THE MYSTERIOUS DOINGS OF CIA

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP74-00297R000601240024-6
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 5
• Document Creation Date: December 27, 2016
• Document Release Date: November 8, 2013
• Sequence Number: 24
• Publication Date: November 6, 1954
• Content Type: OPEN SOURCE

t.
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y
34 SATURDAY EVENING POST puo V (I m
AMERICA'S SECRET AGENTS:
A
The Mysterious Doings of CIA
By RICHARD and GLADYS HARKNESS
A special Post report, answering questions most often asked about the super-
secret Central Intelligence Agency: Have communists worked into its ranks? Do we
have agents inside Russia? How does CIA get its men?and women?operatives?
S often as once a month the supersecret Cen-
tral Intelligence Agency, our first line of
defense in today's underground war with
Russia, apprehends a communist attempt-
ing to penetrate its world-wide network of anticom-
munist counterespionage. Communist sympathizers,
few in number, have been uncovered and rooted out
of low-level CIA positions. But before the secret police
of the Soviet KGB crow over these revelations, let
the men in the Kremlin ponder this: The CIA has
clandestine channels leading to high satellite officials
who were hand-picked by the Russians as slavishly
loyal communist puppets.
Acknowledging only that the Reds are constantly
probing CIA for avenues of infiltration, Allen W.
PART TWO
Dulles, the agency's first civilian director, has gone
about the business of making America's intelligence
service communist-proof. Safeguards include a most
stringent security clearance and a general rule
against accepting anyone who makes an unsolicited
application for a job ? thus barring one obvious com-
munist approach. The CIA maintains its own re-
cruiting system. Youthful college students do not
even know that they have been quietly marked as
possible intelligence officers. To guard against se-
curity risks, prospective employees in the more sen-
sitive positions submit to lie-detector tests.
Despite such precautions, charges that commu-
nists have wormed their way into CIA have been
leveled against the agency by Sen. Joseph R. Mc-
April 26, 1954: Mrs. Vladimir Petrov, wife of an MVD agent
who spilled spy secrets in Australia, was being returned
to Russia by these Soviet strongmen when she was rescued.
Carthy. Dulles promptly labeled these accusations
false. A special task force of the Hoover government
reorganization commission under Gen. Mark W.
Clark is now examining the CIA organization. It is
also weighing the reliability .of CIA national esti-
mates prepared for President Eisenhower and the
National Security Council, on Russia's military po-
tential and intentions.
These correspondents set out a year ago, on as-
signment by The Saturday Evening Post, to give the
public as complete a report as possible? within the
bounds of security?on every phase of CIA opera-
tions, both "white" and "black." Our coverage in-
cluded lengthy interviews with intelligence sources
who`must remain anonymous, and talks with offi-
UNITED PRESS
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35
WIDE WORLD
Mrs. Donald Maclean and two of her children, before they disappeared behind the Iron Curtain. The
CIA still is baffled by the defection of her husband? with another British diplomat, Guy Burgess.
cials and members of Congress. Specifically, we
asked questions?and found answers?such as these:
Q.: Can the country be assured, as it has every
right to be, that our intelligence system is fully pro-
tected against communist spies?
A.: Reds seek day and night to infiltrate CIA and,
on rare occasions, communist sympathizers have
been detected in minor jobs. Once discovered, these
enemy operatives are not always discharged immedi-
ately. Instead, CIA counteragents put them under
twenty-four-hour surveillance to spot their contacts
higher up in the Soviet spy apparatchik.
That strategy is not only fruitful but it is safe. The
CIA is so compartmentalized that a disloyal em-
ployee, limited to one small facet of one particular
phase of CIA work, could give scant aid to Moscow.
This compartment structure of CIA reaches to the
top rung of agency officials. A subordinate in intelli-
gence, for example, will know no more than any out-
sider about the work of the operations branch. Dulles
alone knows everything. On some projects or cases,
he shares his knowledge with his deputy director,
Air Force Lt. Gen. Charles P. Cabell.
As further protection against spies and leaks, CIA-
approved doctors and nurses are in charge when
agents become ill or are hurt. Drugs or a coma might
cause an otherwise tight-lipped person to babble.
CIA-screened psychiatrists are on call to straighten
out operatives who succumb to the pressure of lead-
ing double lives and suffer nervous breakdowns. An
agent who has been hi the field must undergo a psy-
chiatric assessment upon returning to this country.
Dulles is as certain, then, as any official can be that
his organization is communist-proof.
However, currently active communists, as well as
former communists, are being used by CIA to serve
WIDE WORLD
Dr. Otto John. The Reds claimed a roundup of
Western agents after he defected to East Berlin.
the national interest. No known Reds are employed
directly, nor do they have contact with CIA. This
isolation is maintained by what is known in intelli-
gence jargon as a cut-out ? a bit of trickery whereby
a go-between, posing perhaps as a fellow traveler or
a party-liner, elicits information from a communist
who does not suspect that he is being used.
If such business is risky, it also is necessary, since
so few Americans are experts on Russia or on China
under the communists. Moreover, only native-born
Russians can hope to carry out certain types of es-
pionage missions with any chance of success. It also
may be revealed, with no elaboration, that CIA has
intelligence lines to communist officials in positions
of power and knowledge in certain satellite nations.
Plainly, these men are of more value to the American
cause by remaining, in Country A or B and continu-
ing their "covers" as (Continued on Page 64)
UNITED PRESS
Shah Riza Pahlevi (left) returned to power in Iran last year after a CIA maneuver.
Here, Premier Zahedi salutes as the mayor of Teheran welcomes Queen Soraya.
WIDE WORLD
Walter Bedell Smith and Allen Dulles, past and present directors
of our "silen. t service." CIA employees number "around 10,000."
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THE SATURDAY EVENING POST
THE MYSTERIOUS
? DOINGS OF CIA
(Continued from Page 35)
loyal Reds, than if they should openly
defect and come to Washington to
carry on their work against Moscow at
long range. .
Q.: If Russian spies work to pene-
trate our intelligence system, are we
not also attempting to infiltrate the
communist apparatchik ?
A.: If CIA must be ever alert against
subversion, neither can the MVD be
complacently certain that its system of
cells and rings has not been pierced by
agents operating from our side of the
Iron Curtain. Spasmodically, Moscow
announces the capture of an 'imperial-
ist spy and provocateur," usually timing
the charge to try to neutralize a Wash-
ington demand that the Kremlin recall
Russian diplomats uncovered by the
FBI as spies.
How legitimate are these announce-
ments from Radio Moscow? A good
guess would be that the Russians have
actually apprehended an American
operative one time out of three. The
CIA will admit for the record only that
the life of a man or woman sent behind
the Iron Curtain today is ten times as
difficult and hazardous as it was behind
the rear lines of the Nazis in World
War II.
A main source of information from
inside Russia and Red satellites these
days is the defection of key communist
diplomatic-intelligence officers of the
KGB and secret-police officials at-
tached to the MVD. The most recent
defector was the fat-faced, owlish-
looking Jozef Swiatlo, high-ranking
internal-security officer in Poland. Swi-
atlo fled to West Berlin last December,
was kept under cover in the United
States for nine months while he was
secretly pumped of all information,
and finally " surfaced " at a Washing-
ton news conference in late September.
The turncoat Polish Red revealed,
for the first time, the arrest of the three
Fields, Noel and his wife, Herta, and
Noel's brother, Hermann (Saturday
Evening Post, Dec. 15, 1951). Much
CIA information, direct from Moscow,
comes from Russians who served under
the liquidated Beria and defect to our
side, pouring out secrets in return for
political asylum. Such a man was Yuri
Rastvorov, who deserted the Russians
in Tokyo. And then, there was the
Petrov case, which began with the
urge of a lady to throw a piece of pie.
In the Russian Embassy in Can-
berra, Australia, last New Year's Eve,
the vodka was flowing freely. Mrs.
Vladimir Petrov, the wife of the Mos-
cow spy who held the cover rank of em-
bassy third secretary, hurled her dessert
at Mrs. Nikolai Generalov, the spouse
of the ambassador, in a fit of anger.
Ambassador Generalov reported the
incident to Moscow, adding the prob-
ably fatal hint that Petrov had been a
Beria man. Fear beset Petrov that he
would be ordered home to face an MVD
firing squad. In April he asked for
refuge with the Australian Govern-
ment. Petrov revealed, in exchange for
protection, the operation of a Red spy
apparatus based in the Russian Em-
bassy in London, and covering Britain,
the United States, Canada, Australia,
New Zealand and South Africa, with
special emphasis on our atomic secrets.
Men such as Petrov have been close to
Moscow. They have more to disclose
than mere communist espionage meth-
ods, which the CIA already knows.
They have been high enough in the
KGB, the Red spy and sabotage bu-
reaucracy, to give the agency the in-
formation it must have if CIA national
estimates are to be valid.
The little publicized KGB was es-
tablished by the Kremlin in April, of
this year, to conduct Red espionage
against the west outside Russia. The
better-known communist MVD of ter-
rorist secret police is charged with re-
sponsibility for internal security within
the U.S.S.R.
Q.: Yes, but the free world saw, last
summer, Dr. Otto John, of West Ger-
many, cross the border into East Berlin.
There were the defections of Guy Bur-
gess and Donald Maclean, of Britain.
Hasn't Russian intelligence profited?
A.: Those incidents hurt grievously.
As chief of the Office of Internal Se-
curity, John was "West Germany's J.
Edgar Hoover." He was responsible for
anticommunist security in his country.
Only hours after John crossed into the
Soviet zone, the Reds claimed a round-
up of alleged Western agents.
Shortly before his defection, John, a
personable, smooth-talking, bibulous,
forty-five-year-old German, had vis-
ited Washington. He was guest at a
dinner given by Dulles. It was a social
function only, and no CIA business was
discussed, but the point remains?John
was accepted as an anti-Russian ally.
As for Burgess and Maclean, the two
British diplornats -who preceded John
behind the Iron Curtain, they have
never been heard over any Red radio,
have never been quoted in Pravda, and
have never been reported by a source
considered reliable by the CIA as hav-
ing been seen.
Q.: How does the CIA obtain its per-
sonnel?
A.: The agency is exempt from the
red tape and restrictions of Civil Serv-
ice. It has its own employee recruiting,
training and testing program, which is
more exacting and more thorough than
the Officer Candidate Schools of the
Army or the recruiting program of the
Atomic Energy Commission. The CIA
system was instituted by Gen. Walter
Bedell Smith, the immediate past di-
rector of CIA and later Under Secre-
tary of State, to develop a career serv-
ice in intelligence.
Smith, home from World War I as a
young lieutenant, wanted to go perma-
nently into G-2, the intelligence branch
of the Army. Collection of information
was a responsibility at that time largely
assigned to military attaches in our
embassies abroad, who often did little
more than pick up social gossip. Smith
was asked, when he applied for G-2,
"How much private income do you
have?" The lieutenant said that he
lived on his salary of $166.67 a?month.
He was turned down. His experience
led to his determination to form a
career intelligence corps.
"My big job," he said while head of
CIA, "is to get the best brains in the
country, persuade them to leave fame
and fortune for a Government job
where they'll study secrets they can't
even discuss with their wives. And
next, we'll have to persuade them to
stay on after all the inevitable disap-
pointments and frustrations. Intelli-
gence isn't a gay lark; it's a serious
business. A CIA agent cannot hope to
be a hero. All he can win is a notation
on a secret record: 'Well done.' "
Dulles faces the same difficulty. "My
big problem is getting competent per-
sonnel. We can pay a top salary of
The Perfect Squelch
DEAN WALTER WILLIAMS,
who founded the University
of Missouri's noted school of jour-
nalism and later became president
of the university, was indulgent
with industrious and talented
students, but quickly grew im-
patient with the lazy ne'er-do- .
wells who occasionally infiltrated
his classes.
One soft spring day Williams
had trouble getting any kind of
response from a class. No one
seemed properly prepared, stu-
dents stared drowsily at the dean's
brightest sallies and, to add insult,
the campus dog awoke from a nap
under a back-row chair and began
scratching fleas.
At that, Williams sprang into
action and ushered the shambling
canine firmly out the door. As he
returned, he said pointedly to the
class, "After all, you have to draw
the line somewhere."
?MONA DIEHL.
November 6, 1954
fourteen thousand eight hundred dol-
lars a year to a few people, but very
few; while our need is for those who
would get fifty to a hundred thousand
a year in private industry." Slowly but
surely Dulles is instilling a prime quali-
fication for a top-notch intelligence
service ? the quality of pride such as
the British have developed in the more
than 300 years of their "silent service."
At present, CIA recruiting is being
held to a minimum. But the agency is al-
ways on the lookout for competent in-
dividuals who will make intelligence a
lifelong job, and qualified key people
whose natural covers in the field of let-
ters, science, business, labor, agricul-
ture or the professions fit them for spot
assignments.
For its regular operating personnel,
CIA recruits many employees from our
colleges and universities through a
process beginning even before indi-
vidual students realize that they are
being singled out as possible CIA tim-
ber. Former G-2 and OSS officers, now
members of the faculties of some eighty
of our top institutions of higher learn-
ing, look over members of their junior-
year classes with an eye for prospective
CIA material. Not until the youths be-
come seniors and are thinking about
postgraduate employment does the
CIA conduct interviews. Then students
take special aptitude tests devised by
the Educational Testing Service at
Princeton University, and CIA assess-
ment teams weigh each student's per-
sonality and physique.
CIA selected, in a recent spring, on..-y
100 from the top 10 per cent of college
graduates. One fifth of the group were
young women; all held A.B. or B.S.
degrees; 40 of the 100 had M.A.'s or
had earned their Ph.D.'s.
Q.: How are CIA recruits trained?
A.: Those 100 college graduates went
through a concentrated preliminary
course of training and testing in CIA
classes at secret locations. Subjects
cover more than sixty languages, in-
cluding such obscure tongues as Azer-
baijani. Most beginners must learn
Russian as a basic intelligence require-
ment. Students, sitting in cubicles for
hours with their ears glued to tape re-
cordings, become able to read such
Soviet publications as Pravda and
Izvestia in six to eight weeks. Other
courses feature rapid reading and re-
port writing. All the while CIA ob-
servers keep a watchful tab on the
quickness of each trainee's mental re-
action, his initiative, his ability to sub-
ordinate himself to team play and dis-
cipline. They also check his possible
political insecurity.
Once over this make-or-break period,
the schooling of the CIA hopeful has
only started. Ninety per cent of intel-
ligence work is rarely melodramatic in
the tradition of seductive blondes,
exotic disguises and secret codes. The
pay-off comes, in large measure,
through laborious, dull and systematic
research. A Czech-American CIA re-
searcher might profitably spend months
combing the latest telephone directory
slipped out of Prague, searching for
names of newly arrived Russians and
checking off names of Czechs recently
departed from familiar addresses. The
appearance of a Russian general
known to be an expert in tank warfare
would be a sign of new mechanization
of the Czechoslovak Army.
So, for the second step in CIA train-
ing, selectees slated for research jobs ?
or " white " positions ? may be as-
signed to special courses in foreign
economics, postgraduate studies in
international law, training in science in
(Continued on Page 66)
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irir,JA IUflLA1 r,vr,rIrI., run
Before you go to bed
41:0WIOIN
NrIICIO IL.
WI Int E EVE
WITH A 2-DROP BATH OF MURINE
Among those small, personal at-
tentions that bring the day to a
pleasant close?don't forget a
2-drop bath of Murine for your
eyes. Just two drops in each eye
seems to float away the day's ac-
cumulated annoyances in mere
seconds?and then sleep can
Come so much easier. Again,
when you arise, Murine helps
your eyes begin the new day feel-
ing wide-awake and eager. And
later on, if they get a dull, heavy-
lidded feeling, they'll feel re-
freshed quick as a wink from a
simple application of Murine.
It's gentle as a tear, so you can
use it whenever your eyes would
like. A 2-drop bath of Murine at
regular intervals is such a pleas-
ant daily custom?and helps
promote a clean, healthful con-'
dition. Murine makes your eyes
feel good.
MURINE
-For your eyes*
*TRADEMARKS REG. U. S. PAT. OFF.
(Continued from Page 64)
order to be able to assay Russian
technical journals, or to special-area
curriculums covering specific geographic
sections of the world. ?
To become an agent in the espionage
branch, a man or woman must change,
in effect, into another, entirely different
person. Operatives being drilled for an
assignment in Country X, for instance,
are supplied with cover stories. They
receive new names, new birthplaces, a
set of relatives complete with snap-
shots, and even an educational back-
ground?all in Country X. Trainees
must be able to recite their stories down
to the last detail, even when routed
from a sound sleep. Above all, an agent
must be a person of unquestioned in-
tegrity, although he is required to lead
a two-faced existence.
For the last five years employees in
the covert branch have been taking lie-
detector tests? not so much to uncover
falsehoods as to delve into possible
weakness of character.
In training for a life of deceit, there
is the simple yet life-or-death matter of
dress. It might be signing one's own
execution order to pose as a European
while wearing a pair of American red
galluses. The buttons of an American
man's suit are generally sewn on by
parallel stitches, while European tai-
lors employ a cross-stitch. Another dead
giveaway would be to walk down a
street in Bucharest in a pair of leather-
soled, rubber-heeledshoes. (Rumanians
are wearing only paper-soled shoes.)
It would be suicide to be caught be-
hind the Iron Curtain with American
cigarettes or English matches in your
pocket.
To survive in the grim game of cops
and robbers in Red territory, an Amer-
ican must acquire the automatic re-
actions of a native. The CIA drills
agents in such minute but telltale de-
tails of everyday life as mailing a letter
in Sofia, riding a commuting train in
East Berlin or ordering the brew of
beer preferred by workingmen in the
Russian zone of Austria. And since any
agent is only as safe from detection as
his credentials appear to be genuine,
another CIA espionage course is
"authentication" ? to report it baldly,
the art of forging passports, visas, work-
ing permits or ration books. Standard
equipment for any operative is a special
concoction of potent sleeping pills.
"The better," an old intelligence-hand
explains with a shrug, "to withstand
torture by the MVD boys, who have
their own cute little ways to persuade
a man to confess."
But an agent roaming freely behind
the Iron Curtain is not enough. An
operative's value depends on his ability
to communicate his information to the
nearest CIA "post office," and ulti-
mately to headquarters. CIA employs
all the tricks of the espionage trade,
including microfilm, special inks, friendly
underground couriers.
Q.: How do women fit into CIA?
Are they used as agents?
A.: There are feminine operatives in
the undercover branch of CIA?and
good ones, too?as well as research
workers. One woman, who has a
wooden leg, has parachuted into enemy
territory at least twice. At a parachute
school conducted by OSS during the
War, an Army colonel trained 3800
men and 38 women. The officer super-
vised 20,000 jumps in all and had only
50 refusals?none by women. Dulles
feels so strongly that women are mak-
ing a contribution to current CIA
-operations that he appointed a special
committee of _feminine employees to
consult with him on means of encour-
aging more women to embark on in-
telligence careers.
Q.: What is the life of a CIA wife?
A.: If a wife has been an agent?
which is not unusual, in view of the
number of intermarriages in the
agency ? she will understand her hus-
band's sudden, unannounced depar-
tures from home, and his long absences.
The uninitiated wife is likely to mistake
secrecy for neglect when she gets no
answer to her question, "What did you
do at the office today, dear?"
Q.: Does CIA co-operate with anti-
communist resistance and freedom
movements in the satellite countries,
and in nations threatened by Red sub-
version?
A.: Besides its spy network and the
open CIA function of research, the
agency operates a superclandestine
third force ? the top-secret activity of
aiding and abetting freedom forces
where the patriotism,of captive peoples
may be fanned from a spark into action.
In one satellite, where factory work-
ers were grousing about Red pay cuts
and stepped-up norms, an agent trained
in the technique of labor organizations
promoted work slowdowns. In an-
other country, where the resistance
movement is small but daring, a CIA
agent dispatched a band of saboteurs
to a trestle on the main Red rail supply
line. Under cover of night the under-
ground leader attached a small piece
of gooey plastic explosive to a main
timber as simply as a schoolgirl would
stick her chewing gum to the under-
side of the seat at the moving pictures.
The next day the Red-controlled press
called for the arrest of "foreign and
criminal elements responsible for at-
tacks against the state" in blowing up
another "people's bridge." Recently,
trains from the Soviet zone of Germany
have arrived in East Berlin with their
old-fashioned cowcatchers piled high
with bags of sand ?evidence that key
rail lines are being mined to derail
locomotives.
In Egypt the communists were
making capital of the lascivious regime
of King Farouk. Skilled American
political operatives were available to
advise leaders of a pro-American
Egyptian military junta when the
time seemed ripe for a palace coup,
and they indicated how such devious
matters were best arranged. Another
CIA-influ,nced triumph was the suc-
cessful overthrow, in Iran in the sum-
mer of 1953, of old, dictatorial Premier
November 6, 1954
Mohammed Mossadegh and the return
to power of this country's friend, Shah
Mohammed Riza Pahlevi.
On' May 28, 1953, President Eisen-
hower received a letter from Mossa-
degh amounting to a bare-faced at-
tempt at international blackmail: The
United States would fill his bankrupt
treasury with American dollars?or
else. The "or else," Mossadegh hinted
darkly,would be an economic agreement
and mutual-defense pact with Russia.
Mossadegh was conspiring with the
communist Tudeh Party as it operated
from the back alleyways of the ancient
Iranian capital of Teheran. He had
only one asset to pledge in return for
financial assistance from Russia?the
resources of the rich Iranian oil fields
and the refinery at Abadan, which
Mossadegh had seized from Britain's
Anglo-Iranian Oil Company under the
guise of nationalization. With that
economic stroke accomplished, Mos-
cow would be in a position to achieve
what has been the prime object of
Russian foreign policy since the days
of the Czars?access to a warm-water
outlet on the Persian Gulf, the free
world's life line to the Far East. A
Russian score there would mean the
crumbling of the democracies' position
in the Middle East from Cairo to
Baluchistan.
The White House stalled Mossadegh
for one month; then turned down the
crafty premier with a blunt no. This
was a calculated risk at best. It was a
daring gamble, in fact, that Mossadegh
would not remain in power to carry
out his threat. It was, as well, a situa-
tion which required a little doing. The
doing began in short order through a
chair,' of stranger-than-fiction circum-
stances involving Dulles, a diplomat, a
princess and a policeman.
On August tenth Dulles packed his
bags and flew to Europe to join his wife
for a vacation in the Swiss Alps. The
political situation in Teheran was be-
coming more conspiratorial by the
hour. Mossadegh was consorting with
a Russian diplomatic-economic mis-
sion. Loy Henderson, United States
Ambassador to Iran, felt he could leave
his post for a short "holiday" in
Switzerland. Princess Ashraf, the at-
tractive and strong-willed brunette
twin sister of the shah, chose the same
week to fly to a Swiss alpine resort. It
,was reported that she had had a
stormy session with her brother in his
(Continued on Page 68)
"I see your mother has arrived."
THE SATURDAY EVENING POST
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THE SATURDAY EVENING POST
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(Continued from Page 66)
pink-marble palace, because of his
vacillation in facing up to Mossadegh.
The fourth of the assorted characters
in this drama, Brig. Gen. H. Norman
Schwarzkopf, at this time took a flying
vacation across the Middle East. His
itinerary included apparently aimless
and leisurely stops in Pakistan, Syria,
Lebanon ? and Iran.
Schwarzkopf is best known to the
public as the man who conducted the
Lindbergh kidnaping investigation in
1932, when he was head of the New
Jersey state police. But from 1942
through 1948 he was detailed to Iran
to reorganize the shah's national police
force. Schwarzkopf's job in Iran was
more than the tracking down of rou-
tine criminals. He protected the govern-
ment against its enemies?an assign-
ment requiring intelligence on the
political cliques plotting aglinst the
shah, knowledge of which army ele-
ments could be counted on to remain
loyal and familiarity with Middle East
psychology. Schwarzkopf became friend
and adviser to such individuals as
Maj. Gen. Fazlollah Zahedi, his col-
league on the police force, and to the
shah himself.
Schwarzkopf returned to Iran in
August of 1953, he said, "just to see old
friends again." Certainly, the general
will deny any connection with the
events that followed his renewal of
acquaintanceships with the shah and
Zahedi. But as Mossadegh and the Rus-
sian propaganda press railed nervously
at Schwarzkopf's presence in Iran, de-
velopments started to unfold in one-
two-three order.
On Thursday, August thirteenth, the
shah suddenly issued a double-edged
ukase: Mossadegh was ousted by royal
decree and his successor as premier was
to be 'General Zahedi. The shah or-
dered the colonel of the Imperial
Guards to serve the notice on Mossa-
degh. Two days later, at midnight of
Saturday, August fifteenth, the colonel
went to Mossadegh's residence to find
himself and his platoon surrounded by
tanks and jeeps. The colonel was
clapped in jail, and Mossadegh pro-
claimed that the revolt had been
crushed. The shah and his queen, tak-
ing events at face value, fled to Rome
by way of Iraq.
On, Weldnesday, August nineteenth
with 'the army standing doge guar
around the uneasy capital, a grotesque
procession made its way ' along the
street leading to the heart of Teheran.
There were tumblers turning hand-
springs, weight lifters twirling iron
bars and wrestlers flexing their biceps.
November 6, 1954
As spectators grew in number, the
bizarre assortment of performers be-
gan shouting pro-shah slogans in
unison. The crowd took up the chant
and there, after one precarious mo-
ment, the balance of public psychology
swung against Mossadegh.
Upon signal, it seemed, army forces
on the shah's side began an attack. The
fighting lasted a bitter nine hours. By
nightfall, following American-style mili-
tary strategy and logistics, loyalist
troops drove Mossadegh's elements
into a tight cordon around the premier's
palace. They surrendered, and Mossa-
degh was captured as he lay weeping in
his bed, clad in striped silk pajamas.
In Rome a bewildered young shah
prepared to fly home and install Zahedi
as premier, and to give Iran a pro-
Western regime.
Thus it was that the strategic little
nation of Iran was rescued from the
closing clutch of Moscow. Equally im-
portant, the physical overthrow of
Mossadegh was accomplished by the
Iranians themselves. It is the guiding
premise of CIA's third force that we
must develop and nurture indigenous
freedom legions among captive or
threatened people who stand ready to
take personal risks for their own liberty.
The soundness of this theory has its
proof not only in the visible communist
setbacks in Iran, Egypt and Guate-
mala but in the wails of the Reds. The
Communists charge, with growing alarm
and frustration, that the CIA is sup-
'porting such native resistance move-
ments as the National Committee for a
Free Albania, and the Polish under-
ground organization known as W.I.N.
Grasping at a wisp of evidence, the
comtnunist newspaper, the New York
Daily Worker, singled out for attack
a $100,000,000 fund voted by Congress
in the Mutual Security Act of .1951.
The law provided, the Red publication
said, that the money was to be used
for "financing the activities of 'selected
persons' who are residing in, or are
escapees from, the Eastern European
countries 'either to form such persons
into elements of the military force sup-
porting the North Atlantic Treaty, or
for other purposes.' "
In all the major purge trials the com-
munists give top billing as "villain"
to Dulles and his so-called CIA "dirty-
dicks department? Xoxe in Albania,
Gonhulka in Poland, Slansky.in Czecho-
slovakia, Kostov in Bulgaria. Plainly,
CIA's third force is hitting the Rus-
sians where it hurts. ?
This is the second part of an exclusive three-part
Post report on the CIA. Next week, the authors re-
veal some of Allen W. Dulles' unusual adventures.
?The Editors.
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THE SATURDAY EVENING POST
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