
?'grioi4
dYszY
od reso-
natora
PrCdik it/
1
wraa-
tek
powie-
trza
tek podsta-
powie- wawa
teasI caw,
tale) di,
'Obli-
'soma
moo
1
,,,jad?
' ka
akus-
Velma
gyre-
.v6

Uwagi
e-
.'4,1
sza
-,
, --r
`aryl' ,..).
tows
,--"1

kebo-
o4.5
)
ca?
na
(;);',../
.?,,,X.
towa
-
a.
(f)gwizd-
*mop-
I
ai,
k
cc: a
ii,
ka')
Q.
syreny wok11,
Q.
ICZei
atn ata
mm
mm
mach
mm
mm
I min
.
mm
e,
misek
e,
muck
se/gods
- I
eni/godz J eis
W
V
_
1
4
S
2
2,30
10
2.00
3,5
3,5
1,5
3,5
316
466
10,5
69,0
29300
20,6
125
Gwiadki end-
2
6
7
2
2,60
10
3,20
,
3,8
3,8
1,5
3,8
314
500
12,0
72,0
29300
26,6
158
tisk renews-
3
4
$
2,5
2,90
10
2,46
4,4
4,4
1,5
4,4
316
466
16,0
96,0
23400
32,2
195
caoinie liens
4
6
7
2,5
3,20
10
3,75
4.7
4,7
1,5
4,7
314
500
22,4
134.0
23400
41,5 -
248
harmoniezne
S
4
5
3
3,60
10
3.03
? 5.3.
5,3
1,5
5,3
316
466
23,1
138,0
19500
46,5
279
6
6
7
3
4,10
10 "
4,60
5.7
5,7
1,5
5,7
314
500
32,4
194,0
19500
60.0
360
7
4
5
4
4.70
10
4,12
7.1
7,1
1,5
7.1
316
466
. 41,2
247,0
14600
82,5
485
8
6
7
4
5,10
, 10
6,10
7,6
7,6
1,5
7,6
314
SOO
57,6
345,0
14600
106,0
635
?
Do wykonania przykto dysze,,Japr4 4, 6 i 8 (pates rys. 7) *) Obliezone wg 0 na ?
f a-Se I
' \
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-
, The following formula by HARTMANN was used for the ap-
proximate calculation of the per unit acoustic power emitte
by the whistles
295
0.93
? N( Watt/cm2 (17
2
d
Where d is in centimeters and p is in kilograis/cm2
_
The contour sketches of several nozzles used for
the static siren by the CIOP is shown in fig. 7.
I The results of calculation of the main siren parameter
are presented in table 1. .
The :ratiodr. 11 of the diameter to the depth of the re-
sonating chamber was chosen 1.5 on the basis of the authors'
own tests as well as those by SZKOINIKOWA and BOUCHER. This
ratio differs from the one recommended by HARTMANN (dr:h=1).(
The building ofthe'nozzles was planned without sharply
cut edges at the exit, because they erode quickly during ope-
ration. This is Probably caused by cavitation. SZKOINIKOWA
used flat edges with sleeves of hard thermo-setting material,
which gave good results. In the design of the siren discussed,
here, a Similar, structural solution of the problem was plan-
ned using, however, other materials.
Should it.be necessary to operate with only a minimum
of acoustic whiff, the air blown through the nozzles will be
sucked out through six.vent holes (1.1.22 fig.8) to the blower'
and then carried into suction duct of the compressor. The
arrows in fig. 8 show the path of. air "circulation. The siren
is now being built in accordance with the design discussed
here and should be soon ready for laboratory tests.
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"rr
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Fig. 8. Sketch of the multi-whistle static siren by CIOP
with DE LAVAL whistles (type IPPT-PAN): 1 - incomin
compressed air, 2 - suction of the air to the coin-
pressor, 3 - location of the manometer, 4 - vent fo
sucking away the air.
Bibliographic References.
14 Bergman' L." Ultrasonics " (in German), Stuttgart 1954.
2. Brun E. and Boucher R.M.G. "Investigation of the Air-jet
Acoustic Generator" (in French), Chimie et Industrie -
Genie Chimiaue,Vol 76, No 5, Nov.1956 pp 137-153.
3. Busemann A. "Gas Dynamics" (in German), Handbuch der Ex-
. perimentellen Physik,Vol IV pp 341-460.
.4. Rwret I. and Hanemann H. "A New Sonic and Ultrasonic Ge
neratorqin German), Zeitschrift fuer Teohnis-che Physik
No 44 1948. '
5*: Hartmann J: "The Acoustic Air-Jet Generator" (in Englis
or Danish), Ingenioervidenskabelige Skrifter No 4, 1939
? Copenhagen.
6. tbrkin Wa.'and Tartakowskij B.D. "Investigation of the
Gas-,Jet Static 'Siren", "All-Soviet Scientific and Tech-
? nical Conference'on the Application of Ultrasonics
in Industry", "Principles of Ultrasonic Energy" (in Rus
? sian)* Sympositt (lectures) Sbornik Dokuadav Centralnov.
Instituta Nauchno-Techniche oy n orma s e ro ea
nicheskat Prornishlennosti i Priborostroyenya (Central In?
stitute of Scientific and Technical information on the
. Electrical Industry and Instrumentation Design), Moscow
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/07/19 : CIA-RDP80T00246A021400400001-9
-.
'
1960, pp 111-115.
Lesniak B. 'Investigation of the Basis of Ultrasonic
Generation in Flow-Type Equipment" (in Polish or Engl:.sh)
Matematiczna Konferencis. Przetwornikow Blektroakusticz-
nvch w Krynicy (in Krynica) 1958, IPPT-PAN Warsaw 1962.
katausonek J. "Introduction to Ultrasonic: Technology"
(in German); VEB Verlag (People's Enterprise PUblishing
House) Technik, Berlin 1957. _
9. Morse P.M. "Vibration and Sound" (in English), Mc Graw
Hill Co., London 1948.
10. Palme M.J. Duet Removal-by Ultrasonics" (in French),
\\Journee du Depaussierage, Institute Francais de Com-
Iyustibles et de l'energie 18 June, 1954.
11. Savory L.E. "Experiments With the Hartmann Acoustic Ge-
nerator" (in English), Engineering No.170, 1950, pp 99-
100 "and 136-138.
12. Stefanowski R. "Technical Thermodynamics" (in Polish),
Komisja Wydawnicza Bratniej Pomocy Politechniki Warszaw-
skiej (Publishing Commission of the "Brotherly Aid" at '
the Warsaw Po1ytechnio), Warsaw 1923.
13. Szkolnikola P.N. "Development and Investigation of Sta-
tic Sirens
117-122.
' tic Sirens"\,(iin Russian), material from reference 6.,
14. Skudrzyk E. 'The Fundamentals of Acoustics" (in German),
' Springer Publication sienna 1954.
15. Taraba 0. "What We inow,from Ultrasonics" (in Czedh),
Technicky Vyber 8 Prace, Prague 1958.
16. Tarnoczy T. and Greguss P. "Extraction of, Cement Dust
by the Acoustical Method" (in Hungarian), Magyar Tech-
nika No 5, 1951:
17. Wykrzykowski R. "Ultrasonics", Polskie Wydawnictwo Nau-
kowe, Warsaw 1957.
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