(SANITIZED)18 REPORTS APPEARING IN THE WORKS OF THE MAIN GEOPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY IMENI A.I. VOYEYKOV, NO 19(81)(SANITIZED)

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: R
• Document Page Count: 689
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: March 12, 2012
• Sequence Number: 14
• Publication Date: February 15, 1952
• Content Type: REPORT

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STAT
L; Ro ort8 A!poarin~ in the Works
o rho fain teophy8ioa1 4bsorvatory imoni A. T.
Voyoylcov1 No 19(81)
Trudy Olavnoy 0?ofi~aiah?c5koy Obaorvatorii imam. A. T. Voyoykova,
Vypu8lc 19 (81)j 18 author8. Loringrad s
190. (31. pp)
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STAT
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
N. I. Yudin
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Preface
TAPLE OF CONT tTS
Tnveetigation of E Teativeness of the ba$io Methods of Combatting Frosts
M. L erlyand and P. N. Krasikov
Visibility range of fteai Objeots
N. G. Eoldyrev
i~. Olimatio 1aators of the Sur#'ace Fhysioowaeographio Prooees
N. T. Eudyko
5. Theory of Ground Freezing L~1
T. Sh. Volokhonskiy
6. The+?New DN'7 Inatrurent for Oetetmining the Visibility off' Objects and Beacons
V. A. Oavrilov 66
7. The Naaibmetoorologiaa~. Prooeso of Drought Formation
B. S. Gurovioh
Son~e Properties of Fields of r~eteorologioal Elornents
0. A. Drozdov
9? Water Content and the Distribution of Drops in Cumulus Clouds 122
V. A. Z~ytsev
10. Total Radiation at Pavlovak
N. N. Kalitin (doeaeed.J
11. Certain N onatationary Problems in the Theory of Heat Conductivity in
Dynamic Neto orology
D. L. Laylchtman
Ye. A. Polyakova
135
1?4.
Dynaxntoe of Climate in Oonnootion with Changea in Solar Activity
P. P. Prodt?ohenekiy
193
1~.
Vertical Movoment of the Air and Co?tnic Duct
L. R. Rakipova
209
12. On the Hyperbolic Equation of a Vertical Turbulenoe Exchange in the Atmoaph?r?
E. . Lyapin 17,
13. A Spootrographio Study of the Traneparenoyr of the Atmoophore Tr Ultra-Violet
Radiation of the Sun
16. Coe'tgin Oono1uuiona from the 1Co1tusha Obae~vation btation on th8 Phyaice of
the Surface Layoz of Air 22~
8. A. 8aprozhni1cova
1?. On an Approxi n Nethod of 8o1vin Cortaro Problem of Ceophyeioe and
Aaroi~ydromeoh~rioo 236
N. Yo. Shv?ta
18. On the Theory of Light So~tter in th0 Atmoaphero 25
X. 9. ShUrin
19a 9om? Prob1ome of the Thoory of teorolo iot1 Fieldn
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Worke oi' the Main Geophysioal Ob~o'vatory imeni A. ~. Voyoykov
No 19 (6x). Lo in rads 19O (pub1iohed by Oidro~noteoizdat)
rTrudy t 1avnoy Goo iziohedkoy Oboorvaborii imeri A. I. Voyey~cova
Vypu?k 19 (81). Loningrads 19O =7
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Apra i 1949 markod tha one hundredth annivexaary of the in-'
eept on Qi' tha Main Ooophyaica1 Obaarvato 7,
Prior to the raat Octobor $ocialiat Devolution the obeorva~
tort' was a purely academic actabliahment remotoly concerned with tho
elution of practical prob1emc~. Predominant importance in the work
or the observatory at that tiny waa occupied by problarna of organi-
zation oC standard niateoro1o ica1 obaervatiQna at natwork o eta-'
bona, aN well as the proceAOing and publication of these data, This
atao t the development oi' the observatory way of appreciable valu?,
Ainao nateorolu ical obaorvationa axtended our howl?d e of the
climate o ktuaaia. Other tasks (~ysioptic, torrestriai magnetism,
inatrwaant makir~) also occuptod a dafinito placo in tha activity o'
tho obaarvatoxy,
fltu"in tho Soviet pariod tho obcorvatory hat bun tranatormcd
ifto one o1 tho tar oat od,entii'io rvaoarch octablichmonte o the
Soviet Union,
turm problem! of woathor ?oroeactin~, opecial work on the USSR climato,
Thr reali~tttion o the pianoocialiot rnconotruction o
USSh otato economy and an it~areacin number of problomc praaontod by
tho variou? branchoo oi' otato oconotny have conotnntly pod new p ob-
10nti boforo the obaorvatory. 1teoo1ution of thorn problems wa:o con.
n ctod with the coluticn o a oubctanti1 numbor oI' short and long
roooarch into atmoophoric phyoico, chd othar work.,
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The aubjaat opoaium o,t "woryan devoted to th
e annto~il
na jubilaa of tho observatory ao
E, ntain~- varjoua motaorolo~ical
which raflaat onl papor~
Y partially tho oontomporary aotiv
dQpar~~manto aid ty o~ aoionti~'~o
laboratori?a off' th$ nbaorvat
Some oi the papers
are of goat praotical value such t a.o papers oL 8QrJsynd and Kraaijcov
'ilnvootiSation or offoativonoo
0 of t1i? baaio mothoda of aot~ba
rrostos!i1 vollron~~iyi~ "Th tiny
oory o aur1aoo ooi1 froad3n&I Oa
"Now ~~ot~ont D~w ~ ~ vrilov~ a
7~or th? dotort~ on of dl
ota
t
~
~
vi4
i23t
3 joote and lihto1u' off' ob.
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It Q ba o?~atacl withQUt axe
~~pration thj the ~~ o.
phyajca~, Obaarvatory had in it
a own way bBAQr~~ a matac~rQlo~iaal
aAadvmy, whao oonoivo raaoarch
wao ovflduatad, daa,,iwith the
physiaa vi: tho oarth ~ s Aru~t
~ applied metQarolQ~y, into
lc-
Q,QrOlp~y, atrflQSpl~arie p ties
atmoaph,ar~,c aloctriat tar
v1ana~~ia~n, aatinQmotr y', ro~tx~,al
y, atmoapharjo acouatica,, and nit
MAtaoroloical, ab rA~ Any Q
ors ate, c~na ,
Rostaratiori and davalo-pra
ont Ai' our aowtry-~ national a
4my during the ,~QU~"t~t poutwar Five. .year Year i'1~ pracontad noYr p~'o~rlor
aolutian or which brought the observatory even closer. to pr'acti
prabler~ , Some off' th?tao
Jo way the pub1ication of the
USSR c~,m~atic manual px- ~7 volu~ma
~ oparatior~ off' m two volume aljJt
vSS~~r based on tl~a above manual, oompilation of a aootion ~+
lr~'luanaes'J oatiruat4oc1~~ ~l~ma~i.c
ual, alitic doacriptia~~a o?
~'~,dld~onaQrvin~ Mato ?arQat
~, devolopmont of th4 prof, oi
active roactiupan claudo, ofractiva an
m4thada of combati?roata in a
i
Sr
GUltur
~luantitativ4 motJ~adao,
or ?roat ?oraoaatin and a nu
mbar oi prablot~a Vim.
portant to the nation l QoofA
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MQreovQr, the aynpasiui contains a numbor of papors of prinoi
pal impor'tanoa to th 3 further dQve1Qpmont oi' metecro1o y as a science,
Those ~aapQrs arcs exemplified by Laykhtmanr s article "Certain non-.
stationary prablem off' heat cQnduotivity theory in dynamic netearoloCy~-
Yudin t "CQrtat problem of the theory of moteoro1o ica1 holds;
Shifrin' "on the theory of light dispersion in the trnoph6re" arid
Qther wQrcs.
?apers doal,in with snow c1imato1Qgica1 ideas arp exemplified
by the articles of Budyko "C1& 4c f?retors of tho external physico-
eo rapk:Lca.1 proo9s&'; Dro dovle "On certain field, features of
mote oar oloi cal olemQnts e
Tie works of ali.tin, Sapo~hnijkovoy, and kipovoy contain
interoting data on radiation, earth surface layer of atmosphorc, and
upper atrnosphorie layer~r3
Othor papery publiahod in this eympoaium deal with apocial
quoctiofo of moteczroio ieal investigations and are of connidarablo
interest. Contort of papers in tho jubilee oympooium indicatoa the
advanood levol of thoorctical, mothodolo ical, and oacporir~antai work
pori'ormed by tho Main Goophysical Cbsorvatory,
In approaching its oontanniul arinivaroary the Main Geophysical
Cbcorwatory has oompiled an i~nprdesivo rocord of colic: aooomplithnont
by a eolloctive of sciontific and scientific-tochhical workers, and
htis rnado its contribution to tho task of building eo rw,.iam in oiu'
Uountry,
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iNvE mATToN pF Fx+'F T EV _ SS
~A' :C TIa,OQa~ATTI FROST
M, 1. ~er1yand and F, N, Krasikov
1. In the USSR peat attontion has aiways boon devoted to tha
wade development o va..uable warm c1ima e a rioultura1 crops. During
the period of soviet power the area o gardens and borry orchards has
increased many tie.
Succes ps of soviet a ricu1tura1 en~ineoring pernhit he north-"
ward movement of ouch warm climate crops as citrus, raps, etc. It
is 1Q ovm that in 1949 in Ukraine I~ o1davia, Kraenoc av Kry?, Crimoa,
mnd Dagostan 400, 000 citrus trees wore plantod, and in 1950 it is
planned to plant no leas than ono million.
In the near ?uturo evory ko1khoz will have its own garden.
According to tho historical director o TaK VKP (b) and the
Council or ~nistorr USSIt on the croation o ?io1d-coneerrirlg zonmt,
only in tho RSFSR iA it nocessary to plant fruit and bury crops ovor
an croa in excass o halm a million hoctaros. 0 doaiaivo importance
is tho proSOrvotion of southern climato plant iie in tho co1dor Con-.
ditions o1 tho northorn roSiona.
In connootion with this problom a groat role is p1yc3 by the
dQvo1or none o1 ?rcct-ro icttint ohurin typos n cx'cpc. But cvlin to
thorn aropa occaoiona1 ?rosts of great intensity can present a coal
tutor.
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What ie rcaro, 'ro to can and do aauee rent dam e to othe'
~roetwx~itant erop3. My inetanoee are known when,due to
one or sevoral oprin or autumn ?ro8t nights, the ,e1ds o mare
plantations aye shcvp1y deereased or alto other 1ost. -Therei'ore,
the old prob1et o developLng ei'eetive plant ?roNt ecunter measures
beeomes even more acute,
i'or each , rowin p1artt, at come phase of its growth, them
eats a cerkin eritioal tomperature bolow which the plant it
damn od by Frost or alto other doetroy9d (ij. Cii to1Q oat
Rna1ysi3 o repeatcd obsorvations of spri:nj and autumn froste an cic by
I. A. Go1 ' t ebor (2J indicator ththe probability oi' tboir onset,
as a rule, ib reator as tine intsnsity of roet8 decrc~oec, Tho'eforo
it turns out that bhe p'obability the t~naerature ?a1lin belaw
tho critical va2w by 1 de reQ i; conc1.1orab1y rcat A than that o a
or 3 dofroe drop, and is tituch a ?o ter than tho probability of a 4
or $ de mo drop
honco tho important eanoluoion to bo dvawr is that quite fro
quent1y during d .n oroua fro to it io ou$fici nt to ?iind a t cth d
raisin the tom)er'at~aro by only 1 or 2 dorooo, in order to cavo tho
plant From d tt~ o or doctruction. hott! 1itoratu on the eub joct it
it 1{nowr th tt with m thod omploycd to combat ?ro tc in ooro it otancoo
arch tonrpcraturo incrmgoo or Avon groator onoo ar i poooib1o. At the
flWfl timo pub1i8hed worko on tho ubjoct until rocontiy indicato that
tho o'cativonooo o tho various mothodo of pnt frost protcotion has
booth invoati~atod irt&Lc uatoiy, nothit being known as to the conditions
r uirod , aohioving tho noc nary thorn, ofnct, and nothing boin
knows to which oi' tho rospootivo mothoth coed bo tpropriato1y +itiiod
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von to ~ nuQr of ~.mpcartar~~ praote
,~~ ~ ~~~uit na ~~3Wox~ wor ~
. rt1 thoro werQ o~.ab~h no norms o~
at a i:'r~rQnt teo oiQ , eal GQ I tiQf .
protsctivs msar3uxs
,. '"1 15A Ir+t ct! e th~ ma aM ni+?M~~ of bl!1.1att!!,fl1
ct i'or ~ 1 nt protocttox~ over 1argp xa
~.
?rost defa~nv ~
ryuch bc 3c3 methods a 1o to oroa'btan oi: Limolce sca9sons by
oa bu11roff' sinolrr~..pro~U cfliS
mc1 c%liroet host 1n by burnors 1
oflflt 6 tho Ua ophysic 1 ()b a' r is 'y a a7
off' o ' oo biVcfos; o1' Lho bac;ic ui thous oV c orn-
ciuctod
bi tip Frost.
,, h ~ ..(aMwoteoroic@ca1 ar4i1 'ita1a4W
t ~ plic~t0~~ a~ thc &Jovo-stfltrnotho
w' pt n ~wor to t&bli101? aoc-
oi such r mo1l~~tand crQ ltc rc)w d. ~r hog 1~~ :on&i L1,?,anon.
~~~o~~oss
rhio v1011; ccor 1flC0 with tho ? o 1O'f.n r1an;
# ~i~~~~
ai' pin~ ~s'oc~ ~wototoby anona of
stodios wr:nidO aiuotil~a
~tripota~ ythtoh havi boon ir rocont ya~U by oovkhaZWi ad.
wt m-ad? or tho tho 1 off oot or tho omokin
m~ythoit (bunth o~ wtio1'o pLi ) ~
now~ o4 1root hoa1tht off' p1rt With burno1~o . A1oflS thio tharo
wao thoorotical nalyoho of rho hoatifl~ oioot, ~m! ~bor~
tory i~~~itttofl wm& off' tho protoC~ivo proportioo o~ th o vrto1&o
de
:
mok, 1kn hd ~~o d@vO1ap~d ~v in~oVO ?root
~,de~~ L1 ~
r~tto invi~a~ion win&tdo o1 tho
~~ ~~ this oor-n~Ctton, ~ thda
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'I.
attention was d4vot4d to thq`'~mato1Qgjoa1 aeoecerrente of tho
dtangor of frootc in v ,z LouA olirr tic zones of U $E, ar~d baaio ?roQt.-
cornbating ni.othods were ola~ i 'ied goograpl aal~.y by regiQrU.
Abbrcvi-
abaci cbnt4ntc of p pcra trcatin thooc p 1ob1err.s pro givor bQJ,ow, (No
roeult; Qf ciir atologieal tvestigat.ors are givon herein; they ago
given in worke of I, A. Oo1 r teborg . )
2, Dur;Lng the laot 8evora1 decador ohomic ,11y oreated arnoke
ocreenc have boon employod in combating froet, To rove tigato the
Offoetivcnt of t1t rn tho , a 1ar~go rrur b r of fiold xpcrimento
were conducted in he USSR at well a abroad. However, roauitc of
tho oporimente turnod out to be highly contradictory, Oompariaon
and analyaia of tho exporim nta bocomoe quite cornplicatccl, and, in
the rnn jority of caoo8, is impos aibl ~ ainco the literature doaling
with thcac invo, Ligation, doocr not furry h in detail the moat important
charactariotica of the ecporimont ? Thus, there ie frec,u,vrr~t1y a lack
of data On rnoteorological conditior~o durir the oxporimont, off' of dstta
on tha diaohar~q of smoke f~xturos3, and at timoe north r rocord ire
g von. Ao a rnault of thia, thernul effoctivonoaa of amok i ecroer c
has boors givon entirely ix,adocpuato' X otudy,
Occaaicnal norms oi' amolco muro discharge roooirnondod in
practice wcr, idontical in difforont moteorologioal coditibna,
horof or'o, our' problom wao) bof oro aU cloo, to dotermino t1ie thermal
offect of smoke ooroono in relation to mctooroldgi~al condition and
the diachar'ge of omoko~producing botancorj. or this ru pooo ?idld
rind luborato'y toato word c ondu4t d of the npociol amucI poto wood
in our aovkho oo and 1~0lIto csi1 them preduoo done white smoke j3J.
(1oro:ter they oha11 bo 1cown at whine ~mude poto, )
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Laboratory expariments perucL1 tod tho accumulation of supp1A -
mQntry data on tho cornpositior~ of the dispersing phasa oi' the smoke,
woi ht conoontr'ation of smoke, eothustion host of tho smoke mixture
and the ratio of the weight of producad srnoko to tho woight of tho
srnQko mixturo. (This 1t relctionship ht~rrQinafter^ will be known as
the smoke production oiTicioncy coofficient - D1PT,)
Obtainod data was subjected to theorotical analysis. It war
ostabiishod that the tberr1 effoot dhu'in he burrrin of whito
srnudfo pots is dotern.Lned by tha following 3 ,factor:
10 Docroasa ofJ;ectivo soil o~u,faoo rah atiorr within tha
2, Diffusion of host 1iberatod during tha braving of omoko
mixturo ;
Condoneation of water vapor on hy~roccopic cmoko partic1oa.
To clarify this solo of tho first factor, that ie, to dotorntna
the oornpon mt of thorm 1 gffoct conncctod vrith the variation of ton .
wave Mmoko rdiatio, thoro wao otudiod a oyotom of diffornntial oqua-
tion of thorns air and coil conductivity, conr~iderin radiant boat
trano1'nr in cmoko?oharged air L'Q.
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Durin fe1d QxpimIM1t the ternpQratw'o and offective
radiation over thQ smQko-fiU8d and snroi~e?foe re ans wore reoordod.
A:tsa obcorvattQns wero made on smoko conoontration, wind velocity,
huridity of the y, &d other meteorological factors. The rosu1tant
thQrr 1 effect was ecompared w,th the fiwd dischar e of white smwi
pots.
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L- calving this problom, tho methccl off' comparioon o tompera.?ture
anti eri'eQtive radiation o the emoko-.charged and ernoko~fae regions
wao omploygd, olution off' this probicrn was obtained by two methodp ;
?ir$t there was employad the approximate method of Frior ar ries,
using 4 1 ouxa for the time intorval, and thon there way Found tho
exact solution by means of the Fourtor intogral and operational mothvda
Those rncthods ,eldvd results that agrood e1osa1y,
Obtatod ?ormulas porn~it tho datorrrd,nation o the deeroase in
oiroct:1vo radiation and its attendant component oi' the thermal Affect
depending or wind velocity, dischargo of smoka?proc using aubstanees,
dua~ati on of smoking, otc,
The socond ?actor connoctod with tho liberated hoat during
the combustion oi' the smoke ri1 tine, was otudiod on the baoia o!
similarity botwoen atrnoAphoric diiruQion ci heat and smoke, It was
shown [7 that the accompanyin risA in tomporabwro i equal, to tho
accuracy of Lactor , to the product of woight concentration of
gp~
nnmckA and th? ratio o the heat of conbustiorr of the m;nko mixturo to
DKp?. Thin permits, on the basis off' laboratory oxporimAnto and
maasurod ooncohtration, tho do tui'rninLion off' tho aooond componont o
tho thorwl offnct o' tho ornoko aor?on,
ho ttii3d component o1' thermal o#'oot, dutorminod by tho
liboratod host of water vapor condonation, takes plaoo only wh?n the
umolcu contains a hygroscopio oubotanoo and umold takoa pco at high
ro1tivo air humidity, gondori ttion aan tako piacb on condition that
the orator vapor to for in air oxcooda ` the vapor tonuion of ho uatur. atod
oolutien of thu nubutonco oonatitutit~g the iioporuion phpDe o1' tho omoku,
Trin, la'mowin the oompoaition of the l btor ad tho liumidity o the sir
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and assumin phaso equi1ibriu~n of tho smQko, it is pQSSible tQ
detormtno the quantity of eondensed watery u
pnit volwmo omoke
by usLn tho method described in (5,,
Sinoe by wait tho disperaian phase pf smoke eonstitutes a
nc1iible .motion Qf the dispersion medium, which
it air, the heat
of coniensat,on is used only for the hfatin~ oi' air, whQnco it is
easy to determine tho riso of air tomparnture k~
On the bans of the abovo fiold experimental data of wlh,to
smudCe pots, azt aPP1ication o#' tho abovo-mentioned computational
3chome of the roapeetivo cbmpononts of thq therms
l affoct, it became
poeOiblo to eatabllsh data on normal dischar~ee of smudCo pots. Thus,
for wand vo1oo ty of 1 metor por aeeond at a
height of 2 motors and
retativo hurn,,ty in the noighborhoc of 90 percent to o, ffoat a l
decree rise in temporaturo it is nocoagary to burn eimult
eoualy
a amud~o pots for one hoctaro.
With thic~, comporidnta of the thornl off eot ariain from the
above ?actora turned out to bo appro, ,mat?ly oqual to oath
other.
Foie hWniditioa loos than 80 porodnt tho t1tird o
omponant, rolati,n~ to
tho coed en aati on of wator vapor, can be ro . ardod a
~ o equal to doro,
aino? th? exporim~nt indiratad that no oondon aticri on omoko
particles
takkos plaoo at auoh hwrdditioc ? It should bo noted that L or low ir
hwniditie; due to the laok of oondonaod water on
cmoko pcrt~cloc,
thcro else takes place a doorsaoo in th i aboorptinn oo. o .
ity of the
arnoko aoraon rolativo to tht wav? rad.a
tion.
1assntia i, thormcl offor~t dQponds on tho
. wind volooity.
Thud, ?'or calm windo (bout 0.3 motor
s por dacond) and tho abovo-
indioatsd, didohar o of 0 bmud. go pots b
urnad simuZt~noously over
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area of one heota2 t, the thermal ei 'eet would amour t to about 2 ~
degZ'aoo, when tho wind velocity vxoeods 2 met ~'s per second, thq
thermal effect is radthood considarably and fQ~? above eonditions
u ow tM to loss th a O, dogree,
3 t The suggested analysis of eornpon~nts of the thermal eft?Qot
off' smoko soraon can bra usod to study tho inothod of smoking by rnoans
of smudge fires. Tho method of c mucage Tiros c onb tian is ono of the
most widoaprvad mass methods used to combat frosts and has been used
eztenrively during several annturies, however, tho question of
offoetivoneas of snrudgo fires has been r carooly investigated,
In order to study this method we havo conducted Field and
iabor.tory exporirvnts with smudgo fires [J These axpor mart
indicatQd that he v%t1uo of DKpl for smudgo fires is ono tooth that
of the white nnudgo pots, but that the quantity of host liberated per
unit of oombustiblo smoko?producing mixt e is about 2 or 3 tin~os the
quantity of heat obtai~md ?'rorn the white sciiudge pots
As result of tho aba a-auggastod anaiyais and eomparion
worth oxporimontc1 data, it is possiblo to come to tho oonoluoion that
tho thorrnal offeet of snrudge Tiros is praoticaUy deter?~ninod soio1y
by the hot of combustion, 'o'ho lattoi' in turn is noti~oably dopdndont
on the moisture content of tho oombustion materials and ralativo air
humidity, 'or low rolstivo air humiditids it is not oxpodiont to
moioton the mato~#i t1 bi?nocI, ao io oiitop dono, einoo in this oaco part
of tho boat is oxpQndod vrastafully on evaporation.
Whon burning 0 1O0-1d1o r in smud~o hoapo over an .rQa of on
h@otar (oaoh heap do i nod to burn for hours) with wind volooi
Y
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
of 1 meter pcr second, the therr1 i ei of amounts to appro irnateiy
o.; de reQC. If the numbar of errnrd a hoapc is increased to 100 per
hectare, the thermal effect, under identiaAi oonditionc, will be in
he not hborhood of one de rce.
4.. A1on wi'hih the employment Qi cnoko screen ar~d cmudgo
fi1rec, one of the basic methods of combatinS frost ie that cf heating
plants direotly. Irr practica direct haating of plants is eiLec?bed by
tho comtustion of various solid fuels, ac vroli ac of solid acrd liquid
fool in cpQaial burners.
In USSI direct hcatinJ, oi' p1 ntc by oil burners was begun in
1930 to protoot Caucasian citrus crops. At the care time oxperimental
atudiec b6gan to dotermine tho effeetivanccc off' thin nod. Tho
fiat auporvi c or of than o ctr dioe at tho Sochi experi=mental station
was J. T. So1yaninov L'?j Afterw u cth tho anoct import&nt studies
w')rc conducted at tho AU Union Saiontific Roaeaeh Inctituto c'
Hwn 4 Subtropical Rogionr (VNIIvS ) wtt h the oollaboration oJ. S.
Nadaraya, V. S, Lavriychuk, V. P. Ni forov, axt oth~ra %1J. Works
of tho VNIIVS and tho Sochi porimontal Station rcproaont a great
forward atop in tho invootigation of effoctivtno o o' oil burnoro.
V. p. Nikiforov had conotructod naw buxnorio which oxoollod U` ?m o
burnoro.
SNX OSSI%, in which wao montionod tiro noauo iity of on~ployinS diroet
hoating of citrus plontationn locat?d in highlyrOOtMo~toooptiblo
looatione, and thor? wits aluo ootoblio1iod ah iron o1 diroot hoatin
utilisation within tiro aoorSian SSI for rho wtntor of 1944 -
arounting to DODO noctarot,. Th war and abiionoo o frooto in rocont
in 25 April 1940 a diroctivo was iaouod by tho Toff VKp (b) and
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
in our , ubtropioal reiQn have PQetPQnQd the ur.vera~l uea
oi' burners irr aetua1 prwtice, luring recont ar
~ a1tQntior~ devoted
to the problen o threat heat Ln as mean
~ of prQteoti plants ?'ronL
fz'QSta was ur'QrtunatQ. deQ~^easod,
WithQUt stoppih to review the work of VNIIv and the pooh
ecporimQnta1 station, we can observethat, to a Qonsiderable dQ r
~ ee,
it is incomplete. This is primarj1y oonnoo toc with the net
oQrolO~aiC;al
aspect of the problem. No investigation was made off'
tho pxablem oi
hoat distribution from tho burnors over the surJ'aoo la fie
~ r off' the
at~-
rnosphcro. The lack of a dove1op theory of this henornerron
p mach it
difi'icu1t to sneralitho obtained em
p tics/, data. The ,first cta~e
Q our wr?rk in connaotjcr~ with this problem wry
s to ?i11 in these aps
oi' krowlods,
Since Nikifcrcv ' s buxner proved supori or to all othor o spa .
~ n~
on, thoy woro the b wic ores jwed in of invecti, anon,
There aro two typos of Nild.forav t c burrtera; the oo. sailed
widk and arrow pipo burrraris
Both typos c onh i t cf a c oital tank to 1o11 tho oil and
a
cylindrical pipo. Tho tank io O.~ motor high and tho pipe i o 15
nrotoro 1iL 1r, jo~ r vora a contbuotiorr tompo tho wid
o pipe burr ucoo
1.75 /silo roa o of oil porgy 1iour, vrit,h tho marrow
pipe coin 1,2 kilo-
raiu pct Dour L92
Initi 11y tho appro''j t~ th~r bal nco o Nikir'orov t
burnor wao tudlod, that in thorc wao do
~ torntiii~d tho rolttinn~hip
botwoorr tho host ivon up by burn or wa11o b eonv
~` ~CtjOn, r~diMi0n
grid tho host of hoatod Sao omittad b 'ho b
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
yeti , to e aturo ?ieLd in the vicinity of tho burn or was deter.
reed To do terra ne this teiperature i' c 1,d the equatjcn oV turbuL mt
thormo~oonduotivity w 3Q1vod, as un1rr t1 at tho host ouroo can be
re} ro ented w a grin vertLQai cy nder,
Sinee dUrtf 'O3t b1Wfc '3 open- to oven coru'v1orab1e periocte
o tire, the prob1orn ie o otvtionar1y nature.
The equation of turbulent thereto-conduetl,vty ire etab1o
dition8, accouu'tirn 'o' heat ioCt in the ound., can be r'eproonted
Uera tho X axle ie c-ri'mt ~d =ire tho direct on off' tvr~rct c ?air 1
- Bxi w oco tho vrr~;i dire L
~ _ tcmpor 1tu'e dir onco of a s cvcr ht t ur non-ht ed r 'ion;
corrocponIirit t rnpcn ature i ' orm~c 'or r ground; 4.
U - r1ifcl v~iocity; K, K - horicontai and vortiezA comb oncnto of, tho
turbuir1t,ranfiIuv ooo'cicr~t
In thr ?ir:it cqo tticrr thcr i of i tt od t crA c arr r~on t~
to tho diritcion off' hat a1on tha X - oinc?, iii the proonr~~o
oi' wind, it can b o no o to
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
Tho boundary c;onc1i ti.on are ro UQw ; t the ground
urfae Z = O;
'Then X=ot
Cpv
Q , Sqr AZ 4H and
7H-. h,)u.
y
v =:O, 8 for other Z and y,
At nlir itiy tYrut 3 tnn frriui ttm burnrs
Cl~~
i per t tM t'g i4 g n~~r n taur i; :t ntrortx~ ri s C,, nU
ca& U'ir }i Mt id on i.t,y rt' th'3
th4 5 ii; ,*t.;;~t,it k
A
L1wriiit . c; a r ionL
'tt pr c3iiua d t?y 1 t;ra i nE - Cu. pr
r ttm ; ij ,?. a rrrj } t iv h1 ht or the ' v ..i nn#~ t c9 y1i:ndr n1
h , t ~v,~ r ct, wia.i h 1 c,~ Aii rf?fttrr t,hzn thr hit?ht ' th 1mrn'r;
ct ~- e inns trr (I#' th burn r; h .* h(~i ht, g tA~i ',ia t!k, wh h
wiU y r to t
Cotnito t tut : in t tf qt4t,ir~3 i ; vrr y u iipi iris Md, ther 1-
t' rE t o & v nti utieit' r1aii in in indir t Two txtrt nis
_ w r f j Cyr! t. in t1i N.r t cut it w r to i U;?~t the r ;nd
hE tt r ;i:t11, tAmt is , th t tho tt_jr;nai t' n 1i tiVi:tY i1f' r ~;n
in ro) in th r c n , iti w M; c ; t r , th t the
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
thermal eonduetvty e the exth ie inCe , It w ttkn, in
oner1) that
In ge arci to the hori ontai, a orpor - oi' to turbulon
t trana-
i'e ~ eoeriieient K1, it wa eurn cj to be propo7?tj bQ the
o
/~~7. ~ velpei~~
o: thik# r1!Md' bhk+r{d ii,
'A
(
It W1 a1J3a c olei~1er)ci that the pro ter or tho bux' t
per Ui con..
idrab1y en11or thw~ the distance x f o '
r which 'bherma1 ot~oct w
aa
to be dQtera '
U tn; tho nioto . o! sepa ' tion of vari~thief it in joss
~ iblo io
obtain the fn ti sclutjq for tho ubovo.mention two
Q~- tr eme
A study pi' theae solutioi in ie to Chit ?or the
~rd ~ ve:iuec whioh
aro of intorest to ue, te~o two so1ution~ ppronol each olril4r ,
T1rie m4E ~o, that to t ?i t approxjn
off, ~~' 1o nod hive 1o
eonuEi or to 'owl J h looo~ I.iriting ou a
tLtined tiolutio~tj, w? of a ?oiula oi' r
ao ttoul applicahi?0~~ tha
coooription oi' tho tempt ruturQ fio1 b
out ono humor,
'Cho tompor~ttu~o ?itld ?or a ayoom of buror
o io obt.nod
throu;h oupor~~voi~io~~ of rho tonipoii&iuro
bury oi'o . Thug, if thorn ob ro tho o owr
u11od ~quo ~~oi~out o~
burfo ~o (d t t Sao botwo n rows io t
ho rho diotw~co botwoon
rho adjtoont burner;o in ?rio Ohio
diotoo boiri ~u~i to a) than
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
t ~ out that the thQia ,. 1 foct of a systrrn o' burn cm b
expre cod by tho ?o11owin ?orrnul,s,, which tako into aoount t
ho
eiAocrt off' MQtooroio cal .actor
V'tore
- i thCi Crwnp i c ?uricti on
1o - if3 the Q Jel' 8 fuUcti on.
In darivin th:;e ?orrltla, ?or tho vor: tioal co]npornt 1c it wa8
r~co~ur d that m 1, that io, 1i' iuoroiuw with hoi ht
volooity r~/ f
Approxim tc va1of I was obtatood on tho baoi? of auaiyoio
of tho thorn1a1 ba:::ieo obi a
Uy tho obt$rio i ntu1 it io poeeiblo to oomputc t)rc thwinal
ofLeot oL :roet hoatiu dopoodiog on tho do:ioity of bunnro in the
PJfltatiori, ?t1 oxpoudituro, hoi ht abovo tht rowed d wind vo1
~ oeity,
A roatwi ular burrior arr r ornorft wt c aloo ttudiod wh r
o o tho diotanoo
botwoo~ 2owo in tho diroetioj~ oi' the wind io twioo t1i t
i th? dittanco
botwoon rowoeronic+1~ to the wind. Com tat
io~o ?howod that in
thin Ufo tho thorm1 of@ot wan ogta1 to that
o~ tho oquaro arr~n~omot~t,
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o,d G~ P (H-.h1), a2
6
2
I/3a 1
~ 2J
r(g) ~~ b~Pa/+
5a? '-
C2./ 4(I49~7C22~ q
ci)
f7' ,I , 2 J4? _t ~ 2 r
Jv) ~. ~ 4t
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Aa result off' thoo dorjvad formula a numbc~
o~ tablo~ wQ~ o
oornpi1od fox dot~rm~~i~~ the thoxrmt~, .
o,f'.foct; thoco wall bo pubiiohod
in a o rate a io1o?
To give an sample: for the wide pipc tr,p
o
burner cyatom, Ar the avcrao cornbuction to
repo, dorr~ity o? FAQ
burrror~ pr ono ~~ootr~rc, and wjnd vc1ooJfty o,C 1 rotor pox aosano, tha
thormt1 o'eot arrrountcd to 4 - ~ ~~ ~~ rooc T
hose va1uoa a~roo with
the vxporimonta~, data. (9j Urrslor idvntio
al o4flcJiti4na,, with oil
axporrdittu e at 1 kilo; ram par buxaor per hour or
500 lsilo~rarnpor
ht eta per' hour, the thr nnz i. of 'oat c
teal t0 2.5 dQree,
5. Up to this point wo have atudiod ~roblom
~ ~ poi tainirrg to
oolUtc v~ this otUC1 permit ua a1ao to point out vraya and rn+aar~c o~
the cf~activanocc o~ maaa othc~a that axe b
cirri uacd to combat ,~roata
rationali~irr flroacuroa ucQd to protect plant 1
~o i ?rorn ,root. Th the
Cir^3t plaOO this rolat?a to moarr or irrcrorin~ the otfootivenoac oS
the umoko rnothodc,
So ?ar ac wo know, durirt the introductier~.
or the white amudgc
pots no studio woro made that wou 4 octablich
this smoke as the moat
oiTocti,vo type for obit ?rootc
Thfl choino of this smoke was
to a ocrt&tn dograa aooidori~dl, Thoroo1~
o, wo have invactiga.tod a
flumbcr ~~ noutral cmokoo ha~'mlcco to
pleta, its 6rdor to pies out
Th~ bottom of th~ ohaor
(about 12 equ~ro nutore in or~a
ico?ooo~ ~ - ) wat
cd to Coro der~o, i11 the riot or the
char rotiti~ at
,
Chtnbor (o~ oh o r or uc o ) hbv vol
um? of Ll0 aub~,c ~otorc,
,1t j* the oap city= to liberate tht xis amour
l
0 orroaponii 1y, 1aborat ox o
~ p rimo~~tc worn ooaduct~d ~
n
those ~rnoisoa havin t1~o ~roatoct oa aoit
~ y to abaort~ l:on~ ~~tavo radiation,
ao l
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
tomporatwe o: i$ 20 de rood, Thug, artii'ieai conditions were
ootabiohoci undQr wh oh r diant heat tan or would be oimi1 bo
that taki place during i'resto,
At a height rah 4 motoro in the nddio o the chambor a 1voi1~
aniohovoldy o,ctinomotor and a Savinov pyi oometor wero Got up and
directod to'No,rd tho bottom oi' tho ohombvr
In tho8o chamboro, tho white pot rnoko, ornoke of ainmon'Lum
oh1orido, black omoke, on~oko o1' organic mixtures (ornoko heaps) and
orange crnoke wQro atudiod.
Mothodolo y o the op rim4nt t ooneittod in dotorrninin the
radicnt heat trans rer botwoon tho actinometor and pyr eornoto' ro-
ceivAr and the bottom of th4 chamber both prior to and during the
generation of smoke.
irnu1tan+ ouo1y, omolcO oonoontration was measured by sueldn
tha smoke thrown lace ?i1torc, tomporaturo distribution and air
hw 1dity waro recordod.
Theo laboratory oxperirnento otabiihod that of tho L'iva
srnokocr toetod, the groatost absorption capadity is posooosod by the
black ornoko. in supplementary axporinonts it eras aloo Lord that
duuin. tht~ onoration of this smoke the amount of heat liboratod per
unit mass is times that oii t1ic white mud pot.
for the wh to omo1co and he arnoko o organic v torial, the
absorption capacitive worn ap w to1y o ual to thouo asow od
during our' pro ouo ?i 1d oxp imonts.
Hom er, an the baoio oi' tc obt4n values o1 moko con-
ceat aticn~l ifi the h i1 t ant the weight i ' the oeuat11ie tae,
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
the DWI wore determined A the tested smQl es
For the bi ok cnd white smoke the D1II turned out to be
~g1e,1a wht.1e for he or anic mato' 1 smoke, as in p'evious ox pet''
g ta t wad sound that DKI1 iti one torah that of
rents w~.th evoke hop
the DK?1 of white smoke
6. since the laboratory QXperj ft nts indicated the groat
e activeness of the black smoke, 1n August 1948 ?ield eXPorimenta
were oorKucted using this smoke.
1~Aothodo1ot y of theso oxperimonts eras the sari as that omp1oyed
in our provious oxperimerria with the white smut o pots ahd smoko
a s, smoke sources were placed over an open 1cve1 area, on a lino
hep
perpondic'Aar to wind direction.
Metnoroio icy, rabservr ,ons were conduetoc at twc 1oeations s
one tho smgkb area, tho other oontrni po~.rt was without tho
a~nokeea. Within tho srnoko qtr?a air ta7np6r1turoa at dii'orgnt
hci&htc w3ra rocordod and tho a fect~ ve radi ation oC tho ground wao
reaonrod. At the c?ntrc1 pctt, in ddtUon to tht tome r& u~ a 1
orrt ivn ra 1i tion, oboorv tions wero redo of tho wind, air huiidity,
d other iactoro. ho th~rna~. o ' " of of tho omako ocon was d+,
an
terrninod accordin to tho averar~ diie'onoo between the air tomora-
tulroc a#1, both obcorvQtion nsinto durinL tyro Limo of stoke cne ti ion,
Makin into account tho mioroolifl do oculi~ ritioo baood on ob orva-
tiono prior to the bo i2min of erokin
In An an~1ogoto tamer the deore~io of ~ otivo rstdiation wao
eetiblinhed. -
20
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
the DTWI WQ ' determined ' the toted emokes,
For the b1aolc and white emokds the 1KV1 tv'ned out to be
oqua1a whle ?or the orante material smoke, in pr-oviou,s experi-
menu with smoke he1i4x, it was Lound that DWI is ono tenth that Q!
the 1KP1 off' white smoke.
6, ince to laboratory QXPoriments tdicatdd the great
e roctiveness Qt tho Mack smoke, in Auust 191+8 i1'io1d exporimor~ts
wore conducted using this smoke.
4 othodolo y of' theso oxperimontc was he same as the,t omployed
in ow provious experimoms with the whitt smudge pots and groko
heaps, 3 noko saureec wero p1oced over an open ieve1 area, on i 1ino
perpendicu1or to vrind direction.
1 teor o1o tcai r~bsorvhtions were corductod at two 1oeationc;
one wLthin the smoke area tho othor oontr'o1 pot was without tho
smoke ar1ca. VIithin the snroko ar?o,ir tornprraturo at dieront
hci hts worwo rocorth d and tho a ioct ve radiation o1 tho ground wac
1neaotrrod. At the oontrcl paint, in r111ditiof to tho tornpcr'atuura awl
or1octive radiation, obsarv tionc woro made of tho wt i, air hwiidity,
and othor fact arc Tho thorin of hot o t tho omoko ac 'on en do-
term?d aceordin to the avera~c ditcronco b?twaon tho air tcmpora-
tu~oc ate both oboorvation points dnrin the tirno o emokeencration,
takt into aooourtt tho mieroolinV tic Poou1i~Aritioo baeod on oboor'va
tiara prior to tho bo irniir~ of a noktr ,
an analogous m or tho dooroaoo of o iootivo radttion was
t t&tb h de
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
Observation ware anaiy ec to determine rospective oomponents
oi:1 tho therma1 a 'ect that are cony eoted with tho baoio ?actors, as
was lone n pZeviQus ecperimento,
Laboratory analysis indicated that the dispersion phase o1
smoke it barely by roooopic, therei'Qre vre can ne leot the coanpor ont
deterrnir~ed by the liberated heat of watoz' vapor' ccrrdensation.
Win the results of laboratory and told experirents 'with
black smoko and based upon th9 above deo,bsd theoretical achere, it
io possible to mako an approximate computation which aUowt a compar~
:Lion betwee, thermal effects oC whito and black omokoo. Thus, with
tho disoharr of black sroko mixture corresponding to :~i~maltaneouo
coiabtton oi' 50 white snnide pots over ono hectare, with wind velocity
o-~o motor Baer cocond, thorml offoct will amount to about de roes,
while undo tho amo eonditions tha white orno1cc thorn u1 oiTect is only
;i d x'oe. This indicates thn hi h offoctiveness oi' buck smoke, 'which
hitharto was not uo ec1 in conb tin moot.
Thor io oufficint ovideneo to atat that bek smoke is harm'
l oo to plaft life. It nsa o may ~aesult in a?~no dirt cc to nation
of i'ruito, ads thercforo, it io prai4oroblo to uoo blo,ek rnoko in corn
1~attflL oprira ?i'OLi,
'Phrj pi tic,al cc pt n of lcick smoke roquiroo the study of
rtpplsinontary tochnicai problo connoctod with refinir the composition
or the omr 1co xtu o, po footin th? Zfl?tho4 of oombbotion, a of-ho s~
It is cf intwrit to compare the abevo oitod thorntt1 ofi{oot
V L2 io0 of b L ok its smcko With too thor l s1'foot 01? bur ro r
tItti i~ttanaous tloustion oi' 30 sdo pots oorrospands to the ooh~r
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
Qf oQ kiio riic Q' moko r fixture per one hootaro por hour. With
thie, for vend velocity of on iir4bor pr oooonc1, tho thermal off eat
?or whito smoke one degree, and that Loup black erQke is tiro
de ;rcQr . With direct heats n , for a vrtcl vo1ocit r of ono motor por
~ocond, cton ity of 500 bv,rnori por hoctare arrd hourly oil oon wmption
()f One l 1o ram per burner ( O0 kilogramu of oil per heetare per
hour), the thornia1 effort; obtai,nod was 2 j da reos,
it nomo to ue thot the on-tin mothodo hvc a number of ocricwc draw-
Lid baoic computations, coin tho obtc:inod formulas, worn ado i'vr; rho
problem of tcmporaturo variation at night, which is n?cosor~ry in front
pro;nonis. uontion? of oct pro nooic tro aloo raid. by uo, baccnrce
Solution of thoso oquationc wuc carried out by th,o operational method,
7. As a result of eneraLt ation of tho thooretical ,chemo
ct vi cad for the ao 1putatiQn of thermal effegt duo to ro1d g a r oiu-'
tion war obtained of a mono eneral prQblem relating to temperaturo
variation in the air layor at the earths aurfaco A partiuuiar
form of tbir sa1utio~ are worn a nurbor of si nificant quootiorrc con-
cerrd,n trcU cforir tiQni of air m rssAC, temperature foreoaetina in tho
air layer at tho oarrth ' o surface and front pronosis, rs vroU as de-
tornin& i, on of thermal effect oi' mnoke creonc, eonnocted with tho
deereaeo of o1fectivo radiation, AU of thoae quoctions have this i,r,
c; onm on, nwnoly, ?Ghat thoir iijathcmati,cm1 f or:1ulation rcrf uceo to a pro-
cm; of solving a ystom of difforortial equations of thermal con.
ductivity in air and round at d_ff rent initial rrnd boun&try cotrditiono,
backo) whicF~ wo attomptod to romody to a cortain oxtont,
, , w11niari:ik tho roou1to of tho invcotiativc wrrk c oiiduoted
by tho 1 i ito tho ba io tnothodn of oombatin front, wo can note thg
foUon prinoipol r'ouito:
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
1-Th physioai b sos o p1ant~l 'c ?rast prot~ot can by
moans of no} e scr'eons, smoke heaps, an4 cil burnw i w~ro inveati
dated,
2 The ootivenoss o,V these methods under var ous netoor-
o1o ica1 cQfditiono were estab L jhod,
On the basis Qi' the theorotica1 and expcrinontai data
Qxpondituro norms of the protective substanoos wero sugostod,
4. The possibiiity was detor ned of ornplo n a r ewor, mono
ei'icctivo method of smoke produotiQn by use o black smo~co.
Obtainod results a11?w he l~erenoe o a number of sin:ftcant
points in cannoction vith poroctin and incraasin~ the ooctivenoss
or tho basic rngthodc o combating ro ta, Elaboration of thou o points
~md thou' exporiinor~tal vcrii'ic~ation constitute tho ob joct o fur{Lhor
work,
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
0 V~SI~Y RANGE OF REAL OBJECTS
N , 0; Q:,dov
1. Tho b o c ?~ctor octin tho 'vi ib 1,ty off' roa1 t* jActo
c1od to bo tho tr f Parofay vi: t1 atmc~ phoro. The w mittafl(o
~ rogo.?
tlooioz t o of & mQ phoric i yor hcvin a tl Gi ooQ 1 io equal tot DX1
vtoro tho OQOf i~toft , c1 U'i~eto~'i~oo tha proportioc of tho air
d jo knc tho c.ocuy cc~o ~ :o o t o cha11 ot'u y tho c co
o~ ob oot oboorvMiofl aloe l r~~o ,on cpproikclint hori onta1 d will
latco o roo1vo on th ~a . h ,- #~oopl~or o o u tiori of hazo bri hta Q3
o ~or .Of of ;U bt in an trocphwio layor of
Vci, tho fr i1
~otor~~ino~ b~
tl ickn 1;
vd=, &= (a)
co4i:r 4oiont o1' tho , ht- t~~io l~hf r ,o ?orr~ pia ?3 kl l~ro ~ atoly
b~i~fl~t oc in tho c?imuth 9i' ho Qbraorvod ob joct, lhon
~~ to ~~~ ~
tl c ~ i ti bi t t such fin t nt that the o fi i i i t
cniitt co h tic om? ogtml t o T .:: 0, 05, haze br htnao 0
atmocphri
_iro cl o 9 porcont of tho oky briL;hhooo 3 ? ch l r o io 0o intonoo,
~l
thtt rnny boorvoi obj octo Will bccomo h ~diy vi ib1o, i~c1 othoro 1-
o ~
most ti3iott uiohmb1o? Tho 1 yor thiclnooe 1 corrocpondif tc
T 0.O an be coin tcd by n trrn of ?or~ 1 (1) cn ooowmoi o f to
tho motooro1o is , r o of vi ibi1i1 Y S? Theo, ?or 1 wo 1uwo
S
?OIO5N= 3 (3)
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
0, i, art novoy, the rrurctb ' w o h Trrr~u a () M more pohahi,o,
Thy oha oo or t?2 numbk4r will ho rat orra1izad Lurthar ai rg in t
ovQn 4.2 LJ. H4wove), ac array shown by rho rya fi? ors a Q;t:
'o ~mt't1.a ( ) t)rev:.Q1.L3ay thorn W 'Q u o .9 L'j nd
In is d o tha nw'iba' in the nr orator of the r.ght atdo oV
work.
t ?o1iovr' that he b 'i jhtnoM inca eo
with tih lncr tt o off.' the it 1Tyer thtchno a, at fit very rapic11y
ui there +trora and mar 1raw1y, For w~ nCtnitoly th Lok air `L, yor
( 1- ao ) haze bri htn mn hooomoo equal lrcoo ~ici143firt ni' the
1 ht-atmooplJo41,o a r u~ i, y raj o l o a o+ o O3 b o VL11uo o,V
h ai b hint , F LtNe b~1 ghtrro 'ache O Qrccmt o it roato t
va luo (Table ) 0.69, wh th taho p1ao t 1
?oiioyll a?,:ioiir ( ) , Thus, t1ro ci' L r tlao a.X; ' ;; acl aoch+
~Mua1 to 1// o' taho rats ,orolo; cal vet 1bi1 ty rte o, it h zo hi ht~
not r3 1 coifir f $ur=~ Qr thin n J of to f rt i-itQ t p0 ;3 ,b10 v 1ui .
wore+ I be 1++& inLi io j1 oar:; o a ~o ~ (it, u.1ci nod c :c ec1 j r~ or+ ), it
?w1 ; r 1~o s 'orP 'ir flj r~{3d bar 1i &h o oro~xor~ iho air voiumo
u.rrow Iin ~ the 013 1 Vur, and bowvt &1r ,n bh her on b !
n` ;jo will r c1r vo o A 1:10 1x thl, htu nj 1 O./3 . k britht*
-f + UHio t r~ * l) ' Y htloco c~lo~,i~ oc kY con titutoa 70 porcor t off'
~Qa 'lclf ri - f 113+) 1i hi~r t frr)rrphk ri( ?crrir;r.1:t , Thin hric e brit-
d/
tM 4 rr o tai c oa on o tmo phor o y the i4
th r Ifm of which not titutr~o oboe 4 =-o crrr of t -c r orolo lc ~
vac ility -r c. This try 1c:' i~r~ :rrot~ io rent r 11 y riot too :or , or oNirt1-
1y ?rit c o~ 1 r~rb io tn'bt it . ~c t1 c ~rivcn ;roc i,i e om-
.1 to ,.1ro vloo o 1fii thlo o livid by , vio got
fir
h.L o hri~;htn n , wo :vo Th1o 1 of at ~&t to thnfio o' m hc' from
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
bn thr thlc s~ of iv 1~.yar 1 nd thEi m tQorQiQ ~,c?1
r o~,~t~ c~~eh~ i~ ~~v y~
i 4J M d#f': HQ tk1 n P4+r fl Y or pE krSd tiQ1 'rt11 + nd
hay br'ighhe3
0.9 0,105 0,094 0.0 0.073 O.2 0.01 04041 0.030 0.020 0.010
Q. 0.22:3 0,211 0.190 0.1F 0.174 0.16 0.151 0.123 0.11
0.2 i.:t 1,6 1.1 1.47 1,3 1.39 1.35 1.31 1.7 1,24
0 1.1'? 144 1.11 1.013 1.Q 1,02 0.99 0,97 0.94
0,1+ 09 9 1' 0,84 0.32 01130 Q,f7 0,7E 0.73 0.71
r 6 0.62 0.60 0.B 0,56 o.4 0J3
0. 0.~1 o,49 O.43 0,? 6 0.4 0.43 0.2 0,40 0,39 0.3'7
~
0.'? 0.33 ojia O.323 0.31 0.301 0.2 0.274 0.2t 0.249 0.236
TJUBL'E 1
IVYto t 1o1 _11T '
2 0) 04 0 06 7 03 09
T 00 01 ~
2.04 1.97 1.90 )B3 1,77 1.72 1.66
2,30 2iF+~*~ 2.12
~/~ tv
ttiwhich tIgo ojoct to vlo +nd. 13y h1lkhtlocc cs tr{Lot ;vQ moi n tht
bi1it1 o dietif ~a. of i ivof ab joct dO 4flde
2 . F ~' ~o ~
lly on tho a of~trtut lw , ,oo~ ~ ~ i bri htnoCU off' tho obi cet end b e1q ro~~d
c~t~~ ~
1n:A1101' it ctbtr&tctcd f ofti t1~o 1rn for Orui.
t;o oi: tho dl rota howOOf objoet d back rc8Ifd brtghtl~oo c to tho
c.r th~jq two hrl ht1~o cOO. Thiu di oreflcc lc t t ca cl ltivo;
~roe~~ot ~
' o' biOf d dirpO1OtOff o light by tho tfncphorO,
hrightneo ccrliriot dcroLt14t~id1 with tho ~.0 ii~ dio41~c~ bo-
~co0 ~ ~?
At con criti t1 d ? t sac the O Will
th1i~oct o:nd tho c~corvcr.
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
not pereeive tho cr ,11 br . htneso contra t, nct the Qb ervcd object
will become r~i3t.thab:.o , This j c 1ict tho vi~-
btiit range o1' a aa1 ob joot, which, obviou. -, dopendc on the
p'opertiee o the cb jcct and doe6 not ooh. oidc 'lith the met'cc~ro ,o ,cal
;L 3: b:Llity rtn e ~ ilete ors o:L o i o a1 v ibi1ity range d t r ne 3 Only th
t1 annparency od' the atmoephee xrd ii corflcoted witl? the propotier of
the air c,
utioir of c t&1 lath dtrc i;
(1) arrd (2) it iii ay to dorivo a baoic c u tion of tho 1,w of va3'iM
'iru demote l)y K4 the contraet bctwen tho object acid thc~ bk-
ground n~ec ured rrhen it such a it dictancv avvr y from the object
that we c ne 1cet the b. htno cf } h,r v betwean thob8erv?
ctnd the ob jcot, ictance 1ec than i/o or evon 1/10 of the mete oro~
iogic~a1 viu b 1ity ran 4o, oan in prjah ieo ba uccd ?or mr ~u t rent of
contract i:o, Thea~^et:ca11y, of cone, it i conaido' that conttet
KQ is rc curcn ffl the di t a~roo ? from the object, or formula
wii ro tho ooc icierrt oi i;htnooo b io oqua1 to th+ r t do o:C tho lar or
brl: htnc~o (b kgrounli ors tho o1 t) and thu ooof ioiont of tho ght-
atnoopiror c ?oi nu1a ~, Iii' in equation (4) wo 1gt Q. o, w got .- ,
0
o it ohou1d bo, Fo poii'oot1y trnp~-iorit atmoophoroK
0
rodleco oL tho ditondo 1 &tt which tho objoot in viowod. In tho gore-
h~vo oquation (4)
Thu ooof'ioiont 3` o ho Bht-ttmo phoric T ut will, in t1 o
A tuo, bo ro ~rdod o o o to ek b i jhtnoo~ in tho u~ nth off' tho
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
oral OR88a~0 acid I~ Oi end wo
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
obaeot, fQr e1ouc1ie 7s f ky, xc1 also in overcast weather; with he
13kkT 4x u'Qr1f:. 4! QUdy thr ertF'a wL1.i Its !ad1tMrck, NI'1^' Y 37 J if# t?4lk'h rl+f
U there is a dar1c CiQWI in the v Q .n l,y of the object, tht bight
ni;ss o ,p,} c#h is t4akcn r 3 13, thEm 1lhe ee ' 'tcj-ozat Q;i j htnoss :3
c;{ag ?? ated, ozjrepOW .n?iy, if' the C OUd 3 1i ht, hQ c;Q 's'toic
than tia :tetu 1 one, wht.ch hc1c b kept in m.,ind,
L't ~itQr than to ~ct1~r cane; in th(~ econd nrft trace ,t wL1L bo es~?
range or U!T Qb j eQt do t, x~t ire on tbA b ~ ai el' ?'a u Lft (4) ;ii l L he
j{
+tr#f4 !-b
cf
n
th+Y tje t ,s Qb ervcc1 a'aLn,at t~ a Fy lX ek ;c)W t1, thFt co-
otrioleft Qf' 1i ~ t ~c : bc~cora~ s -mLt,v nd or u (ii) QtanpiU~ics ire:
Qnf41a44 ( 5 ) :'i ; u .l1 y r+ n21 Qyc3(I j'C
J~ ct4 c o1t ic,ai si;,b 1t'tr, uxjzo ~aor~f,rt tc~ (ta y irv t cr~r of Qb jectrs
?i1, ~c~:e otY R rtnnt the r ky beck ? a u `i+1 r ~ :riuch r~ l1fe: ibl(:t, t1) et).
=1
it i:'rt
M td :;pct?c cic i vir ihiiity r rn :
1i L, in t icy cf c, i of iaeri1 ior, tthott
iiicu 2 jai ~b j t tf i fct per o t1y'b1ock, ~ Zr Corr cbinri
bt tiad.
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
thc:( Gantt
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
A sumo for x?unp, that an objoct i pb o'vod t , d flt nco
4 1 .~.amQters W,1 K 0.8. Coruput tior n d u ing T be
T'o eontrat I t O.4 tboro QQ:ooPofd tho n'UTbor ~.
Qontr u t K Q, yioidf3 hQ co~roction - 0022
We t 2 t 0 ,
(t= o,1L9
totoorolo is 1 vi bL1ity rang = 6 2 l; for otor,
1: tiro corrootion i not ra ! oC thu ob joot br , htnc ~or~p
~ rund = 1 1i1omotorc.
1idor~:r~1~ Ko -~ 1) rr o ~rcrul,d het = 0097 1
Oontrt boon; orod by moan oi~ n tci+photomotor, hronpv ' o
di rphrrioccopc -? - 11 photomot:ic motbodo, ors, proci oiy by rnornc
o' typo D7 cr o1cornotor .. atr~~rio~~ir~ tnrthod f Conotruction off' tbo
or o ;oirtotor porinito won1'nir~ tlv coritraot of th nbjcct, viowo 1 t ?ou i
it oT?tic Al y3toII, L tiro , Tit va1uo of ? ~Qt~- pry a od b}r ii n qi
tiro c lbra44er c vo off' tho inct.r nt ,ccordir , to c?nputra-
Lion. r~: _ r oc a crnonto two o Vi(J of oboorvntionc ar t ~ orr, Ono
orioo ii ttLon dr2rin tho vrnchout (iota o vioibili~y) a' ho object
or contrc at K, `frith tho dotorrninntion oi' as t o avo a o of n oboorvw-
bion~) which ?1cth v riouc va1uoo of M. Tho otho' aorina yio1do tho
vor"ao vo1uo M at the waohout o ttrndhrc contrast X, which i8 knowrt
to tho oboorvor. o aoown that n oboorvtAtion i aro ciao mado in tho
nooon! iorioa, whiob rooult~ in tha indiv?idua1 valuoo M~
Tho oiiokomotor thoor f yio24 tho ?oilovin
KM
baoi i oquations
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
c ,7 8 9 10
t 3 ~ ,2 3.1 3.0 .9 2.9
1 f
r ? 1o aa~t~r t1~ ~ ma~~~~~~~ a~i~11~'
ha~~~?~rat~r~~ ,
with ra to n~ui 6? i ah OU14 b t 1 ,
gad in ~rc~tn~r7 1i1h~
.
1
tip ~t a a arr~>t.
P
~
' a dtap1~ oaao~~Q~ 1n viavr oi'
~~~~~ a~av
i ~ ;~~an~
ata~~ menu a1 or
c~ by
n 4 a~ rar U)t. Ta m c~ a~~rar
n i lfblN xVsi20 ci,k'b~rtt. tr71' in~
I tha barv~i' Via; not h.
. tO th~ ~ib1t ~d w ~niva.
tO ua~ Obj~ct~ Qi l~r~o
t pvt'poo it to nacaaa
arably
barn pr
tha ab~aat~
t
b
~
~hO14 ba ~.~Oiad fan t
tron~1Y
objet are j
?tIit'1d th~ Obi?rv~~' ~ ~inCO in uuCh
d t1~r o notro~t be
o
t14
i
b
t
t11p
t
Ewa
tj1tt1vci2sy t obi ootfi o~n tt1~ob~ tt~Od~ ii' thoy tr~ ~r ~na~h
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
ODJT
OonLt'erouo ?Qro t
DouDy ?oro t in
I.) wk bu11di1L s
Light hill
TABLi III
?1n Ic O or a et:L on
OVEROAST f TilIR
O,
0,16
uniner
0,7
0,29
?-- ~~
0.
a J
0,43
O, O
-~ ~
--O~ Q
Oponwork tower ; ( try tn u-
1pni0f toworc, cite,) 0j0 0,69
:1JN IN ~ RONT OF THE 3EflV11k
( O1 1 tVATION AOAIN3T LIOIJT )
Openwork ovrorri OJO 0,69
-?Tita tQVff V 0,3O 0 ? --0,Q5
AU otor objocto 1,00 0.00
s1D1r.7S ~O AU ILLU 4I11AT10N
O onifo'ou8 i' orot
0.75
0.9
-0.10
Lf tLry Toro i in ounrno
0.5
0,60
-0.20
Ni11;i
0.4
0?,u
--0,2
O nwark t wor -
O. O
0.69
?
DI1T , 0L(Ui 1LNATION
Oonth raut orott 0.x'0 0,36
t p inwork f o r i
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0.0 0.69 --,
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
~ c~~.taQd m3tJ1odaiagyl
A,ure that the ob~arvu st,mai~ed.
(]i t rlee u = L5 1~j DT11 j 'N by th ~1urnb
r
eoey'tiQn to 012. it;h bhiti, ~
le hnV
- 0.4 0,2 0,20,
~. 1 M
cQer 1o ,~ nt in ?'c nu1t ( ) hug th 'nio: ;r
o1iy Lor JQt t,a 1} v' a Yr`~ ng ? Qa.' v `E ai P r , tJ
d a 1
.~? ~'' t ,
cb j ct 1
" yii Lt; anCuJ,Ltr di R- ~t rf
~ ~bj 1~ -j V ,'dtc1 1'i~ f'~ ~ " 71 /- ~ r Wye f~.ry1 r i
tho ~b jc ct w ,i?L
sF ;y q7y'' 9
f R~ ~ d ~ zM f,i ~.A ~ !
/Ij p1' ctr ta. ~rt4l; .ei~~ ~i1a1 ! # ~f~ Al
i {}fOW3q!i
. k t ~1h'tySx~tt~.~, :#.,.jj
f
?
b
1
s i
t d i L1
d;
1f:i_t~i 'z 7 r Jrt1i jlt~;' I~f) hu = 111
1t it
38V) (st)
Why Uj:i LlL:L :it i
1 t r rt /
~~1(~'1 c;?n(~ I1'1~1r!J7~ ~~44b1+ `.A
a ~~~~ ~1C! U t1j
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
l Qfit Lt$ K and (for 1fTQ ~1r N i d 4~ VMS dr{ ti.ngu ih.1.ng prob
a:tlit (p e ~anc ~a he object ) end rn~1 pr oh b .1.
ity (ioc of obJect vL ibi1ity),
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
P IV
,1e
fE.ccem t object
LO:
:i 1.O 0.80
0.61
S
12
cc;. j 2.2 0
s
?m 'y 2.
Q.O6 2.L5
o.co 2.2 Tn~
of visibil
oJ:o :18t
2.60 0.038
1.0% 20 0.073 2.61
1? 2r +
f.r r` 0.072 2.63
1.9!; r
.~ ?O.071 2.&
2.2L LU ci.O7O 2.66
2..l o 0.068 2.69
2.56 2? 0.062 2
2.70 3 0.0!7 2.86
2.b u 0.a354 2.93
2.98 5 u.0!1 2.97
3.J6 6 0.050 2.99
3.33 I 0.050 3.00
itc c.o 6 Y. ,.y
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Discernment object joss
V
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
Let us take n exa~r 1Q. FAQ' ovaroast wQather at a di anoo
= kiiomet6r8 a dark structure with dirQnsions Q 2
17,E squarQ metors is observed ei1houstte1 against the sky backgrournd,
This autlin6 is visibie over & an~ia of':
T= 3'
From Table TV we dot to cor' ponding value ?f contrasts ,for
discerru nt ?ln K=1.06; for loss of visibility 4n K =i.55.
By introducing thQ contrast correction from Table III we get,
f Or the first instance = i,oo - O, L3 O, b3; and for the t Goond
instance L=i.5~ . O,1431,12. Since for the discernment
of the object (the outline is visible), it can be expected that the
coefficient of extinction 4,13, if the structure is invisible!
1
12
.,
_
teen it is probable that ~> - '-" 0.22. Carr?spondingly, di."
carnnnunt of the structure for a moteorologiaal visibility range of
S >2L atilometors is highly probable. For to m4tooroiogi ai visits
bility ran~o of 5a~ ti t of ~ a ;or which ?1owi :n f iui ! ?o t
?'!ffi ono Tt w ina1 Font iii ti matt r end 1 omi ooo tod by oi~ j a1
o wt ~wpp
Tho tutht1t o the 1i L1 1 it di 'o0t1y pro j,ort ono1 c~
the it1 t o; xp ditu of h M duo to tho moifflw. 0~1 in v r
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
r w o d the outpui L ( ? r) yr 1th: n t T1 n(3 ,ta1vo) , 1n
tDo1)i G , ' Qne avapov ~?t:t on 1 not:1,QQ Lb1 r got ti14 bhc pro ,l4,t tLof
e oi' vh oh tho 'c t 1cp;Lao0 1ihc~ c pew tUrQ oC hit in
do h-nitO cjuant.ity o#' l~oat clue tc not Lure oyclo
s1 h 01' to 39h northorn 1 t tudo ttv) O a , L N 10 po ii4vo'
and to c ondon ton) . 1no~ ..,r tho n r~Q 1U V horia1 and
input duo
,ti1;ndina1 zono (d . '4 reW Q tht\'Q~n Q q)QndiW o duo to v ~ 'r ?r
t ha moi u rf:
' view o ' tho ot1uA1jt~y r o ptt~ ti on and cw p.. or ti. on
scar thQ oni e ? with, it i obv of o that tho tore oym1o is w1 on1 r
-' .,-b ' 1 n oi' vritho\t Fin`' thA tot31 thvz1
0 0L' tQ oPt&o OVtla. Thotvo;0 1titUc11n1 (t%Vib~Xkrion o
t (c ' puts) oi l~ it d,ao 't th ~noio o e o1o, oc rnputod on the
opt
d t t ti i' ow d&, shown by the cur .. ye 1 (
o:C'to 2.
U o?~~~ 1 ors o,C th n; dirtt1l 1 n'O in tho northorf hortrJPho'o
iu o11owfl on iv e e 2 y t 1 v o i v i ~ (1mpoon I r clttt j7) cl ~ Y-
Q" l c ~ ~ ? kr 0 1 o !put (or input) of heat du.t to ooo to cv-
btin ~
s'onto 10 ohown b tho o~rv i (b
tr4iA k~ ?)1fl t t oc= oij 1 t~ho o ni o L ( - x) t n l , wo of tlw
t, i hot too a raool ho ?1o wF oti:ot , which 10
in _{, r 2 by the o'uvo A~ On 1h ht o o off' trio X 1 0& to iol tivo
t~ the g ,t~nQwa1 tho
C Iii t,h i 4tfl'ru~ ~ N oor, o o o 01011, w to iv k tr ~orthorr
o o ha ~o ; nto 4 bLu010 1 1tUdin~1 ono
rrom tha oqutor tp to 10 -1
tidUd northorf, who ~o to the host 1i~ , hn t o t ho 1 r1o
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
i xCo Ai~'iA /P~r P Y'
K
the th-tAtmophro ,tm
(no~rthorn h mi phti )
1t-~ z .4~i,); 3P,; 4 _,4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
pQ it1,ve; r c~?~t:,Q~ b :.anoQ, :,s addeci a Qon darnb1Q input Q
due tQ mQ 3tu~re cya1e - ThQ o QQuroeQ of heat ?nsure tar Q output
o;t: ha i ;f:or tiiio ph rtc end Qc Q~n o c3voetion, L'Qr whioh the vQ ~
parcttLve1y fa;L'row nn r~Qqu torU 1, zonQ repr~a aunt t hfc ba i o oureQ
of h? t Qn&3r it
2. `The t: opiQ i Ancty (this o e also inQiudQ a pmt ai' the
ubtrop e i on), i ih . h i na 'th Qi' Ghc new--Qcju toxial zone, wbero
i'or a pot 1v rati&tinn b& ce, r~ad~.wlly Q rA in toward the
north; Qutput of hQb Qbervd t'or the moi~tur Jyo13, which
roaohc 3 apprs oiab1Q v 1w . Qver~ the re to portion o this one,
thQ ou pit oi' hQ& ?Qr thQ mol tine c'o1Q approacho3 the value of
the radiation b l inoQ, ;fin view o.t rtiioh the output jai' ht L'Qr t-
uQ phor advootion i ne ligibiQ, id th4ro i ni Q ~t~ inr pprQO al~lo
rditrtbutton o~ hQat t- t~4 QcQurrQnt,
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
Lor aU the o onponsnt ~ o tho thorrna1 balano a ar~o approUn toiy ba Lanor c,
that :.o, ail the cQMPanont axo o ooo to Qro ao avorago3 over a yva ~ o
out! o:r tho bh north :th itudo, whore the input a v1 output o1 k oat
Tv~no t on Nono, extonc1in sovara do rood north a d
period,
4, The nortl~orn F~An , wh;Loh north off' the tranoition aono,
wl'oxo tho noativoadiation, baanoo i oornponatocl by tl~o boat input
auo to ((ttuioaphc;ric W~voctiOf, rloiaturo cyoio, lCt, ,n hi hr 1atitud4o,
fail oc tnio eurr~ont
:L or1e+' to dot a corrpieto pioturo of the hQri or~tal boat x-
olron o :I.n yho ontiro ur ao hyo ,coM oo ra l c ho A~., data of i urr
heat
2 ahoulcl bo o~.pp1omontod.. by tho q t;s~to of tho intra1atUudina1
cxo}It1n t ; data thin qbt Vi,fod vi11, howov~ r, bo incf acuato for tho
?u i; o xo o bho ; Cot oi' olimntic ?aotoro ors tl,o ours co phytieo- oo-
fraphio pro r .
i~ It wao notod in our prco'3trr work, intorac;tici batwopr~
rr tur'ai propoieo which tkac ?i?orm vritliin the ontir
oj. r'coIrycioo-3c~rrhi aholl, i
13
Th ,o oirc atar?roo is oonr +,t tad w h ocrttii locaii patio oi' tho
ph r o tho no it i 'itoniivo dcvClol font f thi basic r~ctj 'ui ~
hua, tho biolo oai link o tho our'COloiao-ooral~io aroooo i
ovclol~otJt~ntiroly, cxcopt for is ro11ti1y noliiblo portion a tho
biolor ica1 t oc, in the thft iaycr a &ccnt to tho odor y! ng o 'ftco
(?rotrt ovct i iiiotcr bo ~ow to covoral tt~n of rotor abcvo to lovol of
unr1 njaoc
the
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
aie'cw3 to fiats ~ r VQ ~ flow Q in the mci .. iy ng wti .. o j
iorrnEtiQn end tt, OXQ efQU, taeornQ phe1o iee.1 proee tct veiy
dovaioped ,1 to tt~i~i upper 1,thoai ho e iq r, and rma t et veLy' ! n
th ;U1MQd;i4vte vie .ni1', ~ Qj the w d6r:,Sind r1 Q,
t n imoter/yQ ' .are ea:,on..e5/c r2 r
X20
B
110
r
__&'
0 20 rho Io
20 Lo
, Aquo()uc b i nco oJ' Fi vre 4. Ti eimti bcLctncc Ai
i~ tir1 (n+j the i' ho~ni t;mpt t; ro) land (northo , hcr,iict t~ re)
It i:;; obvio ?th t tt intono tty off' irate action c' X11 off' theEi'
oe occr ion thc i~clvc.;, , c vii with tho e3:i do link othoultJ. ho
o tc ~t in the vicinity of the 1cvoi of tt c n ~ ~ y n of ai oo,
In view of tttic~ in ore to nal the oi'iooto o tho the it
t atth i4 nntt me o J o oyo1o on the pt cloo-oo t ,o ~occc ~ it is
j cco,G ry t,o cofilPilc 1Lta on tho 1 horm 1 m1 tquoouc h . ncoo of tho
udo1iin our'aoo,
??1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
'4k+~a!!M*lIRMANMHM'MSIM9~tlweFfM
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
A i o knQwT, t o thor 1 bat co o the 1 c.1 o vor go tnnua1 Condit ,cano repro r to tht~ aqu 1Lty between the raclia~
do halanco of tho underiyth ur ace d. the mount of heat u d up
on ovap~a~~ -,an and turbulent hoot tr near, 1n o1' to dotorrina
the aver o laI4tutirlai c1ictrib tion off' thorn 1 ba1anoo off' the
pori4on c1i' the northern ho>nicphcro, it i noooo try to d& eni ino the
Uictribution aV heat u oct up on c~vapor& ion, which, havin the aquoouo
ba1un a cthta, con be c~ano.
The avc raEo L t~,tudir~ai aquco n bai mco of the 1 c1 ports o
the rorth'rn hp h ~o i5 Chown in 1 i urc (aoc r 3jn to 5(,
L'vovich [J) + J3y ut=L1i~i t c t cn ona1 di iribu ti on of ovaporrt-
tion, it i poa;aiblc~ to w rnputc host o ~p mctLturc on ovapo ticn (cuvvo
L n Fi uro 4) . ubt~' totin thcoc v 1u c tha tot i1 o tho
rac iation bc1ancc the under yin u ?i'ao (urv9 i , "m nn the
baoi o: ata by T ? , Tor1y 4 (.j nr tit uuthov jj) w t ho
Evora c 1V b truna ors atr bution b~-two n to utino phorc a~ h!~
undor1:fir o~ ~co (cuu'vo P).
atn,oophoro cyctc; does not chi o o it tin (bcin ponitivc cvcrywhcrc)j
the other two noinpononi oi' the hoj n 1 tune' of the u :o'iyin ~ aoo
i nk cu;1littac, ao ootpa jcI V1 th the 3Miintion ba ,~ncc o' the carth-
port ~t, in p ,1tiou1ar, to note that the ~ 1i&tibr~ianco o t-h undor-
Can ar ,z 'i u 4 ~c1 , it is not dif t u1t to oatabiah
that v riationa a thu cornpori rit o the h i~nn1 b i1~unoo of 1rnd 1i r
E4h Q 1c rhi Al 1 Atit1A& &O kli Ai + ?ro n th vFh iF_a1~ion
of tho compt~nonta o hQ oa jt ~- t o; pl~cto thrrn 1 ba1anco. It io irn-
i0o do not harigo their oinn
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
In tho distribution vi tha 1 Qt&, tctrbu ,ent ht put t of the
ura 1oriying atmasph wio euri'aoo attortion is drawn to the ch~raotor
t;L )M imu r in namy 1atit ide&t betwaen and O dQ rees oC no? h
latitude, which was t'irst ?cund by ti-i author and M, T, Yudin [7j.
To this rr imurn there carre pond , weak1y~pronouneed mthirr to od heat
exponth d Lor vapor t-i Cr.
Figure 4 e1ear1y' chow the eon3,dfrab1c variabil ,ty oC' the
absolute vaiuo~ and the mutual inter.-re1atjon hjp of to thori 1
bal,anca C orn onent of land eurToe in difi'oxent 1atitud,it 1 ona ,
FroM the avail h1e tats it c;an be oneiuded that these cor-~pon ~ 'b
aiMo vary con ide?ab1y within the 1iniite oL the , a~ro latitudi ~a1 orios
( ospc;ciai1y t11e quanttie L and P in eonnootion with chaneo in
the aqueou& balance),
it i obvious tt in order to study th off'cct o the thornal
tv fsrer and mcist ~r?~ cycle upon the surface phyoico eo raph,e process,
it is neCC9 ary tc,~ have acta ,unto m thoio1Q y ?pr the doterrninatjQia o
at 1crest two out e~ throe br,u is cr~;~ one nt ref thorrn1 biance of tho
ut~th 1tiyr1afl 3U i C oe, H vin the _ariuecw; b t1anch 4ata (pr($ciia1,taticn and
,'iow), wo r,?m ea iiy dotormine tho amount o heat oxpundgd w ,~ nova
tion (h ) whiio tho dotes; inr~tion o' the athor{ cotiiponento o$ the
thclr ~a1 baianco (fl and ?) is conrtor tod w'ith ct r i tin c f ieulbioj,
In a nunbor o prooodin. wore the whir of tho radiation baiancc
woo conned for aaratc ointt uti1ibin obcor;Wttiatlal data, ao wdii
ac indir i niothodo of C of putation, tho turbulent hat trar~1~or bring
cotiiput d ac the romctinin term tf the that i bai cc c uatioThe
voiuo of Ui i o in t~ation~ wu diminiohcd by the impom ibiiity o
dirk von icatint o tht computed quarttitiubr vti {h track it `dif is t t
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
to ac oo 3 tho corr$otrooo o oo 1put t Lon 1 mettodo r
In on work L7 an t o componcntr~ of tho thermai bc,Jarrco
or a gtvon t d ur toc point wo ~c aotovrn.nod indopendont1y, in
view o;' which the oompict on o tho 'oat rrcc oquation wao ivc1,
thus proving tho ~pprcoi b o aocuracy o' t emp1oyod nnthod of
computDtion. L the noxt work (4J R uoh cc+mput t can wao pcriormc~d,
riot Lor in&1 point, but for corrsidcrabi territory, ar~d there,
t'or the ?'i rat time maps oi the thor i t1 balance c oponen 1dM o tho
undoriyin iud ourfaco WerO corr~tructcd,
Po38:ebtlty of canparai1v& y r1otat1oc1 And accurate ccrnputationo
oi' tho di tributi on o! the thorn li b ir-n c c ornponorrt o o' iand t'f oc c
cirri 'iod in works Y arrd ?cr'Qatcd Ground Tor the u a 0 t,ho
thorfu i ba:thnco rata c 4ori n cur es in he nv ti i:ition ci the
ofi'oct cad clfl t ,c 4' tctc zupon tho our aec phy ; coR do ~ phic prooo~o.
Ira thin cor-nccti1Th it can be ottod thrtt at pro ont corrput'ttions of
thoiarl bi,iarlco off' iori;,',nj ourfaco have be ri ~r~cio with co'tn dogroo3
o#' rtccuvacy for n canciio;b1o pert of tho onti.~ri land mrrfaeo (world
J Qf T. U, t r1yaiId J, r nd othcro).
hovin the data on tha thermal n1 aqucouo ba anoo of 1 tnd
curfaco, it is r~atu'al tt pose this uo ti?ns are the cAmponrnto oi'
tho th? rmai aquoou br lancco i doper dotrt qw litiot or tr they
cnnnootod by rot do i hip upploinontary I;o the ba .,tnco oquatior o1
in rho work (, cl aptor 7 it was sot bit iwi tit the tcrmo or rho
thorma2. and qucouo balnooo to connoctod by one supplementary rdiation-
ship, which id ca11 rho Bonn at4:ng oqu tion. The baeis of rho dovia-
Lion o the corinoctin qu t on ie pro ioatod upon the .~o1lowin phyaioal
coneido~~atian~,
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
Lot u~ ?Ewdy he rc1atjonahip botwo n tare o the thin 1
anci a uoow3 baiar oc ?Qr two oactromo oa e ; in vory dry and het
c:wn to anc ifl vory mai t and o -d oli,mato. In tho in inNt noo
which charactori.Zed by nm :U pro pit tiox~ total anc rcl,ativ ,
largo V&LUoc o radiation baianco, thq coil iq dry, in view a which
all the raoioture o proc~-pikttOfl 'L ?ot ,nad b' mo1ecwU31 ?orcoo on
the o:.1 partjc1a3 and i, oxpondad thou ;h evapox ti nn without xivc~r
flow ?oxs tion, In view of thi it oars be coneludod that L'or t31 ~
?iciontly fare vtIucac cal, tho ratio, cot'ficiont o! Liow,pxoachos
zero or', Lr
what is o uivalont the vacua 4 aproachac unity.
In the apcand ca a, whon tha radictLon biian c is Mn~,aU aid
1axoc~,itat;l,c!` i a raiativoiy 1Lu'o, soil, 1, ir~A a ctxtca ci urpiu
rnt,ictna 3, tho po 3ibla td nurn availabth amount of thcx nai cmwcY
bon ucad fcr vapc Batton, Tha vino of tl i m4JlUT outlay ccr~ ba
acti,r4ttcc co~i iciorinI the v vcMlk natu~ o o the turbulont th ~a 1
oxc1aan1o b 4 on th ~ untl x;iyi. ~ a j xA .rco and tha atino2 ahoro.
M
In study 1-y this wathar, 14 ? . din L'LJ a~c3 in cox~j~ ot1 t
wortcc it ww~ dotc+ minod th! t th turbuicmt tharmoccn(uct1vity of the
iowcr ci2 layer dop nrl c Loticith rab :y on tho dirocti ors off' tho vortic 1
t~ bulc t boat i'low. Li tho o r~ tcmcoc w1n the tr b?alont 'irw is
di:rf at` i 'k 1 thf th tov rc the tit?rios ho ic, tho cor~ci cry bly ~' atc '
ititoncity o turbul't?=t&t rtt in i suit it 1o attt to 1nri3c va,iuoc
comlcrabl w*ith t'hc basic coir-po11(~tc off' the r~r1diition xiti tlrc~mol
bin i i. 4f r 't vu ?1w th iv i i 1tl ~C ' t~ ~' di m
t3jbr tion an icr b1y rotrcc he itit iiity of he try-cfcr, i:n v cw
to t1 ti ib lc at ?1w of hit tjarn o f try bo compur tiv!i
tit
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
A a ro 3uit of Qr P4'iIn thQ ht fl 1 Ve rtt! or? h P 1 VJ'tth
the moi-c accux tc exp 'imcfts 1 C t>a Qn prectpitation? f 1o, v Pcra"
R
1 Lion th:-p at $3 ':.c3 the o u .can
where h, ohs th r PrO nt to hnacrbO1ic tanCent, c~ 1 r1 , .fl() s ,n
rcpoct vciy.
caicr , c/ ,Lju:+.r( eontinc3te ,r
1f u'c Diuti v ri pion of
'r` 1 441' ,t rjcl 4 r tic :,rota
coc
tiro the ~ I M ~ 1 - t V d uoouo b u n
1cco2 if 1,i Wu nit'
W?itinC the ocjwitionc or ?hc nc1 aqucriu bc,l&ncoo or the
or1yir r r co in ho ? ?* in
Li- r
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
(thornkl b&lanco eort pon mts are d?'jvLc1 cl by Lr, arr~ aqueous l1 n ecrm-
(tf'ntk are cUvdod by ?), We;) U- tote that the 4 r~tty~ va:.ue of
tht) component off' tho thexirt 1 and aqueous ha.1aaneo aro eonneetc~ct by
oquationo, and that, ecru, ccuc~ntly, only onto o:f: the o qua1ntitico io an
incopondent variablo This coneluo?on ha a Gartain value in the study
o rho et''oo Qtr elrnatic Aaetoro ors thn ~ aco lr s co- o r .lac
pracooo
:2. 'rho otudy o thr, ci? ec; oj' c~ ,rrra c eo,~ ,on or tlra Rtir'$ tl
Ph/obeo- o ;raPht.c proao can hti v Lo .. r tt:' purpo e the o1ut orr or ,
irnpcrrt,ant ~?retlf~ru
Thti ?'ir t or 1r Q1v t to tho eetalrli cirmottt o QuLmtitaativo
connoe? Qraa betwot rr tho c;limM Lc itctore herd onality ( on boutari c )
of tkro l)cL ie raturai Jrocwreo , whit' ~ in ?ut jrlo 1ou1d por:nit tho ? :nd-
,rr oaf a Loho ri ii thooroti ual e4~~a~rat~i on oj' tht w or~a ,itri phonornotr on
$ol rtiorr or this r'ohlom i~ 'acil y atod by tho conpoi t:tvo1
y
thor'ou :h ampii i_ try o on ruty of "to utat are +o t~ oil h hro-
lo ical ph nouonn, and othors,
Thr, oond pro'bi nt uor~oi~it in tho ahlic otrt of do inito
uorroetian~ hotrvoun tho c1i,eactor~n tho~rrtit~~iv charwrtnr~
i C4 o i i ' t ' i h&ni c ; nth r t w i j i n thin it cti atr '
trrro~tdo with nt difftcu1thjn in thoto fiid n .hvn.n: gtphy
h vin ; 9:rr dor unt ly tki lop t quanntita t iv uh raotc ~ ut e
o.~ ~~rncQcn
ititt n ity Ohio ~o r by orn anti c1 ro for oneib
~ ~ ~ i iti~n for th~
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
dovo1bpmont of tho ooc nd problem rnishod by tho hyc iQJ, '
1mvin vo1uminou qw n. titativo to i on the rivAr flow total,
which way '6poatociiy omp1oyoU ?or the cctab ishmc nt o orpixica1 can-
n$cthQns W1th cii do Factor
The thira prob1om in the study off' o1imatc v?ioot upon the our
?aco phy ,co oo rap/ ,e )roeeo , roiution o vr'ti h i i oorrneot d wLth
tho solution oV tha socond problom, oonci is the an~l1y3i oi' the
ro1o o oimatio condition in the complex char cto , t1on 4 the
ontir phy~ioo-ooiapar rocs -- intcnnity of tho proven.
of the available studio the t~ ~ic p1aoo in tho oiriborotion o1'
tho cited problom, oopoein11y the third oio occupied by the
iolovn Work Q A A. h1 gory Gov,
In our iyolccn this cAnnceton ,rs ,~,~/ nu~~anr o
A. A. u1 ?evIyovl Idea yore ti1i cd cpeci'ica; ly, t112 o ct copt of
the detorminin effect of the t1~ n1 a=id mcai3turo upon the
devolopnent of the k,~ri'n.ao phycnao-oo=~p~,r p~oauo~ woo uceoptod,
Coy iclorinj the proviou i1y cued tht n o' th pot 1. in
thr dovo1opmont of 1ho oureo p)~ynieooorahjc proconn off' cntio
a1nraet4 ri~ticfJ, ro1o:tini to the unt1 iyng ur aoo love/, w aooumod
that tho pl ico- oo raphjo c?r lit i iminodiito1y onnoct d with
th~ diotrtb tion of p r oto o which doter no the oo~npononto of the
t1w: n1 and aqueous b ooon o tiro une1 w3 yi n ot~rf oo,
It vac ootdb ohod teat ?rw the promoter d t r .nc the
Ao1ativo vti1uon o o p ntn of the thormn1 a uiou bal noon wa
o tn` t ~h 1~ do '' or , totio~ ' find do nct dotrtnin
r
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
J. $ omew t to a k4N ur rto, but MtiU a iM o f k+141 M
betwoor thb iQQlinoa oan and the aobotanio z ones rxoa wao otfn
?o' the North A .oan tor.,toy' a1thot h tho av ,1ab1e r~4ia,t
?Qn
ba1arjcao and prooipitatjon 4a a for th a cc ntinar~t wire Qi' c om ar..
ative1y low w euraey. Tt is intereul4n to rote tha eorz'eot 'a 1ee~
ti an in thin e cinputatior of tho extar once aouthwarc iap1accment
Qi' tuMx'a ca#~ Ne~v:owv11a.nd (up to the 4h no~'tho 9n 1otitudo),
r7iux( 7, l~aiinoa Qt tho paraaete(arooe~
~xhatohe4 aroaa 4opiet high mountain re ior~ , )
At tho sauo ti~wa att nti? d 'oeta4 to aQrne 4i plaeernont o!
the ttmt~F4- Corot bowvIa wy toward tho north a eor pared with actuality;
thi 4i e ;op Lfloy r. c n by oxpla o tQ a QonaiUo ;ble de a9oe b thQ
obviQa 1 F r rrc e ~~ r ~;?~ o p 1 Kpit ~ttf?~ try jrti for than o ~o ~ Quo takor
i'vora- t11Lo tvaiiabio &tpa (:r27 an4 other,) 4uQ to ~1~o oworo4 ontimato
off' the tots#it f i1 p'Qcipitc tj0# , As t 'o t#.1t 9
oQ~~~oot .nrr o tho rfoe pitatior~ 4at~r~, ro{a;Pot1=~ bQtw on Qntiir tc 4 ah
act ttai 1Q ati oil v tho ~eobotranjer#1 ono rain bo oonoith rabl im
y prAVOc1
?dr'i'o mo4 ooinputc~tic-nt 1i dU to that th 4ittributior oJ' t ~
baciio oobotafieal ono t onoralli eo ~ru pondQ to thu dit t1 ibt~ti .
Grf r_i
t1tf~tlQt~r I which otorr~i9r~g~ tl~o 1at~ivo va1Uof~ 01'
the comw
porlot to of t1II horm 1 Mn1 a W OUL1 ba1aa o e ? 3t i Qbviou that within
tho bouridi'ioo of the Como ano tho o to oboorvor( r~ to aU
valttoo or tFIo r r ia,th)n b1i:A o of tlio tnndoi'lyjn. o n o ~~o
bL it" a~ the b t~ ~~ ~ e~~ ~o a 1 "of,o~ whitih
1o1 ~a~ to diL'-.
rortrt in d1f int~nit} 1QV, o t1~~ aao piea~. .
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
proc4, In Qrcer to eh r cter L Q zpn i Lon with i?' nt
n n 1, b' ,t is nQo ry tQ Q npiQy two p rin ter , which
UC3ter11ine the ab ca1ute v iw Q the npcnen Q ~ the therm ?i nd
UAQUS l) L~ 1 lcQ , 1QI thj uurpo e, It i convQnicnt A' a ntnnber
o ' r 3:u?Qfl icy e:Le ct the rwmtitio,s 1 nd ,
Lr
TunUr?c
~mdo~rt
p ojtn~t i 1o f th t 1 c ovbotw is ti Conan
(t~o~nhLttctad a~ 1_h noti~iort~
wtd ' o f ha Q dr a t '_rt tin r i :;4 r ' >3h~ w . U1 is find L 1orw
Lr i4l
th( ao poncLin , th iia ,obotttti a :1 to,md riaa baits oli wn
t, v rt.i?1 uid hori ,oftlti iilao, It oahanu tia foie + ' s ch tt ;i '&yh i~
oh n if qtu 9, in view or t a n~aa; tha ~v 1i b dot on
tadi4ii4fl W iLh(t 1f the tro 1aIi Ind a Lori 1 z t1 io-7u, iow tio~ o
the aorroiidii jo1i~tanic1 on Lpprox21I;M try 1U LLhjfat to
L' :lt}Th14 t LUoidEttioh,
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
The aoli line j.n rj io boun the raogion Q , viii
cad r and R (or - 'c' mounta ,n r~ i
once ) , within the iimits oi which
co; nit va1ucs off' tiro :o1amotar vertical
~ 1inos ) dot'inc~ the basic
goQbOtartLQ i ;~ar~oo s tun rr ~ i?arQSt, st` R~ so-p aNcrta~ and docort~
Lars vari.:.t:,onc in tho \raiuo od' ho ?orost zone radiation ba1wco
& ct somewhat ; ma1iox' than os ir: hci otopno conga are due to noticeable
oobotaniaal variations v. thin the bowida ijes o,t' the s t ono , with the
unchan;oct nature off' the plant life, (From the spocia~, featiwes o~ry the
is h in, 9 we oast note he i.n lusion, aceor in to the charactcr.
i, 3tiu values or and L a off' Moist gavanntts in the ?orost rc on instead
Lr
ot: the sto ps ro ion; this , encaraa1l~' in a roerent with the pre aenao
off' ?oreb plant life in such s~rvannaa, )
i,nco the zaoi~ality oL soil is clo;a@y oonnected with thr Nonality
of plant life conclusion t ro oho iAcl tivc to ti crnnoct~,on o plant
3iJ'e oneti with ctofinite vc luoi oi is rmot(rs It anct a ?i - woll
to t))c soil ctnos. Como i oncta,n to this it is possible to e~ t&riLph
ht Lis the '~ari~t~ct~cr irrtc;rtowsos thn ctoii t!s ?rlrio ehra in
the f(UMw`1ng orx1 r: (a) tun4rc~ roils, (b) also bon ?ort oil,
yc1low ochort~, rjE3 soila~ and 1r tit roils (tu wsrioty oi' soil t',r os
in ti gr1oup is connnctotI with rddo Yur'iationp cr the It prrra~cotor);
(c ) blr~ct, arUrn rii black soils oL sav n ; (d) chootnut coils; and
(o ) tray ooilo , Dopondcnc~ of soil on ,ity on tho cli tic ar tmotoro
f1 ti tt 1 can be ex jro
osod in th e onoral ?orm of i
~ ~ ~ ~ rush iimilo.r to
t ht of the pl t ltf ono graph off' 1 i ro 9.
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
.' wj ..
I 1
5 2O
.
2i) 3
4V
'9. QL' rh of Loobotarlioal zorai1ity,
bxtwoon tho zo a 1ity of c] oio jo l a yr o u~~~ to
ono o uonr c tho oyot or (2),
(), (4), A on which it fofowo thrtt Vho coo ;ior~ of Llow io oim p
dO1i:.nt d by tho i r ~n0t, tho u irwt1 t'
log ' tho
Utflk thou 1a a~ oriohtj~ ( a ), (3), /,) !u1ct tht &bavo-oitoi VIufo
or rho p i n1 to1* f r. ;1ro boon i o t OthttiThtt1 + a a
o rot diftuit to ttiiJ that tho turno tho
ooo~rioof
r1rw tihould bo its o Tr` ~ in t1~ ~'or t t ratio botwoon 0.7 to O
r 7j
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
FQY T
i e vc-c3 of
nnodoruto
1ttuciv
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
in toppo from 0.27 O,O, to. It way po ,ntod out that thorn
va1u agroo gat a aotorL1y with tho re uit o.V omp1r oal dotor nay
.
?t:.on o:' :,cw c oO 'i , o'ent o o ' iy c~ o~ o xl~ ,e z on.
oquations (2) (~) (4)
The abr~olutc vaLuor o' ;'1ow to'taLs, oomputod by mc~a,nc oi'
4:e
i~ tiro
aro shown a unction off' H cn( H
iozm of it oleo in the r ph of Fl o 10, which l ; ia1o ou to
tho graph ?' Fi uz'e 9 (t110 Liow to~ilo are ivi n in oontimotor3 por
year ) , T'ho traph of 11'i?ur0 lo ,vo vno i i idem o' thc~ avso
Flow totals in the b1,ci;hyico~oorapl~i~; nano?
Flom the ivo~a data it ?oi1ow than tohyc~oMoo~rl~ic zonoo
h ivi.r,; ccrtatr tylao of p1ant 1iJ'e soil thcrc oorrotpon dofinlto
ra4ationc or tho 1c'; ono ,c~~ont vaLu 6 rd vat o o t1 elim tie
pAraanctorc R a~~c1 . Vlith thin, tho c1t1 tic; oha'aeto tier WQ tv
br
tai-odranttnc t ono and to ~. r}vino tho n t~lro of plc t itfo end tolls, cnd
he order of ma nitudQ oi' flow c oo 'icicmt Tor Lho valley-iko and
flan-1fOUntaifouc charaatCV jai' tin unrigrl n u.
It can be uppoicd that in ountainou ro ion tho iinportanoo
of cl~ic ?actorc And artiou1ar3ry of to indica?Lvd: paramotora on
the su'frico l ycico~ oo ra h c procw i remnino vary rcaat, 1~owavcr,
it is qultc p obab1o than bo idoA the o1iiattio Factors) h a ui or
o cacoo ho vertical ph ` ico- t,o r?tphtti ion it i 'Coot d direot1
by the t op ot a by the unt orlylni sumac o, why Ch chant o c the 0 ors t i ors
of cnri too ?low,
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
.ar ea1ort&
1tc1ation$h:1i:) botwoon Clow totals and ?L1,ma:t,e actor;
Thu uconn ctin quat onto dcpictod rz pheliy n 10 pan
bo u c)d not only Lori coritputi Lion o rho cl arac c~~ ,; , c va1uc off' o
efric .ont' rind ?'low total, n ! ~~ co- o a ji .c onoc, but 1 rn ?'cr
di:L'oci o, ~~r~ u~v~fiion off; flow in ny oA t hic ro ion ocordij to
ci~a?Ltic ciatc, rf'4v if such cp~ tatio wci 11 obviot Ly c;orro pone,
to thi; aoiUtion Q' ofC of tho pJobic~ c, ontorin tnto tho , ocond pi obw
i iM of at~ady oi' thct of cliwttic i' ctorc upcan the curftco phy; ic~c-
lrt c~ hr to vcr?iy tho ro ult o low co put ti r b c ,i n
(:) L o~ i tricof ,v1c i Ada b We n tiro cmi~tttd 'low valuo aL ?9 coy ~
ptr~tivciy rivor rocorvoiw.h tl ??~ d ct' h :iromfa ~io
?lvr dotorinin tioli b Vlundt L!7. otuit: ti i i ooi p trGioori ago 1~cw1
b:, 1 i uro ll, who o tho inca trod vcth oo o Llow coon iicntc ()o pro
show alonL tho ab ci o t, ~ 1 the cotnputcd vnluao o () jo cl c~+ lon
th?:i-rinto~
y ninrj of Uio out r , ) iwt X130 r i on b o o thtt
t#o td~,ilii'oos i, i ooTlo to svn au oxnct thocoticl
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
Fi7ure 10.
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
p:L n ttion ' ' rt4n o~ jrjua1 d pc nclcmaioa c' flow tot~r1 upon
he Q:L t atiC 1: Qtr4 3, aid, part&cu1ar1y off' the dop ndotru 3 at flow
o preaip t&iin Lound b 1 Ur T7 and Ut i. cko ov kLy Q7.
Fi ~urL2 bov-the o rolGd4onthip p 1-ua11y (eurvo G 'Q ,'Q I t
j, L, Q1 o1cv k yi r lattonuhLp for river' Of Ea atom/ urop ; c vc
j3 r? pr'e ent Ke trt cacuatLon ?or tho VVr rtemT vz'opectn 3 ivQr ).
Th wE 3 11O tQWl tho UQpQnclQrne Q,' total L11' w on preei pit xtl On in
a oc daneQ with th c c l a' ~r (2) ?'o;' the v raf va1UO Of r di ttion
bat nu( c ~trac ari t c of h laur opean p1 r1.nf} re ion (curve A)
T hr t)()cl iL VQetllant thr~ roc iJ=tC f L'1ow di)tr Ir '6{L,?IjQf btlSQd
on c I~1 rFl i;' c {,z tta anc3 c~ r tt er ( 2 ) w.Lt'a t rc~ nu birPi L1OW !j tCVi 13
( "' ur7 11) &id v~ith t'1o anp ri ~rl f?~~ ~,f c ~ n ' ?lrv'r upon tha
c?11; ntti, ch~u~ac tjt (jc,urca 12)
p rev t that r )..fl tjC L Ctc~r ;
11 ct o;,t! in is + ' r ; t ,fat?s cC Liow 9~.m 1 O('fn iNe r'ei r"v iirn
cud thrtt~ th to onrau&4 etr ff the tot 1 :'low with Lh ~ +a1tl,ra t c c oncl ttiotr
t
5.1Lit:)n ; ).
: +a1.tit cn n U : i r) r u prQb1C m .nvr~lw,r.rt ?Lho , rncl b'1 ~-~
toy&, i&a f1: t1,1 t ~ -i a, 1~, ~ : afar r 1 a to, ~~~ , ,y i, tltr
, Ott ?ax ~~l f~c x r, f t jt, t tv { onn f t or }i 1 + t+'f~;.i 1 a ,r~ t1
f S tt l ' O1` t Y1t tX1 l Ui r t ~ ~t } t l f~l f~ ; alt la
mut id i 1wIU n ' ct i# y t17fr ?ns , tPIcrfjb ci o}i'-
plc 4iy ktt1rl tht n i ~ i nt ~ ~'~~~ tlr titrnt # 4~iv r l f r :c~ r,~:
f fj pr u t Thy po6t it ilty o tttb1i.fit,1 ~ -~3 1 tt-~
i-tita iii tlit tttri@o n ?utuo apptr itlit.
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
i14i ;uu'o ii. t ra;~~i ~t:.on al'
?1e 'by ,iitiC it;,i
ijf i1i Iir ~( end the C1 s ttC owlition.
. yr r c1 precipittt,ion a
of try jet=nits off' ta
r C1 Ucv i3Mp ~ y Vii. riL:*I y spa , ~e.l ,r
i:Ltinihtpu ar iii t1r 1 ~ct~ ~e~ boo~m~~ n
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
a rvt tmcta '/yc v
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
1 Dui c t1i ;t c particu , ir1y ? ;1r 4 nt to tx o enor i UntOn ity of
' JT; Q p 11 ,G prooea t a whoi3, it :I1s po 3tb:,t do rat up
~i i1 rQw,e:' probi cr limiting the tit to o t ~ of t U pa ;t i cu1 r
1x t11r3 t 1a a n c Qf' ad qu ~t,e date wh oil would p ern t the ~;tudy
cJ' U o ant , ~Q (Qm c of tho :Uiton Lt;y; c1 ,rUGte1~ittcF off' t11o u '
f1 ~f'I ,.S
ro, ;.n t;h~~=' -,~~~itt ~?' tt~k?~~'F c
.1c,Ii A At 4dh
the pll r; o o oL,r Pht { , # ,a the l ;ht of A, A t 9;i 1pS~V r
e fpti on,
t, the a Qt t a ,~ ~ t 1 n~ ~aF1 'V~xL" hi4) Uh o j uni uba t v c
t3 L Qt hou t Li [ ' . tI .~ i ic;tat of t1 k u 'L
rf: ti? i 3 r)4
end :tt (iu:'for~f tit ~~a~ rt1 1 V i iti c1 :fu cnb p1i do
~a i 9 l e~ ~ r t, cyst : net14F ~{~ pt ? z iy
Fdbk~l ~a l dA; t : 4 1~ s~ t~ t'~ d h1I1 rho bsl.
rc r nt 1 j t1i r'o pi of ~;y t1 I , ?d 1tt i in 1
i b,' t'i 1il r tti ~ o' 1 t, 1i st i ihp it cI th
..v 4:i , :3 E ~ 1 t j ~ t 1 ~ ?1 t~1 r ~ ~ f 1;h bi~1o i t1
i 11 g L~1ciritm r-' quarry nti + t per ? r 1ti t tr piw i, ftr tt,
fl AJ ~ w oi2: iii i ' r mt 11 ~ 1 a- ? ~ 1 r ~jt ~- fog v rc1
O$~r) tuLL:L tmow,
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
' 1 t??' i lr' u t St Pi:';!
L. Sh. Vo1okhon k'iy
IN''^Ro 1JcT;I:o:v
Ql Lhe t) ; 3i of tub ~:3 d~j Ln{ :itc ntr y am , 3 oii d Q -r~ ,
rwz C 0MG to c bi~h.~S c +,r1ln1G>.~ phy~,Ytcr-t1 pbono~11o1ionR
Qr c 3 v4Ii"Y1tia zT; :i, a sp ho1 Li note t1-ie i1i 9Qrti' x#t ' pct t1~ tt a ou ad
't; mp'
fo ' ~ 41 kli p1i to 7 0 cte 1r een ii ~r4tdt~ 3:7?
7.tu eN eX'tCfdif ,
'io QcQTUI rise,+pQ}tfN
H'QLttxrr, be1oti tho
4ifr '()fl A`L1 Qf this ?aI) r cQ!ap:u eLitE t1 c a rf a(ty h jh2.y d i i1
c)-it ' l"oh ! r)1u' j t TLc~Jt '1)v lsrc ' r" l rjr ; ,
,1,i' d ; U b1Q +'o i ~{a 41o 'niQ ? t?i rk ? A?~1 inn L1 i1)i . O J 6 t 1~ ` ~iIV~i
~klk~f~~li ~ri;i..th~4f t:1lciOUf(" itt1Ffph)-'c# 1Gt1~'-{'9 a~1ed~
1orit o :I itl nf~t c14 ?''f s+c~1 t C( 'tat .. UQP11h ? 1e 'L1
c ;ua-~~a t t e~ _ r {'tuvo t W1Vi 1C41 tt C'OP
1 1~ 1-~
h{ U t_ I t1 L i' t j Tfl t" t i21It7 t'
t t ~ , Th _ ~h : ~~ -1~ ~ "ob1 ~i vt y io {hut oi'
?r is ;: ? `1} 1 _ r~iioo r ' h arc t ntwni of oun me , tat 1~
?r ~i r0 1i1tt t p rtA.t 1 t o r~ ~`~ th0 1 thtr Toro its
M not 1ei;j t ?t i i its ~rti iiY.
1i this "tr .o ,o wt 11 ihvotiti tt~ o1 y t1 ono n ~ a r t
ob fli1 ~ . the roue vii"ti t h fi ? Vto haU tt k?
t1 y h ri its i1 1 n in th ` o t o tton of hr ovn1 d oomp 1 o
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
,. r pfd : C
vio l ht of i-r)t tity p w ti t V olu;m ;
_ dG)pth; t-time
coon ii a t of tee, ?ii o~ :rat. fctht;
(x,t)- toobur~.
""1R 3 ? hy1l3i that tIIC,S Bub~~~ V qW~tl~~ty th~ .~iVFlG9~
purt:orL o~ thi rouri, ir~x x'o1or~ to t~~ uu~rOn portioii oi the
ho .rab1Om no?oo~it.ttitt
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
} off' rozcm mo . tune, This 'ra],u , Wbic3h is
?unot;Lofl of depth r. an b oonai~4r~~ a mx~ ~~ th6
&haU d not? t ka W, AU o the o atin
that, , the t natrumQr to WhiCh rQg flt~r
the depth a. ' tha ixai.rrt ba36'i are the u1~a~t~,c~r~ tl~at
~
t m,~ ~~Pth th6 vai~C W u nd~r O t ~~rat~cant~.nut~4T
a s o
va:Lufrom to ro. A tuQJ 1Y bhta do not ha,ppcm, and
thirei"oro ~r~~~emetora .nd,oatO ,ri1.y oc~t,nOt?v) paai'tial
nuator aiiy on phy
rii?nt.
of th ?ra~?~.n~~ ~t . Thai , indt fiat-Ona o2 ?reeZ~'mQtox~ dopend
~ ,~ror
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
Wo t.hat found mQ:L t'ura cha i ;
at Zc Q de rQQ O n1 ig dQ (1:1ip;.uve :.)
t ~ v ,it l 1o t p 1opa ate tQn oqk; tjan ?o Qao1 m ad;,urn s
~1(X,t)=a 1 e(x,t);
Vie :tho oor :Lder t.t oh raodi.u;n ha its own CQnSt T with
tiniE d in p oo ~ . tliormQPhy ioai con tint , All r this p rin t
: .:
L,(4)
w N a.F rs nr rw ?w ? .r
~u~ldar be~w~~h two tia$b ' ,i ds
h tU ipp1y ~nodium I to n i; io~i hod of d~torrin& ion of
Tt n rtu1n extent w inn - iko into ~co i the pro oJt
th, rr o ing t mp r tui oontinu and minion of rolnd noiot
Wood by ti. L, Liykhtmrn, Do~trir of PhoiCO~t&tthOTAU1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
[J, Libor t on of ho h e t s c ?n of ioo d
m , r t r n o ilo ,ot~ 'o r ouit a to t ~ r~rto a of t1- ti co~-
eff o:Lont, wq ObU in ito of oot vo v: 1u for t hatero ~fleOU m iu~ ,
wlTict ccansiot o' tho ,'oi nd and two ,1-ate, ol~a o , wlloroin to 'f
b r ted h i off' convection, Mi 'r& on oi? ?ounc mod tutu ttko
p1 wo ciao by uLvano o vo por tb rmo i'iW3LQn. Tho 1&~ont boat of
condonoatiort io taken into
fi'+Lc,tivo v?;1uo Q!' A2.
coourt,utorn~tic~i1y in ooiiaputint the
Wo can continuo the ?ormuial4cn o' ' ai1c3 t tr'ct j~robif rn, 'rho
;pwc ' t ?lotrr of ii t ??rom tjao boun Lary 1 to tr n the, 'two p1 i u1
to ho (1OWnw~U~d fcw oV hoot p1w th+ iat4ont 1~QM' of ?flf ion A ico.
Thio i, the cc-r ieU tin' ond.iti n . Thin ?orn1a io w itton
in ito into rci Form
t
P~It)=K, f aXx z~
'-
0
x=glz?
- i tlio 1a1ont 1roo,t of 'cioc of
(3)
:rt nocrnra t~h&tt up to now, hero h o boon rio cloktr? idoc to
which indox ohouic1 tau i with, x um - ar thorxi (for oxunp1o LT7 )
oft th, tr(1oc 1toyt1wr. Actu~11y the Pronto of t1 v?r~:~tc nitxic,
hLevo tuwiuzt1 vo Mcit~aoo of niovomont, nd opon+ ri, on our point of
rorcrcnco wo ttlco cithor , or
/ Z
1 ifforflnt Vo o tiioo rW UL1~ j the kr one of goat o roe oo~
of
If ice ?1o to i w t r, tho~!o two no otror o , oinco ho depth
it~morcioi foiiowr the tnoipio off' Are imo oo w, 1?rr vto t~ko
lR3 W I h the th.oknooo of ice,
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
i
Th?r 'e two types o? xc.md ?e n:
n ;
:,, (T1 Qa e studis h etn) , I 'o .ng mo t ~ c;xp d~
:,;to thf ?rQ po 'ti on cad' rho capii1av os 4 / , n ~
to thQ r 1 crovolure o1 tho hetoro noun ~m diuun,
2. The around j hi. h1y n~oj t, t rc j lain ?roc ,npce
to the ld thQ xOund sv(:,1$,
conditions (h rt to ?ixQd d ut,h wh 1c h 1 i~ot,
roehid ly te'fns font,) ;
or
=~(t)< 0 (4a)
.;_ 01 (x., t)0
L(Jt)k - (t) 'O.
+ (t) L: (ti1)17 ~td (t) tthi1t1 f . VW ?O' t 0
Tlie tnit4~1 ~orrr~i#,iert:
:. f(x~ >0,
:iii f()kn in the int~rvr~1 , ?(o
moo.
D
?(h) = (0)
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
(4h)
(5)
0.
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
We a.4ok ? or
1i such a ctttf the p abl n hay laoon eons dArab1y w r ilizo
C omp4rrcd vriti~ i,t oLuttQf by to 'r z,
Later m9 ^ o' uc e ui attertapt~ wur rnaci6 to civc th
p n crrnI%Uatc to 3tci'+ n c y tc ri and that ar
~`gl~~.~3rr in
c ~aat can (1) " (6).
V[sj nGt?1 (1 * ccrtai ~ of t1 ; t Trpt) A. U, 1 o1e n kQV in
_. tt the t1 r;ory raf oe ?o'c t c)n ors the t3arM uiEacct; C7
Md made a ; or&ow c 'rcr 1n h rc)1utiQf td;C t1tprcb1 rn, dt r?-
Iy}. l r
flf; ht t ccrrmlfi t la' V uc1(1 . This QI'Vcr~ ct~ t'ctcd b ,T
i~Aictca candid
tc, Q ' rhy~ r.e -j attic at ciencocc-r~ t :t i 2 u ~ r
ho J? curia or cc -Y th r 1e(1: um / , -~hii in t1v doriv~~d cl arac c.p rtic
?quatiorr K C, ni()v ht t tac tiy art wrrcd g (t) tc be a c (,ii Cant .
~
" u~1r c tcir?r irr a rrt ii or c ~ irapc ; (257 L"7 tint
rrtcrn 1 - (6) 1~ tr, caorroet cinc undr11~cd ?tc chact ao1ution.
. c air !1 i::i to1~titn i t,hc 1rcrbl,ty cif
' f4 ?~.ad~~k~rtafc
: cn 1rv )a off' t1j:3 tr 1; t ~ t 0ij~31wit;' c4' 41r '1 c; tl rr,
; try at,~~rr;t cad to tYr1c it t r~cc cnr;t tip+; are i-+r+m c
L. 1 . i~r,~b~~~r~c
t1n;rr1 ~A tl u~1 f Li7 off' ; rndl to 'f , o it c crnYt .
tat ro f1Lf 'cr the Jtrnp1- t try t ~c 3.
r ftjjflt 0$ tb() ooft1itiofl ( ) brit r ti 11y 11y th po ri-1o
ho olutlof mt_t ' n i tho tmport~nnoo o - tbo initi 1 can-
~r~ ~~~ in t
t ' iiiu3 i; nt ~o nO tirr tho ry tht~ noon t4ita of 1 ovri
(t) i3 iit o~1I~ In nt lift this ?unotion :o vory o1ooo tr boi
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
f' he condition
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
3inQ tl~e QXaQt oiut on Q 1 th r$ alr~ (1) (6) ie d to
' n om p Ot Q C s ndP tf ~ r 1 Q ithXfl~ Wt h Vt C1 i s d
r r .a oxirnatQ ~ua~ lint: az) a ut toz,, b d on tQ t $WflPt 1 can that
,fi'unc.:i on a (t) ; pp oaeha$ rjfl& ri,t~j~
DetiptraYf1~t r'~tinn ~1 , ( t1 ) .k ~+ ~a ~ ..
1 #~1rtnin the une M {~o Mh d tt1!1`1r1[ ~ t r~ww 4, w rd o
$ i : that to tl'm jntcvct1 7 ?reinlnl a+n pd ocec+1 i*t:it1'+ M6 M~ iM H
y 1
,' r tr Lii nc1 v ,th this it po biR to fry fld -r,tj ()?
CorAclition (:3 ) yto1d nam. r. i 1 v 1w ;rQr \
--^"'rVNrcrimrir,ro.~a,r^r,
r? 1t of wl ch vT het t1) ?'v,nc;?birM: v(t): (') v(t) ? t b
p . r4QXjrrl1t? or oi: t1 r qu rt + (t) , In th ?ut~; 'O WO
QThit the ba#p ialA 4}r kdC#'ck}t .
}tqgo 1i, C i a
T1 c probi m CiW l r;n ~'J. tQd a;
8 ?(t)40; A
IRaO Kett
dv,
~.Evz
at 9C'u,t)4~ KL j o~ when t>Oi
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
This prob1 n wt h n~wr~1 ; iv d by , g, Lyubcv .
m 1o Ln to ; Q1XCI method h' ought ti soiut?L . o in bi LQr,?m;
x~unc;t t rr and. X, dcyi-4i m:Lned cm the to ~ .M off' bounda:'i
o nditi~ra ; f crfr the two joi t1 into rya , qu t - l ~ uf~ r~ Qper atiun 1
m9th ~ a '''1. author hw1 mad r~it'ic tnt 'rior in this U ti rnir1.t#MP,
?~hiQha;itfxi &f dtvtr'ant iftiE~rii arrteirn into the ?tna E~xpraion,
1 r ?r t hQ ? m t on (t) ? 5 o1nt Mn of th j'r111 b df f otOct
1y ulrfr r11 t df~ ' or
7+c00
i(t)=hif
t th ct t1a ? (p)
t~ d l f ~~~n
n Use-. r t f of f3 ut ~~ ? y. L;, - v h d
(?1.n(1 t3 rj r ) ep4tr'a .i r1 ;
C$=&(p)'
Th turn' tad iii ,hf~~ U
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
Qo icc rin, that p" ~ (his a b ci r baurc1,
Ti
+ n t}: 'arrrn i only valid ?or 11 > -i) and u ;,n
V
s u f ,, t1 O21U ~) b , a , Cb ov obtainod ;
1 rt a r)
P(t)rj (tr)t'
0
th a i s a div ' ot ilttc 'z 14
Aet' 1i1y v'r i~Quif do tho ? i2.q~ =ia
(y) 4xp4po'(y)
~n r ifCt
Th: _; and pj)= o ~(t)
(rin in 1, , Ly bov1 we 'k O (o) 0), thou
a'fr)dZ.
pitij ;;w_ ,!
0
ifftf~nti tU
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
y4.=v
(I (1
(
)e --A
?EJ fr
_U__
~
lr~)e n 1~
c~~ d
it
-(-i___
FA(e
iitLQ (A)
dn
~Y71k-fl)
-P)i' (A
-4JMi)'e
0
X(?)::: -Q pfe~Ptdt
t : tL
A(1)e
ffr*1)%
Chw it thci ordor rf i?t r~itiva~ s
r... CP);-M4Yfi(l)ldfl fe'
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
w cionote to ntovLo nbeg-a1 byj}j,n
t =1+ ? we of
iwd
'
__ p - (W*AY
__ ___
X(1i :iiA(l)e1 d1 ' (v;;vi)L
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
-a~x+r1l-~z ~__N S
"X ~z dK _~~P+z
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
it a,o Q)dif to ()
S=Q
and :3'incC ....? cD
than
Z=(p)=-
p +(Zs1)~
w ( , t)_? -! t2L~ I
T}~un
Th4+(Zs +
P ~~Y }i tzSp~zJ
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
W1rc
14(4 t)== -et%+1%~(z541)
1But [6l
)4
p~
MMM~nMpMN~l~1.MMZMMWNw
e
-
L(Ls*1,)
crfc
(Zsi'1) Jj
s 4i11, th ?rmu d fog "P gy(p) [?j, w got,
a]
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
S,/a' Wej~t
i'i! Y.u-)
x{ -(Zs I *Z
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
zi (t)= -(acD)~ r~ (~) j e trzs.i>'+13 p`g X
l
1 -(2sr
~e
J,.-
-z (25*2)
1. erfC
~" ~ (s+t)
erfc
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
-I-
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
(n n; ~1cture aeQuIc tf
Q,nat:,one wo set:
r
Z()= -4cD()
r ftcr
r! J) nd hoar ot1~ e1emenb~y true
42t
e 8 ro e
z
Y'7*-()
_a
-j--erfc
2s~+t
Lt; wcnk q4 i,t c iiy a?b h.. cri 1uation c4' tho ? tator unc~r
tlao int,' 1 ?cr
thrir 1L1i7
z e:(o,q)
5 ~ $t
0uid?'w
1 i a 11odU1ji to K M rc~np1 tc oUi tcai
IJ a/M1
sin1L 2s? 1~x
=
sn(2:+i)P'xz TAP=z
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
-I-
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
there we have
Lets = K, v!h.oh yieida x
(
sinZs'4)
)
\ (
1
i
I
__
wsaasi.s+ww~ aww_
sh (z~+1)z / z 2s + 1 '
s
5 ?/'
~-L\ Ij):i
ri I~~O
2P1?Nz5+i zj~ z
r
I~
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
cond 1i aor~ent of hQ ?~ r ct on t ~ thQ r~ x~:,
J' L is c jjj'f c i1t to that;
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
Th~a Wa have to i'i.nd
V ~(ac d;:n uichi m. ) 1,)t W3 rater ly j%~~a
y=ie r
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
To c1jtorr.ira
'(g r)
ae=a'a
0
t
4
t
4X
;Q
;
v
)1
-
4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
thu
(p) - z f -z
IC vic 1nt1* :h co
Hu'tOv 3r b o w hid
z - (cD)2 AV1' tJ;
bt iidt
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
A[(3-+)1~=0'
Z1c'p?_..q'c.)2M() >
M(p+z1y),
1 (p) ;.. A1 ('p
Conse9ue,t/y
Z2(t)=xfQ
where
w(p,~
()wfr,)a'e,
-100
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
w tucy
e
F>
but (i. - - 1
-(2s)~ ~z5 (tJ
ThQ9cforo
)~
iv ift i h1ct the VW1t4UOfl 1
spa
L2 `i) ,
(1'o' po itiv# V t Qj $m ft ~ the ~x z m idi con-
Vl'Qnt . )
Cp
A tl Q~ r wrrnt t n Rio , , th fttio 1~idiy
kbi ;19r'ib3~ 1~J Thin i d J ~ st l&~ itr do ci' pUion at ps "-+ 0.
?trm>:ti 1 irIdicLt d t r the, in
rW 1 t ;
- 1OL r
Tha
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
whc~ '
I
-~ff)-ep aerfc(2EV~-I-~~)] 11(21r)dz.
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
t
I:
~
_._
....
~
erc
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
CQfS 3CrUOflt1Y
T
-j- z PI4. cc
e erfc zK~
P~ r
\ __
-}T ,F?& K erfc
1t wrc1;
A (p)('cD)M (+z1) - -(cD)1AC( fzptJ
rr t
L(zff)dr_. w(t,g).
A(t)=x/ (r)dv;
IQ
D)1
C1*Z(s?x)) _
+z(s+1)~
1
Igip +2S)z
~+2s~
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
~Cl~'+zSP)xl
+zs~
P(e)t() (t,e)de
w(M)+z51
,Sind
1s p
then
A(t) =-(acD
S X a ,.
:zsLze
f )2
-4F ;ZIlsZ
~(~) fr__~-E)e as'p' 1'
T
:o4 .
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
)ut :ttj on or
tr n~:or t z ou h th?i earth' i ee acoor~in to it c t,c~mpQratu'Q
v ~'`L tjon (during vint ' rr}. This r R t it hou._ct be re ' c
to pciint ()
edium
Vo f~ic1
-f-Zs~ erfc(jP')} e
(acD)t I q(?)
8. Oe'P `)
Jr-1
2 1&(-)
PS _____
-F Z 1 Se-4e erFc
9iNen
at B= -a=zax
K=h
e f?O;O44A;/(o)=O4 (o)=/(h)
-io
;vt4A; ~Lf'~v ;
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
` hirzti our t y ~a wcii Lr t1~ irz tiny (cafc1jt:o
Limit d )h U't jwob1 Q111 It k at -t' ,c~~ tj
un : eQno;)rl d, it, o t r; ' r corn 3oncr it the 3o ution c>t thf
vJ7(MuI1) I
Tht ntQ 1 ;ti s 'taf ,~ thtt . ~ Lion e)J: t ~ r1r %1 COfdL\ L v?ty
( ;tLy ~A tnd /A. ) ut i j
Thus, rc~ ~ U# t i JI11)if; w knnw:r1nrmi 4f9 A tnc1 ,At
,v~i~st kd 0 ' 111&d4 `~Iryy Idt; 1 cli ,'y, c3 O11~ ' ;(fl1 v:t. 1i~J 11) t 1 1( \' v f1id
tv)
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
'-iY
_____
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
al.d M4 G i'?' ~~~ v Yrr, r~;tE O??l , Vft kfR-+r 1 ~.d P
t
4 d
1 i-f'
I (e' ~r(t-r~l pr~R
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
V t1
~ 1
pi6)e
e
dt -
2-it! -u1(P+2) ( _x(p+)J:{-9)2'
e j,.ie d1J e 4a1LX dX
()
A=pe
/".(ry)e Grp
p)L&;vr1y dvj 0
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
Lit us co, ,d? that, tf'co U- tc thy; cond?then a' the
raa^c-biarfl h th~ l~of ic1uces to a pQ rtt with ro tcrnperatu ;
~ ~'ox ~~ ~ ~ ~
La-b u ta1Q " (:'O a w1-(l?1 not v iim t ~t ,Qn, :3tnce A . tbt dcpt1T
tQ t1 i,cth reo fl dcer nc~t 'b r;d, The ?OCO "c, We c rr OOf 3id6t that
Terc?V'o;L1 :.n the : ntc ru1
A-
1 'e Grp ~ J fri i )e ('Fp 2
p e r? (w+p&,) ., C([p
ptr
? gyp) .
fL
p
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
thQ;1Esf O4'tj
VQ ?act w tI + cn'nfan
1': c:t ti, ~f f i w
4)sii ?ydy
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
7:ere is a ';rmvlc~ (s):
)1'l) ?Z )C shy c (k'-- g )
, O~,ationary Ncrma~, I1,crQptfr
Advur'tve Ivijcrosinv
voctiva- tationarYccon Mymm~t1ic icrosingUlar
'~ri?~
aiionary fl praivo P 1croLi1ar
taticnary DaIarosivc Mi:crobinar
Adv~ct.ivo Microcinguiar
Atvcctiva Micro if U "'
'irct ilayiwnctric ,oroiingUia' rico 5~i 2
Acv?ctiv?
ionr proooivc ~4icrooifGr i0e0
Mivctivc,crceint1Utr
?N.
5,3
o.2
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
192L outhea ern TSB Ukraine
1927 Southaaeten ET
192$ Ultxa~n?
19:1 aou~ea~;ern 1i.Tb, wetoxjn Siberia
outhaa tern T, Vterf Siberia
J93$ gouthea5tern T,
,1939 ~outhea~tern
19L outeaatorn 1T
~~aa~~mum
Average
Avera~q
Avexae
Avexae
Average
Average
Average
Avc~ra~e
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
cII2 c) c~
AYera~e
tht
13 192 ou ll~ i9219uhe~eterxa'
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
(~ ) ______ (~) ,,,,,?sv~sr-srsr-rs~T,rc
('~fl eccnd Aymm rie Micrc$inuir
AdV6,lti Y ~ _?} 11~sktiI
**k~~~ M*1~~1d kJ
Staticfcry
tctionry-AdvoettVe
Mve ctive
Advcc'ivo
tativnitry
AdvdCtiY~
AY C'iivo
Aclvoctive
a ctionf37
Depree tvo 4icrcbilLU1
Norm :L crot~inhr
Nicroeinu:lar
First AeyMraetrlc M3Icro~in r bones
?opreeeive,croinr
icroeinuiar
Micrccinguicr
First Acyu otric ,croAin u~~r aoria8
oprc 3ive tacrotainfr
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/q' y?F1R~f tl ,`f y' "M ~ M i~tS~ y(}~ ~ihI pCC~I~'~'t~1G6 4the i741i~91n~k7 ~~~~~
drou~ht~~ormi~~g
dQ fQt V Q1a r4 tl~~ unity Ar deva;LQPmeat o~ t
bons the gen6x3i oircuiation remains
p~'ocees; as unct?r &,i cvndi
racr?motIQrolo@cai process, off' which tha
unitary, dust as the
proce is alwaY s a :?ifk, also remains ur ita 7.
drought?~a~g e~
LQ. M' one tine tl~e wrtter prQpoesd a scheme fox the
. - ?
m ear cYaiee oi sour activ~.ty ~- tie monars
~,cxostructura o~ the ~~Y
to his soheme, each monar is composed of groups
(15). Accordin~
or J.uctuatione o activitYs united by an internal physical
ea1a~
ntin~ ttV Linal microstages a1 eolar activity.
1inage and repress
s es is subject to wcU.-knawn regularities;
ThQ disl~riuution of r~icxoatg
-
mortars te arq oompara:t)16 to a long subpsrioc~ of
of sy~aetric Yp
ir~dction (2). The structure of as~~n?tric
the 190.yvar cycle -- th6
~nonars is simiiar to that' oi' the short subporiod off' tle 194-year
cyci?. l,'he incJctton ie composed of monare. In turn, monars aro
uation microstages. This siiniiarity repres?nts
CQ2npo8Qd 0' ?1uCt
nQt meriy an ?xtornIl recemt'lances but tho aaanirestatiof o a
a1 causation whit is responsiWie ?or the devolop-
unity u~ physic
mint of solar activitY in its various orders o1L' significance. As
cliktion is comosed of tone of monars, so
the ?ong arm o2 tfl? in
thv sym;notric monrris c?mAooed oi tons off' ~~.uct~atio;~-groups, t-
vided into '~ou~ s Tho asyimn ric lnonar, liko the short
inic~ osvri?
axr o tho indiktion, is cornpooQd o~ aovon fluctuation-groups
Th z'CC mbinncv io not cofl1in~d o OXtornal similartW off'
L
niovts itsa cico in tho intornal ro~atiotchip
~truCtU, but
Aotoriotics of anniogous phasos? The naximum do-
botwecn th? ohnr
volopmont o~ aQttvit in the ou1porioco of tho indiktion is ob-
y
2%
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servr~d in thR singular seri,es~ In the individual monar~ the
maximum m nifesttion of energy is du'in the microstngular series.
The duration of the peak periods during t1 ~ymmotric cycles is
the fbe greater than' ciu'ing the asyirunatric cycles; during the
formor the microsinguiar wrier are composed of four members, the
micro inguiar aid three mieroasymrnetric3, while during the latter
they are composed Qf only threo members, the microSinguiav and
arena ut difforent .lavols oi' subdivision is cozt irn?d by the course
microbinurs, As in the indiktion, there ie a ?undamantat differ-
nnco betwoon the initial phase of a cycle and its final phase of
a cycle and its final phase, that is, the physical asymrneitry of
tho subperioda of tho indiction i'ind adequate expression in the
asy uiitry of the monarr$, This close analogy between the pheno-
two rnicroasynnnc trics, The activity in she symmetric cycles is
lower than that of the asyuunl trio cycles inasmuch as the snort
arm of the inctiktion undergoes a more storm development than th4
long arm, Tie minirnwus of activity coincide in the indiction with
the doprosaivo binary, anci in tie separate n oriare with the daprcrssive
of tho graduai uccumutation of characteri?tioa during the period
of dovoloprnent of ail monare which havo been obnerved,
Table III. givc'a thq distribution of the aaparate atogea and
groupa of ntmgoa of 5 monara ,from W89 to 191th (is). goiumnn b and
? of Table II give tho microntructura.l stages of tho monarn and
the indicon of the mean stroan of solar activity eXprea?ad by the
lativc umbor of sun spots during tbr? ton months from Oetober
of the pracading year to duly of the drought yoar. On mining
TabL? Ii and Figure 7, wo noto that the doprosai a microbinars
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the ~ rinciPal ~,e?velop~rent oi' drAu~ht"
ineide in Limo with ~
CA
tiAna 'the dev~iopment o~ cir
?armit~g praaeaaee o~ Cta ~' type.
cu ~
rra~ ty?a is a1?r9 toted du~,n~ tha
tiA Y
~.at4r~' proceeeea o~ sta '
coura? or other m~cyelan but to ~ leeasr t~agr?s .. tlzv nearer
~,a ~
to the micrQeinular oi' the ayeie, the
the ~iVOn raiCroata~a i6
lOwpr tyre mean acv.ty of the iVet monar (Fiona i~4).
~~,
be noted that thu d,eVeiopment oi' ahVt Ctive pro'
Tt must
al Circulation is encOUntt~r?d with particular
c?gaasa in the ~?tar
oi the microa~,n~u~.ar Cycle. ju.though
frequency during the couree
aico round in other mieroCyciaa, their
advective proc?aaes era
ac
frequency d8CreaAB the dip1 f Ce between the giv?n micracyCle
~
Cnd the mieroeinular incraaaes, and the higher the moan activity
,
or the ivon monar. For thin rc;aaon advective type proce8ae8 oC
an a rule during the ?ingular and during
drou&dt :or~nati?n occur
tde fret aaymetric r aroaingular & riea.
tab O5 and #'rom I+igure$ 2-( tdat the
It i oi~,ow Troia the /5,'/,
catas'ropbic drouChta of atatiOfrry typo in 1900, 1901, 1921,
19~i and 19Li coincide in time with depreeaiYe micael)inar~ and
polar cti" tyt a mean re~.aiivt nwnb~r o Dun~po~a
low ?evela o
during the poriod ?rpm October to July ranking from .9 to 32.3?
o 1b90 and 1891, which bolongod
'rho ca~antrophic drou~hta
to th ?tationa typo, coincided in tino not with dcproocivo micro-
on. '1'hio is oxplaind as ?'olioWUt (i
bin' but with nod
binar from 178 to 1901 (igu:~en 1 and 2),
durini tdo oourao o~ the
ar activity mQ1i ood iow, and conncquentiy ~tation-
crY trrnitn in the gonor CirO~~ttO~i (2) tho
prcdominatod ~,
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particurlT low lev~1a o' aotiVLtT ob~orv~ct ?rvm 1t~? to L89Q
(Ft~uro 1) d to the ne a L oirou anon r maifin ~t a
~a~u~t~
a
ra onWto'~ for tti pr?traot~' preciomifnco
low ~,~v~~ ago ~hu~ being ~
doveLo am~nt o~ the mac~amo~~o~c?~o~~ca1
or 8tatiQfa~'1 actor n the
#ofmaf( N?rrn ~
mkrabinar m~c~obr'na
'J ,u
I 11q
\1
Y%JIWE l ) '4,
J
~ M ~ Sr'n v'ar I
L
,
/Vorrna l
m,crobi'r?or
1%J I
F ,i/tro
s,,,1'/a' I .I
' Is
arison 1~e caurs~ of %e re/ative narr~bers
Z C
omp
, d b4Q monar ,4m /8B9 M
of Mp$ 41;d e micr~sn'twtt
#ts,
7''a drou
st
t
f
rofi
4
typc~c of ca
wa4h the
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Fi9'~rre 1, Relative number of sur~sPots ?2/7d
m~trasfru~tr~re of the rP'o'ar, /878 -/889.
...,. ,ee~ ~.o~ raid iR4B t89! +e9s ~8~ ~~v7 ~eod r8~9 ~-oo~~ooi ~ioaz
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z2 ~ yerni; 7c lie 21 l `! tas fr?3rn? / droll 4'';
,t ? adi' cWi'e 2 - 5 to /?ay, j adVeC7&i Ve
5fatian Y '-adi'ct" ;
w~
i90l IX902 Ji9a3 /94 /or/9,6 /907 J/9a8~/9a9~/9/a ~i9i/ ~/9'.Ii9i3il9/~
i ite 3, Corrirr$on a7 "4e cocI# of ' thy, reltZlt/r4t rnrnuib rrs
0 Jurrs ads and ?'*? D.~ ~"rvC urn o 7" " lam
with 4e yp s of cQ?1a.7'Po,ph,G (3;~ 9.2 74;p
A4r mil
lni~rob~~ar
,Yarr?a, /
mi"cr ? n
~1lGrobiA~~
i9i9 I''1 I *'fI i9i` ~i9i' t/,/9 I '9'9 I1 i9.z# Iip,u I I9~i I /9~41 /925~'9fl.
fitdre 4, ~an~~arison c( die coarse of ,'4E K/a~v~' nvmbers
4f dNAS~pO~.f Q.r9d 7%e MICl~~fYYiSwdf ly1[ mOAeti" yI'ON?1 /9/3?/923
the ~V,i,Gs of e7faffi^o~0,,iit droy#-'`.t, .See i1 .2Ij ends
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w~ cangluc further, From the tables pre8?nted and
Figures 2^a, that aJ iI the catastrophic drou hts of advoative typo
in 1893, i90f, 1907, 1917, 1927, 1928, JV9I36 L9:8, an
19:9 coincide in tiine with niarosin ular series and high 1sve18
Af sour aativity~ thg mean rc~latiV nurnbez' of dunspot8 ciurin the
pe z'io d f rcan Aato ber to JuJ.Y varies from 55, 2 to i08. , and in
19Lr8, according to preliminary data, it readied about fii0,
he drou& is or it$93, 190 , 190(, 19i7, i927, 193 and
19:8 oeourrad during miorosingular eyclss proper, while those aL'
1907, 1928 and J.99 occurred during the f ir5t asyrnint trice oi" the
mieroain uj,ar cyc148. The drou hte of advQctive?stat onar, tran-
sitional type in 197, 198 and, i920 occurred Burin; the laet
aeyinmotric8 of the miorosin ular s4ries, wile the drought of
8tai4onaryadvective type in i92L oecurrod during a normal mioro-
dinarn
t rm. No r++-,
I4i'e & lylr~ro
6innr
, eppg!J,$i,_G
"cro6i n ar
i _ u
/9;3 1 /921 I '9i ~9u I '9tJ I '9's ~ /9ay J''I'9" I I /9jj
&1,e l, COI7M:?Jl'iscrl of fl~itcD~rte fMde r/ofive nvrrrbe.#tt
of" svnspol:~ ar'd ?ht M#CrQStrgdetare of t~i~ rron~ {ro.~+ X9.23-/933
;MP.5 D ~~'ats'~%phrG Cm~jh/c , l.~ 4?Z~r i~erd~
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/9J3 I iii I /943(" I "3G) /J7 (/938 j /9i9 j iUo J/94/ i9A' I 1D11 /94~~
~, Lire 6. ~omPctriion d' Me course of fit five numbers
0f sa,1$,o 'u it nd 44e rr~, ~rosr`~erafvrc t ,f Mt rron ar fro.r, /9.33 ?/A~4
w111%f1, Md? ,/pcs a/' ~ata,rPrrrph ~a dro yh,4s, (/9. 2 ,a~ L~ en d. J
11, ho accurato pr diotion of Drought is poooibie only
if a roiiablo ?oruoapt oi' ~riu unr ral ciroulation oi' tho planotary
atmoophoro can be mid. Doaidoa a knowlr~diu o1 currant procaaaoa
and of the procuding duvolopiu nt of tho g?norai oircuJ.ation, a
?oruoaat of sour aotivity is aiao noouaaa for thin. such a
forucaat Hood not nQcuaaariiy prcdiot in d?tiil each individual
imponbin ?Lucuaeion off' solar activity. nor the purpoac oi' long-
t?rm oiimatio 1'orooaating it is a~auaaaty to know only ado typo of
cyc;1o, itn activity, intunsiy at thu paalc opood, and thu datoa
off' its uxirumua.
8ttiaticai motl1odo at thu proaont tImQ aro appiicabLO noithor
to ?oruancting coJ.ar activity not to rorocaoting thu duvoiopmunt
of planetary gonorai oirou L i ion, in viow of tho brief purioc
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cove by tt~ ae~ee vl Cb6erViAnS An h~Ch the ?0r@Ca&?~' ~-~
'
d
asset oi' th~ devalopmant cif the general
compe:Llod to r81yR A for
circulation t~ made. up Q n tha whgl~ off' sAparats i'oroca6t8 of its
intsnsity, tie of preva iii~- ~x?cesses, devolopment 4~ thQ
~
r~ f vailin~ expansion hd developmont of tho
~,ona. a~. rculat~,ons, pro
transfer' A climatic i'orecaet cannQt ea-
procossos of wort-east
n er days o
tablish the aMa of px{adia1i tha w?ath by '1'h marlin of
~
n of the tizrir~ of ono?t and ?el?se caf the
error in the preciictio
jrc'Ul,ation inereases with to j,en th of the
jndividual s take s of A c
an error of a sin to montf in tho forecast
forecast period, lnus
of solar activity or of the general circulation Vitas no praCLical
liabili'Y Af a alimaic 1oroaast, Tho Forecast?r
affcat on the ra
needs only to know the mean valu?s for the rnicrastaes of solar
acti = the eliabiijty of thoso i9 entirely s~'f ici?nt for
v~.ty t- ~~~, r
L Poneral '1'h?
making a breako:ow~~ of I~C planQtaY oirculation,
mean /cool of th separate miorostsL?s can ba prodictc~d well onough
Q
microctruoturc as a i'unction of the oxpocted
from a table showinf~
?tress thrin~ tt~? epoch of tiro pock activitY. It is i'roqu?nti.Y
possib for the ioreca?ter, who takoa the procodin~ historY into
accour~t, to w0rk out tho ' rritWri diotribution of woo most
tion mambo's on this basis. tut this is poesible
impOrtQnt CU'CUia
.. it must bo undorstoo -- onl with process?a that are stal L4 wed
d
Y
of sufficient ucopo.
'the strdn t onin~ iind s~&w onifU of the go iorai cii-
L2A
O%ALiOfl the ianott. +11lOS h~ i~ brbuLLY irQW'?~ o tho
of solar nctivitY, oxcl'odin~ the abrupt revorsi i~
smoottjod curve
during the opooh of in,ximUm anti tY; The inortift of the onorai
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aubordin?~to pooition in that oiua:Lation, bOcomini strontor only
during apocha of conaiderrbio doprcaeion of Solar' activity. Tho
circu:Lation is detQ ,ned by entire deve1op1nent during the
recodin two ar three ~rsara, With which ti~A i"orACaater' should be
?arniiar?~ polar cttVtty exerts ?nJ,y an ino , ct eit'eet sward
niodit'Yinn this inertia, by way ei' it attain on the hydrob iea1
eonhition of the oceans, '1'hs hie the level oi' solar aetivity
i'ar a liven rnonar (l"year cycle of ao Lax activity) the higher
wiU1 be the atreca of he general circu1tion. The rob oi' advoetivo
pxoeeaaea grows anon important with the atren thenin of the
general etrcu 1ation, while that o it atrionaxy procoa ea rows with
its aiaekenint. This e,ationohip dcponda p~rimariy on the mean
atreaa or he general circulation in a given epoch (oi' tho order
of a sin a monar), and the ibrecaater anoint be very ?arniiiar with
thia manitudo; and in the second place on tine expected mean cause
or aoiar activity according to the ata~oa! When the illean level o?
the iative numb' Af nunapota oxcoads LO, it may ti eoniidentiy
expeoted that thr~ stns oi' the general circulation will attain a
hi&' ,Levo;t and that the atntionery procoaaec will aaeumo a c1oar1y
?oi;towin eyeie a in recent ti~nea conatitutod ouch monor~ z
A NQnn 1O1ativO NWflt oi' SUfletc i'or thu NQnar
19J.7 LU3
1925 0.3
19:r! ~
l9tta co.o (on1 eOtiin tOd ?or
purpoauo oi' o un-
toion)
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wile' on to 4ontra 7, clu' n too cyeles s
Mean Bola ivy Number o;~ guns vas ? - ~ MQn r
189)4 37.8
1.907
tiony process pre~iominated over advectivo prOGes~es. The
i T
e ect o1 the ciroumatance was reiri'orc@d by tho 'act tkaZ a pro"
found de aression of the indiktion (19OMyear cycle) occurred
, , i1.
/~ ~ ~ g ?al /, f On~tn ,icrn'ert s4ow won ~
a. rarer?1,~ & e #,e~+eed) M ) dt Aer#Irht~Q/ l/~G $tiou~
'~ m# mJ~fS l )'4#f f ~,uid t W M$ o/ a u' Me
0 k in,fl~! ?,, ' E
ors rn ~ ~ ~' JeI-J
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during those ;Latter cycles (28).
b
J
9Ldtd 1~l~rDphicdrove 4~sI,,
isj~'~ht~fior~ ?f ~
1s5 .L1 m/ Poc&eJ or 144E / / ,4fre
~
(a) 4it' 190fmS
tni ar ('l)horv ) nsrab6hi01 /,Y Thorf IylloPd/ra' /Q
(ci r res ire
. ( 5;) dSsIMe m'~ bl r, 199''"'7' iC / ,
n v/#ul (4) d r~'~~
'
Dea: )1#t?.7p.)
, ;
,
(8)advecfire ?i~otie'uty #~iPe.
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i3, It i~ r r n re difiouit to ?orccaat tho type Qf
the ch5n~e8 in type of circulation can be rather roiibbiy ;forecast
datos of tho9o transfor phcnonon~ during the past two or three yearn
moridionai tranofer will be predominant, duch fareeaat5 must be
based on the ompirical fact that 'tho Uuration of the period during
which on transfer or the other io predominant inaraases with
dacresin solar activity and decreases with ina ' th in1 solar
activity, Neither ~rainsf'er is oboerved in its pure Lorm at tho
present time. A second transfer is always associatod to some
decree with the dominant transfor, 'With a calendar showing the
eircuJ.ation, that is, to indicate whother tho west-onet Ar
In forooaotin such chsng?a of type, over periods up to oi~e year,
an accuracy of tho ordor of one month is attainab1@,
with tho aid of the i'orr?cast for the intan-ity of the soiar cycle,
hi. Stability in the rhythm of these chap ea also depends
on the ro ularity of the gener&i circulation. 13y the latt?r ie
unoeratood thy; corro3pondtonoo in eXtont ancL in tim@ o#' rocurronco
between corro8polt1in~ procoasea in the oyolo (29). R uiarity
of the unorai circulation depends on thu re~uiarity of aoiar
activity, and ito curve can be amoothoU with rolntivo ones into an
aocura'o a1tQrnation with tho fluctuations of solar activity,
' lie 1947, 1928, i97 and ?9L3 cycJ.da wore roguiar, while thono in
1883 and i69L worn irrogular, and to i9~.7 cyclc wt re uiar for
only some of i to too u,
It must bo noted th~it tho ro~uiarity of ao L i ootivity is
oubjoot to boou1~r upward trond. The wino-typo oyc1en of tho
ninotoonth oontury chow i'~r boo roi,ty than 1hoao enum~ro.tod
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abovtd, ''h ,s re uiarity mint be di tinguLshed frram the inertia
of the gents ' eirculation, l guiarity is introduovd into the
genera, circulation by the rhythm imparting i 'luenco of sAiar
activity, while the inertia oi' the general cirouaLation is due
funuamentalJ,y to t1 transfers of heat in ocean waters and to the
ehaacter of the surfaces underiying that oirouiation,
i~. 1 xpansion of the active zones of the subtropical high
pressure belt and the arctic high pressure boat into tho zone of
ternperate Latitudes is a determining factor in the development of
the genera, cirou:L ttion, For this roaeon the next stage in formu.u
Latin a forecast is the determination of the dominant expansion,
AnalysiQ of the eauae off,' aemiannuaL ternparaturo fluctuations during
the reapectivo monc~rs confirms the fact that at certain loveI8 of
solar activity the zonc of te,nperate latitudes is div dod into
two subzones s a nort-~drn and a sauthern, This division Inani~'ests
itself snore strikingly with noreaaing solar activity; on the
other hand, it bocomea Lena apparent as aolar~ activity siockens.
With intensification of advte
aM s Paee is subordinated, at o iaveis ??' deveicpment oi' 8o1a1'
activity and o? the dneral cirouJ ation, to ho west-oast disp1aeo-
A
merit of anomrtiies and proce3ac9. At hash strevses in the enc~ra1
circ anon, the expansion o the activo pones scr?ono the west..
at transi'er oL procosses,
`l'he basic ?acto2 which dotormtne tho conditions during the
rowing $t aeon aru:
1, type and stress oi' tnc t~aaic transcir;
2, Gatos of too inning and o1 oL the aitorna$ir~ oxpanoion
or to subtropical 1i.t1i prQ?sure belt or the a ansion o' tho arctic,
which ait~rnatcly dos+itto;
tho re uiarity o' tho cneral circuJ,atiof;
ii, t.ho eta or tho monocon circulation ~- whothor stim-
uiatod or dopssod;
, tho oco ,c cirot L tion~;
t, tho wt-oatrmoi'or o' proceat oo.
L9. Wo ohtll now ooncidor th& torritori 1 and .ompor~i
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do,-
distribut arocoas cif drought i'ormation, Under to
' the
~,on a I
tranefAr processes of drought i'ormation
n~tiOn o;f: th~ m~rtiiOn~i
both tl~e youth Russiar~ plain and Central
n+3ver slm~l,taneous.iy embrace
AaiA. Aoros 'chew in eneral the transfer hind
iAS
a territQr ~
rn the eastern M diterranean anct from the Ult~ck
marine air rnassos fro
suaer-
l shed. Tf one cif theso areas is occupied by
ea is a,cco,npi
a
s then the other is taken over at
heated continental r rnasso,
tyre wine time by rrarina and ?'orrflsr marine air masses, and convera?iy.
'When tho reintively rlry anU thQ relniive~,y moist air a?asse$
move irrdCu,iarty, their paths int?rseat each other ftqueftlyt
Wnen they move rogularLY, they remain apart. In the forrer caoo
eo .graphic provinces have climatic and atriOUitural
both physical and g~
conditiono dose to the r1~an vluos for a torn of years, In the
one of the territories Wil,L have a plainly uni'avorabie
,latter case,
narjent ac tnu process of thoutnt forr,ration develops,
agriculturrti enviro
the oth?r will have a cie,arly favorab,ie agricultural environw
while
rn?nt an expreaaud by thu increase of hurridity. This statement is
the stationary type of circulation (i921, the
accurate both for
rouCht in ropoan Ud i() and for itc advoetive type (i917, the
d
drougnt in t1r4 southeast part o?' uroouan USSR, in Contra/ Aoia.
MU in Knzakhatarl).
patho of transport for humid air macro?o are as fol:ioWOt
a. Tyr~11onian boa ?- Mono basin -? noithWard;
driatic boa ?" upper Danubo -- 11b? and Odor;
b, A
c, Lek Boa -- DnOPr bin;
dca .. basin of Middle and Lvwbr Voila ?? ma
d. Mack
bin;
22z
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
Wn ab bast
Syr-Darya bin
nd Flow i ther in the ,rectio of
puthc e and ~ merge a
bake c? me rn to the north ~aF latitude
~~,kal~ Pa~1~s a ~d b , al ~
and d mere at t!~e Upper Voi~a -M From
~5 degrQec 4 ,Paths o
SQIltZhax' tO UQV' ktY.
The northern dry air ae we;L1, fequont,y ?'ol).ow the
mrpse
~
oourse of ale rivbasin. Only tho woatern typo of Kara Soa
rmined by the Ural chain,
intrusions ar?
anera.l circulation, too, is of deoisiva
The regularity of the ~
dvoctivo proossass predominate, When
inFluor~ce in case whore a
than -- if moncoQn jnFluencea are r~baont
this re~ularitY i~ rest,
pat tward ha of tie humid air mesa?s will
or weakened -- the ou
bring ~ Unep basin (in the broad acnaa of tbring drought aithor in the .
word) or in tho Karia Vo1, a i~aain, 9n the dyt~aanio-~nvnaoon air-
d it dote~1~.nea tho ;locatiion of tho
:~ ~ d?v
culation is atron~l, _ oloire,
1'oco8 oi' drou&ht Formation.
r
IF circulation is not rQtutflr, then, duo to t1to physical wt1
c drought cannot dovolop on tho
oo~raphic conditionsf cataatrophi
_ U~, ~xcopt For its oactora and eoutl~oaotor~
~uropocn part of tho
F0rmur ca?o, a i'orr"cact ?F th? diutribution o_ the
portions. In tho ~
l
on tho in~rt `il qua Litioc of thu genora
aFFoat?d ftroaa must rely
1tho attbility of distribution of tho air maccuo
airculation and on
i'orucasti is ?aaiur. Tu ro,Lo of thn
paths, In Ana lat!cr case
rouLenorAl oirc ati?n roducos to tht Fo iowint$
~a~-it~ o~ thu ~
cossos era guar, sporadic t,Oufltts roour in a~
whop tho p~
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
. a3t tranofor io dominant, the iocation
ao. When the w?ct-
noxtnorn anct oouthoxn eubdoneo i~ the
Qi the boundaxr7 bAtwson th?
?irot problom 'whlch must bo celvod. This io do~orminod by the
?or~ca~t i'or th ?xpansior~o. When tha erotic expansion doinatoo,
o
d oout13ward, and 'cane dovQlopWnt othe
this b9ur~dA7 is ohiftQ
~1rOt~h~?~?~'mat~,On prOCe98 iB then coneentxatod on the at?ppao o
outharn nuooia, in the Krimea, ?ra?CaUCi U8, LAwox Voiga, anti
~
the 3. whon tho oxpanoion of tho o+ibtropic~l
''rangvol~a ~t4ppg
doomir atop, the bo~inda'Y is ohirtod northward,
high precouro b?it
and the process oi drout ?orr,lation orn'braeoa the north Qrn raglono
{
ad. Chor1~o~om provincoj Contras Povui' zha
or the UkrainQ, the CGntr
that div'ido them brow 1vn er, anct a crstastrophic drought o
~ al
~ where the ~~hysiaa~l and
dQVe7~op only in ,loa~litio
ircum~tance LavQx such ~eo~raph~.c
dsvoioPmans, (1~9? and i69~). each
c
time, the ~ oxiattn~ rola niP8 bgtwaAn the c~xpan~iono off' tMo
basic act tio
ive Zoned mu8t be tai;on into ,aocovnt.
+4
rho
Whoa the circu~.ation i~ irr?~uiar,
ro h~.c drQU~hto (190b, 191?)
tp
er~.od~ o~ raid
hta do not cur rhythmica11'Y'Th@ p
~poxadic dro~~
an
aot.v tY: VQri otan ?prming oataoui
and otrengthen tinei
t1
In the oam w h proeoo1 hr can '~? ?~~,ar or irre~ r,
way ~- o
on of developmo.Z~t o~ t~Q droutht
ir it io rguiax, then the r~i
s iocatod to the south o ho divioton botwoOn
?o'flnation procooo i
th? dov?opmont CI' sporadic drought over
tiho oub~oneo, roaulting in
_
d
and aLL o tr;oc~tarn iiboria.
4~hon rhoonordi airauation io wca.{~
1w fie~,aaon iiuonao
~
bution o1 catastrophic drou~t io dato
goat aroao, ono dis~ri
-
;, than jo, wi~on indpsnnt monsoon procoonoo are ao~v~?~-,
;;I
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
drouhta oi' the 191 type are i'ormed. hen the genvrai cix'cu"
:,atiQn is stran ly devolopecl rn t the monsoonMdyna1dc procecsee are
a lovely1adda 191I5 type drouhta (Danube basin) arc huilt upa180 wnon the circulation is irret.ar, the diatribUt'ton of c~ataQtrophic
drought iB detormined by the Ui8tribution oi' quasi*stationary
a togother with the monoon-dynamic circulation) ant by
procaaae (
the physical and eo1raphic conttone (190l anct 1911).
When the proceas o? drought i'ormation evolves under the
aegis o the west-east transfer, the paths of disc/'iarge of arctic
air on to the continent of Europe acquire essentiai significance.
It the circulation is e1L1ar they 'cake up a permanent territory and
are responsible or tho i'ornr~tion oi' Zonca of mer or and oi' re ions
of precipiti tion. Wan to circulation is irregular, thcae transfers
t. ke piece along different paths. Tanks to this ?act, the regions
oi' rain"all emcrace various terrttories where aporadic drought has
doveioped ann iessan the acricuLturai effect.
The present paper ivea only a i'irat rough outlino of the
mothodolo y off' c it attic foraoastin~ of tho devciopinont of the
The development oi' rho mathodo1o f of climatio forocaatin Wii
drou ht~fo anon proceac on the n 'open territory oi' the USSR.
?arvo as a aubjoct of i'urar reo?nrch.
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
m Prature pre 3V, wind, end proeipLt Lion)
tiro r rtt:M1r1 o~onoa;
of cf ntt~ro t Un th r ri
fh r ntn: : riN1 n r l r t' '~-r~r
tort:t~crt ?7 veyrrt?n crr~ ttrVy riinu ern t1i~opI4n trr-
ri torh? off' the ?J5 h i n ob r'vo i nt i vi ' tdut1 pott~t r _ - r n r
pJ)4il; :no i~ A f t W r d i r. t. h pain a t~br' nt : 1 r in tirty
~4s117 or tr 1tilo~ft t t CF l!# U} t)f P tit is1 91EVI
ovcir4 h t rri1t~Or Of t n 1 nk o h r.
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0. A. UrQ7aQv
Do in to rooont tires of m~ttcoc T way ccnc+ rrod, wt.bh raro ox
o~tion?i (broc 3s, rnoimt~.ft Vaiicy c~irc iut1.Qn), aniy with he Study
c1
of tilif c1.mat0 of dcrote points, indrrdcnt1Y of whothr c1ito
could be ia1yM d into copnrato e1cmont or complexes of of raronto.
Ther? W 1o rc1atively 1jtt ?o re O U h into tho t iictau~'O oL' the ocur o
of tho ~rc thcr r~ n .very 1aoo t'in t4rire to t no,
Under ~auc i'1 c;o rd~ t; ,err , 11en orro red'er'r'or1 t0 tho c1 r~rc~ ,, at`
torritcr~ prbat :ara41,1'y r ar't via mor iy tho rircro cr 1e ueeo c~
?i ,nt(;rpo f~t{ton ti dr tr for e'jav to Wtt Mtl`ie territory'.
:Lt i ,; truQ tit the com ( U,of l~c~tw fm the ccur'Nc oi,' the v'~cr thor a ~
rrF~t~~c~tau pr$it wrrrv;^ta~r;od, 1')ut tl-'y VI uod cn1f ?'or
wor cL n out n~~ Mgr .Pr;1 f~rrtrr, '' t1 oany 1l Qt' th i C ..
in oo c rrco, Th(1 t tt: i 1 ntrihtlt ()rr r~ ;r3at l~or'
iflDf r't(nt citj1rttic ictcr; it, off' oonc_ir~f to Ui ' r '! hr'r 1 tho
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
1~ro hti~, ccp9nrt~ng on their or,f'in, fW`i,Y ca a s ;C dti wa
f(rcirt tQxrt,tQv:,ai i4v.cturQ, r?nP 'rom to oant4 QuF inc 1r r~r
or a vaf3t L3!flcl i?,h keri territory c3Q~rj t iio Win' $oLd c1 tbUtiOf
ot' o ,L .,jLt,at]c ~ and crop e1r1 aeco cifi to t1~0 pt ? sit' ti fldOV
Q w
"tor'"
t1rit0r.;1 :1.n t.mc cad cir{ouChtr he t~,ra3nsjr)fs off,
t,ho r QfS oc~v ro;I by w .dt prod cnc1 ont tun r~ }~ n , new torir1S,
thUfdQ torm , cr 1e t arc of inter?t, or tho ct .mof ,on (i t? '~
rn no tivc de rc :f1' tto d , icu1ttt ciawod by too p*en)mcfa to
,
ra c ;mct air t ? nflportat .o) PTd tO Qon1~ .c U, r UfQ , are
;i 9ta c+ h prod1 of ng he pay 11 t' t th mder 3to:'m Lor the avic:cticn
t:c rvi( a~ it' i by no uldazaa irr 1cva~)t to kno?r t~rhr~tb c? ~ ~ r f alr nc'
wt . t "i
a ~ a o, k a ~ ri xa , :t 1i ii1 eM tor t 1 " 1,y a c ,
with lr" 11 tui"lit~rcitQ' fit whtoh ark hard to
Ta~~j' ccaa ,1- a~~ ?ri?cironcdl 4j' 1~crr~1 ?r;thc' pnoricna
pce 'in(a cs?~ :1vQf rout( cp1ct 3 y tc th ! c ~~ tr r
? x )U pit cn t1P i'Ut roc thQ c1 ~ r'V'Ji~ Orr a Erwin point (fit
ki.rp1ttnc~ is r1ir1i ) ci tW j , ;;v Jr the ~ j~,r~- r i ~cr Lh ,
? tc+ r~ c g,ni:t ~ 3 t a rt r ~ pot J: c c~~j, e a ? v ~1,y' r~ri t c, y F ivon
Fj ~-~ rt iF U~ P` ki :i h'b it i, rnt rr-~~c1 ~L't t cr, ; into
th) kb # 1 '1t,Y .h3 4#. .}~ ~ 1f4~ ~ 1 V 4 i/E jij 1d_ 9.i 1~1 ~t1.1j~~ V ~m~ lM~ t1EF~ L1 V M Jl ,t..~
the! Y r c r ,r t f cry tar ircr ?~,1 cr r~ ~ t ntorr
i,~ I T1 or t1tiyfi vFd: b#1 i-~ ~j~ x i ~} ! it r iv n poti
~ , n i Li' Of t1v rr , ca ~ f tlit with tit
L't n ett . th by 1 t 11o,1ri , : &inp1 ? Lt th'i b
ic r iit otth ? Th r;ut~ + '
t arm ? . p r month i thr it tt i t h i~h rn. 1w iniiy
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
dayo per month w::L1,1 thoQ bo ?u'nr1anal a1,an; that
r'outc? ~,te ir~Qi'rtt o thQt?uetf of the phahoion the
,nE Yrer wUl bo v ray jdQt ' n tc ; from to 3Q,
ob& iity oi' m ; rp1 n0 ?1 ng al n r t1~ + route anoount Y'tuC
(ran 30 days) in t1 event t'it;, th cur er o 9, Lunc1o to:rM Mat
l/r~(//1*$ /1a( (,pq ? A(
anY #, - point on thQ oir1t ;fir. xs ni.~ m Laot t4 c~
month; :n that oar o, on thra ~ day3 of the month thundo , to rn TLU
bo (b33r'ved iim itanoou 1y ov 7' the ent rA route; &r1d ul~o o days
wiU pro awfz'1t i;)1 b, roc ~ 1M/i fl1 Th cier3tor~iU' 'riU oecw' d1y
1,on&th oi: t1~v ' ut, thoxo , . 1 b t1~~r'? th~1ndo2~it Wt1 4j
hQ thuwlor;3to7'm;3 ffU1 f ouf3iY a tonal over tho onti r
1- ,i i:i'n1 11`x& 1WJHOf , 1iE J t3Q11' wh fir' b twoo Gho tiv' of:tr'omc 1.1-,
bj t it will cw:ror ?'o ''oro t o on13 wrd di4 t'or'ont pahonomont.,
coo ao ic~i i. not n1y Qn hi' ?r Y u fCY lnn the i'utf3 but a1 o on
tare ion?;th o1? th0 'uutc~ and urn to pt~1 truoturo of 1~0 1~orlomo-'
non ?,tk o 1!, T11 i c o ' the u1r to oV , 11)vlr~ pint mtl t col
i h ; cf oto c,~} t1A~ i ~a~ o : t c qtr uC tWo of ?to1d o 111 tae olc~ io .
i~ 11~ ;1' t: e f1'h: a ii b i r4 ,roc phiw 11y i17 ovrn A , N . Lob th v, F.
Tot t tuid ottr ri
V1i it roblENmo nit k1 - fti ~t1~o1,0 } ,ot irl 11i t Y a thn
T'A4=~ IirL r11 it of t 111 r~~ 1 P th orotioU11Y f ?A
uotio : iy- its 1mt o' the oimifo1OE7 off' icnt of i t
lOk4 i Zofonttheir oh no oij, tnt1 the innonti quit{ end int r-
ti t o il L1 1i11i1 t the ?i th ~f r t o' i e io l mn m atir
The 11 th do 1 to ?o ~ ho i-ivnn ant inv tigtt~Mf of t1 i
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
biRm haQ boon cua opec to QmQ c~ tent with the d u ' ?arQb.'
, theory arid oV ad the wt
?'1d h eon done by QV' t oho- r (i)a (2)a (Vi)a
rrlQta c Q .~l t~
A c tat n trounta Q' work It bQQn clono by
theiflJci1v3 n he study o~' j'jol,d t uC Q t' r Qrn tit U point Q viu;'r
'? , Kf1QYJ1Qrl t 3 fl (J(1 n ' 1;Q MaEln V t~ UQ Of bhc
a:Qnt of thQ rrlQtQQ 4Q1QLt,Qal QiQment undcr v ~1 ou con;tttiOf
Ql),ntaifl lope rind, nor 1 &1iE Of vlatFr) , n uorno tsiof w:~ t1l
., : i 'Qb=LQm thQrQ ar Qciatc d q, o t QU Qr hO app1'l c~atton o
} ~U e L i t C-iQr" " v?th. h iQ Qrte Q nQd i'i l It r 41 ~t ~r
4 ? Q1ctr,: Q ~1e,n3nt, thQ tt3Qrv t1' QQ air tin
pot r~ Wt O'' sQt~ .Qai Q',a~aQr'~ ~t1? on w'tw1 tahQ t; +11t'tUVfi1
:1. (fl &1c1
tir ;hQ del it ; butiQf 1Q( t,t Qr, ?Q j irQ Qr
p1ot1 ; ''t} c1t li t?;LQ f lttrt' Qr c ?ail -,
trvQ
$rF
t cQl,lt: t;1'~
arc
e L ~~~~?k~ Y~ tF~Ft _1
l,it:t~tlf{U
nr i it 1. w',th
-~ r ~: iir' ~;~ i:)f1'',v~l tc .bh~, ~~,~~~~,cnl"qtr 1a'Lnti ;l q+t;t.~~j~
it
VCC~ 1 her.?t jta ciWf a.n1 fir uxlt pr t(t : ll
rt r o~ l rir #'rQ r cr . r{r t r tj ts:t vr th t) j?O-
,thy yio,d1t, i,
t,t 13(n f tha pr ~ r i 1t
V n t .f9 ~ p1 nt ftn a 1ef . tt f tiOn z' c r~l
t1
ri Thii it t14 ~ t ~rn n1)111 4f the 1 t 4 ()
Uw d ~ iiK~rt i i ti ti f i '1 i :f4t b; ir4
;tv
1 rl
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
C 131 a O pt h6 ;ti' a~ ~.th()r' rorwttn rJ. jar 0 ' QVU!Ql' ,
ThL3 pitQnof'iefof lr (io x1ec 4ed 'd t+b he that th 1 iiiit
of t 1 (T Ph~f 3 Q t11J pO 6ii 1: v t1.uo$ 0 ~~ m . G r.~7a sip + ; 1i Iar
r .tom the 1 iridt wit t w1 i. 3 they ft1uo Huto ? vivo a
brtiweon to reF.d x at n~ '.l~Qx-, ~ 1-`'~'? ~ tht hadM to 1n' v rL.
n ar Oj' t1 ~11'f'arenco b twc en t1'e va uf1 o thpaa uw tttir1 t
anion a c 1oo to ~~ c11 oth ' ? ~ i? a w)'r xe 'the irrtr;.aL On : th
:31()me, ~a~ ~ K~at ;l a .l+yr jr i11 fQ t Q cmttr r Qj' ,1
p ~ r ,cn.:, prQeo 3 t3- cont ,ncy o' the U a- turbad
T1~ b nc)tnt ?or t mpmrntU' if WQ QP~ r 3tt3 fOt (l th6 ~ r l
3 ~
r?trnta)1y V iu ~ t)u t vr! tb ; ] u f for p r Md 1 or dpi, -y a 17?r
tw'Q ;Co t fl' ;n t,;: tit on t ,t& on
4 f~ 1a~ the t; 'Yi i b 1 fl'~e D1' tIh+3 1 O( 1&t T t a )ta
h~tarlr4le' 1j2 ;J ihc ~Q L 4f }/ of 'lrf toe~eo 'i
4/,t' th+ t f 1t)h~ +j ti3 C4
~1 Ira+,~~ i Tay b rQ:: c1i1:I on, 'i:1hr uA ~t ; off' ~ r r ~ -
t~ =a1intcm ~~ ,I #~ ~`d ,- ,'fix -. g"' t' 1r tt t 4 t1t#ls'16 ~Ix flI o ~dl {=d tr
pry s; n ~ y~~ +t th, tai aY ~ it n ir:Ltu di ri# ` :nt r~' t la 1`'fa7 r'
this, i,x U ?uth,wv~ cvu' try ut~p-~~:~r
V i2 t r ti 11i ~t eta a:1~'- a ~t~ ? j1 j +~ V t 1~ ~i
p c t i11 to xp n e~ f 1 1 in 9 t pft iTh
4tflU@ wuJ bit ?o
}`nth tmiiornt II4tr4
in T tiya, thn i v y It ht v}rr1& tlity ai' ott?pm&tur M n
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f th r i 1Y.4ht yrck, gdhr:S3 it E" U;ho
jth fC
 j1alr~~ ? n 141rt Ir~rcrt
t1n t1;r!1g (lFii:tMilr, i ti s'!i rj tt ~d1 Q+~#17r31V Oi t~hSi
to
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
r'cueflt ri- e to tare? 'r t1'Q arc C Pr n4 'tQ, yr th ; teen the .n
:C thEa rnc1. act an ;1:zon &nW:3t COY djr otton, vhich ao
o the pc1~a 4VE tr Q ' tr i~tcn' t iu 14 att
?ttho pU,a a&biiiUy' Of cQn ,
the grc;at c xpond t~1 o o host with tho t r T n Q tho
flflQ ica(l t Iii 3h oeQ 'rcncc cad tcn~ r~ tea 1o 3o to Q do rQt 1,
v1t in ch r' ,i;r 9 t .c type of ~~h r- or c (Ii atxibuttQn
wh~.eh roc
ov i;hQ cmtr~a L 7 onQ oi' the uric ,, , vrl~,^p ti not round iii
olrrVO ~ y,
t} ~;Y34' Jnt ~~ yh1 A 1ir~ t t ay oi' ' ~a 1i3 a44~~b kl~ v4 qu nbyr.
,4 ' 'tCt):Qil; v I) ? Po1v1ov ccri ' a ;~c the (1ic.pp( rance o
t rrcl~r C) oi'
but c4 curvy 'ov ttti r V~ th no -j1; tiZ' t np I{ tW .
rr1 rhov~ ~1ncrrtion f:l p~ciz , ,a1.3 tjcp dr tom nhinc to ,, ocvt 1i.n r t nt
'i. f n~~ ~t:' tW~ c crarE .L1,ti on to t?A 1c x tti'rccwt tho t~cm ~ rye i urn rat
ita ?~ ctort=, rr whoa the t ,r, ;~ r{ t ~c - ~ c 1cC t11r +u1 1 0 c ca rotc
;rc O 600 k 1~ ct it i 'hit to ti 'icc
1-h3? 4Y~'r orbntJ O
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
notnt ;t";''-~ 1' U j r~or1tf~-rj~c;~~ ho1~r+;~~a Utfo~
fg, t
h r?n ttn yrr ;Iiorrtc o' tf r1 ~:~r~ct,lr'+
M
4
n
2l}o Idhfl qu :
r or h of th11 L&t \~~ r hth t f c' the t~ ~~n cr ..
(fit ncj hhcr'in , r t t&c:n (nx )rcc y by the
v rt nc~ rr by 1i nt nd y trtt
d,ttnc ~,t~~cn tic
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
n tf d end era or c e3 to pr QbbiQ WhtQ1 e g
frMT the , W prc ent QW e11 ~. ~ Ct za 3tiO Q
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
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1300), ;hi1 th vetI part o ibri t i 0,6 (t 0700 how)
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
1flQt only upon the pr is on of t1 e - rig&2 1 C t but a sci upon Ue
c~ra Qr ciftrbuton aid the natw{Q Qf tho lacatof of Qr~
in the 1e MQ 1, T'bo p' e .; iQf Qi jriear rlt6 pQi tb f ?'' pl f8
ur'ceQ hay ic~t;1 +rinc,QVQ4 bi A. ,1',G11, 0- \,'QQ~!
A, .t-. ;11E;po , v l y rv IJ, V. ? var (p), (12), (13), (L4),
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error o tnt rpo1ation ? ( ) (the U =rc~ncc be twt a r,b~ vv c1
I''or t -it siMp1 Q 3t Qt o;C i.nterpo1& iOn X'Okj ti 6 E LULdU3M&1b
point3, .t t 1 Get iI vex1tjr4 * O. n Qc uii to ' i t 'r l
c fro ^ . T Urawing t1u " un i f~ { tt u l3,ty
tbpoll t or. rk f:uC 1 ~' 4 ~r#t i'/' :rii
wt,ti!i w1t th j f Ire rv4 ,~??-~,+~ ~ ~Qn~ th' TU L:n + rit;)iiy toinl`!
j fl ~fi ,n j fr:i? Rf J:j11fir tip ~ o t 'p rt c t' tai'
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
to aecount that bcoausA off' tho iao1 of
It ~uust be taken ~,n
c~.rcumst~nces as ~ whQ18, c~e~artures
uniformity of the surraur~c-n
in tha weather my ranch four t:Uis the moan dopa~'ture
~
a1Rrr~nts
' distsr~cas ~
Therefore anly a natwOr* of etationa with oi about a n assure in a~.1 caws tha curacy Q~ isc~-
k~,,orr~~+rs ba~LwoQn tham Ca
linear departure f ram the norm of up to a,~ degrees
s will sti11 assuxe accuracy within 1 drraa;
distances a~ 200 ki1oU~t~r
do rag n plotting will be ?bscrvad in
while errors exCaac1ins~ U
approxiute1y only I percent of the area, ?inslly, with tntar-
the order off' LOO kilomctarc, althou h orrora
statian distances on
~o will alrady
ag errors ovex' ?i~ datre
wi11 only raxely axcapd 1 d@gr ,
~ observed in 10 to L percent of all thc 1oCa1ities? With rnatOr
~
ens the nccuracy of tsolines up to 1 darce
distanaes between Qtat~. ~ ~,n
is not entirely as6ur~d' At a1i~r~tiC baundaria s (sca, dry land, u ounta
ndin 1 ~ and adc~iti~ana~, stations should
ra~.ansy accuracy fa11s carneapa ~~
ba used.
culat.on, 'hut applied to the ya1uos of
A similar type a~ 0 1
was Wed s thQ basi? of nwnerous studied
teoroloicei e1eflOnts,
ratiat~1 location w~.thirt a network,
by the QUO on tha theory of
bo ode howa ve r, with repot to the
A fors obcarvatione y
tod above . 1n the first place, the divortV4nce
u1CUIaU:Cn8 prOC?n
iolad qun.ntity d9os not rCprc
botiwocn a observed and
t~:On, CtnOC the Qb~CrvCd qu~.nt~:'~Y iC
i1t the e *
~error O~ interpola
thC tieCriOf tflt@rPC~4tt0 ~ ~:rC 1CQ6
not entirely acCUrate atid
th&n , The truo error of ifrpotion
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190014-6
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