RESEARCH CONCERNED WITH DIAPAUSE OF INSECTS PESTS

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• Document Creation Date: December 27, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 12, 2013
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: March 26, 1963
• Content Type: REPORT

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REPORT
SUBJECT Research Concerned With Diapause of DATE DISTR.
DATE OF
INFO.
PLACE &
DATE ACQ.
InsectA Pests
C:CeL
NO. PAGES
REFERENCES
26mar 63
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HMI ut.:USE nu
ANNU? AL REPORT
IF:STITUTE OF PLLIT_TaCTECTIOY
Gr4rwa1dz4a,109
Poznadi.
1:azimierz GIogowski
THE CAUSES AM THE ROLE OF DIAPAIJSE OF. T1,sp9Tp PESTS
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Summary. -
A diapause is one of the very important factors that enable insects to
survive the unfavourable conditions, mostly seasonal changes of climate.
Diapause can be induced by any of the factors of environment eg, tempe-,
rature or photoperiod butgeneraly a group' of factors plays roleQ Survi-
: Val of unfavourable period even in the state of anabiosis requires ha-
-ving of reserve of nutritional components by-an organism. Data connec-
ted with the ecoiogioal.and physiologicaI.aspecta of insect diapause
have special value in case of control methods of noxiuus insects. An
insect studied in this research is a typical representative of phytopha-
gous:insects belonging to the ordarHymenOptera. Informations on the
diapause of these insects are very scanty. In theese investigations we
try to determine the.external factors that cause the diapause of Athalia
calibri Chityt. and to study the chemical changes in the organism of in
before and during diapause. Therefore we have reared this insect
under artificial conditions in thermostates At various length of photo.,.
period and at temperature that according to the literature is not favo-
urable for appearance of diapause. These preliminary; investigations
wed that photoperiod playa very important role:for the course of dia-
pausis'of larvae of Athalia colibri. Short: photoperiod provokes the dia-
pause while the long photoperiod causes a-pupation without resting pe-
tiod, Up to now it was believed on the basis Of works of Riggert /1939/
and Saringer /1955/ that Ahe diapause of Athalia colibri is influenced
by temperature. but photoperiod does not play any role. In our studies
we exposed eggs, larvae and adult insect to various length of photope7
riod, while aringer exposed only larvaelnformations.received so far
need to be studied in detail in next periods.
Detail Report
Introduction
In the Case of noxious insects a diapause as a resistant phase of in-
osect life to the unfavourable-Conditions is of special interest Survi-
val of members of insect population in d.diapause Phase creates always
a threat of an mass appearanceoof this pest; Chemical control is not
fully effective and treatmenets must be repeated;,- at is general trend
to base the plant protection on biological control methods and therefo-.
re knowledge'of life cycle of pests and their restingstages is neceasa-
.
ry.
Several papers were Published on various aspects of insect diapause.
Bonnemaison /1945/ and Andrewartha /1952/ reviewed the effect of ecOlo-
giaal factors on diapause. Lees /1955/ in his monograph on physiology
of .diapause of insects reviewed the_literatute on this subject 'up to
19530 Limited space does nOt allow to make extensive review of the lite-
rature
In result of studies on the diapause of insects it was found that dia-
pause may be caused by such external factors like teMperature, humidity
and photoperiod. A0M*91er', or the other hand the Course of diapause is
probably regulated by neurohormonal mechanism.: Every species has its
own reaction to the factors provoking diapause but some groups of in-
sects reacts in analogical way to the specefic faotors Biochemical pro-
cesses before diapause and enzymatic proCeSses during the diapause were
also studiedi? In spite of a number of various atudies-the list of in-'
sects of which the diapause was studied is..mt:very large, and up to
1953 included less than two hundred species /Lees 1955/..-
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Especially little number of papers .deal with the diapause of sawflies
Th.erefore this study was undertaken on the factors governing the mecha-
nism of diapause of Athalia colibri. In the first phase of our research
we shall try to determine the external factors causing diapause; in the
.second phase we shall study to what degree chemical constituents of the
insect body and enzymatic activity determine active and resting stages.
Informations on the biology of Athalia colibri was found in papers by
LizgelAii1939/91 Saringer7/1955/9,. Reich ?/1 961.41 96 2/_..- Although some of
the se papers :have 'monographic charact er Saringer.-41 9 55/_. studies .dea-
ling with 2 the biology.4iff : Athalia colibri are 2 incomplete; and need to. be
va,rified.l. According -t :Riggert z /1 9391-the 'diapause of :Athalia .colibri
is a ? function! of extern.al 1- fact ors. io mainly of !t emperature..._ It , would mean .
that this a Ipseud.octiapause :/Saringer ? 1 955/ Treshold _values of tem-
perature for .-tge.; diapause tdetermineg by ? Riggert 1193.9/ _ are t
minimum -16..5 9 .and ?maximum 20..5 C Higher:temperatures last ing _ 24
'hours :caused :that _e.xp.osed ! and !larvae, pupated !without-diapause. Unfortu-
natley 9 it ? was eno.t.: det ermrinede.what , stage ? is :receptive; to temperature
that _ix.r.!eaks:prep.aring lfor! Riggert :accepted s.that other factors
also influence ::the C ourse of diapause ? and 'part ? of coceons in his stu-
dies -in ;1935 . stayed in. diapause !through 11 936 and emergence. of adults
was. o.beerved lin.: June 937 .! Saringerl in ? his invest igations used ,larvae , of
older:instars collec ged epi ember and studies ;the,: effect of _tempera-
ture :ranging :from :1 8 to ? 22'C ....Emergence of s adults ;started . in . November
and 3,asted:ountil .:May .2._ This -led Saringer to believe - that :apart of tempe-
rature ,_there are also other: factors -responsible forediapause... He applied
photoperiod :Of _v.ar bus ,length -in the breeding of larvae, of second gene-- .
ration :from the ? eggs .tb adult s ? hut . no ? differences were :observed in the
behaviour: of, pupating larvae....., Therefore 7 SaringPer ? c oncluded _that_ phot 0-
period _do.es not :play : any :role in ,the - diapause - of Athalia colibri._ Reich
//f67/ ,repeated in some sense Riggert s :experiments :with :the _role of tem-
perature - suppleme.nting ...them . by use of humidity.: Accepting results of
works ? of ,Riggert and Saringer, ,. Reich stated that only temperature . causes
the diapaube of Athalia colibri. It should - be , however- emphasized that
Reich .used. the autumn- generation. _
Materials and-Methods
_ Insects _ used . n :this study _were ? collect ed in field ; at :several,. ali-
ie s Due :to abnormal , weather conditions in 1962 ..Athalia. colibria did
not ? appear ! in -normal :number o! Spring ge nerat ion _that ;is normally obser-
ved in P.oland in 'May:and ;first days ? June ??_. ape ared - ..1 962 at the 0.nd
of June and in beginning Lof :Ju-1.y in ;very low; deh.sity.. ,
Larvae of 3rd Ito .5th inst az's oollected , in .the rape ; plant ations _ have .
been ? used to :establish Ibreeding !stocks -sin . 4 cage s placed in.., plant at ion
of field mustard The must ard was ? sown at different periods in order ,.
to have :p.-],ants 4 of avarious size .
Adult :sawflies that emerged -4 from 'cocoons : were ? collected and used for
studie s on. Ithe e ffeo t ! phot ?period Adult s fed,, with
1 0% .water solution of: sugar- and mustard -?flowers :as:. a s.ourc e ,.. of nectar..
According Ito Re ich_ such :food c omb inat ion favors maxrc.09,1_ r-aultIplic at ion.
Three, groups::of.. ineect s ,were re.aradounder described:conditions t
. In th.ermost at . at ..ternperature 2. of . C and 1 1 hours automatically
regulated .4_.photoper:iod
o
29 -thermostat- -at ?temperatureof 25, C and . at 18: :hours,: automatically ?.
regulated :;phot operiod
. In the laboratory ? room without regulation - of temperature and at day
length if this time of year.
-3---
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I.
rq
x P'Erthl. VI OW,
ul v4,11
Theo were exaosed to"theseconditiots throughout whole first generati
tixn leaees, lareae and adults/ and also in second if such aPpeared.
Inseef were kept in 0.5 liter glass jars covered with metal mesh. Food
was changed every day. Daily observations recorded':
an ease of adults - longevity /number of laid eggs/ of adults
in ease ae adults - mortality, moulting, migration into soil for pupa-
1 XI and adults emergence '
?Reaults
a/ E erements carried out showed that length of Photoperiod is an im-
pertexa factor causing diapause of Athalia colibrie
b/ Short ehoteperiod /11 hours/ at temperature 2500 caused diapause in
gree majority of exposed population?
e/ Long phet,eeriod at temperature 25PC Caused Pupating without diapause
of great nueber of insect.:
d/ Results of rearing of insects inl.aboratory room at various photope-
riods confirmed results obtained in the above experiments.
eJ Interference of effect of low temperature an short photoperiod in
laboratory rearing was very clear and caused diapause of all insects
in studied population..
Figures characterizing 'number of insects used in these experiments and
effect of photoperiod on diapause are'given in the Table 1. .
In order to show course of observed phenomenons it relation to time,
a diagram showing emergence of adult:Sawfliea in every combination is
prepared. As it is seen, pupation withoutdiapause is observed during
15-20 deers after migration of larvae into soil for pupation. At this
time emergenee of adults reaches its maximum, Larvae Which are inadia-
pause pupated in very lowerumber even at the relatively high temperature
in the period from 15 to 50 days after migration to soil Rearing of
adults and larvae in laboratory room in the period whehephotoperiodnbe-
coe horter./frem 13.5 to 12 hours/ and temPerature'renged:from 15- to
23 C caused eneral appearance Of diapause. On the other hand, temperatu-
re 19.5 to 25 C and 15 hours day in August favored mass emergence of
adults without daapause?
Discussion
2re1iminary studies showed- that photoperiod has direct influence on
diapause of atalia colibri.. A slight tendency of the interrelation of
the effect of teaearature and photoperiod was noticed in laboratory re-
aring of inseea? In the lightePf these studies and of Saringer we may
accept that :hi photoperiod determines diapause affecting egg stage or
through femaaee oreanism, Purther experiuents will allow to solve this
problem.
Treshold tempeiatures which favors diapause determined by Rigaert,and
aaringer need to be verified. They both claimed that temperature ,25 is
unfaeourable for deapause but jai our weriments we did not observe auch
ehenomenon. Cenalueions of Riggert,Saringer and Reich about importailce
ef temperature are clear in the light of our studies. In their studies
they used larvae of autumn generation whiph already had determined dia-
pause by effect of short photoperiod. Therefore low te4eratures weee
yiet responsible for causing the diapause amid acted only together witee
phetoperiod, high teiperature reduced determinating action of pilo-tope....
rod on diapeuse.
intoned abovieprocaems indieates that it is necessary to use in ex-
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psriments indidua1s of the first sUmmer-generation,-We shall be able
sto.studythis,problem4n-the' next;year..-
Conclusions
Although,someexperithentSneedto'be,repeated we can make at Present
_ _
the fpg:014g conclusions?
Results of our Studies indicates that short photoperiod causes the
diapause of Athal.a cbri Christ.
bF Long photOperiod causes pupation without sc43, se,
c. Determination of diapause by photoperiodfisydue tcyaction on egg
Stage or on femals's organism.
d. A correlation between action of temperature and photoperiod was
noticed.
Plan of Work ?
In the next year we plan tip study. the following aspects of the. effect
of photoperiod on ihsedt:idiapaUseg "
a. In what dOelopMentaltagetho:diapause is determined
b. Treshold values. ofFsngthofphOtoperiod which cause the diapause
C, Interrelation of, the effect of temperatvre and photoperiod
d, ireliminaryjtUdieS on:indireCt effect of photoperiod on diapause
trough host plants-.
also plan to start :chemical analySis.
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s-
In:flue:ace of photoperiod on the diapauseof-Turnip
FuChrist.
T able
sawfly Athalia
1
Rearing conditions imagi
n nes and larvae
11 hs photoperiod at
25'0 /$.1.1ermostat/
?
18 hrs photoperiod. at
/tilermostat/'
ramber of Emergence o
ob Served sawflie s du
insects ring? period
, of 30 Flays
from migr a-
t ion into
sail in VA
236
174
149
Mortc1J,ty Diapausedl
of larvae larvae in ii
in so- AL
1.1.%
4,94: ?
68
4996 .
832
4098
65
32
13,5-12:hr. photoperiod.
at 15(-)O-23-2 /laboratory/
1-'5 hrs. photoperiod. at
19,5-C-2C
/11.-)oratclry,/,
',135
30 .80,o
56 82,1
120
17,9
Cifla. USEMI
27,8
83,2
795
ii
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100
- 90
80
Dm 70
4-1 60
50
4-4
0
T) 40
44
to
20
10
- - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - -- -- - .
10 15 20 25 30 . 35 40.:, 45
Days after migra.tioa of larvae into
INFLUENCE OP PHOTOPERIOD ON THE DIAPAUSE OF TURNIP SAWFLIKOTHALIA COLIBRI CHRIST,
/
A-,11 hrs-photoperiod:at,25:Cithermostat/
Be-.18 lz,s phrAoperiod at 25'C /thermos,tat/,
C- 13,5-12 hy,,s photoperio0. at,15'2O-2)("C /laboratory/
D- 15 hr s photoperiod at 19,5-C-25?C /laboratory/
'
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flRCIFFICIM SEUtly
Literature
Adkisson, POL. 1961. Effect of larval diet on the seasonal occurrence
of diapause in the pink bollworm. J. econ. Entomol., t054,
nr 69 B59 pp. 1107-1112.
Balachowsky, A., Mesnil, Lap 1936. Athalia colibri Christ. /Hym. Tent-:
hredinidae/ LA Tenthrede de la Rave. Les insectes nuisibles
aux plantes cultivees. T.II Paris, 131) 1216-1219,
Hodek, Ivo. /962. Experimental Influencing of The. Imaginal Diapause in
Coccinella Septempunctata L /Col. Coccinellidae/ Part II. Ca-
,- sopis Ceskosloven6ke Spolecnosti Entometlogickie 599 4,
?
Lees, A.D. 1955. The Physiology of Diapause in Artropods, Cambridge Mo-
nographs in Experimental Biology.
qv
Reich, R. 1961.. Beitrage, zur Biologie der, Rubsenblattwespe /Athalia ro-
? sae Ld NachrB1..dtschPf1SchD.9 t.159 nr.89 A49 PP. 161-175.
PO
Reich, R. 1961. Erstflugsermittlungen bei der Rubsenblattwespe /Athalia
rosae L./ als Warnmetode. Nachr El. dtschPf1SchD. .J.159 H.69
PP. 115-120..
99 99.
Reich, R. 1962. Naturliche Feinde der Rubsenblattwespe /Athalia rosae
L./ Nachr B10 dtschPf1SchD.9 J.16, H.29 pp, 33-37.
A 01
Reich, R. 1961. Untersuchungen uber die Bpidemiologie der Rubsenblatt-
wasps /Athalia rosae L./ Nachr Bl0 dtschPf1SchD.9 t.159 nr 129
A49. pp. 245-253.
- V
Reich,. R. 1962. Uber de Moglichkeiten?einer Bekampfung der Rubsenblat-
.. twespe jAthalia.rosae L6/ vom Standpumkt der Wirtschaftlich-
-keit. Nachr El.'dtschPflSchD., J.169 H.69 pp. 101-11/.
Reich, R. 1961. Zur Diapauze der Rubsenblattwespe /Athalia rosae I./
, Nachr Bl. dtschPf1SchD.9 J0159 H09 pp. 195-197. ,
01'99
Riggert, E. 1939. Unterauchungen uber die Rubsentlattwespe Athalia colir
bri Christ0 jAthalia spinarum F./ Z. Angew. Ent. 26 pp.462-516.
Saringer Gyula. 1957. A Repcedarazs /Athalia roses L./ colibri Christ./
Tenthredinidae; Hym,/ Annales Instituti Protectionis Plantarum
Hungarici., pp. 125-189.
Wegorek W. 1959. Researches on the direct and indirect influenza of the
photoperiod on the development and physiology of the Colorado,
beetle. Trace Naukowe Inst. Ochr. Ro610 t.I, zeszyt '3o
TAT
inR IIFFICIAI 161; MIN
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