(SANITIZED)WORK AT KARPOV INSTITUTE, OCTOBER 1946 - JULY 1948(SANITIZED)

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-00809A000500760033-9
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 8
• Document Creation Date: December 23, 2016
• Document Release Date: February 15, 2013
• Sequence Number: 33
• Publication Date: March 27, 1952
• Content Type: REPORT

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,
COUNTRY USSR
SUBJECT
PLACE
ACQUIRED
-- SECURITY INFORMATION ? ?
SP.CRET'
'GENTRALi!;JTELUGENCE AGENCY.. REPORT
N FOR MATION .01 EPORT
SECRET
Work
at Karpov Institute, October 1946 - July 1948
Z/L7
DATE
? ACQUIRE
DATE OF
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DATE DISTR. ,R7 I MAR 52
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NO. OF ENCLS.
(LISTED BELOW)
SUPPLEMENT TO
REPORT NO.
THIS IS UNEVALUATED INFORMAT'ON
FOLH
ocT 195/
1. Introduction
This report covers
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the following topics: 50X1-HUM
a* Unit known as "Stalints Organ" fnr Heavy Water Production
b. Unit for Heavy.Water Production by Fractional Distillation
c. Unit for Heavy Water Production by Isotope Exchange at Normal
Pressure
d. Unit for Heavy Water Production by Isotope Exchange at 700
Atmospheres
e. Catal:,-t Shipment to Norway in 1942-43
fa Catalyst for Heavy Water Production by Isotope Exchange at Normal
Pressure
g. Catalyst for Heavy Water Production by Isotope Exchange at 700
Atmospheres
h. Planned Catalyst Production Plant at Chirchik near Tashkent
i. Hydrazine Hydrate, Hydrogen Peroxide and Amines for Rocket Fuels
j. Pilot Plant for Rocket Fuel Production at Antonovka near Moscow
k. Possible Plant for Rocket Fuel Production at Dzershinsk
1. Working Conditions at the Karpov Institute, Moscow
m. Instrument for Measuring Ignition Period of Rocket Fuels.
el-tq .TE
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11.1eVIENNEk nitramilimmesam ingsmaltesai
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Unit knEwra ao "Stalin's Organ" for Heave Water Production
(1)
unit in the
Bldg ME 225.
southwest corner of Lonna
(2) The untt consisted ofean upright oat, ironcylinderee0gat one nntor
in diameter aude2e5emetersehigh, from the top of which protruded a-,
large number of vertical sections of glass tubingp_grrangd oonenn-
triaally around a cylindrical core, thus giving a general pipe organ
affi-CV.-1 it :-tight have been
used for the electrolytic production of heavy water, bat observed
neither rectifiers nor electrolyte.
(3)
(4)
slogan, "Hundredfold vaporization and condensation". It is possible that this.elogan
applied to-fleie unit, which mgff have been used to obtain _experimental
data for the design of the Bitterfeld column, whose function was to
separate heavy water by fradtienal distillation.
In 1947i, a girl laboratory assistant
who workd closely wJeth Prof Borieskov on
sent on aemisoion -b:plage about midway
grad. The.rie_a vary_romote possibility
reinetalledrihere.
heavy water projects, was
between Moscow and Lenin).
that "Stalin's Organ" was
b. Unit for Heavy Water Production by Fractional Distillation
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(1) During the war years (43943-44, a columnfor the separation of heavy
.
water from ordinary water by fractional distillation was designed at
Leuna
the osign called Loran atmospheric column 100 meters high, contain-
ing an unknoee number of wooden grids, which were ohoeen In preference
to bubble cups or perforated plates in order to minimize the reel-etanos
to flow. the column was to be one
two meters in diameter.
(2) Because of its height, this column was to_be broken.into four_25!.neter
sections, insta1led in a row. These sections were fabricated at Lemma,
but due to air raid-hazards-wereSent to Bitterfeld to be erected
there. Dr Karl Geib_and his laboratory were also evacuated to Bitter-
fold to operate the column.
the column never produced and
I tilt
the end of the war it was dismantled and removed by the Soviets.
the evidence would .
Karpov Institute..
indicate one section was erected at the
(3) When lire Herald, Gemagemer, visi the T Insti-
tute for the first time in early November 1946, a column,
about motere in diameter and 25 meters high, erectedhe stair-
well of the east wing of the lower of the two main buildings oomprie-
ing the Kerpov Institute, Bre Herold and Gemasemer thought it looked
like one, of the oectione of the. Bitterfeld. column. Within a few"damp
however, before Dr Geib and 'lie greup arrived, the column was hidden
from sight by a plywood partition which filled the entire.etaireell,
and only the upper portion, whioh extended about five meters above
the roof, ')[zic still visible from the street.
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This evidence wee eupported by the Soviet0 interest in wettedewall
oolumne, ehich deepite their lower effioienoy, have even less.resist-
ance to floe than wooden grid columns, and one of Our first &maga"
mente was to dr:?.w up plans for a wetted-Wall columnednetruoted from
concentrie eylindrioal pipes. Dia Herold, Elm', Asinger,I
started this work, but were instructed in early 1947 to take up ether
assignmente.
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o. Unit for Heavy Water Production b7el',t2ljApee Elohange at Normal Preeeurl
(1) The production of heavy water from ordinary water by catalysed isotope
exchange at normal pressure was itudied at Lonna during the war years
by Dr Karl Gelb. After hie laboratory work had reached the pilot
plant stage, Dr Heinrioh1mwaamade his assistant. 50X1 -HUM
(2) The eilet elan was Metalled In :Lonna Bldg ME 263.
Ikoonsietedepfefivo - eix heaVilyinsulated rectan-
gular sages, separated by preheaters and dealers. Each stage caner
edin44--ewo qatelyst contact ihiMaTe-rs_pacike&witE-dtanderd Laurie' 50X1 -HUM
hydrogenation catalyst, formula_3Ni A1203, and operated at 100?C
and 700?C reneO-Otiveljc
The theory of separation wee based on the faot that for-the'reeetion
H20 1, e HDO H2 the equilibrium constant varies from 2.02 at 10000,
to 1.07 at 700?C, and thus by alternate operation at thee() temperature
levels, carried on counterourrently in a series of stages, enrichment
should be achieved.
(3)
(4)
(5)
This plant was operated for the Soviets
product, oontaining heavy watori was
was small. From July to October 1946,.
flask being shipped. In about November
and removed by the Soviets.
At the Karpoe Institute, the heavy water catalysts were
turned over to Prof Berieskov. One day a former laboratory assistant,
Nadua, on a visit to the Institute, mentioned working or Pref*Sorl-
ockorAn a laboratory located in the north?
near the Agricultura1_74hibition Oroundei.-- what she 50X1 -HUM
wan doing there, she whiepirid "Workidgenn eavy_watOr . Iteie peas-
sible that the Leuna plant wan reassembled here.
_ .
d. Unit for Heavx_ILItm.2.1.2duction by Ieotoee Exchange at 700 atmasnheml
after the-war.. The enriched
sant to MOMCD1r. .Production
ahlyehe.507litor
le plant _was dismantled
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(1) The Soviets were dissatisfied with the separation factor, as well as
. . the hieh temperature level, and the large amount of heating and cool-
ing involved In the normal pressure unit for heavy wator'production
by catalyzed isotope exchange. Early in 1946 they requested Dr Karl
Gelb to investigate the effect of pressure on the equilibrium constant.
Dr Geib was akeptioal of results,: but began the construction-of an '
4i4Lerimental column, abOnt two - three iedhes in diameter ahd eight
meters high to obtain data at 700 atm. This preesure Was chosen
simply Vecause of Lonna experiehOe-at that pressure,
(2)
Te Oosn w,as oreoted in Lama Bldg ICE 499. Installation
finished when the SMA research group left in October ,1946
was completed in November 1946, leak teal eserere
a run coua be made, dismantled and taken.to_theeXISSRetogether with
_ _ _
the normal pressure installation.
was almost
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The. /po atm column was brought to the Karnov Institute, and it._re-
assembly was -Started-in-Maroh or April. l94 It was to be installed
in a separate brick building, 10 by 15 mets, and 15 metens high,
located in the southeast corner of the Kanpov Institute geounde.
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the installation in the fall of 1:47, the column, whioh
was made-up of six sections, had not yet been Zittedt and was lying
along the south wall, in front of the six-stage compressor installed
at that end of the building. An instrument panel frame had already
been erected, but measuring instruments were not in evidence. Else-
trolyzers, for the preduetion of hydrogen, were mounted on a bafoony
reaohed by a six-meter ladder, on the east wall of the build-
ing.- A hydrogen gas storage tank, 10 meters in diameter and eight
meters high, with hydraulic seal, was being erected just west of the
bnildingn in July 1948,- a wooden parti- 50X1 -HUM
tion was being construoted around the gas storage tank.
e. 9..4..tsl.s.ne..__,RE.e.4..="iar in 1942-43
(1)
the war code for the entire heavy
water program at Lonna was SR200.I in 1942-430
several hundred liters of a nickel catalyst, designated 5H200, were
shipped to Norway. This oatalyst was not a standard Leuna catalyst.
All he knew concerning its preparation was that it involved soaking
an inert material in nickel nitrate solution. Be was uninformed as
to its disposition in Norway, and whether or not it was later re-
turned to Germany.
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f. .Ca?_LIi_02:1.1.? Water Production by_rassIts2LAF.21.1a_Lage_ALIcirmal Pressure 50X1 -HUM
(1) At the Karpov Institute, the task of making a mechanioally
stable catalyst for the production of heavy water by isotope exohange
at normal pressure. The catalyst first tried in the pilot plant at
Lonna had been the standard hydrogenation catalyst, consisting of
3Nin1A12030 used in the production of oyclohexanol from phenol. It
had the 30Wialla defect of poor mechanical strength, and formed a
slurry after prolonged agitation by the mixed stream of water vapor
and hydrogen in the contact ohamber. Recalling the exceptional
strength of the Leuna oil cracking catalyst, oomposed of 1A1203?9 3i02,
the addition of some silica to the hydrogenation cata-
lyst might appreciably increase its strength without too great a Imo-
rifles in activity. Knowing that the activity is decreased by silica,
preliminary tests with alumina-silica spheres, I
the mechanical strength of alumina increased rapidly with additions
of silica up to 54 then slowly up to lor, after which the strength
hardly varied. It therefore appeared that about 95% alumina and 5%
silica might represent the optimum compoeition for the nickel oata-
lyst support. Thue guided., a number of catalysts were prepared as
followes black nickel oxide, whioh is a mixture of NiO and Ni203
obtained by igniting nickel oarbonate, was mixed with the alumina-
silica support in the dough stage, whioh was then extruded, formed,
and dried as six um spheres. The nickel was then neduced by an
eight-hour exposure to hydrogen, at 400?C, using 1000 volunee of
Lydrogen per hour per volume of catalyst. The finished catalyst was
tested for mechanical strength by a simple crushing test., and by
rotating the eatalyst for 24 hours in a bottle, and noting the pow-
der formed.
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In the beginning, Drs Cs.O.b and Elm were supposed to tiist the catalysts
for activity in the following manner:. A charge of about 50 cc of
catalyst was placed on a support in an upright, jacketed, condenser
column, and maintained. at 10000 by condensing steam in the Jacket.
Hydrogen from the laboratory line, was bubbled continuously through
a charge of water in the flask direotly under the column, and the
mixture, whose composition was controlled by the water temperature,
was passed ever the catalyst charge, and then through a condenser
from which the hydrogen was burned or discarded, and the water re-
cycled. to the flask, or removed for testing. The heavy water conoen-
tration was determined by a graduated series of calibrated quartz
floats, about five - eight mm in diameter, which had to float sub-
merged half way between the top and bottom of the liquid. The tem-
perature was held exactly at 2000 by a Roeppler thermostat with a tem-
peratuae eontrol sensitivity of +0.0100.
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the catalysts prepared at the Karpoir Institute were tested
y
is eoviets in a aim are:Danner. About 20 catalysts for isotope 50X1-HUM
exchange at normal pressure wore deliverea to Prof Borieskov for
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g. Catalyst for Heave Water Production by Isotope Exchange at 700 atmospheres
(1)
Atalressure of 700 atm a porous oatalyst is probably not necessary,
worked on the banie of a mechanically strong catalyst support
i
an active nickel coating.
(2) One catalyst was prepared from nickel wire spirals five - six mm in
diameter, which were oxidized and reduced three or four times to give
an motive surface. Another catalyst was made by treating porcelain
chips, six - seven mm in diameter, with niokal nitrate and then ignit-
ing and reducing to give an wetly.? niokel surface. A third catalyst
was a Raney nickel catalyst, with only a small =mount of the aluminum
dissolved out with ?auntie, thus leaving the catalyst mechanically
stronger:,
(3)
All in all, while at the Karver Institute, six or eight of
these catalysts, in amounts of 2 liters omen, and turned them Over
to Prof Borieekov for testing in the 700 atm plant which w
installed at the time we loft the Institute in July 1948.
add here that the catalyst sphores.were formed at Karpov Ins u e y
a small hand-operated machine made by the firm Franke in Leipzig.
This machine hal been repainted from the Leuna Researon easoratory.
The standard Lonna polleting machines were mechanically operated.
They were also produced at. Franke, Leipzig, bearing the trade name
Franooma. Those machines haro a capacity of 200 - 300 liters/hr
each of catalyst pellets .
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h. leaned Catalyst Production Plant at Chirchik. near Tashkent
(1) In January 1947
?Loanatraotl-ore_Paos
which was to bp instelled at Chirohik, near Tgiiiikent,
catalyst plant
in-Uzeldetan.
in
Tho_ plentewaneto
be small in size and was designed to produce neoxel-elumina oatalyate
of th3i 1A Varl;itY;-Whioh had been uSpd_OtalieUnaefer_hydrogenaa
tin of phenol .oecyclohexanol as well as for lasaTy water.
17:20 tona/ionth of-finiahed reduced eatalseete, i f.the plant
estimate the capanity, which was not_04aWn PPetho plana, to
wol.kid in shifts.
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(2.) It aaeeared that the plant was intended purely fox 1:rociuotion9 that :the
stone buildina tusready, but that equipment had not yo,t bealn installed.
The plant aree &aligned entirely after the Leuna pattern and from the ---
number of_timos Prof Borieekov askedLif.the Leuna methed. agreed Vith
the plaus, it. Anita possi i.e tha7tdiSmantled Leuna equipment
was tobe iseetalled_theree The one difference between the Loune. Method
alia the Chirohlk method was that the Leuna production was vertical
While the Cherebik plane showed horizontal produetion.
(3)
raw materials almostalertain
they included metallic nickel, metallio aluminum, and sodium hydroxide.
the plane includedball mills, and a press to make the pelle+e
mixers filter-pres
, ses,
the drying method which was to be used,
for the redmotion of the catalysts.
haydT0Oon WZO piped to the roof and burned off, but ouon popang
would be aeceeeery to acoommodate the hydrogen arising from the digose
tion of riltallic nickel in nitrio acid and the metallic aluminum in
sodium hydroxide. It is therefore possible that the finished produot
was to be onroduced qatalyst, corresponding to Leung. No 3390, rather
than tho final reduced oatalyet corresponding to Leuna No 6523.
(4) The production of unreduood oatalyst would suggest either of the
:followings
(5)
The plant where the catalyst is to be used ha e facilities for
reducing the catalyst, or
The catalyst is to be shipped a long distance to ite deotination,
in whioh came unroduood oettalyst would be sent since reduced
catalyst is very sensitive to atmospheric influences.
whether this plant is now in operation,
in. April 1947, and several times later, Prof Borloamov ieew
-a ik te give advice on its installation.
i.Aairazine Hydrate. Hedelogen Peroxide, and Amines for Rocket Fuels
(1)
(2)
(3)
Hydrazine hydrate was worked on at Leuna during the war. There was no
evidenue of thie work at Leuna in 1946. Newswire the Siebel Plant at
Hallo worked on hydeazine_hydrate as lataad 1946 when ia October, her
scientists were taken to Kalinin, north of Moeoow. Dr Emeriok, Chief
of the Siebel Plant, was head of this group in the USSR.
Hydrogen peroxide was developed at Leuna during the war for use as a
rocket fuel. It was probably also used with submarine diaeol engines
to eliminate bubbler in the WAICA. Hydrogen peroxide wae made by the-
oaloium dioxide method under Dr Froehlich, and by the propane peroxide
method under Dr Jephioke, no knowledge of hydrogen peroxide
menufaoture in the USSR but believe there is a nitric acid plant at
Severo-Donetek.
Ethyl matinee Were prepared by Dr Ah011ertaain the basement of the Kar-
pov Institute, where ho did research in a bench seals oven reactor
which had boon dismantled and brought from Leuna. The reactor had a
?opacity of 200 - 300 oe of oatalyst. The ethyl amines ,.varo pro
pared from othyl alcohol and ammonia at 15 - 20 atm pressure, over
alumina and kaolin, which are the standard dehydration catalyatn for
the produotioa of methyl amines. Because of the poor rocket-fuel
oharaoterintiaa of mono- and triothyl amine, only the diethyl WaliA0
was desired. It was suggested that pressures of 250 - 300 atm might
favor the foi.mation of the diethyl amino.
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A cyclic amine, which had been described in Chem Helvetica a number
of yeses before the war, was found by Dr Asinger to be an exoellent
rocket fuee with good ignition qualities. It was prepared by reaot-
ing acetone with ammonia in the presence of a catalyst, Dr Asinger
had worked with manganese, iron, and cobalt salts as eatalysts in
the preparation of various amines, and found that cobalt acetate
was the best catalyst in the preparation of this particular amine.
j. Pilot "Plant for Rocket Fuel Production at AntonovkaQ near Mosoow
(1) The Soviets were so interested in the cyclic amine prepared by Dr
. Asinger from acetone and ammonia using cobalt aeetate as catalyst,
that they reeuested he build a pilot plant for its production. This
plant, when finished by Asinger, was installed in plant 54 or 56 in
a factory several hundred meters north Pf the railroad station in
Antonovka, a suburb southeast of Moscow) Asinger was permitted to see
the pilot plant once after it was installed, but was not permitted to
enter the main plant.
(2) The rocket fuels group at Karpov Institute said they believed there
was a rocket testing field.nearby.where the Soviets tested the fuels
produced by the group.
k. Eassible Peant for Rocket Fuel Production at Dzerehinsk
(1) When the German scientists were traneferred from Karpov Institute,
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Drs Asinger, Froehlich, Joohinke, Andreas, Scheuer, and Elm were sent
to Dzerehinsk where they.continued research on rocket fuel e with
Asinger in charge. Apparently, there is a plant at Deerehinsk for
the production of socket fuels, and it seems likely that the a4nine
plant which 'vas removed from Leuna was brought to this place.
10 Working Conditions at the Karpov Institute
(a)
Working conditions at the Karpov Institute were not pleasant. The
laboratories were small and crowded by the presence of two scientists
with their service personnel. Chemicals were scarce. The storage
rooms serving the entire institute consisted of two small rooms,
about four by six m each, with shelves along the walls. .The quantity
of chemicals stored there would oorrespond to the quantity designed
to supply a small test laboratory at Lonna, yet the Karpov Institute
was Staffed with about 100 persons, and was the Research Institute
of the Ministry for Chemical Industry. The scarcest items were the
purest chemicals of analytical grade. They were only issued by
grams, far below the requested quantities. Sodium hydroxide for
titration, for instance, could only be obtained with the special
permission of Prof Borieskov, and at a maximum quantity of 50 grams,
whicil was generally far short of our requests. It was imported from
the Soviet Zone of Germany. The suppl of nickel nitrate was so
small forced to prepare it from metallic nickel '
and nitric acia in order to carry on rch work on the heavy
water catalysto, Salts were frequen y impure.
(2) t-e laboratory personnel were poorly trained and constantly changed.
work was frequently jeopardized by the sloppy working methods of
h
e service pereonnel? In one instance, ave a nickel rail to the
.411 the re uest to shave it down
rived
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a special warning that the machines
meticulously cleaned before they were used on the rail,
needed a very ure metallic niokel. When the chips al--
tests showed that they contained particles of iron,
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copper, and brasia, and could be wsea aaly aor a timeaenneUning part!! '
fioatioa. aeithor tha.ahartaao. of matriala, AOr the uatiay working 50X1 -HUM
methods improAa' at the Xarpov Inotitnte.
Fretiuent breakaaamaef.the elootrio onrrant were annovlag. hey were
had tha amatainare?with thecseeo maces Ttanding under-the eleo-
particularly dangerenearhka inaLing cur niokol nitrates. and
had
system. The onaxpeotod breakdowns of .the oleo-
al System caumed poisonous gases tO fill the room, endangering
lives.
(4) A11
oloeurea worm persiahodby ton years oe hard labor. All
written work was classified Top Seiciret (S S. inlacrecir): Dis
noteo_had
to be writtels in laboratory journals, the pages of whibb'were-numbered
barer:I-tat* wore isaued and tied together rith.a'mealed cord. -Every
evening the journals Were collected and haaded, together vita the
laboratory ho, to Prof Borisakev. Cheeks on the journal() were made
at irregular interVale by. the First Department ofthe?Inetitute, to
chock if all pages Wert still in their proper places. When. the . ?
journals latre finished, they wore collected by the First Department
and- kept in its files.. -In the evening, at the close of the shop,.
the doors of .ne aaiiernteriee were locked and sealed on the eutei4e.
The- flight gnakde'did net dare break this seal, even mton they Caw
(as happened.twioe that the water faucet was not 50X1 -HUM
shut offiaaad that the laboratory-ran boing?flooded.
The library of the Earpwr Institute was not very well stocked.. It
was ?located in the nipper /Corpus" on the first floor. There?wars.
another library in the.0014coer !Corpus"; this was not offioially.the?
library of the Earpov.Institute but the library of -the Shemieel Riaiaa
try, and.iseemed quite deficient in material for a miniatarial library.
?good library: and archive existed in the. GIAP. Mort of the Lonma?
literature on nitrogen production was kept there. /n aentramt to t*
.Earpgrxnatitnte, the archives of the GIAFoould be need by thaCora
mann. The archive was kept in the basement of the old building. It.
contained the so-oalled "doctor archive" whioh ocneloted of all the
material found in the deekeef the louna soientiets *hewer? deported
to the USSR. Then the scientists were transported out of Lounts,'their
desks Fero pealed by thcaSeWieto and shipped intact to thiaGIAP in
110111001b. There, their contents were removed ? and incorporatod.in tho
"doctor arahivema ?
11. inetrament for Meacurixas_aallimyezIsA_EK_Dooket rikkkm
(3)
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Dr Rehaner, assieted by Dr Elm, after the latter had been requested
to .give up his work on heavy water, assembled an apparatus for noes-
urine the ignition delay of rookot fuels as follows: The amine to
be tested ao.a rocket fuel was dropped through a beam of light into
dioh"ef 9#% nitric acid. The light beam foll'oa an oscillating
ranee:star and was reflected onto a photoelectrio cell attached to
an oecillosoope. Tho passage of the drop through the bean, and the ?
resulting flash of the amino in the dish of nitrio acid, appoar as
interruptions in the vibrating line on the screen of the osmilloseepe.
A moving photographie.fi:m reoordo all that appears on the screen, ,r.!r;
from a atady of this film the time elapsing between the tuo interrup-
tions, and also the time of the ignition delay, oan be oaloulatod to
a high degree of aciouraey0 this was the same apparatus that
.Dr Soheuer had developed at Lonna ana had been dila.
mantled and brought to Earpor laatitute.
- end -
SECRET
SECURITY IDVORMATIOR
mimswerrommilibmsomemas
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 273-70-715777153876-07761;505007677:91111111