(SANITIZED)UNCLASSIFIED CZECH AND YUGOSLAV PAPERS ON ENERGY RESOURCES AND POWER DEVELOPMENTS(SANITIZED)

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-00926A002400030014-9
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 18
• Document Creation Date: December 27, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 16, 2013
• Sequence Number: 14
• Publication Date: July 13, 1950
• Content Type: REPORT

Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/01/16: CIA-RDP80-00926A002400030014-9
R
50X1 -HUM
Next 1 Page(s) In Document Denied
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/01/16: CIA-RDP80-00926A002400030014-9
r
CI-AT
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/01/16: CIA-RDP80-00926A002400030014-9
ENERGY RESOURCES AND POWER
DEVELOPMENT IN CZECHOSLOVAKIA
SINCE 1924
Les Ressources d'Energie et le Developpement de la Production
d'Energie en Tchecoslovaquie depuis 1924
Prepared by an ADVISORY COMMITTEE OF THE CZECHOSLOVAK
NATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE WORLD POWER CONFERENCE
SOLID FUELS?UTILIZATION OF LOWER-GRADE COAL
The coal produced in Czechoslovakia is of very varying quality. Most grades
belong to various sorts of long-flame and gas coal which is, however, unsuitable
for further treatment and is therefore used for combustion. Considerable quan-
tities of coking coal of excellent quality, and of gas,coal, are, however, available.
These are also suited for the production of coke. For coking purposes, long-
flame coal may be added to the coking coal. It may be said that Czechoslovakia
is approaching an optimum of her technical and economical state; in other
words, that all coal will become a raw material for further treatment, in order
to obtain valuable by-products such as tar, ammonia, gas, etc., which form the
basis of a large chemical industry. The quality of the coke produced in Czecho-
slovakia is well known; it is mostly consumed in the domestic metallurgical
industry, only a small part being exported to European countries. The coke-
oven plants mostly possess modern equipment, and the older oven batteries
are being renovated by our own means and with Czechoslovak refractory
materials. After further coke ovens, at present under construction, have been
completed, only waste coal (slack) will be used for energy production, besides
coke gas partly utilized in metallurgy and blast-furnace gas.
The chief fuels for heating in industry, households, and traction, are lower-
grade coal, brown coal, and lignite. From the statistical tables it is evident that
in Czechoslovakia, even before the Second World War, the production of brown
coal was about 50% higher than the production of black coal. Taking the
calorific value of brown coal as equal to two-thirds of that of black coal, the
energy produced from the two kinds is eaual. The importance of the utilization
Y2
STAT
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/01/16: CIA-RDP80-00926A002400030014-9
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/01/16: CIA-RDP80-00926A002400030014-9
2 FOURTH WORLD POWER CONFERENCE
of brown coal is thus evident. Some of the brown coal output goes to form the
very good grades of hard brown coal, which in purity and value is not in-
ferior to black coal. Before the war considerable quantities were exported.
Nowadays it is used for domestic heating as it is economically worth while to
transport it over considerable distances. But the bulk of the production is the
ordinary brown coal, which is the most widely used fuel for all purposes.
Its quality varies in respect of moisture and ash content; also the content of
bitumen is quite different. Since the price of this brown coal varies considerably
according to quality as well as calorific value, there has long been a tendency to
utilize only the inferior grades. For this reason, the application of special boilers
utilizing this lower-grade coal had spread in Czechoslovakia even before the
Second World War. Different methods of improving coal by washing, drying,
pressing into briquettes, and heat treatment were tried, but in the end a return
is always made to the direct burning of raw coal on special grates or?more
recently?to the use of pulverized coal and to boilers with slag tap furnaces. It
must be emphasized, however, that most Czechoslovak brown coal is of higher
quality?even in the raw and unimproved state?than other coals such as the
well-known brown coal of Central Germany.
During the last decade remarkable developments have been made in the
chemical treatment of brown coal for the production of synthetic fuels and of
gas for long-distance distribution, which are still having an important influence
on the Czechoslovak energy economy. Firstly, there is a trend towards the
combustion of fuels of lower quality, resulting in a better utilization of the
intermediate layers of ash containing brown coal; and secondly, there is a better
utilization of lignite, the most inconvenient feat= of which is the high per-
centage of water. Furthermore, brown coal is being replaced by semi-coke
produced from it, a development which may be regarded as a real progress from
the standpoint of energy economy. Efforts are being made to improve lower-
grade brown coal and lignite by removing the ashes, drying, and pressing, and
only a shortage of funds for investment purposes is obstructing a more accelera-
ted development in this respect. Research work on these lines is very active, and
it can be taken that, according to the country's economic plan, Czechoslovakia
will occupy a high place as regards the economic utilization of the fuel produced
within its territory.
WATER POWER
The natural conditions in Czechoslovakia are not favourable for the utilization
of water power. The territory mostly consists of the upper basins of rivers with
small and very variable flow, so that the usable energy is small, even where high
heads are available.
The average annual precipitation (1876-1925) in the basin of the Labe (Elbe)
is 687 mm. (27 in.), in Moravia 663 mm., and in Slovakia 806 mm., the average
value for the whole country being 728 mm. (28.7 in.). The average precipitation
in dry years is 537 mm. (21 in.). Rainfalls vary during the year, and the ratio of
the minimum to the maximum flow varies from A5 to 46. It is therefore neces-
sary to build expensive dams, with considerable storage capacity.
The systematic utilization of water power in Czechoslovakia was promoted by
the law for the systematic electrification of the country in 1919, which provided
for the building of dams with public means. The law of national funds (1931)
for making rivers navigable, for the construction of dams, and for the utilization
Y2
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/01/16: CIA-RDP80-00926A002400030014-9
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/01/16: CIA-RDP80-00926A002400030014-9
ENERGY AND POWER DEVELOPMENT IN CZECHOSLOVAKIA SINCE 1924 3
of water power, enabled the building of hydro-electric power plants to be
accelerated.
Usable water power. The data on usable water power in Czechoslovakia vary
to a great extent. According to the last approximate data, the maximum
theoretically usable water power of the country amounts to 106 kWh., and
3,000 MW. It will be practicable to utilize 75% of the theoretical value.
From this total amount, about 40% belongs to the rivers Vltava and Vah.
The power plants of these rivers will form a complete system, the Vltava plants
working in the periods of maximum demand, with a utilization factor of 2,000 hr.
while the Vah plants will have a utilization factor of 3,400 hr. This system,
together with the steam plants in the brown coal fields of North Bohemia and
the coal fields of Ostrava, are the pillars of the energy economy of Czecho-
slovakia.
Water power in energy economy. Until 1919, the water power utilization was
limited to the direct driving of small factories. Only a small number of power
plants supplying their immediate neighbourhood were built.
The publication of the above-mentioned laws in 1919 and 1931 made it
possible to build larger power plants for supplying larger districts.
Energy production of water-power plants. In 1919, 85 x 106 kWh. from the total
production of 1,161 x 106 kWh. (73%) was from water power. In 1930, the
figure had increased to 270 x 106 kWh. from the total production of 2,993 x 106
kWh. (11%), and in 1948, 909>< 106 kWh. from 7,515>< 106 kWh. (12.1 %).
According to the plan, the production of electrical energy in water-power
plants will, in 1963, be 4.5 times higher than in 1948, and will amount to 20%
of the total production. It is evident that water power can never supply more
than a part of the total energy demand, but it will be an important factor in the
energy economy, and will postpone the exhaustion of other energy resources,
especially of coal. From this point of view great attention is being paid in the
planned economy of Czechoslovakia to the more rapid building of water-power
plants, especially in Slovakia, where water-power utilization is an essential
condition for industrialization.
ELECTRICAL ENERGY
The production of electrical energy in Czechoslovakia is increasing a little more
quickly than the volume of industrial production, as in other industrial countries.
In the years 1924-37 economic fluctuations are also conspicuous in the produc-
tion of electricity. The annual increase of production, until 1937, amounted to
6-7%; from 1934 to 1937 it was about 14%. The production per head increased
from 125 kWh. in 1924 to 270 kWh. in 1937, an average increase of 86% in
a year.
After the nationalization of energy production and distribution in 1945, the
consumption of electricity increased very quickly. The annual increase in 1946
and 1947 was 168%, and the production per head 650 kWh., i.e., 146% more
than in 1937. At the end of the 5-year plan the consumption should be 1,000
_kWh. per head.
The growth of power plants and a new level of production is keeping pace
with the growing production of electricity. The new demand of energy is being
Y2
STAT
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/01/16: CIA-RDP80-00926A002400030014-9
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/01/16: CIA-RDP80-00926A002400030014-9
4 FOURTH WORLD POWER CONFERENCE
more and more nearly satisfied through the public supply system of Czecho-
slovak Energy Works (a national corporation). The contribution of industrial
power plants in the whole production of electricity was 62% in 1937; by 1948
it had fallen to 57%; and at the end of the 5-year plan it will be only 30%.
Before the Second World War the public electricity supply was produced by the
public utility companies established on the basis of the law for systematic
electrification, operating from 1919. Most of these companies were owned by
the State, by municipalities, and by co-operative societies.
As already emphasized Czechoslovak energy economy is based chiefly on the
coal fields. The big power plants are situated in the neighbourhood of the coal
mines and make use of waste coal and lower-grade coal. In 1945 the power
production in plants using coal from adjacent mines amounted to 48.6 %; in
plants remote from the mines the figure was 29.5%; in gas and petroleum plants
it was 3.52 %; and in hydro-electric plants it was 16.3 %. By 1953, 62.6 % of the
production should be based on local fuels. Power plants consuming higher-
grade coal are constructed as reserves and to meet maximum demand; in this
connexion special mention may be made of the combined power and district-
heating plants.
Development of district heating power plants. The steam sent into the distribution
lines of district-heating plants increased by 60% during 1938-48. In the same
period the length of the steam conduits increased by 80% and the production of
electricity in the district-heating power plants by 67 %. Great developments in
combustion technique were called for to enable waste coal to be utilized.
Boilers have been installed with an output of 150 tons per hour for fuels with
ash content up to 50%; and boilers with an output of 220 tons per hr. are under
construction. In the large power plants the standard pressure in the turbines
is 80 atm., and for more than 15 years power plants have been working with
Loffier boilers at a pressure of 120 atm. and a temperature of 500?C. (930?F.)
and a very high thermal efficiency. In the large condensing plants turbo-generators
of 25-32 MW. are used, and there are plants with units of 50 MW. capacity.
The capacity of power plants has the following index: 1937, 100; 1948, 150;
1953, 200. The development of distribution lines is in similar ratio. The standar-
dization of distribution voltages long ago has made possible this extensive
electrification of the country, especially in rural districts. The power plants are
connected together by a system of 100 kV. lines, and 220 kV. lines are under
construction for the interconnexion of water-power systems and large energy-
producing centres in coal fields.
The length of high-voltage lines has increased by 28% since 1937. The per-
centage of municipalities having electric supply has risen from 60% in 1938 to
83 % in 1948.
By 1948 the utilization factor had increased by 24% over the figure for 1937.
The specific heat consumption is decreasing systematically; the average value
for the whole republic was 7,500 kcal. per kWh. in 1939; 5,200 kcal. pet; kWh.
in 1948; and at the end of the 5-year plan it should be 4,300 kcal. per kWh.
Czechoslovakia has important sources of thermal energy, chiefly using waste
coal; 40% of this energy is derived from brown coal and lignite, and 60% from
black coal. If power plants could have been run at the efficiency which they have
recently attained, the entire output of coal would permit a consumption of
energy per head about ten times as high as at present.
Y2
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/01/16: CIA-RDP80-00926A002400030014-9
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/01/16: CIA-RDP80-00926A002400030014-9
ENERGY AND POWER DEVELOPMENT IN CZECHOSLOVAKIA SINCE 1924
5
There is parallel working between the Czechoslovak and the Polish power
plants, a co-operation which will be developed further by the construction of
220 kV. lines. Electrical energy produced in thermal power stations in Czecho-
slovakia and Poland can conveniently complement the energy produced by
hydro-electric plants in countries such as Austria.
GAS
After the First World War there were over 80 gas works in Czechoslovakia, all
carbonization plants. They were mostly municipal undertakings and were only
of local importance. This development continued until the Second World War,
when the long-distance pressure lines were laid which inter-linked the carboniza-
tion plants and supplied neighbouring towns. In North? Bohemia the first
pressure gas works utilizing brown coal was put into operation. Eventually gas
was distributed through pressure lines totalling over 300 km. (186 miles) in
length over all the surrounding industrial districts.
The establishment of the Czechoslovak Energy Works for the production and
distribution of both gas and electricity formed the basis of the plan for energy
supply to the whole country. The construction of long-distance pipe lines was
begun on a large scale for the distribution of gas from brown coal, as well as
coke-oven gas, and has been carried out to a small extent for the coal gas. This
system makes possible a considerable development in the consumption of gas
\ both in industry and in private houses. In addition, the utilization of natural
gas is also increasing. Over the years 1925-35 the average annual increase in
the amount of gas distributed was 5.6%; for the years 1935-45 the correspond-
ing figure was 4%; and during 1946-8 it was 141%.
The carbonization plants are working with maximum capacity; but the
relative importance of their production is decreasing, as the quantity of gas
supplied by coke ovens and brown coal works is increasing, as well as the use of
natural gas, as indicated by Table I.
TABLE I.?Development of gas supply
1948
z
1950
%
Gas from carbonizing plants
71.7
52.7
Coke-oven gas
9.5
21-2
Brown-coal gas
18.4
22.3
Natural gas
0.4
3.8
This development will keep pace with the construction of long-distance gas
lines, in accordance with the plan for the whole country. Under this scheme
further large districts will be supplied with gas, and the country's gas under-
takings will form a key industry, supplying energy to important industrial
centres and numbers of people.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The paper was prepared by an Advisory Committee of the Czechoslovak
National Committee of the World Power Conference with the following
Members: Ing. Dr. B. G. Simek (solid fuels); Ing. Josef Jiroukk and Ing. J.
Y2v,
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/01/16: CIA-RDP80-00926A002400030014-9
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/01/16: CIA-RDP80-00926A002400030014-9
6 FOURTH WORLD POWER CONFERENCE
C'abelka (water power); Ing. Dr. jaroslav Ibler (electrical energy); Ing. ,Dr.
Rudolf Riedl (gas); J. Wisinger (statistical data); and Ing. Josef Cenek
(editorial arrangement).
Summary
The principal source of energy in Czechoslovakia is coal: black coal, brown coal, and lignite.
The water-power resources cover only a small part of the energy required, and in the future
this proportion will not change essentially. A constant tendency towards the use of lower-grade
coal is noticeable, and this is causing developments in furnaces of special design. This paper
deals with the data and characteristic features of solid fuels, water power, electrical energy, and
gas in Czechoslovakia.
R?m?
Les Ressources d'Energic et le Developpement de la Production d'Energie en Tchecoslovaquie depuis
1924. La base principale de l'energie en Tchecoslovaquie est lc charbon: c'est a dire houille,
lignite noir et lignite. Seulement une petite partie de l'energie &mange peut etre livree par les
usines hydrauliques et dans l'avenir cette proportion ne changera pas essentiellement. Une
tendence constante vers l'utilisation du charbon de basse qualite est remarquee et ceci influence
le developpement de constructions speciales des chaudieres. Dans le present rapport des
indications caracteristiques pour la Tchecoslovaquie en ce qui conceme les combustibles
solides, les forces hydrauliques, l'energie electrique et le gaz sont donnees.
Published by the FOURTH WORLD POWER CONFERENCE
201/202 Grand Buildings, Trafalgar Square, London wc2
Made and printed in Great Britain by
PERCY LUND, HUMPHRIES & CO. LTD., LONDON AND BRADFORD
Y2
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/01/16: CIA-RDP80-00926A002400030014-9
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/01/16: CIA-RDP80-00926A002400030014-9
2
?
FOURTH WORLD POWER CONFERENCE
The total length of navigable waterways in Yugoslavia amounts to about
2,100 km. (1,300 miles).
II. POWER SOURCES
1. Solid Fuels: (a) Mineral coal. Mineral coal deposits are found in the northern
and eastern parts of Serbia, between the rivers Mlava and Pek, then from Dobra
on the Danube to Vrska Cuka and Bela Palanka; further in north-eastern
Bosnia (in the Majevica mountains) and in Istra. The total amount of such
coal is not large; probable deposits are estimated at about 100 x 106 tons, the
calorific value of this coal being about 6,000-7,000 kcal. per kg. (10,800 to
12,600 B.Th.U.per lb.).
(b) Brown coal. Considerable quantities of brown coal of tertiary formation are
found throughout the country. The largest basins of this kind of coal are in
Slovenia, in middle Bosnia, and in Serbia. Its calorific value is from 4,000 to
5,000 kcal. per kg. (7,200 to 9,000 B.Th.U. per lb.). The total probable quantities
of brown coal have been estimated at 2 x 109 tons.
(c) Lignite. The largest deposits are those of lignite, the average calorific value of
which is about 2,200 kcal. per kg. (3,960 B.Th.U. per lb.). The probable deposits
have been estimated at 10 x 109 tons. The principal lignite deposits are in western
Slovenia (to the north of Ljubljana?the lignite basin of Velenj), in northern
Croatia (the lignite basin of Zagorje), in north-eastern Bosnia (the largest in the
country: estimated deposits, 4,000 x 106 tons), in eastern Serbia (Kolubara
basin), and in south Serbia (Kosovo basin).
(d) Peat. There are also deposits of peat in Yugoslavia, which lie in the basins of
the Sava and the Danube. But the best known are the Ljubljana Barje peat
deposits, in the Ljubljana district, covering a surface of about 11,000 hectares
(42.5 sq. miles). However, peat deposits are of no special importance in
Yugoslavia and have not yet been exploited.
(e) Wood. Forests cover 7,441,000 hectares (28,700 sq. miles), or 29% of the
whole territory of Yugoslavia, making 0.47 hectare of forest per capita. The
total actual value of wood in mass, calculating the volume of trees measured
while growing, with bark, was estimated in 1938 at 825 x 10? cu. m., while the
annual increase of timber in all kinds of forest was estimated at about 15 x 106
cu. m., that is, about 2.00 Cu. m. annually per hectare of forest-covered area.
The total consumption of wood for heating in Yugoslavia before the war was
about 12>< 106 cu. m. per annum.
(f) Oil shales and other solid fuels. The most important deposits of oil shales in
Yugoslavia are in eastern Serbia and in Dalmatia.
The essential characteristic of oil derived from shales in eastern Serbia is its
richness in paraffin, its small percentage of light petrol, and its relatively small
contents of acid ingredients (phenol) and of sulphur.
Oil shale deposits in eastern Serbia are in the basins of the rivers Morava and
Timok. These deposits, as well as those in Dalmatia (north of Split), have not
yet been sufficiently investigated, and at present it is not possible to evaluate
either their quantity or their quality. Casual distillation tests show that the
proportion of oil is over 20%.
2. Liquid fuels: crude petroleum. According to the latest investigations, three
vast oil-containing areas have been ascertained up to the present time. One of
these is in northern Croatia and extends from the Hungarian frontier as far as
B2
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/01/16: CIA-RDP80-00926A002400030014-9
STAT
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/01/16: CIA-RDP80-00926A002400030014-9
ENERGY RESOURCES AND POWER
DEVELOPMENTS
Ressources et Developpements de l'Energie
By Ing. JERKO JERIC
Engineer in the Ministry of Electrification, Zagreb
YUGOSLAV COMMITTEE
I. INTRODUCTION
Before World War II, Yugoslavia occupied an area of 248,900 sq. km.
(96,000 sq. miles), and after the peace agreement with Italy in 1947, when the
Istra province was united to this country, the total area of Yugoslavia increased
to 256,600 sq. km. (99,300 sq. miles). Yugoslavia is mainly a mountainous
country, 70% of its surface being mountains, and only 30% lowland.
Pre-war Yugoslavia was predominantly an agricultural country, about 77%
of its population being engaged in agriculture, forestry, and fishing. After the
war considerable changes occurred in the occupations of the population due to
the increased employment in mining and industry, which resulted from the
changed political and economic conditions of post-war Yugoslavia. According
to the census of March 15, 1948, the population of Yugoslavia was 15,752,000.
Over 58% of the Yugoslav territory is tillable soil.
There are in Yugoslavia 1,851 streams of at least 10 km. length. Rivers
flow into the Black, the kgean, and the Adriatic seas. Table I shows the areas of
the principal slopes in Yugoslavia.
TABLE 1.?Areas of principal slopes
Slope
Area of slope, sq. km.
Black Sea
Adriatic Sea
iEgean Sea
Rocky barren land
Separate (closed) slopes
Total . .
174,200
37,700
23,900
16,700
4,100
256,600
D2
STAT
npriacsified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/01/16 : CIA-RDP80-00926A002400030014-9
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/01/16: CIA-RDP80-00926A002400030014-9
4 FOURTH WORLD POWER CONFERENCE
5. Survey of power resources. Table H represents a survey of the power resources
in Yugoslavia for solid fuels, wood, and water power, but excluding the deposits
of liquid and gaseous fuels, such as crude petroleum and natural gas, as well as
oil shales, the deposits of which are now being investigated.
- In calculations relating to wood and water power, the period of 100 years has
been taken, in view of the fact that for this period the existing coa4 deposit would
be sufficient even if consumption should increase many times (about 10 times).
It may be mentioned further that the equivalent of water energy is taken as
1 kWh.--5,000 cal.
All these data are only approximate, and precise information will be avail-
able only when the investigations and measurements are nearing completion.
Such investigations are now in progress.
HI. PRODUCTION, IMPORT, EXPORT, AND CONSUMPTION
Tables III to VII show the figures for the years 1928, 1937, 1946, and 1948
covering production, import, export, and consumption of solid, liquid, and
gaseous fuels, as well as the production of electric energy. Table VIII gives data
for wood fuel in 1938; and Table IX shows the balance of energy consumption
in Yugoslavia in various years. Table X shows how the demand for electrical
power is distributed among various industries.
TABLE Ill.-Survey of production and consumption of coal
Year
Mineral coal, tons x 103
Brown coal, tons x 10'
Produc-
tion
Import
Export
Consump-
tion
Produc-
tion
Import
Export
Consump-
tion
1928
353.9
313.8
-
671-7
3,653.4
35.9
50.3
3,602.0
1937
427.4
188.8
-
616.8
3,544.3
0.9
83.9
3,506.6
1946
756.5
115.5
-
872.0
3,809.0
-
47.6
3,761.4
1948
951.0
134.1
108.5
977.6
6,348.0
19.0
254.9
6,112.1
Lignite, tons x 103
Total coal, tons x10'
Year
Produc-
Consump-
Produc-
Consump-
tion
Import
Export
tion
tion
Import
Export
tion
1928
1,043.3
-
2.6
1,048.1
5,050.6
349.7
52.9
5,321.9
1937
1,030.7
-
74.7
1,016.1
5,002.4
163.1
84.1
5,139.5
1946
2,244.2
-
12.7
2,231.5
6,809.7
115.5
60.3
6,846.9
1948
3,490-0
-
1.7
3,488.3
10,789.0
153.1
365.1
10,578.0
TABLE IV.-Survey of production and consumption of coke
Year
Coke, tons x 108
Production
Import
Export
Consumption
1928
17.4
172.2
0.2
1914.
1937
21.8
222.4
-
244.2
1946
22.0*
160.7
-
180.7
1948
28.4
444.2
-
472.6
* Approximately
B2
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/01/16: CIA-RDP80-00926A002400030014-9
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/01/16 : CIA-RDP80-00926A002400030014-9
ENERGY RESOURCES AND POWER DEVELOPMENTS 3
the Sava river, another is in north-eastern Bosnia, and the third is in eastern
Vojvodina. There are also indications of oil in other places.
3. Gaseous fuels: (a) Natural gas. In the Yugoslav petroleum basins, natural
gas is also to be found in great quantities. The largest deposits found hitherto
are in middle Croatia, east of Zagreb, and in Medjumurje.
This gas is almost pure methane with a calorific value of 8,300-8,400 kcal.
per kg. (14,900-15,100 B.Th.U. per lb.). It is found at a depth of 600-800 m.
(1,970-2,620 ft.) under pressures of from 20 to 42 atm. There are no definite
figures yet as to the quantities of gas, but indications show that they are con-
siderable. At present investigations are being made in this direction.
(b) Manufactured gas. There are gas works in the larger communities and towns
in Yugoslavia, gas being consumed in households for cooking and water
heating, and also by craftsmen and in industry. The production of manufac-
tured gas in the local gas works amounted in 1928 to 104x 106 cu. m.
(367 x 106 cu. ft.), and in 1938 to 14.1 x 106 cu. m. (494 x 106 cu. ft.).
Besides some other by-products, about 17,000 to 22,000 tons of coke are being
produced in gas works.
4. Water power. Studies of the water-power resources of Yugoslavia after World
War II show that the data in the various world statistics relating to water power
in Yugoslavia, based on the temporary registration of water power of the country
as a kingdom in 1921, have been much under-estimated. A compilation of water
power cadastral data is now being made; but on the basis of the latest estimates
it may already be stated that the theoretical water power of FPR (Federal
People's Republic) Yugoslavia at mean water amounts to about 14 x 106 kW.,
and it is estimated that to-day the power capable of being economically devel-
oped amounts to about 9 x 106 kW., with about 45 x 106 kWh. per annum.
TABLE H.?Survey of power resources of Yugoslavia (excluding crude petroleum, natural gas,
and oil shales)
Origin of energy
Heating
kcapowerkg.
l. per
Quantities
Original state
Converted at
7,000 kcal. per kg.
Unit of
measure
Quantity
Quantity,
tons x 10'
Per capita
tons
Mineral coal . . .
Brown coal . . .
Lignite . . . .
6,500
4,000
2,200
tons x 10?
tons x 106
tons x 108
100
2,000
10,000
93
1,140
3,140
Total . .
tons x 108
12,100
4,373
277
Fire wood*
Increase . . .
3,200
cu. m. x 106
750
200
12.7
Water powert . .
5,000
kWh. x 109
4,500
3,214
2035.
Grand total
?
?
7,741
493.2
* Annual increase of wood, 15 x 10' cu. m., of which 50% is fire wood
t Annual capacity of water power, 45 x 10? kWh.
B2
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/01/16: CIA-RDP80-00926A002400030014-9
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/01/16: CIA-RDP80-00926A002400030014-9
ENERGY RESOURCES AND POWER DEVELOPMENTS
TABLE V.?Survey of production and consumption of crude petroleum
5
Crude petroleum, tons x 108
Year
Production
Import*
Export
Consumption
1928
?
* 104.3
?
104.3
1937
0.5
102.0
?
102.5
1946
23.0
42-5
?
65.5
1948
36-3
240.3
?
276.6
* Crude petroleum together with its derivatives
TABLE VI?Survey of production and consumption of gaseous fuels
Year
Natural gas,
cu. m. x10?
Manufactured gas,
cu. m. x108
Total,
cu. m. x10?
Production
Import
Export
Production
Import
Export
1928
930.4
?
?
11,401.5
?
?
12,331.9
1937
1,840.9
?
?
14,187.6
?
?
16,028-5
1946
5,554.9
?
?
4,549.6
?
?
10,104.5
1948
6,015.4
?
?
15,335.0
?
?
21,350.4
TABLE VIL?Survey of production of electrical energy
Year
Thermal electric plants,
kWh. x10?
Hydro-electric plants,
kWh. x10?
Total,
kWh. X 10?
1928
390
260
650
1937
462
450
912
1946
674
470
1,144*
1948
1,0944
1,0751
2,169
* Mints over 500 kWh. t Power of plants, 273.7 MW. 1 Power of plants, 346 MW.
TABLE VIIL?Timber statistics for 1938 (used also as reference figures for post-war years)
Production,
cu. m. x10?
Imports,
cu. m. x10? .
Exports
Consumption
Total
Fuel
Total
Fuel
Total
Fuel
Total
Fuel
22.69
12.84
0.0074
0.0034
1.68
0.19
2049.
11.17
The production of denatured alcohol in 1948 amounted to 20,577 tons, of which 120,000 tons
were exported
112
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/01/16: CIA-RDP80-00926A002400030014-9
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/01/16 CIA-RDP80-00926A002400030014-9
Ctt
TABLE 11.-Balance of energy consumption in FPR Yugoslavia
Quantities
Item
No.
Fuel
Heating
power,
kcal.
per kg.
Original condition
Converted at 7,000 kcal. per kg.
Unit of
measure-
Unit of
measure-
ment
1928
1937
1946
1948
ment
1928
1937
1946
1948
1
Mineral coal
6,500
tons x 103
672
617
872
978
tons x 103
624
574
810
908
2
Brown coal
4,000
?
3,602
3,507
3,761
6,112
?
2,060
2,000
2,150
3,495
3
Lignite
2,200
,,
1,048
1,016
2,232
3,488
,,
327
319
702
1,096
4
Totals, 1-3 . . .
-
,,
5,322
5,140
6,865
10,578
?
3,011
2,893
3,662
5,499
Coke
7,000
tons x 103
192
244
181
473
1 I
192
244
18.1
473
6
Fire wood
3,200
cu.m. x 103
11,000
11,175
11,000
11,000
?
3,020
3,070
3,020
3,020
7
Crude petroleum . . .
1,000
tons x 103
104
103
43
240
,,
149
147
62
343
8
Natural gas
8,400*
cu.m. x 108
930
1,841
5,555
6,015
,,
1
2
6
6.5
9
10
Manufactured gas . . .
Water power . . . .
3,800t,,
5,000
kWh. x 108
11,401
260
14,188
450
4,550
470
15,335
1,075
,,
6
186
8
322
2-4
335
8.7
770
11
Totals, 5-10 . . .
-
-
-
-
-
-
?
3,479
3,599
3,606-4
4,621.2
12
Totals, 4+11 . . .
-
-
-
-
-
-
?
6,490
6,492
7,268.4
10,120.2
* In kcal. per Cu. m. t At thermal equivalent 1 kWh.-5,000 kcal.
in Part - Sanitized Com/ Approved for Release 2013/01/16 CIA-RDP80-00926A002400030014-9
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/01/16 : CIA-RDP80-00926A002400030014-9
t.)
TABLE XIL?Number of electrical plants, total installed capacities, and classification of electrical plants according to purpose and type of driving power
in 1918 and 1938
Year
1918
1938
Total number of electrical plants . . .
Total installed capacities, MW. . . .
Average installed capacity per electric
plant, MW.
223
215
0-955
790
495
0-625
Classification of electric plants according to purpose
No.
%
Installed
capacity,
MW.
%
Average instal-
led capacity
per electric
plant, MW.
No.
%
Installed
capacity,
MW.
%
Average instal-
led capacity
per electric
plant, MW.
Public electric plants
"Mixed" electric plants*
Industrial electric plants
90
28
105
40-4
12-5
47-1
80
27
108
37-2
12-6
50-2
0-890
0-965
1-030
300
71
419
38-0
9-0
53-0
200
118
177
40-4
23-8
35.8
0-665
1,660
0-420
Classification of electric plants according to type
of driving power
No.
%
Installed
capacity,
MW.
%
Average instal-
led capacity
per electric
plant, MW.
No.
%
Installed
capacity,
MW.
%
Average instal-
led capacity
per electric
plant, MW.
Hydro-electric plants
Steam-power electric plants . . .
Diesel-electric plants
Electric plants with suction gas engines .
Electric plants with other prime movers .
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
168
306
140
56
120
21-6
38-6
17-6
7-1
15-1
160
208
25
4
98
32-3
420.
51
0-8
19-8
0-952
0-680
0-179
0-071
0-816
* Electric plants, supplying a part of the current produced for public use
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/01/16: CIA-RDP80-00926A002400030014-9
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/01/16: CIA-RDP80-00926A002400030014-9
ENERGY RESOURCES AND POWER DEVELOPMENTS
TABLE X.?Power demand, number of industrial establishments, and working places
7
Kind of industry
Power demand
No. of
industrial
establish-
ments
kW. per
industrial
establish-
ment
No. of
working
places
kW. per
working
place
k W.
%
1. Extracting and binding
materials . . . .
16,800
6-64
96
175-0
12,426
1-35
2. Metallurgical . . .
23,050
910
43
535-0
15,514
1-48
3. Metal works . .
13,130
5-18
283
46-5
42,668
0-31
4. Ceramics and glass .
9,100
3-59
234
38-9
17,355
0-52
5. Wood
31 600
I 12-50
622
50-8
42,020
0-75
6. Paper (including printing
works) . . . .
9,270
3-66
139
66-6
11,095
0-84
7. Chemical
41,250
16-30
241
171-3
16,040
2-58
8. Foodstuffs and agriculture
72,650
28-60
1,374
52-8
42,676
1-70
9. Textiles
28,800
11-39
491
58-6
75,046
0-38
10. Leather and furs .
6,490
2-56
109
59-5
14,025
0-46
11. Others
1,210
0-48
18
67-2
3,808
0-32
Total . .
253,350
100-00
3,650
69-5
292,673
0-87
IV. DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY IN FPR YUGOSLAVIA
1. Period between the two World Wars. Table X shows the data on the power
demand in various branches of Yugoslav industry in 1938. Moreover, in order to
give a more precise insight into the conditions of the Yugoslav industry and an
estimate as to the degree of industrialization of pre-war Yugoslavia, the table also
contains some other characteristic data concerning the power used in various
branches of industry.
As regards the consumption of coal produced in Yugoslavia, in 1937 industry
occupied the first place with an approximate consumption of 50% of the total
production, followed by the railways and shipping, with over 40%. Domestic
heating amounted to less than 4%, because of the almost exclusive use of wood
fuel for this purpose.
The economics of the electrical industry, as one of the important factors in
the development of energy and, in general, of the economics of every country,
did not show, in the period between the two World Wars even approximately
the increase which could be achieved when the power available in the country
is considered.
Table XI outlines the achievements in the production of electrical energy
in the period between the two World Wars.
TABLE XL?Production of electrical energy in 1918, 1931, and 1937
Production in kWh. x106
Year
No. of
inhabitants,
millions
Per capita,
kWh.
Index
per capita
Hydro-
electric
Thermal
Total
1918
11-50
285
165
450
39
100
1931
14-00
291-5
493-5
785
56
143
1937
15-28
450
462
912
60
154
B2
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/01/16 : CIA-RDP80-00926A002400030014-9
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/01/16: CIA-RDP80-00926A002400030014-9
ENERGY RESOURCES AND POWER DEVELOPMENTS 9
From Table XI it is evident that the average annual increase in the consump-
tion of electrical energy in pre-war Yugoslavia was about 5 %, while the specific
consumption per capita averaged 2.7 % only.
Table XII gives further data concerning the number of electrical plants, the
installed capacity, and the purpose and kind; it also includes figures, derived
from these data, relating to the average capacity of the power installed in the
different electrical plants.
These figures show that from 1918 to 1938 the number of electrical plants
increased considerably?about 3.5 times?but that the installed capacity in-
creased only 2.3 times, proving that in the period between the two World Wars the
development of electric economics in Yugoslavia progressed on lines totally
opposite to those of most other European and overseas countries. Instead of
concentration of power in large and powerful energy-producing plants, decen-
tralization took place in pre-war Yugoslavia, and unprofitable electrical plants
of small size were erected locally.
Further, of the 168 hydro-electric plants existing in 1938, with a total installed
capacity of 160 MW., two alone had an installed capacity of 104 MW. (65%
of the total). In the remaining 166 plants, only 56 MW. were installed, so that
the average installed capacity per electric plant hardly amounted to 0.34 MW.
This applied also to steam-operated power plants, and still more to electrical
plants using other kinds of prime movers.
According to Table XII, the water power in Yugoslavia has lately been esti-
mated at 9,000,000 kW., but only 160,000 kW., or about 1.78 %, had been
utilized before World War II.
All these data on the utilization of energy resources in pre-war Yugoslavia
clearly indicate the technical backwardness of the country, in spite of favourable
economic conditions. Under such conditions, electrification was of limited scope
and concerned only restricted areas, mostly in the vicinity of the larger towns
and mining districts. This also explains why, in pre-war Yugoslavia, the highest
voltage was limited to 80 kV., which was used for a single transmission line
supplying northern Slovenia with electrical energy from the Fala hydro-electric
plant on the Drava river.
Of a total of 4,645 municipalities which existed in Yugoslavia in 1938, only
713 (that is, 15 %) were supplied with electricity, while the number of inhabitants
who had been using electricity amounted to about 4,200,000, or about 27% of
the then total population.
2. Post-war period up to 1948. After the end of hostilities in 1945, reconstruction
work was begun energetically, and in a relatively short time (by the end of 1946)
property and plant destroyed or damaged by the war was again put into working
condition in all principal branches of industry (railways, coal and other mines,
smelting works for iron, copper, lead, etc.). The beginning of the year 1947 was
an important turning point in the economic life of the whole country. The
government brought in the 5-year economic plan for the period 1947-51. The
basic tasks in this 5-year plan are: to rationalize the existing coal mines and to
open new ones; to raise the coal and coke production from 6,068,000 tons in
1949 to 16,500,000 tons in 1951, or by 272%; of crude petroleum from 1,000
tons to 450,000 tons in 1951, or by 450 times; to begin the exploitation of oil
shales and constantly to increase their production; to rationalize the consump-
tion of coal in communications and in industry; to reduce the present quotas
B2
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/01/16: CIA-RDP80-00926A002400030014-9
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/01/16: CIA-RDP80-00926A002400030014-9
10 FOURTH WORLD POWER CONFERENCE
of coal consumption considerably; to ensure a change-over to the consumption
of lignite dust and small-gained brown and mineral coal; to eliminate the use
of wood as an industrial and a domestic fuel by replacing it with coal of suitable
quality; and to erect plants for the treatment of lignite, to enable it to be used
as fuel and as raw material for the chemical industry.
As regards electric power economics, the 5-year plan sets forth the following
goals:?
(I) To increase the production of electrical energy from 1.1 x 109 kWh. in
1939 to 4.35 x 109 kWh. in 1951; to increase the production of cheap elec-
trical energy by the construction of hydro-electric plants incorporating the
latest achievements of modern technique; to begin the construction of some
hydro-electric plants which will start working after 1951.
(2) To erect thermal plants with condensation to serve as supplementary
plants, based principally on waste coal and on coal not fit for transporta-
tion; to carry out the utilization of waste heat and waste gases in metallur-
gical and large industrial plants.
(3) In cases where large quantities of heat are needed for manufacturing
processes, to erect thermal plants in which suitably treated fuels could be
utilized.
(4) To build up the electrical industry and carry out the electrification of
the country.
Summary
The report gives a survey of the state of power resources in Yugoslavia, based on present-day
knowledge. It also shows the development of power economics during the period from 1924
to 1948 inclusive, supported by statistics covering the production and consumption of natural
fuels, of water power, and of electrical energy.
R?m?
Ressourees et Developpements de l'Energie. Le rapport foumit une etude de l'etat des ressources
d'onergie en Yougoslavie, basee sur les donnees connues usqu'a present. Il montre aussi le
developpement de l'economie generale de l'energie depuis 1924 jusqu'en 1948, avec les
donnees qui se rapportent au developpement de la production et de la consommation des
combustibles naturels, de l'energie hydraulique et de l'energie electrique.
Published by the FOURTH WORLD POWER CONFERENCE
201/202 Grand Buildings, Trafalgar Square, London wc2
Made and printed in Great Britain by
PERCY LUND, HUMPHRIES & CO. LTD., LONDON AND BRADFORD
B2
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/01/16: CIA-RDP80-00926A002400030014-9
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/01/16: CIA-RDP80-00926A002400030014-9
STAT
..,?,
,
40 Next 182 Page(s) In Document Denied
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/01/16: CIA-RDP80-00926A002400030014-9