A BOLD AND IMAGINATIVE MEANS FOR PROMOTING WORLD PEACE
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Document Creation Date:
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Publication Date:
July 30, 1959
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13400 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE
schools is predominantly white neighbor-
hoods is meeting opposition from white
parents.
"DON'T TREAD ON VS"
A few weeks ago, a group of white mothers
from the Glendale section of Queens marched
around city hall carrying placards protesting
the plan to transport about 1,000 children,
most of them Negro or Puerto Rican, from
overcrowded schools in Brooklyn to schools
in Glendale.
Among the signs the white mothers tarried
was this: "Don't tread on us."
At the same time, in the same vicinity,
Negro mothers also were picketing city hall
with signs such as this one: "This is New
York City?not Little Rock." -
White homeowners and apartment dwellers
in many parts of the city are moving out as
Negroes spread out from Harlem. In Queens,
one estimate is that it takes about 3 years
for a neighborhood to change from white
to black after the first .Negro moves in.
In residential areas, New Yorkers are be-
coming more aware of their race problem
than ever before. A white householder in
Queens says:
"We're beginning to feel a coldness be-
tween the races. The other day, a Negro
told me that his white neighbor doesn't talk
to him now. My wife and I, in the past,
have had Negroes to dinner in our home
and we still do. But now we look around
to see if the neighbors notice it."
"DIFFICULT" SCHOOLS?
Top-rated teachers are bitterly protesting
proposal's that school officials assign them,
regardless of their desires, to teaching posts
at "difficult" schools which are composed
mainly of Negro and Puerto Rican children.
At present, such posts are filled on a volun-
tary basis, and many teachers have said they.
will seek employment elsewhere rather than
be assigned to such schools.
Also stirring resentment among whites is
the dispersal of Negroes across the city by
means of public housing.
It is now. .the official policy of the city to
discourage location of any public-housing
projects in areas occupied mainly by Negroes
and Puerto Ricans. Such projects, it is felt,
will only build up ghettos, since 40 percent
of all public housing for low-indbme families
is occupied by Negroes and another 15 per-
cent by Puerto Ricans.
As a result, about three-fourths of these
families in public housing now live in ra-
cially integrated projects in predominantly
white neighborhoods.
In such projects, white tenants and nearby
residents are complaining of a rise in crime,
juvenile delinquency, and dilapidation.
White families are tending to move out of
Integrated projects. A Brooklyn project that
was equally divided between whites and
other groups only a few years ago, now is
two-thirds Negro.
COST OF CRIME
New Yorkers are becoming aroused by the
mounting costs of crime and welfare that
have come to the city with the growth of
this Negro population.
Unofficial estimates are that Negroes, with
about 15 percent of the city's population,
account for a third of its serious crime's.
Many of these crimes are committed far
beyond the borders of Harlem and other
Negro areas. In some categories, such as
rape and narcotics violations, the percen-
tage of Negroes involved is believed to be
considerably higher than for other .offenses.
Negroes, together with Puerto Ricans, are
estimated to account for about half of the
city's welfare costs?and for a far bigger per-
centage of the aid to dependent children.
The answer of Negroes, and many white
officials in this city, is that these problems
can be solved only by providing Negroes and
Puerto Ricans with better housing, better
schools, and more job opportunities.
Negroes now are embarked on a "revolt"
to gain those objectives. The result at this
time is to bring New York City's racial trou-
bles into the foreground, and fears are being
expressed that these troubles are going to
mount in the months ahead.
Mr. KEATING. Mr. President, no one
condones law violations. No one should
? for a moment seek to defend the viola-
tion of law by any person of any race,
creed or color. However, the incidence
of crime in the cities throughout our
country, including New. York City, has
nothing whatever to do with the enact-
ment of civil rights legislation.
What is being sought in the proposed
legislation is the guarantee of equal pro-
tection of the law fodr our citizens of
every race, creed, and color. We seek to
protect the rights vouchsafed by the
Constitution of the United States, which
we are sworn to uphold. We seek to ex-
tend the life of the present Civil Rights
Commission, which is seeking, by hear-
ings, to determine the areas where fur-
ther aid is needed in bringing about the
equal protection of the laws to our citi-
zens. The work of this Commission has
been thwarted at every turn by those
who would obstruct progress in this
field. That is the reason why it is nec-
essary to extend the life of the Commis-
sion.
There are many other areas which cry
out for legislative treatment at this ses-
sion of Congress. This afternoon I shall
send to the desk for printing under the
rule some proposed amendments to the
bill which is now under consideration in
the Committee on the Judiciary, to
strengthen the bill and to-make it mor
meaningful?as has been said by other
Members of the Senate, to "put meat on
the skeleton." Of course we should fight
crime wherever it appears in this coun-
try. But this fight has nothing to do
with the constant struggle to strengthen
the civil rights of the people of our land.
Mr. JOHNSTON of South Carolina.
Mr. President, the reason why I had the
article from the U.S. News & World Re-
port printed in the CONGRESSIONAL REC-
ORD is that it pointed out a fundamental
fact which I think is true to life. It is
not possible to have a group of people
live segregated for 159 years and then
overnight have them not be segregated.
One cannot force integration upon peo-
ple against their own will and have any-
thing but unrest.
There will be unrest in the United
States wherever integration is forced.
I warn the Members of the Senate and
the people of this Nation that God segre-
- gated the races at the beginning. The
Jewish people segregated themselves, and
have kept themselves segregated to a
certain extent down through the years.
I am not criticizing them for that. But
we find that when we have segregation
and then force integration upon any peo-
ple we have a great deal of trouble and
unrest. So you face many headaches
when you force integration in the United
States.
SEGREGATION FOR LIQUOR SALES-
MEN IN HARLEM ADVOCATED BY
NEW YORK NAACP
Mr. JOHNSTON of South Carolina.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent
July 30
to have printed in the RECORD an edi-
torial published in the State, of Colum-
bia, S.C.
There being no objection, the editorial
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
[From the Columbia (S.C.) State, July 29,
1959]
ONE-WAY STREET
Up Harlem way, this discrimination mania
seems to have gotten some organizations
into something of a bind.
The New York branch of the NAACP has
under way a drive to get Negro liquor
salesmen a larger share of the Harlem mar-
ket. Harlem is, of course, almost all Negro.
Others are charging that this would throw
a lot of white salesmen out of work, thus
constituting discrimination against whites.
The Anti-Defamation League of B'nai Btith,
a national Jewish organization, has volun-
teered to investigate the situation.
The national organization of the NAACP
has thus far not openly taken a stand on
the matter. As the Anti-Defamation League
points out, this drive has become "an ex-
tremely delicate" situation, and the league
notes that it and the NAACP have had a
long and close association in fighting dis-
. crimination.
It is interesting to note that 72 of the
200 wholesale liquor salesmen working Har-
lem are Negroes.
From this one gathers that discrimination,
or antidiscrimination, is strictly a one-way
street with the NAACP. They want it fixed,
through civil rights legislation and pressure
groups, so that whites may not discriminate
against Negroes, and everyone must dis-
criminate in favor of Negroes. In fact, the
New York NAACP is, openly advocating a
positive form of segregation when it insists
that only Negroes should sell to Negroes.
A BOLD AND IMAGINATIVE MEANS
FOR PROMOTING WORLD PEACE
Mr. KEATING. Mr. President, I am
proud to be a cosponsor of the great ef-
fort to launch a Great. White Fleet to
help build world peace. I feel this idea
can dramatize America's friendship for
the peoples of the world, particularly in
the uncommitted nations.
This modern Great White Fleet pro-
vides an opportunity to combine the tra-
ditional American spirit of generosity
and enlightened self-interest in a bold
and imaginative demonstration of good
will. The fleet, launched in the service
of humanity, can sail around the world
with food, clothing, medicine, and tech-
nical assistance for the impoverished
masses of Asia, Africa, South America,
and the Middle East.
At a time when expenditures for our
foreign aid program total in the billions,
the cost of maintaining the white fleet
would be about $5 million each year?
and it is quite possible that part of even
this relatively small expense can be pri-
vately financed.
To compute the value of the proposed
program in terms of dollars is, however,
impossible. In the three major fields
of feeding the hungry, healing the sick,
and instructing the illiterate, such a
program would allow American aid to be
given in ways that can be clearly, un-
equivocally understood and identified,
in ways that cannot be distorted by prop-
aganda or misunderstood through lack
of information.
I have willingly given my support to
this proposal as my cosponsorship testi-
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1959 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE
fies. Both modest in expenditure and
imaginative in method, the Great White
Fleet could dramatize the America of the
mid-20th century as it brings American
aid and friendship to the people of the
world.
I commend Life magazine for its pio-
neering work in this field, in promulgat-
ing the idea 4nitiated by Comd. Frank
Manson. I also commend the various
Members of the House and Senate who
have so vigorously pressed for action on
this proposal. I am hopeful positive ac-
tion will be forthcoming soon.
A ? fine editorial in the Christian
Science Monitor recently discussed the
Great White Fleet idea. I ask unani-
mous consent that it be printed in the
RECORD.
There being no objection, the editorial
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
GREAT WHITE FLEET
In 1907 President Theodore Roosevelt sent
16 American battleships?on a cruise around
the world. The Great White Fleet (Aimed-
can warships were then painted white in
peacetime) carried its intended message:
that the United States was emerging from
an era of preoccupation with recovering
from its own great civil conflict and with
developing a continent under a network of
railroads?from an era of taken-for-granted
security behind the British Navy?and that
it now was a world power.
Today an idea initiated by a young Navy
commander, Frank Manson, and now spon-
sored by Senators HUMPHREY and ASHEN and
Representatives BATES and EDMONDSON?a
bipartisan group?is being framed into a
resolution asking .President Eisenhower to
recommission from ships now in mothballs
a modern Great White Fleet. This would
carry aid to disaster-stricken areas through-
out the world and technical assistance to
nations which welcome it.
There are, of course, practical problems
to be solved. Except for emergency rescues,
care of the injured, food and shelter, the
needs arising from disasters vary greatly.
And the fleet could be a long way off from
the place it would be needed. But these
difficulties are not wholly insuperable. Even
tardy, partial aid would not necessarily be
futile. And technical assistance (instruc-
tion) could be a continuing service.
As a dramatic, impressive, traveling adver-
tisement of Americans' dominant desire tot
be helpful, not warlike, the idea has enori
mous possibilities. It certainly should b
seriously exolored and 'ousidere.d
GOVERNOR NELSON, OF WISCONSIN,
AND BIPARTISAN LEGISLATURE
MAKE EXCETJMNT RECORD
Mr. PROXMIRE. Mr. President, last
November the people of Wisconsin elect-
ed our first Democratic Governor in 25
years, Gov. Gaylord A. Nelson. They also
elected a Democratic lower house for the
first time in a generation; but partly be-
cause only half the State senate seats
were at stake, the Republicans held a
substantial majority in the upper house.
Many fine and able men in both parties
have as Governor of States throughout
this country failed to accomplish con-
structive records because they were un-
able to overcome obstructionism by an
opposition party that controlled one or
both of the houses of the Legislature.
The Wisconsin Legislature has just fin-
ished its regular session, although it will
reconvene late next fall. A good part
of the State government record for 1959
in Wisconsin has now been written.
How did Governor Nelson meet the
test?
Mr. President, I am proud to report
that Governor Nelson has made a shin-
ing start in what promises to be one of
the truly great public careers in this
country. Nelson did not get everything
he wanted of course. But as most fair-
minded observers of both parties agree,
his accomplishments were impressive and
under the circumstances they were extra-
ordinary. Although as I have said?the
1959 session of the Legislature is not yet
over?I will gladly match the Nelson rec-
ord in Wisconsin against that of any
other State executive in the country this
year, including the Rockefeller accom-
plishments in New York where the Gov-
ernor enjoyed a majority in both houses
of this Legislature. Indeed the Nelson
performance surpasses the Rockefeller
record.
The Nelson administration has already
Overhauled and vastly improved the Wis-
consin court system. He has accom-
plished the most comprehensive State
reorganization program in Wisconsin
history and the first substantial reor-
ganization of any kind in 20 years. He
has created a unified and enlarged agen-
cy for resource development. All of
these reforms had been objectives of the
previous Governors who had failed to
achieve them despite huge_ legislative
majorities in both houses. Nelson ac-
complished these things with a small
majority in the State assembly and in
spite of heavy Republican superiority in
the State senate.
He also achieved a recodification of the
laws dealing with marriage and divorce,
made decisive strides in the campaign
against mental illness, and took long
strides toward ending secrecy in Wis-
consin government.
Mr. President, this record did not just
happen because of luck or good fortune.
Two days ago one of the top leaders
Of the Wisconsin State Senate, Lynn
Stalbaum, a highly intelligent and capa-
ble State senator from Racine dropped
into my office to tell me in part how it
was done. He pointed out that Nelson
had really brilliant help from the Demo-
cratic leader in the State senate, Henry
Maier, the minority floor leader, a young
man who has become one of the most
accomplished and resourceful legislative
technicians in the State's history.
Maier is a man of very deep convictions.
He has a LYNDON JOHNSON legislative
competence.
In the Wisconsin Assembly, Nelson has
a dedicated, hard-hitting speaker in
George Molinaro, who hammered away
throughout the session for an honest, re-
sponsible, promisekeeping record, and
Molinaro, together with Democratic as-
sembly Majority Leader Keith Hardie,
and others, succeeded in an assembly
record that virtually dotted every "i" and
crossed every "t" in the Nelson program.
Of course, some of the Nelson pro-
posals were delayed or killed in the State
senate, where the Republicans had a
majority. But in all fairness the Re-
publican senators exercised construc-
S TAT
13401
tive restraint. They deserve a full share
of credit for their repeated willingness
to recognize the public interest qualities
of the Nelson program and approve much
of it.
In the last analysis, however, Mr.
President, it was Governor Nelson, a 10-
year State senator himself until his elec-
tion as Governor last year, who made the
record. State Senator Stalbaurn told me
that Nelson drove himself around the
clock for days towards the end of the
session. Nelson is a remarkably charm-
ing and ingratiating young man. He, of
course, knows the State senators inti-
mately, as one of them himself. He is
extraordinarily popular among them in
both parties. The Governor has a
uniquely swift Mind. He is absolutely
dedicated to his principles. Nelson used
these attributes to striking effect to win
a solid record of achievement in the pub-
lic interest.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous? con-
sent that an editorial from the Milwaukee
Journal entitled "Divided Legislature
Huffed and Puffed, but It Got a Lot
Done" be printed in the RECORD. This
editorial makes a calm, dispassionate,
neutral assessment of the Nelson record.
There being no objection, the editorial
was ordered to be printed in the REC-
ORD, as follows:
DIVIDED LEGISLATURE HUFFED AND PUFFED, BUT
IT GOT A LOT DONE
Contrary to dire forecasts about reiults of
divided party control in the 1959 legislature,
the summing up of its score card to date
shows progress and achievement to be big
winners.
Of course some good proposals failed and
some ungood ones succeeded as always. And
some of the weightiest fiscal decisions are to
aivait the November recessed session. But
the main session took an impressive number
of major steps forward, and finally averted
most of the major temptations to misstep.
Some of the credit is due to able executive
leadership by Governor Nelson. And the
Democratically controlled assembly, though
inexperienced and often confused, most
often regained its footing after its cliff hang-
ing episodes. The long sitting through most
of July was a boon in this respect.
But the key to the situation was the
Republican majority in the senate. Its over-
all influence proved more restraining than
obstructive?and some of the restraining of
exuberant assembly measures was a good
thing. Since every measure needed at least
several Republican votes to pass the senate,
the many good results of the session were all
?to some extent a bipartisan product.
Surprisingly, this split legislature resolved
a half dozen knotty issues that have been
on the agenda for years without result. Its
vote to overhaul the courts will be historic;
this is the first enactment of a planned,
systematic judicial structure since state-
hood.
Governor Nelson succeeded on his first try,
where there had been three decades of fail-
ure, at bringing Wisconsin into the ranks of
modern States with unified departments of
administration?housekeeping agencies. He
also won (but with the barest minimum
of Republican help in the Senate) creation
of a unified and enlarged agency for resource
development.
If this legislature did nothing else, the ses-
sion would have gained fame from these acts
alone?milestones on the road to more effec-
tive government dnd more efficient justice.
Other long stalemates ended this year with
enactment of a boating regulation law, 'a
new State park financing plan, a solution
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11.
13402 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE
for the end of Federal supervision over the
Menominee Indian tribe, a billboard control
law at least for interstate highways. But
the similar control law for the great bulk
of mileage off the "I" system still pends.
The session wrote into the statute books
another major recodification and moderniza-
tion of a whole body of laws, dealing with
marriage and divorce. This adds to the im-
pressive string of such acts in recent years
that have rewritten the cooperative, corpo-
ration, and school laws, the criminal, the mo-
tor vehicle, and the children's codes.
The session voted important new strides in
the public campaign against mental illness.
It spelled out in law for the first time a clear
public policy against conduct of ordinary
public business, at any level of government,
behind closed doors. It authorized election
of an executive head for Milwaukee county
government, a limited but useful step to-
ward meeting the challenges of metropolitan
growth.
These are merely outstanding examples
of major chores attended to. There was
much activity also in the fields of labor and
constitutional law. These subjects, plus the
big one of fiscal and building program, are
too extensive to be summarized here, and
wil be separately discussed.
Mr. SCOTT. Mr. President, I listened
with great interest to the remarks of the
distinguished Senator from Wisconsin
[Mr. PRoxmnal praising the Governor
of that State, and describing what he had
achieved in Wisconsin with a divided
government. These accomplishments
were attained with a Senate which was
of the other party.
I hope the remarks of the Senator from
Wisconsin will be carefully read by the
Governor of Michigan, because, as we
have seen in the press, one of the most
common jokes nowadays is to speak of
"Michigan an the rocks" as a popular
beverage. Failure to work with a divided
government in Michigan may perhaps
be highlighted by what the Senator from
Wisconsin has said.
In the Federal Government we have
heard a great deal about divided govern-
ment. I think we sometimes forget that
that is contemplated in our system of
checks and balances. The 'people may
sometimes forget that divided govern-
ment is exactly what members of the
Democratic Party asked the- people of
the country to give them in the election
last November. They knew that we had
a Republican President. The Demo-
cratic Party said to the people, "Give
us a Democratic Congress, and the Con-
gress will work with the Republican
President."
Therefore, to the extent that that has
been accomplished, to the extent success
has been achieved, certainly one must
credit the accomplishments of a Demo-
cratic Congress in a Republican adminis-
tration. Equally, to the degree to which
it has not been achieved, no recrimina-
tion will serve as an excuse; and to the
extent it hal not been accomplished, let
the people of the country remember that
they accommodated the request for the
Democratic Party for a divided govern-
ment. Now we have it. It is the respon-
sibility of all of us to make it work.
Mr. President?
The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. TAL-
MADGE in the chair) . The Senator from
Pennsylvania.
THE GREAT WHITE FL]ir_n!
Mr. SCOTT. Mr. President, I rise for
the purpose of commending the dis-
tinguished junior Sepator from New
York [Mr. KEATING] for what he has said
about the Great White Fleet. I realize
that I am one of the most junior Mem-
bers of this body. Let me say in passing
that I am delighted that we are to have
another Republican Senator in this cor-
ner of the Chamber, to keep the Sen-
ator from Pennsylvania, the Senator
from Vermont [Mr. PRoxrryl, and the
junior.Senator from New York from slid-
ing off the bench. We are looking for-
ward to the arrival of our new Chinese-
American anchorman.
I believe that our new Senator from
Hawaii, if he were present, would gladly
join in praise of the Great White Fleet.
Disraeli once said that no army is so
powerful as an idea whose time has
come.
The concept of the Great White Fleet,
that of bringing relief to areas visited
by disaster, bringing aid, medicines, sup-
plies, help, and technical know-how to
the nonindustrial or less fortunate coun-
tries of the world, is a magnificent idea.
It depends very largely on private en-
terprise. I hope the Government, in its
comparatively minor contribution, and,
to a much greater extent, private enter-
prise, will meet the challenge and bring
to fruition this wonderful idea, which
would win us far more friends than we
could win with much of our foreign aid
program, through all the embassies in
the world.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
time of the Senator from Pennsylvania
has expired.
Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent that the Senator
from Pennsylvania may have 2 addi-
tional minutes.
The PRESIDING OhteiCER. With-
out objection, it is so ordered.
Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, will the
Senator from Pennsylvania yield to me?
Mr. scow. I yield.
Mr. JAVITS. I have identified my-
self with the group which is working so
hard for the Great White Fleet idea. I
am very happy to identify myself with
my colleague's sentiments. Of course,
as he knows, I feel that the foreign aid
program stands on a very different foot-
ing. We need it urgently; and I do not
believe it should complicate this particu-
lar idea.
The Great White Fleet can be made a
visible symbol of great significance. As
we all know, a picture is worth more than
many thousands of words. We are
thoroughly convinced that the Great
White Fleet will be emblematic of our
solicitude for our fellow men, wherever
they may be, and whatever the particular
enthrallment in which they are held at
the moment. So I am glad to identify
myself with my colleague's views on that
subject, and I am pleased to have had the
opportunity to join him.
Mr. McGEE. Mr. President, will the
Senator from Pennsylvania yield?
Mr. SCOTT. I am - very happy to
yield.
July 30
Mr. McGEE. I could not help being
interested in the Senator's comment
about his new Republican colleague from
Hawaii and his great confidence that
Senator-elect FONG will be associated
with the proposal to establish a Great
White Fleet. I myself am proud of be-
ing one of the sponsors of the bill.
I wondered whether the junior Sen-
ator from Pennsylvania was welcoming
his new colleague in the hope that this
would give him greater comfort and
friendship as a sponsor of the Great
White Fleet, or as more company on a
rather lonely side of the aisle. .
Mr. SCOTT. I may say to the Sena-
tor from Wyoming that I know the new
Senator from Hawaii, Mr. FONG. I am
happy that he represents one of the
great American ethnic groups, the
Americans of Chinese ancestry.
I am delighted that Mr. FONG is a
Republican. I am also much pleased
that the Governor of Hawaii was elected
on a land reform program, an imagina-
tive program. This is a pretty good an-
swer to some of our friends in the other
body who say that we in the Republican
Party lack imagination. I must confess
that at times both parties lack imagina-
tion.
I welcome Mr. FONG principally be-
cause he is a patriotic American. He
will be an outstanding Senator, and will
undoubtedly espouse the humanitarian
program which envisages the Great
White Fleet.
Mr. McGEE. I thank the Senator
from Pennsylvania for the clarification.
THE VICE PRESIDENT OF THE
UNITED STATES
Mr. SCOTT. Mr. President, as I read
the newspapers in my own State and
those from various other" parts of the
Nation, I am delighted to see the acclaim
editorial writers and columnists are giv-
ing to Vice, President NixoN.
It was especially heartening to read
the thoughtful comments of Mr. William
S. White in his column published in yes-
terday's Washington Star. Mr. White
wrote:
The very fact he [Mr. NIXON] might one
day be President of the United States was
the very ultimate reason why he was sent
to Russia in the first place. This was done
not to assist RICHARD NIXON but to assist
the high policy of this country. If it all
helps him politically, as well it might, every-
body concerned will just have to live with
that fact.
I ask unanimous consent to have
printed in the RECORD the column by Mr.
White, and several other articles and
editorials. ?
There being no objection, the articles
and editorials were ordered to be printed
in the RECORD, as follows:
[From the Washington Star, July 29, 19591
NIXON SETS RHRUSHCHEV STRAIGHT?VICE
PRESIDENT'S STRAIGHT TALIC TERMED EFFORT
To AVERT RED MISCALCULATION
(By William S. White)
The so-called striped-pants set, the old
career diplomats, tend to tut-tut Vice Presi-
dent RICHARD NixoN's bare-knuckled poli-
tician's approach in Russia. But the truly
responsible chiefs at the State Department?
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