LIBERIA

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80R01426R009800120011-3
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 20
• Document Creation Date: December 27, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 25, 2013
• Sequence Number: 11
• Content Type: REPORT

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Table of Contents
Liberia
Page
A.
General
1
B.
Environmental factors affecting health
1
1.
Topography and climate
1
2.
Socio-economic pattern
2
3.
Animal and plant life
2
a. Animal
2
(1) Mosquitoes
2
(2) Flies
3
(3) Lice
4
(4) Fleas
4
(5) Ticks and mites
4
(6) Other arachnids and insect pests
4
(7) Mollusks
4
(8) Norms
4
(9) Reptiles
5
(10) Rodents
5
(11) mad animals
5
4.
Nutrition
6
a. Dietary level
6
b. Food supply and distribution
6
c. Food sanitation, storage and technology
7
C.
Diseases
8
1.
Diseases of man
8
a. Diseases prevalent among the population
8
(1) Malaria
8
(2) Smallpox
9
(3) Trypanosomiasis
9
(4) Tuberculosis
9
(5) Yaws
(6) Diarrheas and dysenteries
9
(7) Ancylostomiasis
9
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(8) Schistosomiasis
(9) Other
(10) Animal diseases transmissible to man
2. Diseases of animals
Page
10
10
10
10
a. Prevalent animal diseases 10
(1) Anthrax 10
(2) Piroplasmosis 11
(3) Trypanosomiasis 11
(4YRabies 11
(5) Parasites 11
(6) Other 11
D. Medical organization and administration (veterinary) 12
12
a. Organization (veterinary) 12
b. Legal controls 12
(1) Licensure 12
(2) Quarantine 12
(3) Inspection 12
c. Professional veterinary organization 12
d. Veterinary research 13
f. Emergency veterinary services 13
E. Medical manpower 13
1. Personnel 13
1. Civilian
2. Training
F. Veterinary facilities
G. Veterinary supplies
H. Reference data
I. Comments on principal sources
1. Evaluation
2. List of sources (in order of importance)
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NIS 51 - Section 45
Liberia
A. General
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Although Liberia's livestock population is small and normal requirements for
veterinary services are therefore of relatively minor magnitude, the country has
only one veterinarian and a small staff of trained assistants. Several veterinary
advisory technicians from international organizations have, over the past ten years,
recommended the recruitment and training of veterinary and technical personnel.
Serious widespread animal diseases and parasitism have long been recognized as
the inhibiting factors in the development of a successful livestock industry. Many
of these conditions are also recognized as serious public health problems. Despite
the awareness of these problems and repeated recommendations by technical assistance
veterinarians, the government has done little to promote animal disease preventive
measures. Apathetic response to serious animal disease conditions not only creates
disease epizootics and contributes to nutritional deficiencies, but also imposes a
heavy economic burden for payment of animals or animal products on a country that is
potentially capable of adequately supplying its animal protein requirement.
B. Environmental factors affecting health
1. Topography and climate -- Each of the three major topographic zones, the
flat coastal strip, the rolling hilly middle strip and the mountain areas of the
interior, contain considerable land adaptable to livestock raising. However, all
of these zones fail to support significant numbers of animals because of mismanagement,
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tsetse fly and other parasitic infestation, or failure to stock areas with adaptable
types of animals. The climate, though not severe, is as enervating for most
5/ 6/ 8/ 16/ 17/
classes, of livestock as it is for humans.-
2. Socio-economic pattern -- Because of tsetse fly infestation and consequent
trypanosomiasis infection among humans and cattle, large areas of the country are
not habitable. In any case, the livestock population of Liberia is almost
insignificant, the people having little pastoral tradition. The few herds and
flocks that do exist are principally in the hands of local chieftains or the rubber
plantation concessioners. The latter have attempted to maintain herds to supply
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their workers with products for a balanced diet.
3. Animal and plant life
a. Animal
(1) Mosquitoes -- Liberia's swamps, ample rainfall and uniformly warm
climate provide excellent breeding grounds for mosquitoes. Repeated attempts to
control mosquitoes, chiefly in the area of Monrovia (6-19N - 10-48W), have ended
in failure. The Ubiquitous mosquito continues unchecked, and the major share of the
population at some periods of life contracts malaria. Anophelene mosquitoes occur
in great numbers, particularly along the coast. Anopheles gambiae, A. melas and
A. funestus are the most common malaria vectors. A. nili, 1. hargreavesi, A. marshallii
and A. pharoensis, also vector the disease. A. amithii, A. muritainua, A. cinctua,
A. obscurus, and A. hancocki are also reported. Filariasis in man is transmitted
by A. gambiae, A. funestus and A. nil.
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Aedes mosquitoes, which are capable vectors of yellow fever and dengue, are
common. However; no yellow fever has been reported in Liberia for many years, but
dengue may occur. Reported Aedes species are A. aegypti, A. africanus, A. apicorgenteUs,
A. tarsalis, A. fuscinervis and A. palpalis.
Culex mosquitoes, possible vectors of yellow fever or filariasis, identified are
C. pipiens quinquefasciatus (fatigans). Others are C. nebulosus, C. decens, and
C. consinilis.
Eretmapodite chrysogaster and Taeniorhynchus uniformis, both capable of carrying
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yellow fever, have been reported in Iiberia:-
(2) Flies -- Innumerable species of flies are found abundantly in Liberia.
The more important ones are listed below, with the diseases they cause in different
species of animals.
Musca domestica
Glossina palpalis - sleeping sickness
G. fusca, Walker
G. ISTEicera, Bigot
G. nigrofusca, Newstead
G. medicorum, Auston
Stomoxys spp.
Tabanus spp.
Haematopota spp.
a
Cordylobia, anthropophaga (Tumba flies)
Simulium damnosum
Phlebotomus spp.
Culicoides grahami
C. austeni
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Mechanical transmission of enteric
diseases in man.
in man )
) Nagana in cattle
Nuisances. Mechanical vectoring
of food poisoning organisms.
Possible trypanosome vectors to
animals. Painful bites. Ioalasis.
Possible trypanosome vector to
animals. Painful bites.
Cutaneous myiasis
Onchocerciasis
Cutaneous leishmaniasis
Filariasis
Filariasis
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(3) Lice -- Pediculus humanus is present and may result in sporadic
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cases of louse-borne typhus. Haematopinus suis occurs in swine:
(4) Fleas -- Ctenocephalides canis is common. One species of Xenopsylla
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has been identified, but it occurs more rarely.
(5) Ticks and mites -- Ticks are the most common external parasites
in Liberia. Ticks identified are listed below.
Boophilus decoloratus
Amblyomma variegatum
A. splendidum
Rhipicephalus spp., including R. sanguineus.
Hyalomma spp.
Crnithodorus erratius
Argus persicus
Ixodes pilosus
I. rasus
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Identified mites include Sarcoptes scabiei and Demodex folliculoruM7
(6) Other arachnids and insect pests -- Stinging ants are a serious
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nuisance and have been reported to have caused deaths in swine.
(7) Mollusks -- Physopsis africanus and Planorbis pfeifferi and several
other species of snails found in the interior harbor Schistosoma hematobium and
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S. mansoni.
(8) Worms -- A great variety of parasitic worms exist in Liberia. The
most common identified species are listed below.
Ascaris lumbricoides
A. vitulorum
Strongyloides stercoralis
Necator americanus
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Dracunculus medinensis
Haemonchus contortus
Oesophagostomum spp.
MUchereria bancrofti
Loa ba
Schistosoma hematobium
S. mansoni
Taenia sag inata
Echinococcus granulosus
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(9) Reptiles -- Several species of snakes are identified in Liberia,
including the non-poisonous pythons, Python sebac and Calibaria reinhardtii.
Poisonous snakes include cobras, vipers and mambas listed below.
Scientific name
Naja melanolenca
N. goldii
Dendrapis viridis
Causus rhombeatus
Bitis gabonica
Common name
black cobra
arbareal cobra
green mamba
Cape viper
Gaboon viper
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(10) Rodents Mus (Rattus) alexandrinus, the roof rat, Mus (Rattus)
rattus, the black rat, Mus norvegicus, Norwegian or wharf rat, and several other
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species have been identified.
(11) Mild animals -- The wildlife fauna has been far less surveyed than
in many other West African countries. Several wild animal species, including
monkeys, maybe involved as reservoirs of disease. 1d dogs and other wild
carnivora as well as uncontrolled domestic canines are probably significant factors
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in the perpetuation of rabies.
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it. Nutrition
a. Dietary level -- Except for occasional bad years, the agricultural crops
of Liberia provide enough calories for a reasonable subsistence diet in a tropical
area. The caloric intake has been estimated at about 2500 per capita. However,
serious malnutrition in both tribal and urban Liberians does exist as a result of
animal protein deficiency. Tribal food customs are so varied and estimates of
production of particular types of food so irregular, that it is impossible to
calculate the percentage caloric intake from specified food items. By far the
greatest calorie supply is from rice and cassava. Vegetable oils account for about
one-seventh of the calories consumed. Calories from animal fats or meats are
negligible. Although all kinds of rodents, reptiles and insects are avidly eaten
by the tribal people, this protein source is too small and uncertain to make up
much of the protein deficiency. Virtually all classes of livestock, few in number,
are small and ill-fed and contribute very little to the diet. ifew head of
livestock are imported to supply a part of the urban requirements.
Important food stocks: are lost through the depredation of rice-birds and insects.
Tribal cooking or food preparation habits are similarly crude as in other primitive
societies, but the local people are inured to the effects of_Such_customs and suffer
less serious consequences than would be expected in a more sophisticated population.
The use of vitamins or other food elements as supplements is practically non -
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existent.
b. Food supply and distribution -- Age old customs of household storage of
non-perishable food products still pertains. Bice and the small amount of other hard
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grains produced are harvested and stored beneath the thatched roofs of native
houses. Small surpluses are traded in the Lebanese shops for clothing or other
requirements. Cassava and vegetable crops are consumed as they are harvested.
The few small and poorly fed nativaTigs or chickens are generally consumed locally,
but a few find their way to villages as trade items.
The few cattle produced within the country and those moved in from surrounding
countries are generally moved by foot to Monrovia for slaughter. The foreign
companies operating rubber or mining concessions are required to provide foodstuffs,
including such items as meat and eggs, for employees.
Most of the food supplies for Monrovia, other than the insufficient local produc-
tion, are met by importation. The principal items imported include grains, sugar,
vegetables, meat and eggs. Considerable loss through spoilage arises because of
inadequate dock and storage facilities, as well as lack of local transportation.
In late years, serious efforts have been made to expand the poultry industry,
but diseases, marketing restrictions and lack of indigenous feed grain:supplies
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have limited this development of cattle herds.
c. Food sanitation, storage and technology -- Aside from limited facilities
in Monrovia and at the foreign commercial firm operations, storage facilities are
primitive and individual household units subject to the onslaught of insects and
rodents. Cold storage facilities have been expanded in recent years in Monrovia but
these are still inadequate for requirements in handling perishable food products.
Little sanitary precaution is exercised in handling food and, as a result, enteric
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C. Diseases
1. Diseases of man -- Although Liberia claims that more money is spent here on
health services in proportion to national income and population than anywhere else
in the world except Sweden, health conditions are far from ideal. Foreign concerns
operating in Liberia are required to provide health services for employees, and in
these areas preventive medicine is quite efficient, and generally adequate hospital
and dispensary facilities are maintained. The nzon or native witch doctor,
dispenser of "bush medicine," wields considerable influence in tribal life but
certainly adds little and more probably adversely influencesdisease control.
a. Diseases prevalent among the population
(1) Malaria -- Malaria is undoubtedly the most serious disease problem
in Liberia. It has been reported that every Liberian at some time of life is
affected by the disease, and well over half of the population harbors the parasite
in the blood stream at any one time. Plasmodium falciparum is the predominant
parasite but Plasmodium malariae is by no means uncommon. P. ovale is rare and
P. vivax is said not to exist. In 1957 the total number of cases treated at
government clinics was 38,784. Control programs around Monrovia began in 1947,
and extended along the coastal strip later. The Firestone Plantation has carried
out control measures in the areas of its plantations. Anopheles gambiae the
principal vector, has periodically developed resistance to insecticides and malaria
incidence during the resurgence of the vector rises. Malaria control has been
largely supervised by United States aid agencies.
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(2) Smallpox -- Smallpox occurs periodically and at times, as for
example in 19584959, it reaches endemic proportion. Few of the tribal people are
vaccinated. The disease, often severe, has not generally resulted in hjgh mortality.
(3) Trypanosomiasis -- Sleeping sickness is not uncommon and two
hospitals are maintained to treat victims. In addition to Liberian patients, a
number of affected people from surrounding countries seek treatment at these hospitals.
The tsetse fly, vector of the disease, renders some areas uninhabitable.
(4) Tuberculosis -- Although no extensive tuberculosis surveys have
been conducted, the incidence of this disease is probably high. The low nutritional
level, unsanitary living conditions, and crowding contribute to infection and
complicate its course.
(5) Yaws -- Before 1956 yaws was very common, but from 1955 to 1957 an
intensive nationwide program involving treatment of over 490,000 persons reduced
the incidence enormously. Yaws is still seen in Liberia but far less commonly.
(6) Diarrheas and dysenteries -- Undefined gastro-enteric diseases are
common among the natives, and visitors to the country are frequently affected also.
Bacterial infections are probably the most frequent cause but amebiasis is not
uncommon. The part viruses may play in enteric infections has not been investigated.
(7) Ancylostomiasis -- Hookworm is common since a high proportion of the
natives do not wear shoes and promiscuous defecation contaminates the soil.
Necator americanus is the prevailing parasite in Liberia as it is throughout West
Africa.
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(8) Schistosomiasis -- Snails, Physopsis africanus and Planorbis pfeifferi,
vectors of schistosomes, are abundant in ponds and streams in the interior, but-are
not found along the coast. Schistosoma hematobium and S. mansoni infections are .
common in the natives of the interior and the Firestone plantations health centers
have reported 40 percent of newly, arriving Liberians are affected with schistosomiasis
and other related parasitic diseases.
(9) Other -- Other diseases or parasites reported in Liberia are
filariasis, chicken pox, infectious hepatitis, venereal infections tropical ulcer
of the Skin, a.variety of intestinal parasites, leprosy, dermatophytosis,
onchocerciasis and kwashiorkor.
(10) Animal diseases transmissible to man -- Although the incidende
rates are undetermined, anthrax, brucellosis ,(Brucella meletensis and B. abortus),
rabies and echinococcosis are known to occur in animals. Other animal diseases,
not yet identified, may also exist.
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2. Diseases of animals -- Native livestock raisers pay little attention to
health of animals and diseases resulting in illness or death are seldom reported.
Very little, except preliminary investigation, has been done in detertining the
extent of diseases or parasitism in animals.
a. Prevalent animal diseases
(1) Anthrax -- Anthrax very probably exists in Liberia but its presence
has been determined only by evaluation of the description of gross lesions and symptoms
of animal having died. Many descriptive reports of such a disease are recorded.
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(2) Piroplasmisis Piroplasmosis, tick fever, is transmitted by
several species of ticks. Although the native cattle are more resistant to the
effects of the disease than imported cattle, it still accounts for serious loss
in condition and reduced weight gains. Imported cattle are highly susceptible and
most of the breeding animals brought into the country have either died from this
disease or suffered so seriously that they were useless for breeding.
(3) Trypanosomiasis - Nagana of cattle, transmitted by the tsetse fly,
deters the introduction of useful cattle breeds. The small native animals are
resistant to the effects of this disease and many authorities have recommended the
development of a livestock industry based on selection of this indigenous stock.
Trypanosomiasis, caused by T. simiai, is present in pigs. As is the case in cattle,
native stock is resistant but imported pigs introduced for improving the native
breed soon succumb to the disease.
(4) Rabies -- Rabies in dogs has been reported in all districts and
medical authorities are of the opinion that the disease is enzootic. Wild animals
as well as uncontrolled dogs act as a reservoir and little or no vaccination is
undertaken.
(5) Parasites -
Innuffierable external parasites and a considerable
number of internal parasites, in addition to transmitting diseases, take a heavy
toll in terms of debility. Few measures are taken to control these pests.
(6) Other -- Other animal diseases which have not been diagnosed but may
exist, are contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, cysticercosis, shipping fever and
blackleg. Fowl pox, fowl typhoid) coccidiosis, spirochaetosis.and bacillary
white diarrhea have been reported in poultry.
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D. Medical organization and administration (veterinary)
1. Civilian
a. Organization (veterinary) -- As late as mid 1961, Liberia had made no
provision for a veterinary service in its Department of Agriculture and Commerce.
Several veterinary technical assistance experts on assignment by the United States
aid missions, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and an
'Israeli veterinary consultant to the government, have recommended the development
of such a service but no action has been taken. A qualified Liberian veterinarian,
educated in the United States, is a, missionary attached to the Cuttington College,
Monrovia. A modest facility, termed a quarantine and inspection station, staffed
by a technician, has been set up near Ganta (7-14N - 8-59W), to check animals enter-
ng the country from Guinea, and the Ivory Coast dealers evade the inspection by
crossing at unauthorized points.
b. Legal controls
(1) Licensure -- No requirements exist for licensing veterinarians.
(2) Quarantine -- Provisions have been made at one border point, Ganta,
and the Port of Monrovia for inspecting and observing animals moving into the
country, but regulations are very feeble and most traders evade quarantine through
bypassing the facilities.
(3) Inspection -- Inspection of animals or products is not carried out
except by lay technicians who have had little formal training. The system permits
only token observation of conditions.
c. Professional veterinary organization -- No professional veterinary
organization exists in Liberia.
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d. Veterinary research -- No veterinary research has been undertaken in
Liberia. Veterinary experts visiting the country have made a few investigations of
animal diseases but lacked the tools to pursue these matters in terms of research.
f. Emergency veterinary services -- No emergency veterinary services
exist in Liberia.
E. Medical manpower
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1. Personnel -- Although there are 62 physicians and 10 dentists in the country,
only two native liberians have earned degrees as Doctors of Medicine. Over
one-third of the physicians are employed by Firestone or other commercial concerns,
and about 10 are working as medical missionaries or for the United States Operations
Mission and the World Health Organization (WHO). Approximately 15 physicians are on
the staff of the National Public Health Service serving in government hospitals or
in administrative duties. A few physicians are in private practice in Monrovia.
Dentists are either in private practice or in the National Public Health Service.
Liberia has only one veterinarian and he is employed on the staff of the
Cuttington College, and has little time for veterinary activities. A few agricultural
school technicians have had modest training in animal sanitation and care.
The Tubman National Institute of Medical Arts, Monrovia, has graduated several
hundred professional and practical nurses. These personnel serve in the hospitals
or provide home care for discharged patients or patients at home for which hospital
beds are not availahle. They also participate in the health education programs and
. in training midwives. Nursing standards are gradually being raised through more
intensive training efforts on the part of the National Public Health Service, the
United States Operations Mission and the WHO.
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2. Training - Doctors and dentists are recruited from overseas. Nursing
training is conducted at the School of Nursing of the Tubman National Institute of
Medical Arts. Midwives and sanitarians are trained at this institute and at some
of the hospitals in the country.
A few para-medical technicians have been trained at the Tubman National Institute
of Medical Arts or at the Liberian Institute for Tropical Medicine (LITM), near
Roberts Air Field, Harbe1,(6-16N - 10-21M), about 30 miles from Monrovia. There is
no veterinary training in Liberia but a few agricultural school graduates have had
some rudimentary training by veterinary technical experts assigned to the country.
A recommendation has been made that Liberians be trained at a little higher level
1/ 6/ 8/ 17/ 18/ 19/
in the veterinary assistants school in Vim, Nigeria.
F. Veterinary facilities -- The Department of Agriculture and Commerce Station at
Stakoko (7-00N - 9-34W), primarily an agricultural and livestock station, has the
only facilities in the country for veterinary investigational work.
Veterinary technical assistants experts have used these modest facilities for
training a few-Liberians in animal sanitation programs. They have also used the
facilities here as a base for a few disease investigations in the field and for a
limited amount of disease control or vaccination work. The quarantine station at
Ganta has limited use for holding and observing migrant animals.,
' G. Veterinary supplies -- The few veterinary supplies, medicaments or biologicals
used in the country are imported. No veterinary supplies are produced in the
country.
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H. Reference data -- Not included in this report.
I. Comments on principal sources
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1. Evaluation -- Reliable information on Liberia's health and sanitation problems
is not available. The most useful references permit reporting only in a generalized
manner. United States Operations Mission reports, a, recent report of the Walter Reed
Army Medical Center, and a few reports of United Nations specialized agencies, fill
some of the gaps left in the incomplete reporting of agencies of the Liberian
government.
Material on topography and climate, prepared by the U.S. Department of Agriculture
and the Firestone Rubber Company, provides adequate data for the section on those
subjects. Most of the information related to nutrition comes from material prepared
by these same organizations.
Reporting on human and animal diseases is incomplete and general in character.
It appears quite possible that other diseases not described may exist and that the
significance of those actually described may be more serious than indicated.
Reports by United States, Liberian and international agencies give the personnel
numerical strength of medical organization quite uniformly, but nearly all description
of specific responsibilities-and distribution are lacking. The same is true of
matters dealing with facilities (although some are listed by location) and supplies.
2. List of sources (in order of importance)
1) Department of Health'Data, Division of Preventive Medicine. Liberia.
Health Data Publ. No. 2. Walter Reed Army Institute of Research,
Walter Reed Army Medical Center. Washington, D. C. 1960. (Unclassified)
2) Fulton, A. Report to the Government of Liberia on the Control of
Animal Diseases. nited Nations, Food and Agriculture Organization
Report No. 712. Rome. 1957. (Unclassified)
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3) Taylor, W. C. The Firestone Operations in Liberia. Fifth Case
'Study in a NPA Series on United States 'Business Performance Abroad.
Washington, D. O. 1956. (Unclassified)
4) Embassy of Liberia. "A New Enthusiasm to Live a. More Abundant
Life--The Story of.liberiatsliational Public'Health Service."
Liberia Today, vol. 7, no. 3. Washington, D. C. 1958 (Unclassified)
5) Pinder, F. E. Terminal Report - U.S.A. Operations Mission to Liberia
1944-1957. -Washington, D. O. 1957. (Unclassified)
6) National Public Health Service. Annual Report 1956/57. Monrovia.
1957. (Unclassified)
7) U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign AgricUltural Service Agr. 27.
"Liberia: livestock Annual." Monrovia. 1962. (Unclassified)
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MASTER BIBLIOGRAPHY
Liberia
1. Anon. 1958. "A new enthusiasm to live a more abundant life07-the story of
Liberia's national public health service. In Embassy of Liberia,
Liberia today 7(3). Washington. 8-12.
2. Anon. 1961. Firestone - first concession in the republic. Liberian Agriculture
and Commerce (2):23-25.
3. Anon. 1961. Trade pact with U.A.R. Liberian Agriculture and Commerce (1):23.
4. Buchanan, T. S. 1953. Progress report August 1952 to August 1953 on Central
Agricultural Experiment Station Suakoko, Liberia. U.S. Foreign Operations
Administration/U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural
Service. Washington. 13 P.
5. Department of Agriculture and Commerce. 1959, 1960, 1961. Annual reports on
the Operation of the Department of Agriculture and Commerce 1958-1959,
February 1960 - September 30, 1960, 1960-1961. Monrovia.
6. Department of Health Data, Division of Preventive Medicine. 1960. Liberia.
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Walter Reed Army Medical Center
Health Data Publ. 2. Washington. 29 p.
7. Evans, R. D., and D. F. Ross. 1962. Localized outbreak of brucellosis in
Liberia. Am. J. trop. Med. Hyg. 11:102-103.
8. Fulton, A. 1957. Report to the government of Liberia on the control of animal
diseases. United Nations, Food and Agriculture Organization Report 712.
Rome. 20 P.
9. Heidelburg Academy of Sciences. 1952-1961. World Atlas of Epidemic Diseases.
Parts I, II, and III. Hamburg.
10. Inter-African Bureau for Epizootic Diseases. 1960. Bull. epiz. Dis. Mr. 8(1):106.
11. ?Joshi, N. Roy E. A. McLaughlin, and R. W. Phillips. 1957. Types and breeds
of African cattle. United Nations, Food and Agriculture Organization Agr.
Study 37. Rome. 118-138.
12. National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council. 1959. Recommendations
for strengthening science and technology in selected areas of Africa south
of the Sahara. Washington. 108 p.
13. National Academy of Sciences-.National Research Council, Division of Medical
Sciences. 1962. Tropical health - summary report on a study of needs
and resources. Washington. 121 p.
14. Orton, C. R. 1954. Agriculture in Liberia. U. S. Foreign Operations
Administration/U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service.
Washington. 111 p.
15. Pinder. F. E. 1957. Terminal report - U.S.A. Operations Mission to Liberia
1944-1957. 'Washington. 35 p.
16. Skinner, S.W. 1961. The new geography of Africa. In U. '5.4 Dept. Agr.,
Foreign Agriculture.25(5):14-18.
17. Taylor, W. C. 1956. The Firestone operations in Liberia. Fifth case study in a
NPA series on United States business performance abroad. Washington. 116 p.
18. The Liberian Institute. 1951. Liberia: a program of tropical disease investiga-
tion and control, agricultural development and animal husbandry improvement.
The American Foundation for Tropical Medicine. New York. 41 p.
19. United Nations, Food and Agriculture Organization. 1962. FAO-WHO-OIE animal
health yearbook 1961. Rome. 315 p.
20. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service. 1962. Liberia:
livestock annual. Agr. 27. Monrovia. 15 p.
21. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign Commerce. 1957. living conditions in
Liberia. World Trade Information Service Operations Reports. Part 2(59-69).
Washington. 4 P.
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/09/25: CIA-RDP80R01426R009800120011-3
Supplementary References
Liberia
22. National Public Health Service. 1957. Annual report 1956/57. Monrovia.
23. Willett, K. C. 1959. Annual report 1959. West African Institute for Trypand-
somiasis Research. London. 54 pe
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