SUMMARY OF SOVIET DIGITAL SWITCHING

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP92B00181R000300270036-0
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• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 45
• Document Creation Date: December 27, 2016
• Document Release Date: April 22, 2013
• Sequence Number: 36
• Publication Date: June 1, 1986
• Content Type: REPORT

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P. D. DRAWER B
TR-66-LA-Z5910-082 /
SUMMARY OF SOVIET DIGITAL SWITCHING
PREPARED FOR
U.S. ARMY MISSILE AND SPACE
INTELLIGENCE CENTER
T7. REDSTONE ARSENAL. AL 35898-5500
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SUMMARY OF SOVIET DIGITAL SWITCHING
CONTRACT g-L65-Z5910-1
"Distribution authorized to U.S. Government agencies
and their contractors - technical data that relate to a
military deficiency of a potential adversary. Other requests
for this document shall be referred to U.S. Army Missile
and Space Intelligence Center."
"DESTRUCTION NOTICE - For classified
documents, follow the procedures in DoD
b220.22-M Industrial Security Manuel,
Section 11-19 or DoD 5200.1-R, Informa-
tion Security Program Regulation, Chapter
IX. For unclassified, limited documents,
destroy by any method that will prevent
disclosure of contents or reconstruction of
the document."
"WARNING This document contains
technical data whose export is restricted by
the Arms Export Control Act (Title 22,
U.S.C. Sec. 2751 at seq.) or Executive Order
12470. Violators of these export laws are
subject to severe criminal penalties."
PREPARED FOR
U.S. ARMY MISSILE AND SPACE
INTELLIGENCE CENTER
REDSTONE ARSENAL. AL 35090-5500
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ABSTRACT
This. summary report on Soviet Digital Switching Technology is
the second of two final reports prepared under Contract 9-L65-Z5910-1.
The objective of these reports is to provide an assessment of Soviet
state of the art in fiber optics and digital switching technologies
along with projections of technological developments through the year
2000. These studies will provide inputs to Tasks 2 and 3 of the CASTAR
project.
The information for this report was obtained from extensive
Soviet literature searches as well as technical discussions with
analysts at Teledyne Brown Engineering and Foreign Technology Division.
It was determined that information contributed by classified sources was
not significant enough to. warrant classification of this report.
The Soviet state of the art in digital switching is established
by examining the primary telephone exchanges and computer networks that
are operational and then comparing them to their U.S. counterpart.
Projections are then made by examining the literature to establish the
Soviet goals for the future. The feasibility of each goal is then
evaluated in light of practical and technological limitations.
W. G. Preussel
Senior Staff Engineer
R. D. Hays; Ph.D.
Vice President
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
1. INTRODUCTION ................................................. 1-1
2. SWITCHING REQUIREMENTS OF MILITARY NETWORKS ................. 2-1
3. VOICE/CIRCUIT DIGITAL SWITCHING ............................. 3-1
3.1 MT-20 ......... .................... ................. 3-2
3.2 KVARTS ................................................. 3-4
3.3 ISTOK .................................................. 3-7
3.4 OTHER MISCELLANEOUS EXCHANGES .......................... 3-9
4. DATA/PACKET SWITCHING ........ .................................. 4-1
4.1 LATVIAN SSR ACADEMY OF SCIENCES NETWORK ................ 4-8
4.2 SEKOP NETWORK .......................................... 4-11
4.3 COLLECTIVE USE COMPUTER SYSTEM FOR THE ACADEMY OF
SCIENCES KaSSR KAYAKH ........... ....................... 4-12'
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4.4 OGAS ................................................... 4-12
5. SUMMARY AND PROJECTIONS ...................................... 5-1
5.1 VOICE/CIRCUIT DIGITAL SWITCHING ......................... 5-1
5.2 DATA/PACKET SWITCHING .................................. 5-2
REFERENCES ...................................................... R-1
BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................ .......................... B-1
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
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Figure
Title
Page
2-1
Basic Operation of a Circuit Switch ....................
2-3
2-2
Basic Operation of a Packet Switched Network;
Movement of a Three-Packet Message from User A to
User B .................................................
2-4
3-1
Comparative Timelines for Telephone Switching
Evolution ..............................................
3-3
3-2
Block Diagram of "Kvarts" Exchange .....................
3-6
3-3
ISTOK Network of ATEs ........... .....................
3-8
3-4
Configuration of the ISTOK Exchange ..................... 3-8
4-1
Information and Computer Network .......................
4-2
4-2
Communications Subnetworks ..............................
4-3
4-3
Protocal Layering ............ ........... .............
4-5
4-4
Structure of Communication System .......................
4-6
4-5
Computer Network Components ............................
4-7
4-6
Experimental Computer Network of the Academy of
Sciences of Latvian SSR (Circa 1981) .................
4-9
4-7
Experimental Computer Network of the Latvian SSR
Academy of Sciences ...................................
4-10
4-8
Technology Base for OGAS ...............................
4-13
4-9
Organization of OGAS ...................................
4-14
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LIST OF TABLES
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Table
Title
Page
2-1
Characteristics of Military Communications Traffic .....
2-2
2-2
Characteristics of Military. Network
2-5
3-1
Comparison of MT-20 and Bell 4ESS ......................
3-4
3-2
Soviet Third- and Fourth-Generation Exchanges ..........
3-10
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1. INTRODUCTION
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This summary report on Soviet digital switching technology was
prepared as the second of two final reports under contract
9-L65-Z5910-1. The purpose of these studies is to provide inputs to
Tasks 2 and 3 of the CASTAR project. Objectives of the CASTAR project
include assessment of the current Soviet state of the art (SOTA) in
fiber optics and digital switching, and projection through the year
2000.
This report is based mainly on Soviet open literature, with
additional technical background information provided by unclassified
U.S. sources. Most of the data were provided by translations of three
Soviet technical journals: 1) Telecommunications and Radio Engineering,
2) Radio Engineering and Electronic Physics, and 3) Automatic Controls
and Computer Sciences. A CIRC search was also performed on Soviet
communications networks, production capabilities, and individuals
working in the research and development (R&D) phase of this technology.
Numerous references were identified, but unfortunately many were not
available as translations. For example, a reference in the JPRS's USSR
Report: Cybernetics, Computers and Automation Technology (FOUO) cited a
1983 conference on packet switching. The report, which obviously
contained a wealth of information, was not available as a translation.
It was determined that information contributed by classified
sources was not significant enough to warrant classification of this
report. Most of the material found in classified sources was found to
be available in unclassified sources as well. Technical discussions
with analysts at Teledyne Brown Engineering (TBE) and Foreign Technology
Division (FTD) also provided significant insight and background
information.
Section 2 is intended to be a brief introduction to the role
digital switching plays in military communications. Two types of
digital switching (circuit and packet) are emphasized along with the
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particular types of communication each is best suited to accommodate.
Section 3 deals with digital circuit switching techniques used in the
Soviet telephone network. Also included in this section are third-
generation telephone exchanges which are not digital switches, but they
do employ stored program control which is implemented with digital
computers. Soviet progress in computer networking using packet
switching is discussed in Section 4. Several networks are discussed,
especially the Statewide Automated Management System (OGAS). This
section also includes a review of some of the ideas of prominent Soviet
academician E. A. Yakubaytis. Section 5 contains a summary of the
Soviet SOTA in digital switching as well as some projections for the
next 10 to 15 years.
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2. SWITCHING REQUIREMENTS OF MILITARY NETWORKS
The switching and transmission requirements of a military
communications network are largely determined by the characteristics of
the traffic it must handle (Reference 1). Table 2-1 shows various types
of traffic along with transmission rates and call durations. The types
of traffic have been divided into three general classes. Class I
traffic is characterized by longer messages which require real-time
delivery. Calls usually last several minutes during which time there
are few pauses in the information flow. Class II traffic is composed of
shorter, discrete-type messages which require near real-time delivery.
During this type of traffic, there can be frequent pauses in information
flow. Class III traffic is typified by long messages which may or may
not be tolerant of transmission'delays. The distinctions between the
classes of traffic are more clearly understood by associating Class I
traffic with voice communications, Class II traffic with interactive
computer communications, and Class III traffic with bulk data transfers.
Class I traffic is efficiently handled by a circuit switching
network. The basic ideas of a time-space circuit switch are illustrated
in Figure 2-1. Each user is associated with a particular time slot and
line. The figure shows a two-way or full-duplex connection between
User 3, Line 1 and User 2, Line 2 where the information in Time Slot 3,
Line 1 is switched to Time Slot 2, Line 2 and vice versa. The
transmission resources are dedicated to this call for its duration, and
are therefore inaccessible to other calls.
Class II traffic is suited to the characteristics of a packet
switched network, shown in Figure 2-2. In this type.of network, the
message is first segmented into packets containing a fixed number of
bits. Switching information is then appended to each packet in an
address header. This allows each packet to be switched through the
network individually. As the figure shows, individual packets of a
particular message do not necessarily follow the same path. Since the
packets may arrive at their destination out of order, each node must
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Table 2-1. Characteristics of Military Communications Traffic
Traffic
Type of
Transmission
Rate
Call
Class
Traffic
(kb/s)
Duration
PCM Voice
48 to 64.
CVSD Voice
16 to 32
LPC Voice
4 to 8
Voice Orders
2
4 to 9
6
Several
APR Voice
.
.
8 to 16
minutes
DPCM voice
32 to 48
Facsimile
4.8 to 50
LS video
150 to 200
Interactive Data
150 to 4800
Narrative/Record
0.075 to 9.6
Data Processing
75 to 100
Data Base Update
0.15 to 16
Seconds to
minutes
Bulk Sensor Data
9.6 to 100
Query/Response
0.150 to 9.6
Bulk Data Transfer
4.8 to 100
Minutes to
hours
SOURCE: Reference 1
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have the capability to correctly rearrange the packets. Transmission
resources in this type of network are allocated on a dynamic or an as-
needed basis.
Class III traffic is effectively handled by either circuit or
packet switching networks. If real-time transmission is the premium,
then circuit switching should be used, but transmission capacity will be
inaccessible to other calls for long periods of time. If delays can be
tolerated, packet switching allows other calls to.send packets through
the network.. See References 2 and 3 for a more detailed description of
circuit and packet switching networks.
A military communications network must be capable of much more
than just performing switching functions. The network must operate
under the extreme conditions inherent in a military confrontation.
Table 2-2 shows some of the desirable characteristics and service
features which will maintain reliable communications.
Table 2-2. Characteristics of a Military Network
1. Survivability and Endurability - Dynamic routing, self-
diagnostic, and self-repair capabilities are necessary to
maintain satisfactory operation throughout a conflict.
2. Security of Transmissions - Immunity to intercept and immunity
to jamming is an obvious requirement.
3. Compatibility with Existing Networks - Where necessary or
desirable.
4. Desirable Service Features
A. Precedence and preemption
B. Multiple addressing - one-to-many capability
C. Temporary message storage
D. Mode/code/speed flexibility
E. Message accountability
F. Storage of data
G. Low-error rates
H. Saturation routing - allows a subscriber to be located
anywhere in the network
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3. VOICE/CIRCUIT DIGITAL SWITCHING
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There are basically four generations of telephone switching
equipment that can be distinguished.
1. Step-by-step or 10-step exchanges are comprised entirely of
bulky electromagnetic relays, many of the pulsed-rotary
type from which the term "step-by-step" is derived. These
use progressive control where each dialed digit
successively sets up a communication path through the
exchange. This is the simplest type of control to
implement with electromagnetic components, but has the
drawback that all equipment is tied up for the duration of
the call and that even if a clear path is available it may
not be properly selected because of an unfortuitous early
step in the selection process. Exchanges built on this
principle require a great deal of space and are very noisy
in operation.
2. Crossbar exchanges are also composed of electromechanical
relays but the "common control" principle permits some real
improvements over step-by-step systems. All dialed digits
are accumulated in a register, and then the equipment
selects the optimal route. This arrangement uses less
equipment to "hold" a call than to "establish" one, with a
corresponding increase in operating efficiency. Crossbar
equipment is considerably smaller than step-by-step,
quieter in operation, easier to maintain, and uses less
power.
3. The Soviet writings all refer to the third-generation
equipment as "quasi-electronic" to distinguish it from the
forth-generation; this nomenclature is not generally used
in the United States. Quasi-electronic exchanges implement
stored program control over the switching process with
special-purpose digital computers, but the switching
elements themselves are still basically electromechanical.
Switching element contacts are usually enclosed in glass
tubes, which greatly improves reliability. Because the
control element is a computer, it is possible to introduce
a variety of specialized services such as conference
calling and call forwarding.
4. Fourth-generation exchanges are entirely digital with both
the control computer and switching elements composed
largely of integrated circuits. In contrast to the first
three generations which were strictly space-division
switches, time-division switching is often implemented in
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fourth-generation equipment, which truly deserves its name
"electronic switching."
The Soviet telephone network (OAKTS) still relies heavily on
outdated first- and second-generation switching equipment. The Soviets
will look to third- and fourth-generation equipment for near- to mid-
term upgrades in the OAKTS. Figure 3-1 gives a comparison of the
relative dates of introduction of telephone equipment into the telephone
systems of the U.S. and Soviet Union. The MT-20, which has comparable
technology to the Bell 4ESS, was introduced into the Soviet Union.in
1981; nevertheless, the first. Soviet-built MT-20 is not expected to be
out until 1986. As a consequence of this significant lag in technology,
the Soviets will rely heavily on imports as well as their domestic
third-generation switches. The switching equipment expected to play a
key role in the modernization of the OAKTS will be discussed in the
remainder of this section. This equipment includes the MT-20, Kvarts,
Istok, Metaconta 10S, and certain other equipment. See Reference 4 for
a more detailed discussion of the OAKTS.
3.1 MT-20
One of the major deficiencies in the OAKTS has been automated
long distance switching. In an effort to remedy this situation, the
Soviets have imported the French-made MT-20, long-distance, electronic,
digital exchange.
In 1979, Le Material Telephonic, a subsidiary of Thompson-CSF,
entered into a contract with the Soviets to set up a turnkey operation
to produce the MT-20. This agreement included direct sale of at least
two MT-20s. There have been many misunderstandings which have delayed
the production process. The first Soviet-built MT-20 is not due out
until sometime later this year (1986). The transfer of this technology
represents a major breakthrough for the Soviets in digital switching.
The MT-20 will be the only all-electronic digital switch which the
Soviets are capable of producing. It is expected to become their most
prevalent long-distance exchange within the foreseeable future.
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The technology used in the MT-20 is similar to that used in the
Bell 4ESS. The MT-20 is a stored, program-controlled, time-space
division, digital switch. The control unit consists of two 32-bit
computers operating in a load-sharing mode. The actual switching
function is performed by arrays of symmetrical time division matrices
(STDM). Each STDM can switch eight 2.048-mb/s PCM trunks with 32
channels each, thus forming a 256 by 256 switch. Each STDM is a single
NMOS large scale integration (LSI) circuit containing approximately
22,000 transistors (Reference 5). Table 3-1 gives a comparison of the
capabilities of the MT-20 and the Bell 4ESS.
Table 3-1. Comparison of MT-20 and Bell 4ESS
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Bell 4ESS
MT-20
Capacity
3360 PCM Trunks
2048 PCM Trunks
107,520 Lines
65,536 Lines
Busy Hour
Call Attempts
550,000
350,000
Traffic
Handling
47,450 Erlangs
20,000 Erlangs
The Kvarts is a long-distance, stored, program-controlled,
quasi-electronic switch which was jointly developed by the Central
Scientific Research Institute for Communications (TsNIIS), the Institute
of Cybernetics of the Ukranian SSR Academy of Sciences, and the Robotron
Association (GDR) (Reference 6). In July 1980, testing was begun on a
prototype which was installed in Leningrad with its fault tolerant
software incomplete. Despite this, the testing of the Kvarts was
assessed positively and serial production was begun by April 1983
(Reference 7). An additional Kvarts was installed in Vil'nyus sometime
before February 1982 (Reference 8). A Soviet author claims that,
"During the 12th five-year plan (1986 to 1990), the Kvarts will be the
basic type of long-distance exchange" (Reference 9).
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The technology of the Kvarts is on about the same level as the
Bell 1ESS. The switching elements are ferreeds or "gerkons" as they are
referred to in the Soviet Union. Ferreeds were phased out of U.S.
switches beginning in the early 1970s. It is curious that the Kvarts
does not incorporate the gezakon which is the Soviet version of the
remreed connector. Ferreed connectors consist of a reed contact sealed
in a glass casing. Two semihard ferrite plates are required outside the
glass casing to latch the connection. In the gezakon or remreed, the
reed itself is made out of a semihard magnetic material called Remendur.
Once the connection is made, the residual magnetism of the Remendur
causes latching. The U.S. version of the remreed required four control
coils, whereas Soviet efforts have reduced the number of control coils
on the gezakon to two (References 10 and 11).
Stored program control is provided by a NEVA 1 control complex.
Figure 3-2 shows the system layout. The NEVA 1 control complex is a
special-purpose computer developed especially for new quasi-electronic
switches. At present, the NEVA 1.is produced by GDR using the structual
and elemental base of the Unified Computer System (RYAD). Two central
processors with "parallel operation in a synchronized mode (without load
sharing) ... give(s) the system its high reliability" (Reference 12).
"Both control machines perform the same functions in making connections,
and they compare the results of executing particular operations in
servicing each call according to a definite schedule. When the results
of some operations fail to match, the machine which is working properly
initiates a test program to trace the fault in the malfunctioning
machine, and continues to handle all calls" (Reference 6). The NEVA 2,
which is basically a smaller version of the NEVA 1, is suitable for use
in smaller exchanges.
The specifications of the Kvarts exchange are shown in.
Table 3-2.
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CPU-1 i CPU-2
RAM-1 III RAM-2
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URS = Distribution & Scanning Control Device
UUKS = Switching System Control Device
UKI = Data Test Device
TsARU = Centralized Address & Distribution Device
PPR = Peripheral Processor
CPU = Central Processor
RAM = Random Access Memory
SUM = Special Purpose Machine
Figure 3-2. Block Diagram of "Kvarts" Exchange
3-6
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3.3 ISTOK
The Istok is an integrated, quasi-electronic, analog-digital
communications system. Istok was developed to bridge the gap between
quasi-electronic and integrated digital networks. The main applications
will be in the modernization of rural networks. This system is another
result of collaboration between the German Democratic Republic (GDR) and
the USSR. The basic switching elements, principal ci?rcuits, and
software were developed by specialists in the USSR, while specialists in
the GDR handled the basic construction, the production engineering, and
the documentation of the mechanical design of the control equipment
assembly. The concept of the Istok first appeared in the literature in
the early 1970s (References 13, 14, and 15). Nevertheless, it was not
until the late 1970s that tests were actually begun (Reference 16). The
development of the Istok was possibly delayed until the NEVA family of
stored-program control systems could be perfected. Test zones were set
up in Istrinsky in Moscow and in Berlin. Tests were completed in 1980
and quantity production was started in 1981. The first production
models were slated to be installed in Ogrsk RCC of the Latvian SSR
(Lielvard) and in Saratov.
As previously mentioned, the main application of this system is
in the modernization of rural networks. The basic idea is to tie rural
automatic telephone exchanges (ATEs) together with an Istok exchange.
This will allow rural telephone systems to economically realize the
benefits of stored program control. These ATEs, which usually service
64 to 256 numbers, are linked to the Istok supporting exchange (SE)
which can service up.to 4096 lines. The SE then provides centralized
stored program control for all the ATEs. Figure 3-3 illustrates this
concept. Some of the.services provided by Istok are abbreviated
dialing, call break-in, call transfer, conference calling, time
selective service limitation, waiting-call signal, and call origination.
The Istok is compatible with analog and digital signals.
Figure 3-4 illustrates how this compatibility is achieved. Time
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Figure 3-4. Configuration of the Istok Exchange
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multiplexed digital signals (1) are separated spatially by time-space
converters (2). Then both analog and digital signals are switched in a
common space-division block (4). The digital signals are switched
without demodulation which means that the crosspoints in block 4 must be
able to handle analog and digital signals. Block 3 is a two-way, PCM
converter which provides interface between analog and digital lines.
The multiple integrated connecting switch (MIS), which is the
basic switching module, incorporates crosspoints known as gezakons, the
Soviet counterpart of the U.S. remreed. The Soviet gezakon has provided
the following advantages:
1. Manufacturing tolerances and control current tolerances
were considerably widened, .
2. A more planar construction which aided packaging,.
3. The number of control windings was minimized to two,
4. The physical size was reduced, and
5. Suitability to multiple assembly line production improved.
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The switching concept employed by the Istok is only practical
if less than 50% of the lines are PCM trunks. If more lines are digital
than analog, it would be more practical to use an all-electronic switch.
This indicates that the Soviets expect the ratio of digital-to-analog
systems in the rural networks to stay below 50% for quite some time.
Table 3-2 gives a summary of Soviet telephone exchanges using
third- or fourth-generation technology. The Metaconta 10S is believed
to be a minimally modified version of the Metaconta 10C (Reference 17).
Iskra produces this exchange under license to ITT. If the Soviets are
not able to acquire fourth-generation urban exchanges such as the MT-25,
then the Metaconta 10S will probably continue to be procured. The Kvant
is simply a large PBX that has been modified to work as a rural end
exchange. The EP-128, as the table shows, is a Bulgarian PBX.
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Collaboration between GDR and USSR under Unified Communication System
for Analog and Digital Switching (ENSAD) has lead to the GDR-built OZ
series of exchanges (Reference 18). The OZ 1000 is an autonomous,
microprocessor-controlled local exchange. A K1520 microcomputer system
built by Robotron serves as the controller. The concept and the design
of the OZ series is probably very similar to the Istok.
Table 3-2. Soviet Third- and Fourth-Generation Exchanges
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Exchange
Generation
Capacity
BHCA
Intended Use
Maker
MT-20
Fourth
65,536
350,000
Long-distance
Thompson-CSF
toll switch
(French)/
USSR turnkey
operation
Kvarts
Third
8,000
175,000
Long-distance
USSR/GDR
toll switch
Istok
Third
4,096
?
Rural nodal
USSR/GDR
exchange
Metaconta
Third
63,488
300,000
Pure local,
Iskra/
10S
local/inter-
Yugoslavia
city, large
transit
Kvant
Third
2,048
?
Rural exchange,
USSR
large PBX
EP-128
Third
400
?
PBX
Bulgaria
OZ-1000
Third
256 to
?
Local exchange
RFT/GDR
1024
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A good starting point in the evaluation of the Soviet SOTA in
data/packet switching is the investigation of the work produced by the
Institute of Electronics and Computer Engineering of the Latvian SSR
Academy of Sciences. A review of some of the numerous articles written
by E. A. Yakubaytis, who is vice president of the Riga Academy, will
provide some insight into Soviet philosophy on data transmission
networks. Since Yakubaytis is in a position of authority at the Soviet
"test-bed" for computer networking, it probably. is a valid assumption
that his views are representative of Soviet philosophy.
Soviet thinking seems to be directed toward buildi-ng
independent local-area networks and then tying these small networks
together into. republic or statewide networks. Figure 4-1 is a
representation of what Yakubaytis calls information computer networks
(Reference 19). The basic building block consists of a medium-size
computer such as a SM-4 along with its 5 to 15 data terminals. Several
of these subscriber systems are then interconnected via a communications
subnetwork to form a local area network. Local area networks are then
interfaced with the main communications system to form an information
computer network. This layout allows computer resources to be
distributed at various locations instead of concentrated at a single
node. Also, data and limited computer power are more efficiently
utilized. Both of the above factors are important considerations in a
military network where survivability is a necessity.
Local area networks can be evaluated by four characteristics
(Reference 20): traffic handling capability, reliability of
transmission, connection time, and transmission rate. With respect to
these characteristics, Yakubaytis identifies five major configurations
for the communications subnet. Figure 4-2 shows that they can be
classified as information routing or information selection networks. In
information routing, the packets are routed through the communications
subnet directly to the addressee. In information selection, the packets
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DATA TERMINAL
COMPUTER
COMMUNICATIONS
SUBNET
LOCAL AREA
NETWORK
SUBSCRIBER
SYSTEM
Figure 4-1. Information Computer Network
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are delivered to a bus which is connected to all the subscribers. It is
left up to the subscriber to select the packets of interest. Each of
these configurations has its uses depending on the size of the network,
but the most common configuration is information routing.
Another notable paper by Yakubaytis (Reference 21) presents a
conceptual architecture for creating an open computer network using YeS
EhVM and SM EhVM series computers. The seven-level ISO conventional
architecture is employed (Figure 4-3). The bottom three levels (physical,
channel, and network) facilitate implementation of the X.25 international
standard. The fourth (transport) level employs a version of the protocol
proposed by the European Organization of Machinery Producers (ECMA).
The fifth (session) level protocol was developed by the Institute of
Electronics and Computer Engineering of the Latvian SSR Academy of
Sciences. The top two levels (representation and applications) employ
the ES EhVM standards which define the functioning of the software
complexes designated KROS, SRV, OKA and KAMA. The complex of programs
that implement the five bottom levels in the ES EhVM or SM EhVM is called
the network access method (SMV).
Implementation of the two bottom protocol levels shown in
Figure 4-3 is provided by a microcomputer-based network microprocessor
adapter (SMA). The ES EhVM or SM EhVM machine implements the protocols
of levels three through seven and executes applications programs. As a
result, the ES EhVM or SM EhVM machine, in conjunction with the SMA,
forms the subscriber system of the computer network. Subscriber systems
within a network are divided into working, terminal, administrative, and
interface.
The structure of the communications system (within the open
computer network architecture) is shown in Figure 4-4. The first two
protocol levels, like in the subscriber system, are implemented by the
SMA. The other levels are executed by SM-3, SM-4, or SM-300
minicomputers. The communications system is thus made up of an SM EhVM
minicomputer and "g" adapters, where "g" is the number of data
transmission channels leading to the communications systems.
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6 REPRESENTATION
5 SESSION
4 TRANSPORT
3 NETWORK
2 CHANNEL
1 PHYSICAL
APPLICATIONS
PROGRAMS
KROS SRV
OKA KAMA
LOGIP YENTA
SESSION
ECMA
X.25/3
LAPB
X.21 BIS
*TMD - TELECOMMUNICATIONS
ACCESS METHOD
SOURCE: Reference 20
IMPLEMENTATION
TMD*
INTERFACE
DATA TRANSMISSION CHANNEL
Figure 4-3. Protocol Layering
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ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL
PROCESSES
LAP B
X.25/3
X.21BISI IX.21BIS
SOURCE: Reference 21
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Figure 4-4. Structure of Communication System
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The program complex shown in Figure 4-3 can serve as the basis
for different types of computer network systems. Figure 4-5 shows 14
different types of systems that execute different tasks within the
network. The notation XXX is used to designate programs written by
developers or users.
Program complex eight, called OSKS, makes up the X.25
communications system. The use of one or several communications systems
makes it possible to create a data transmission network. In accordance
with Recommendation X.25, a computer network is formed by adding
subscriber systems to this network.
Several interesting observations can be made based on the
writtings of Yakubaytis. There is a distinct push to develop compatible
computer hardware. Emphasis is on designing modular computer networks
which are based upon domestic SM and YeS series computers. In order to
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develop compatibility in a network environment, protocols must be,
established. Since the YeS series of computers are for the most part
"reverse engineered" IBM mainframes, one might expect use of the Systems
Network Architecture developed by IBM. However, Soviet literature
clearly emphasizes compliance (for civil networks) with the ISOs seven-
level protocol for "Open Systems Interconnection." The lower three
levels of the protocol should be implemented using the CCITT
recommendation X.25. Compliance with these standards would allow the
Soviets to fully utilize any Western and European equipment they should
happen to obtain and would also provide easier access to Western data
bases. See Reference 22 for more information on the OSI model, SNA, and
network protocols in general.
The Soviets do not have a nationwide data transmission network
such as the U.S. Arpanet. One of .the primary hindrances to their
development of such networks is the inadequacy of the OAKTS for data
transmission. Most examples of operational Soviet computer networks are
limited to relatively small local area networks which are usually
associated with one of the Science Academies. Several examples of these
are described on the following pages.
4.1 LATVIAN SSR ACADEMY OF SCIENCES NETWORK
Perhaps the most extensive (and certainly the one best
publicized in the United States) is the experimental computer network of
the Latvian SSR Academy of Sciences (Figure 4-6). That network
currently serves some dozen institutes located in Riga; its growth from
1977 to 1981, traced in Figure 4-7, is illuminating. High-level
satisfaction with this effort is evidenced by the large amount of new
equipment (2 to 3 systems) received each year and, even more
significantly, by receipt of new computers less than two years after
they entered series production. It is thus not surprising that a
"computerized information network (Akademnet) developed at the Institute
of Electronics and Computer Technology at Latvia Academy of Sciences" is
to be used to link "all institutes of the USSR Academy of Sciences and
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Academies of the Union Republics" (Reference 23). An experimental
section was already in operation in 1984 linking Riga, Leningrad, and
Moscow. In 1984 the experimental -intercity network would support only a
300-baud data rate, but "this will soon be increased to 1200." There
are eventual plans for joint projects to develp such networks linking
all CEMA members.
4.2 SEKOP NETWORK
A 1983 paper'described an experimental shared-resource computer
network nicknamed SEKOP (which possibly expands to "Set' Kommutatstii
Paketov" or packet switching network), which had been in operation since
at least 1978 (Reference 24). It consists of BEhSM-6 computers
controlled by a Dispak operating system with virtual memory, termed
information processors, and M-6000 ASVT-M process control computers,
which function as network processors. These network processors support
duplex data exchange in the packet-switching mode between any pair of
information processors in the network. Each pair of network processors
is connected by 10 simplex data transmission channels (5 in each
direction) which are independently bidirectional. An APD-MA-TF data
transmission set supports a 1200-baud keying rate. Effective data
transmission rate between a pair of network processors is about 925 bps.
It is clear that the X.25 protocol is not being used in this
network, probably because the high overhead of that format would slow
data transfer unacceptably. Instead it apears that a simplified, four-
level protocol model (Level 1 - physical control, Level 2 -'data link
layer, Level 3 - network control, and Level 4 - general functional
protocol) has been adopted. (It should be noted in passing that U.S.
DoD utlizes a somewhat similar four-layer protocol in Arpanet and other
applications consisting of network access layer, internet, protocol,
transmission control protocol, and several process/application layer
protocols. It will be at least eight years before DoD transitions to
ISO compatible protocols (Reference 25).) Developers are interested in
replacing the M-6000 with an SM-2 and the 10 simplex data transmission
4-11
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channels with one 48-kilobaud duplex channel. This will reduce delay in
delivering a single packet by about 2.4 s, and may make switchover to an
X.25-based protocol feasible.
4.3 COLLECTIVE USE COMPUTER SYSTEM FOR THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
KaSSR KAZAKH
It is planned to create a collective use computer system (VSKP)
for. the Academy of Sciences KaSSR (Reference 26). The intent of the
VSKP is to "... increase scientific research efficiency ... through the
use of modern mathematical methods and computer technology." This
project will supply the computer power of YeS series mainframes by
incorporating them into the network. A prototype for this network was
operating as of March 1985. Five SM-3 or SM-4 computers are used as
pre-or post-processors between data terminals and the central computing
facility, currently equipped with YeS 1022 and 1045 mainframes. The
local computer complex (SM-3 or SM-4) performs the following tasks:
1. Reception and processing (pre or post) of subscriber
information and
2. Communication handler.
Later stages of development are expected to employ more advanced
networking schemes using packet switching techniques. The ultimate goal
is to link this network with the Akademnet. One key feature of this
system is the emphasis on use of domestic equipment.
The Soviets have undertaken a project to construct a Statewide
Automated Management System (OGAS) (References 27 and 28). During the
ninth and tenth five-year plans (1971 to 1980), computers were.
introduced into various levels of economic management. OGAS is an
attempt to consolidate these automated management systems (ASU) into a
centralized network for planning and management. There are
approximately 600,000 organizations, enterprises, industries,
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associations, etc. which will ultimately be put on line. The concept of
OGAS was officially announced in 1971. OGAS was originally planned to
be complete in 1990, but various problems with the acquisition of needed
technologies have slipped completion to at least 2000.
Figure 4-8 shows the technological requirements which are.
separated into two categories. The Soviets feel that concentration of
computer resources into shared-resource computing centers will make the
most efficient use of equipment. The State Computer Center Network
(GSVTs) will be linked via the National Data Transmission System (OGASP)
which is a subset of the YeASS.
STATE COMPUTER
CENTER NETWORK
STATEWIDE AUTOMATED
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
NATIONAL DATA
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
UNIFIED AUTOMATED
COMMUNICATIONS
SYSTEM
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Figure 4-8. Technology Base for OGAS
OGAS will employ a four-level hierarchy shown in Figure 4-9.
The bottom level will'contain 90% of the information flow. According to
Soviet estimates, 200 territorial computer centers, 2500 cluster
computer centers, and 22,000 organizational computer centers should be
able to meet the requirements of 600,000 organizations. The success of
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OGAS is dependent on providing a reliable, efficient, high-speed data
transmission system.
Interim transmission media will be provided by the telephone
network (OAKTS) and the PD-200 network. The telephone network is less
than suitable for digital transmission because of obsolescent switching
exchanges. The planned upgrades in the OAKTS will begin to alleviate
some of these problems. The PD-200 is a 200-pbs data transmission
network, which has dedicated circuit-switching nodes (Reference 29).
Initial expansion of the PD-200 was rapid. As of5 January 1981, 129
stations were included in the network. However, major problems soon
became evident. In January 1982, only 25% of the installed capacity was
operational. Among the difficulties were problems with the installation
and repair of the TAP-2 Hungarian-manufactured subscriber equipment and
the training of subscriber personnel. In addition, there is apparently
a lack of confidence in system performance. The ultimate goal for 1990
is to have a network operating at speeds up to 48 kb/s. This network is
expected to employ packet switching techniques.
The computing power for OGAS will be supplied by the YeS
(unified system or Ryad) series of computers and peripherals. Operation
of a network this size depends heavily'on standardization of components.
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5. SUMMARY AND PROJECTIONS
5.1 VOICE/CIRCUIT DIGITAL SWITCHING
The SOTA in digital circuit switching in the Soviet Union is
the MT-20 switch. The introduction of this technology and the ability
to produce such switches falls behind comparable efforts in the U.S. by
10 years. Another indicator of the Soviet lag in circuit switching
technology is their continued emphasis on quasi-electronic exchanges.
Realizing that they are too far behind to catch up on their own, they
have turned to imports as a near- to mid-term solution. The MT-20 and
MT-20 upgrades are likely to be the cornerstone of long-distance
switching into the year 2000 assuming the Soviets are unsuccessful in
obtaining more modern Western technology due to export controls.
Near-term urban switching will probably rely on crossbar.
exchanges that are already in place. A requirement that all businesses
with more than 50 phones have a PBX should relieve some of the pressure
on urban exchanges. As of now, the Soviets do not have a fourth-
generation urban digital exchange. They may look to third-generation
exchanges such as the Metaconta 10S for near- to mid-term use while they
continue efforts to import fourth-generation equipment such as the
Thompson-CSF MT-25. The Istok system is obviously expected to be the
major upgrade to rural service for some time, probably for 15 to 20
Conversion to an all-digital telephone network will begin by
introducing digital equipment into sectors where present investment in
automatic analog equipment is at a minimum. An excerpt from a Soviet
paper clearly indicates their plans for modernization. "According to
the concept of the Electronic Automatic Telecommunications System of the
USSR, the telecommunications network is divided into toll, zone, and
local networks. The local networks are, to a great extent, saturated
with analog equipment; and the toll network is also fairly well
developed. The least covered part is the zone network and the creation
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of the digital network in the USSR should obviously be started in this
part by using the PCM-120 digital transmission systems designed for zone
networks.. Through the introduction of digital toll offices at the same
level, a fully digital network section can be set up, and the
development can be performed in both directions of the hierarchic
structure of the Electronic Automatic Telecommunications Systems, namely
toward the toll and local networks." (Reference 30). Clearly a medium-
sized digital exchange such as the MT-20 is ideal for this application.
5.2 DATA/PACKET SWITCHING
In direct contrast to their philosophy on voice/circuit
switching, the Soviets are emphasizing the use of domestic equipment in
developing data/packet switching networks. The literature allows us to
make several observations about their future computer networks:
1. They will employ domestic equipment wherever possible,
namely SM and YeS series computers,
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2. Use of adaptive information. routing algorithms, and
3. Adherence to the ISOs OSI seven-level protocol and the
CCITTs X.25 interface recommendation.
If the Soviets achieve by the year 2000 the goals they have
established, OCAS will be operational. It will serve some 600,000
users, and the Akademnet will link all the science academies. These
goals are unrealistic for two major reasons: 1) the present
transmission system is inadequate to support digital signals and
2) there is very limited experience in the actual implementation of
large-scale packet switched networks.
The Soviets are also investigating the feasibility of
establishing an integrated services digital network (ISDN). The concept
of a unified communications network (YeASS), which is discussed in
Reference 4,.is directly compatible with ISDN.
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In 1980, Stanislav I. Samoylenko, Deputy Chairman of the,
Council of Cybernetics USSR Academy of Sciences, attended the 5th
International Conference on Computer Communications (Atlanta, 27 to 30
October) (Reference 31). During this conference, Mr. Samoylenko spoke
of Soviet interest in an adaptive switching technique. We are uncertain
about the switching format but there seemed to be quite a bit of U.S.
interest. The format is possibly a hybrid switching technique such as
the master frame packet switching approach (Reference 2). Another
Soviet paper, Reference 32, investigates possible switching formats for
an ISDN, namely fast channel-switching (ISDN-CHSW), packet-switching
(ISDN-PSW), and hybrid switching (ISDN-HSW). After some detailed
analysis, this author concludes that, "... in the coming years, the
efforts of scientists and engineers will be concentrated on developing
the ISDN-PSW as. an economic telecommunications network."
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REFERENCES
1. Ross, M. J., "Military/Government Digital Switching Systems," IEEE
Communications Magazine, May 1983, pp. 18-15.
2. Rosner, Roy D., Packet Switching, Lifetime Learning Publications,
Belmont, CA, 1982.
3. Bellamy, John, Digital Telephony, Wiley-Interscience, 1982.
4. "Modern Soviet Civil Telecommunications," Dynetics, Inc., TR-86-
UCA-033, February 1986 (FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY).
5. MT-20 Technical Brochure, Thompson-CSF, France, 1983.
6.- Dedoborsch, V. G., "Construction Features of Kvarts Quasi-
Electronic Automatic Long-Distance Telephone Exchange,"
Ehlektrosvyaz, No. 4, 1983, p. 79, W31-36-84.
7. Koblents, Ya. G., et al., "Results of Experimental Operation of
Quasi-Electronic Automatic Long-Distance Telephone Exchange,"
Ehlektrosvyaz, No. 4, 1983, p. 65, W31-36-84.
8. Shlyapoberskij, V. I., "Microelectronics in Communications
Equipment at 1983 Leipzig Spring Fair," Ehlektrosvyaz, No. 10,
1983, p. 195, W31-36-84.
9. Aleshin, A. A., "Methods of Automated Long-Distance
Telecommunications," Ehlektrosvyaz, No. 4, 1983, p._47, W31-36-84.
10. Haugk, G. and Walsh, E. G., "Remreed Switching Networks for No. 1
and No. MESS," Bell System Technical Journal, Vol. 55, No. 5,
May-June 1976.
11. Misulovin, L. Ya., et al., "A Multiple Remreed Connector,"
Ehlektrosvyaz, No. 4, 1982, pp. 12-15.
12. Beskind, A. A., et al., "Construction and Use of Computers of the
'NEVA' Family," Ehlektrosvyaz, No. 7, 1979, pp. 16-20.
13. Adzhernov, S. A., "General Principles of the Construction of IQE
ADCS, Part I," Ehlektrosvyaz, No. 10, 1975, p. 2.
14. Baklanov, Yu. A., et al., "Equipment Complex of the IQE ADCS,
Part II," Ehlektrosvyaz, No. 10, 1975, p. 6.
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REFERENCES (Continued)
15. Groya, A. E., et al., "The Integrated, Quasi-Electronic, Analogue-
Digital Communications System IQE ADCS," Ehlektrosvyaz, No. 9,
1981, p. 48.
16. Misulovin, L. Ya., "The Results of Tests of the ISTOK Integrated
Analog-Digital Unified Communication System," Ehlektrosvyaz, No. 9,
p. 1.
17. Metaconta 10C, Technical Brochure, Iskra, Yogoslavia, 1983.
14-16.
18. Trade Technical Review, ATCH-2252086183, 1983, Volume 2, pp.
19. Yakubaytis, E. A., "Information Networks," JPRS USSR Report:
Cybernetics and Automatic Control, 7 October 1985, pp. 64-70.
20. Yakubaytis, E. A., "Communications Subnetworks of Local-Area
Networks," Automatic Control and Computer Sciences, Vol. 18, No. 6,
1984, pp. 32-52.
21. Yakubaytis, E. A., "Open Computer Network Architecture," Automatic
Control and Computer Sciences, Vol. 17, No. 4, 1983, pp. 307, also
W31-44-84.
22. Voelcker, John, "Helping Computers Communicate," IEEE Spectrum,
Vol. 23, No. 3, March 1986, p. 61.
23. "Computerized Information Network for all Soviet, Institutes," TASS,
29 December 1984 (0955).
24. Boguslavskiij, L. B., et al., "Use of Modeling and Measurement to
Investigate SEKOP Network," Automatic Controls and Computer
Sciences, No. 2, 1983, p. 21, Translation W31-18-84.
25. Stallings, William, "The DoD Communication Protocol Standards,"
Signal, April 1986, pp. 26-34.
26. "Collective Use Computer System for the Academy of Sciences KaSSR,"
JPRS USSR Report: Cybernetics and Automatic Control, 5 September
1985, pp. 105-111.
27. Erlykin, L. A., "State Network of Computer Centers,"
Radioelektronica i Svyaz, No. 12, Translation W31-44-84.
28. Maksimenko, V. I., "The National Computer Network: Basic
Assumptions," Radioelektronica i Svyaz, No. 12, 1982, Translation
W31-44-84.
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REFERENCES (Concluded)
29. Makhovic, L. P., "The PD-200 Network Needs a Lot of Attention,"
Vestkik Svyazi, No. 11, 1982, Translation W31-18-84.
30. Gayboronskaya, G. S., "Ways of Changing from Analog to Digital
Telecommunications Networks," Ehlektrosvyaz, No..10, 1984, p. 49.
31. Conference Record, 5th International Conference on Computer
Communications, Atlanta, October 1980.
32. Zakharov, G. P., "Some Trends in the Development of
Telecommunications," Ehlektrosvyaz, No. 11, 1984, p. 28.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Silinsh, Ya. Ya., "Climatic and Mechanical Tests of the ISTOK Analog
Digital Unified Communications System," Ehlektrosvyaz, No. 9, 1981,
p. 9.
Yakhnis, L. N., "Seminar on the 'ISTOK' System," Ehlektrosvyaz, No. 2,
1983, p. 64.
Yakubaytis, E. A., "Local Computer Network Architecture," Automatic
Control and Computer Sciences, No. 2, 1983, Translation W31-44-84.
Yakubaytis, E. A., "Classification of Computer Networks," Automatic
Control and Computer Sciences, Vol. 17, No. 1, 1983.
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