MEDICAL AND BIOLOGICAL INFORMATION FROM NAUKA I ZHIZN, 1951

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00039R000200100035-1
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: R
• Document Page Count: 58
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: May 8, 2012
• Sequence Number: 35
• Publication Date: August 6, 1952
• Content Type: REPORT

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Med~.ca1 and Biab0 ica1 Imo
t3 on Pram "Nauka
N 4, pp g~12
t III No 2, pp 2$-29; o ?
item at bott
aka I Zhi xn , Vo1~ XV ~, 3436; No -~,
N
,
of page 23~ N?. No 6, pp~19=21; P 3p~- a O' ~pand Nv 10, pp~l~,3'
% Pp
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STAT
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KAF AVAI VO .aOVKHOZ
Pro:f'essor A.A. Kudryavtsev
A. V? Kuz ' michev
To take ,acts from life, to make eneralizatic-n$ fora thorn
i, ox" thse genere,lizatis ,to actively influence na~
and on tl1c bas
in the necessary direction ... such is the method
tore, to cllannel it
off work off Soviet bioio,istS 'o1lotiTin; .the path L~howrt them by the
great Russian scholar, Ivan Vladirriirovi.ch l11ichurin. 1iflling the
of this highly gifted tr'ansf'ormer of nature, senior zootech-
legacy
na.c the Karava evo Sovltoz in Kostrom Oblast, St~;rtislav Ivanovich
a..n at Lh ~'
. _.yrnan, Hero of ;3ocia1ist Labor, Stalin Prize winner, macic outstand~
5htc,
ili; achievements.
Cane :Call evena.nin 1931 a shepherd. at Karayevo Sovkhoz told
ZootcchnacS hte man that a pregnant COW had left the milk
a.rn ~~.~.~ Sr ~'
herd when they hey were out to pasture She was .found in a , pc e thicket
after eight days healthy, str'on; calf was running about beside her.
. A
5.1. ~'
Shte~ man gave hia attention to the unusual occurrence of the calvinof a cow in the cold. Previously, the Sovkhoz cows had
in warm buildings. And stir., despite careful nursing, the
calved only
been sick and many newly born calves had died.
cogs had :frequently
A:ftet occurrence S?I. Shteyman decided that the methods
~. t11a .5
vkhoZ for handiin, calving cows were unsatisfactory:
adopted in the so
Oc. ,
. of, they cause them to be short-lived, to be
they make the , cf,r s
and redisposed to 'sickneSS. To harden the organisri of the
.flabby p
cattle he px ryoposed that t'a~v,b.a.tia?-the calves in unheated
buildings and that they be given no assistance in birth except in
STAT
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Cash oi' obvious necessity.
The widespread practice in West ~iurope of making cattle soft
aLec1, the h of disease among them. In con~~ciction with
to high g,h a,nc~.dence
this, bourgcais t1scho1arsU hc,d worked out a stupid theory on the una~
va caseS as tubercnlosi$ and 1ruCeiiosis a.n highly
~,daba~.a.~y o~ such d' ~.s
productive ?t rid of theses diseases it was proposed
~r
productive herds. To ~ o
the product1v1ty Of the herd be reduced. The Soviet ~c,otscn.na,cian
an vi gorausly opposed such ~ttheoric:s". The cattle ]bust be
5.1.?. S htaym. ~a
to the cold, their viability must be increased Mw such was
hardened
his new rule.
cwbOVf cattle, emerging from the plus 33 to 39 degree tempera'
al
ture wath ~, the mother into a low temperature ,ure (to minus ' 10
.~.n the body a.~
d. red to work out' a corresponding reaction in response
c~;z ces p7, were .Cos
to this temperature change. The thresholds of reaction by the bodies
emperature oha ni~
of these cattle w'e ^e-'.h ghethan those i.n cattle 4 z~ at outside tempera-
Mures of 1, to 20 deg t.,rees. And the higher the reaction of the body, the
~.
the viabiJ,ity othe animal. ;interpiaying with the var1OUS ex-
~,reatcr
al factors, it became stronger, more adapted. In addition, as
tern
practice giving birth to calves in unheated buildings exerted
~.ce showed,
a-cositive effect an heir off spring, too,
All of these facts were new proof of the proposition that the
life 1. its development are inseparably bound with
al " the organism and.
env traits acquired by the organism in its life-
time are passed on to its offspring.
d that in the calf born in the cold all the organs`
Life coni ir me
tabolisltl in the organism goes on better and,
work more perfectly, the me
consequently, fodder is used more economically. From this, still
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another irrtportant deduotior?1 wa,s made; that the Food va1uc~ off' the
Lodder changes depending on the cireurmstance oi' its use by the
Uving organism. Th~a saa7 ration produced varyi,n results; Leeding
in heated buiidins led to thc, death of many ealvee, while feedin
in unheated buildings caused great viability in the calves and led to
an increase in their wei'ht, to better development of all their organs
and to the h ihest productivity of the aninmis
Previously, calves at Karavayeva Sovkhoz had been fed !~c 0 and
more kilograms of whole milk and, more than 1, 000 kilo rams of skirnrried
milk. Desraite this, there was a considerable 1osc; o:~ calves. This
happened because the calves were kept in heated buildings where the
temperature, as a rule, fluctuated and the air was moist and contami-
nated with ammonia fumes, Such conditions did' riot increase but reduced
the viability of the organism. After this, when they began to calve
the cows in unheated buildings the results changed sharply. They put
the calves in separate' stalls with plenty of straw bedding. Thanks to
this, the temperature of the air in the stalls in winter was usually
considerably higher than it was out of doors. The milk ration norm
i'or calves who had been born in unheated bui1dins was reduced con-
siderably. For the winter the calves received an average of 100
kilograms of whole and 1, X00 to 1, 800 kilograms of skimmed milk. As
a result, cases of death of calves were wiped out completely on the
farm and their gro~rth and development improved. Along with this the
savkhoz got the chance to economize annually on a large amount of
fodder and fuel. Less workers were. needed to care for the calves.
The herd at Karavayevo Sovkhoz is being improved in many ways.
These improvements include the following. plentiful and rich feeding
of the animals, painstaking; care of them, hardening the organism of
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?Y1e ana,nla~.s acarresparl~~.r~~ ta thca.r pcra~cad ai'
the ~acalves, prapc~ ~tisc a~' ~
c1ec?t~.ve b~^~eda.nin order to a~a?L~a.r~ ~.~M
prad.~ata.v~.ty, anal, ~ +, a.na~~.y, ~
sirab:Le o :Ccpx'inl.
es x~~~~'~ l~osto~"tsev, way"1~~~1 out
Candidate a!~` ~ra.cu~.turia. Sca.e?c ,
.,, a.r~~,s in thc~ Icar~~vay'eva .11x1^~l ~ru~.cl~
indexes ,dexcs a~' ~~rad1.~c~?ta.va.l,y or x.00 arl
year It ~~xmraed out that the ~anan~a~.s
wc,r~~ i~aarn at tae same: time of / ,, crew b~~'t'Ge~^ tlaar~ ~r,~~osc earn in the al~r(lr~'x
laaxn Ln the w~.nter months ~,,~'
n in the winter we .shed at the time of their
~;ati~a~s ti7h1ch hs,~a, been bar
Eararn5 more than those ~,rh1ch had been barn in
' the winter gave 26 ~ id.lazixams rnax?r rui.k at their
surrlricx? Cows barn in
. ~,P born in ?G11e sti~m~rle;r. 'Jha.~.c the pa^adlr,ct~.v~.ty
s~,rs't la,c~ta?La.an than those
r amounted to 39i kilogxa,ms or three laces
of cows born in the ,~v,mtr~~ ,r dm
araounted to 3.76 to 3.81 percent,
tations and fat content of the rn1.lk
the verae pradl.~ct. ,,t~ o~ ~ 1;,.nter cows was b, COQ k~,laarams and ?f~ahe
'a.~.va.
i'at Conte b of the milk 3,7 to 3?S perCCnt?
~'at].lnr~s, N.F. n~ostovtsov ostab"
Ialc:t.n~; an ~;~~, uop,~;y of several ~
heci that animals born in the winter weighed 12 p c;r c en't more , the hide
x.,1.5
laver 8.3 percent more, the heart
weighed 19.3 percent more, the
~r percent mom and the kidneys 38 i~a~"cant rnati^e
pG~"cr~n~L more, the lun~,~,~a 3 7 1
than those o C summer cows
at the ll~U noon Instatute o~ ILX-
rho physiological laboratory'
v cl.ic:~ne doing res~;ax'ch can the indexes of the
perar~enta]. Veterinary lle a and dagesta.ve system, e;~tabl7.shed that the
work of t he heart, lungs, and indexes for animals from the Karavdyevo herd :far excelled the same,
indexes c,?.C other herds which gave less milks
~ovknaZ has, far nla.ny gears in el~.ccessa~n, been
Icaravayevo ,,
~ the milk productava.tY oi' its herds
achieving the highest a.ndexes for
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orner1;T, cows which ? av 3,000 ki1of;rams, o:C mi11 per year for
eirht to tcn years were considei very ftn. In all, t1~ey ;av 2L to 30
f~
thousand 1ci1o;rams of milk, ThLs yi,e7d of milk at Karctvayevo has been
inoreascd four to five times. Every year there is an increase in the
number of cows at the ovkhoz, from wh.tch to farm receives 110,000
kilo raps and recce Of milky
Karavayevo iaas etabiished many records Lor the productivity of
its cattic b'or example, posiushnits the Second has givon in one year
e
ov(.r 16,000 kilo ramof milk with a fat content of 3.92 percent' Th
hL >her. daily mi1kin;s of incliv'idual cows exceed 60 kiio~ ran's. It is
remarkable that the record rows give high yields not only in one lactation
bu.t over a period of la to 20 years.
Karavayevo managed to solve many. Drob:Lems on which foreign
scholars had worked without success o The cows of the Karavayevo herd
ive record quantities of milk with a high fat content, a thing which
had been considered rnoossibie For example, the widespread ostfrizskaya
(All-Union Standard Friesian) breed of bi;-horn cattle is reknowned for
its high yields of milk but the fat content of the milk from these cows
is only 3 to 3J4 percent. Cows of the Kostror~l breed, whose milk pro.-
ductivity far exceeds that of the ostf'rizekiye, have an avera;e fat
content of ;3.7 percent in their milk. The fat content of the milk
of iindivudual cows at Karavayevo amounts to x,.67 percent with yields
of over 10,000 kilograms for 300 days of lactation.
In the not-too-?distaxit past it was thought, too, that high milk
productivity and fine qu~ity n at Irflast not be combined. Experiments
in perfecting cattle of the Kostrom breed refute this conviction as
well. Usually the yield of meat frorri the slaughter of cows of special
meat breeds was considered go?d if it amounted to L to 6 percent; but
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in Karava evo oaws which have been re jeotcd from the milk herd the
yield of meat an'ounted to rr~or~ than 60 perc f nt~ Their meat is dis
tine:uished by bin highly tasty, tender, art oi' ha.~;h calorie cone
tent.
1 With every p ti$sin year there is an inQrease at Karavayevo in
tlie number o? cows which give largo cluantitiE;$ of milk distiflgUisht d
.
by it ?? high fat content, and. thei.r productivity and the period of time
a
fi
.~~
ln~a tr r. i k
they can be used by the Larni increases steadi,:1y. At prr~sent individual
cows at Karavayevo and its herd as a whole; ho:Lc first place in the
WO1ld fo yield of milk and fat content. 3uc1~ are the results of usirrf
the I'.ro$~ressive methods o:C caring, for anin~a:Ls, r thods wo:Lked out in
~a
the ovkhoz on the basis o:C TiIichurin' S teachin?,
rl~he principal activity cif the worlters of the sovlthoz at present
is the breeding and pe rfect ion of pedigreed, cattle. lave ry year hung
.
of calves of the new Kostrom breed are exported to the sovltozes
clxeds
ones d' the coun~ i7. xn~ch valuable experience has been aamassed
and, kolkh
in the work of the sovkhoZ workers and. is being; mastered by the cattle
of our country. This experience helps them to fiE;ht to ovexM
raisers
fulfill t1~e Three-Year Plan :Car the development of rniblic cattle raising.
The Party and the Government have praised the a chiever,ient s of
the workers and specialists at Karavayevo highly. More than 30 workers
the sovlthoz have received the important title of Hero of Socialist
at
achievements in the field of cattle-raisin;.
Labor for outstanding
Inspired he high praise Of what thee' have accomplished, ' the workers
by t
z continue their successful labors to perfect the best
of the sovkha
milk herd in the world.
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SCIENCE ]N THE KOLKHOZ FIELDS
Photo: N. Pasha
P. I. Azhirkov, Nero of Socialist Labor,
p._(
Chairman of Borets K0l.4k10 z, Bronni~Gs ' Rayon
Moscow Oblast
Much could be wx'j'~ten about how the Borets Ko1kho became
a" progressive socialist farm, how we are getting high, stable
harvests, how the productivity of public cattle-raising is steaM
dily increasing. The history of our kolkhoz clearly reflects the
"c c' I k, 1".
successes of all oe?\easants.
We live and work under Staiiri's Statute for Agricultural
Artels; we use our manpower skillfully; we use the newest achievements
of agronomic science and technology in our fields.
Achieving high yields, the Borets Kolkhoz settles with the
j. ,
government completely in_ib&..own, time; it sets up all the public
funds provided for by the Statute; it pays the kolkhoz workers a
high daily wage; it invests additional funds in the public economy.
The enlarging of our kolkhoz last year opened up new possibilities
for increasing the productivity of labor and obtaining high yields.
The enlarging of the kolkhoz is enabling us to use the newest technics
and the latest achievements of Michurinist science in our fields.
Bor?ets has been a steady participant in All-.Union Agricultural
Exhibitions. Brigade. Leader N. A. Kastrichkin, squad members A.N.
S tnova, K. M. Frolova and 1, received the important title ofl Hero
of Socialist Labor in l9Lj.'7 and l9Ii.4 for the outstanding successes
t..r_..t: f~:..:.r. 1. ,.. .. ,, o, .. .(' d i r
b-r:. : t,. :..,.. r
1.. .. . ,. : ~..~ ~.. .., ...:,, , ,, .ir r. ,. 1...~ . :.. .. ..: .,.~.. ,....,. ~. ,,.....I, ,. I ,I i, r, Y I fr I.. r,..L.: ~
la+I
AaM~Y C~,.'u I ,,? I v..:1'r !, . , r x,, t y 111 v 1 `' ?: I .: ; ' r r, r+, ` , r r t e, t~J i': , r "r l I ,p? },4 r ~jp! ~{I~
y~
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5 1
~~r~ ~,~F~I~~'l~ 11 ij I 'f!: ftL ..ir')r...7 it r , ,r. ~) 1 Q 4.~ ~I 1 ~?~. ) r,: ...... ... ...... .. ........ ... .. .. ... ...... _ ..._ ... .. .. _.... _..... .... ..... .. .... 1 ~ A t r.l .. . ., ., . , ~ ~ r.. o I r~..t, ~ ,k1 i,.i.. Mh~
i
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of our agricultural artel. More than 2O male and Cernale kolkhoz
workers have received goverrnment prizes meda1s" and orders.
Photograph of author of article
P. I. Ahirkov
In l9 'O we obtained high yields on all the lands of the
Kolkhoz and not on individual record areas. For exsanpie, in the
area of the third field. brigade led by Comrade Mukhin we gathered
from each hectare of plowed land 27.3li, centners of rye, 30.90
centners of winter wheat, 26.14 centners of spring wheat, and
28.28 centners of oats. It is characteristic that a good yield
was obtained simultaneously in four `crops grown in different fields
ender crop rotation With varying preceding crops. The yield gathered
by this brigade is not a record one. Another brigade headed by
Comrade Zavalov received 31.73 centnere of spring wheat from each
hectare.
why has the yield at our kolkhoz increased? Most of alJ,
because of the elaborate care given the > owings and the introduction
of progressive science and technics into the practice of socialist
agriculture.
The source of kolkhozalth, the basis of its prosperity is
the land. The development of all branches of agricultural production
depends on the proper use of the land. We place great importance
on the methods of using the lands and the system of working them over.
All of our lands are plowed under in the fall to a depth of 20 to
22 centimeters by plows with coulters. In many areas, after the harvest-i
ing, we plow the stubble under with disc plows for shallow plowing
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lr1 the spring, after the sowing, we cult:lvat?.
Pictures on page 10 of text
House o,E' agricultUral caltur e at 3orets Kolkhos
Reading room in the kolkho~ library
Plowing under winterw ero p fields
The introduction off' the field grass drop rotation system has
played an important role in improving the use cf kolkhoS land. Since
mastered the proper crop rotation by sotiring with perennial
1938 we have
grasses. The sowing of mixtures of leguminous and cereal grasses in
the fields undergoing crop rotation and the proper rotation of all
for creating a very rich soil. Each field in our
crops is the basis
crop rotation goes through a fallow period and a period in which it
, ..
r
is sown with. pc,rennial grasses. During the fallow period of the hold
thc soil i5 cleaned of weeds. The sowing of perennial grasses is
the for making the structure of the soil nodular. This
the best m
as is sown, is an important factor for very rich soil.
Experience has shown the advantage off' many sowings of grasses.
No less care as required for perennial than for other crops. Manure
must be put on the field and nourishment supplied in the form of super
phosphate s and Calcium c1~oride. Progressive a ;rotechnics helped
the koikhoZ to achieve marked increases in the yield of perennial
grasses. The 19I49 sowing of an area of 3 hectares resulted in an
w
average yield a. 7~ centners of hay per hectare for two harvests.
J
~
much attention to the creation of a firm and
We are. giving
tittle-raising. On the basis of Michurinist
stable dodder base for c
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s,gxoba0l varieties p~ fodder cxapso
r the
oy the 1co11chc~~ ~s a,ncxeas~,n~
~
In ,~,vatan~ 2~ cxppe ? ~6
~ ~
~,7~Q we ac~~,ducted e~examents n au~t
4
~~'~ar ~~l~e mast p~ these came
var~.eta.s-1 under local cc~ndq~ ~t~onsp
from ~ anew m~.~.~,et~ cow, da~ussa~
'the south: soy^gh~, Sudan crass, ap i [E ? ~1aevc~ryanen ~ noxtcropsa , such as
~.cusa.ne a,nda.ca ~ s and others. j
tested. The. last two
e rasa and horse beans were also
annuati g
good prospects' They gave a
plus ~sxenth seemed esp~c:~a~,~.y
crops
,. enter dodders for the cattle. The
good harvest and a.n taste were b
amounted
.~ maxantll and horse beans ' ?
yield. of green 1arae from a
I
y
more than ISO tons per hectare.
r
of Meld brass crop ratataon we
Along with the antraduc'ta.on ox
Tr'ex'tilazer is the read. ti
s._7 the use ofertil17~er5 .
are ` ancrcan~,
as the best' kind o~ ferti~.~.~er.
source of a rich harvest. Manure
`
out to the field in the wan?ber time
i
We .take the bulk of the manure.
and pale it o s t~.ng it with phosphate
e OMton heaps, comp z
in lard ~
e or C fertilizers the kolkhoZ asps k.
fi ertalazer. Along with th g
a large q uant~-~~,~ .~ ?~ o mineral fertal~.Zers an its Melds.
.~
~tpar?tant place is given to seed cultivation smong the
ed in our kolkho~~ As you sow,
many agrateclanical measures adopt
so. All the ;~a,elds
ustlY
au reap, says our proverb, and j
so shall
e kolkho~ are sawn with .the.best regaanally distributed varieties.
a ~ th
we. sort the seeds well, clean them, and careully try' to observe
the sowing, norms.
ulturalcrops ~.ntroduced
Every year new varieties oagxic
~ranomists ..axe tested an o~'
Soviet scien~tasts and progressn.ve a G
by
z were turned into an ,usual labor
fields. The fields of our kolkho
erne and advanced exper~entatban.
ratoz'y of Mich-- sci
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er crop va.Vleta.e~ o~ s ?eds ~
Wa.thoU'L a doubt, the.. prop
sktii;Eu1 waxing over Q~ tY~e soil are the chief factors in getting
~, enough. To be compiete~,y succc)ssIu~.
h~.gh yields. But this is n4 - -
give cure to the plants, fight against
to the crops, : and axia1l.yi we must
in our business, we must diseases and pests Which do harm
s e c~,a:l~ 1.y not be sate ii gather'
~.ons on tame a
per?'orrn all vpexat and ep
ang the harvest.
The use of these a agr'otec11n1cal measures becarnc possible only
ltU1
?
an the basis of ~ra,de-scalp mechanization of socialist agxicu
use of
h
e
Txactars, combthes, saes,rvesters, automobiles, t
th
o~.kha~ workers. easier. Wi
f the k
'
electricity ha~'e made the work o
deepenw
fh
e
provided for
lands
ne
,
w
,.
the help of the MTS we mastered
in of the arable layex, etc.. W~ h ave organiz ed strict control
'
n
r
m
of the work of .the txactor drivex 5, We are getting` such. work f
t hnics? No small. number.
ec
e needs of advanced agro
1
the MTa as meets th 1
;.
$OViet eng],neexs and
as been designed x ecently by
of new machines h
ization of various kinds of agr
de,igners for the mecl .cultural
~n
e machines is a gxea,t help to us in ,
The use of thes
opexata.ons.
inc~easing the richness of ...the soil and the yleld?
.
~ ~.elds Pram almost all
Qur kolkho~ obtained high. and stable ~
gaps. Take -.ManY kolkhoZes in our dis?bra.ct
spring g wheat, for expamp . i~
and avoid 'planting it. There was
oor crop
cansider spring wheat a p ~.
' wheat at our kalkha~ amoun~ad ~ ~.
a time when the har vests of spring }But later we learned how to g
row it and began to
3 to ~ centnera.
gel up to 3n centners per hectare.
h results? xt ~is usuaD.y recomn1ended
flow did we achieve sic
ial xasses. Our results with
eat be sawnafter perenn g
that...springwh
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this we'e poor, But when we tried it after v? a
~ tabus, the yield
oi' spr'ing wheat was considerably higher.
Spring wheat was sown after potatoes, which were fertilized
weJ.l and gave a high yield. The area '
a a s well as the whose, field,
was plowed in the fall, to a depth of 22 to
3 centimeters, In the
spring as soon as there was a chance to go into the
field) we cul'
tivated it and then sowed it?
For the spring wheat we used only mineral
fertilizers: a half
centner of ammonia nitrate and a centner each of superphosphate and
calcium chloride for each hectare. We did
not use manure because
.
we had fertilized the field with it Sufficiently in 1949 when sawing
the preceding crop.
Spring wheat is seriously harmed by the Swedish fly, which
appears in the 20ts of May. But the fl harms
fly the plants only when
they are young. From this we drew the ry
conclusion that we must saw
the spring wheat earlier so that at the time the fly appears the
wheat will have managed to grow and gain strength,
Bee ides this, chemist. y can be of great help in com
batting
the Swedish fly, Last year experiments were
conducted at the kolkhoz
to dust the spring' wheat with hoxach].ora
n, after which the yield
increased almost two and a half times. Now dusting will be ompul?
sour for protecting the sowing of spring wheat against injury by
the Swedish fly.
The spring wheat is being sown with a narrow seed i
dr ll. The
distance between the shares is 9 centimeter
s, less than in other
drills. As experience has shown narrow
seed dolling had greater
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advantages because the seeds are distributed in the soil evenly,
a factor which is especisily important in the case of spring
wheat
, At present we are sowing one variety of spring wheat ~M
"Moskovka" -- which is at this time the only reliable variety of
spring wheat, adapted to the' conditions of. our district. But we
?t 43
are sure that in t he near future our s e rams. will find new valuable
varieties of spring wheat through hybridization, varieties which
can resist diseases and insect pests and which possess good flour'.
making and breadbaking qualities. The kolkhoz workers are awaiting
,/ '
with great interest the results of the work of Soviet scho1s 4ca,,
r_
1 ~e l~r~new wheat, a perennial, the yield of which
a.Cter one sowing can be gathered for, 2 to 3 years. Thus, combining
the achievements of Michurinist agrobiology and the advanced experiw
mentation of the kolkhoz workers, the nature of plants can be per-
fected without limit and the yield increased
Nor does the public stock raising of our kolkhoz lag behind
plant cultivation in its manysidedness and productivity. As in
plant cultivation, so here too we have built on strictly scientific
principles.
Our farms have model buildings. The stockyards are equipped
with water supply systems, automatic watering equipment, electric
lighting. Manure is carried by trucks which travel on rails
al., running down he middle of the stockyard. Water is
gotten an electric motor. Silos and buildings for storing fodder
'Q.
have been built ~o the stockyardd44?he stock are fed
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rations pxaecribed by the ko1kho 2ootechnican'
The ko1kho2 bagan to impxoVO its breeds of stack at he
very Qutset, and today all i' Dora are pedtgreed. Using advanced
ockMxaisan improvin the preparation oaf
scientific methods o,~ s ~
have increased, the output of our anginal.
feeds, from year to year we
husbandry. year the amount ol' milk or each fodder cow amounted
:G~st
kilograms, to '3,L36 pig ' tterin ., was 16 per sow, the amount of waol
shorn was 3,300 gams per sheep.
Broad possibilities in the development of productive stock-
raising are being opened up by the innovators of kolkhoz production.
Excellent results have been obtained at our kolkhOZ, by milkrr-ai.d
~
A. A. Kashlcina. She has. been working on our farm for years. Through
hers 8 cows have been siren bhenE3d. One o:E them, ttLintkatt, gave
7,76 ka.lagxams of milk last year. On separate days the yield from
this cow amounted to 60 liters.
Picture on page 11 of text
the laboratory cottage is of great help to the kolkhoz workers
in, their fight or high yields. Lab worker L. F. Petrova is checking
~
the germination of seeds (at ].Eft), determining their purity (center),
n o f the winter wheat sowings (at right)
and controlling the condo-t~?o
Pictures on page 12 of text
Agronomist S.N. SkornyakOV (left) and granarYman G.F. Gusev
check the condition of the seeds at the granary.
At the House of' Agricultural Culture samples of plants gown
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the :ie1ds o'. the kolkhoZ in i90 are exhibited.
in
5peaka,ng xecLntl to young i jlkmaids, A. A. Kashkina told
~'
data and the experience of progressive
how she used s cjenta,fic
in her work. F'irsi; of all, she set up a strict diet
s~ck~ra,a~san~
and and and abundant feeding. The
;t'rar high mil,kwprvduciflg cows
ration o.~ include up to ~O ki1,o~;raxns oplants
., feed for each . cow
kilo, rams off' silage, 10 kilograms of concen~
with edible xaotsf ?~ ~
traces , and 6 ka. 'logrm as of hay. Chalk and bone rneal are added to
.
thE; concentrates. A salt lick and automatic water supply are set
up in the cow's 'trough.
of course, a such au amount of coarse and succulent feeds must
not be given to the cows at once. The ration was increased gradually
training the organism over a period of three years.
by
The achievements of innovators of production and advance
of the :Fact that the possibilities of
Michurathst science are proof
increasing the productivity of otock~xa~-sink are inexhaustible.
;
The enlarging of the kolkhozes set up candita.ons for the further
agriculture. In con junction with this enlar-
gement improvement
and vernent of new pro gTess by kolkho? production, the party and the Govw
errnnent presented us with many responsible tasks. ,vitally important
task is to strengthen the bond between science and practice to study
the contempoxaxy achievements of Soviet agronomic science and the
experience of advance workers and introduce them into.. production..
Our kalkhoz tainin f close ties with the seientific
is main ~
1n5tjtut~.0ns in Moscow and the oblaste
research institutes and..
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x,~
We ofen have scholars at the kolkho~they give lectures to th?
workers and help solve many problems. Professor Pisarev, who
d tlMoskovkatt wheat, gave a lecture at the koikhoz club
~.saovexed
on"he Agrotechnics o C Spring Grain Crop'. Professor Karpirtskiy
T,
gave one on soils and fertili~erso Candidates of Ag ioultural
Sciences Tyultn, Rodionov: and Pelyaev gave lectures to the active
oi the kol the systun of f ertiliZers, the yield of perennial
khoz on
S, he fight against weds through chemical methods etc.
'~ ~, r
rdSaea
We profited greatly from these lectures.
The center of propaganda on agricultural knowledge and
wide-scale experimental research work at t3orets Kolkhoz is the
Douse of Agr:iculturai Culture. Here there are micro$copes, books
on various problems of agriculture and cattle raising, and fi1mosM
copeso
in both ou, koikhos and others, three year agro-'
Since.19~0,
zootechnical courses which are not separated from practice have begun
to operate. The kolkhoz workers show much interest in these studies.
They try to put their learning into practice.
Wjth every passing g day the kolkhoz~ workers grow more convirred
p ..
that only on the basis of the use of the achievements of Soviet science
and advanced experimentation can new successes be made in the fight
i
or a still reater improvement in socialist agriculture.
f g
-lO
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The Development of I. N. Pavlov' s IdQas
TND INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONM NT ON NERVE ACTIVITY
U ~ A. B ryukav, Carxe pondiflg Member
at the Academy of Medical Sc iencC s USSR
Dr awing S by i Smol a yaninova
The basic featureu of Soviet physiology are nerism and
evolution They characterize the orig .na-l- and singular course o!
the physlob of the fatherland, the ,founders of which were the
~'
s 1 e M. Sechenov and I. P. Paviove They
.sch
great Russian o1ar,
were the ?frt to throw scientific light upon and work out problems
-~
of environment on the organiser and an the estab"
on the influence
lishment of higher nerve activity.
's knowni Darwin at first did not place great inportance
As a.
on the direct influence of environment on the evolution of organ
isms. And only afterwards, in 1867, in one of his letters did he
acknowledge it: ~1Ny greatest mistake was the fact that I underes~
the direct influence of environetent an the organism, that
txmated
its, the influence of climate, food, etc., independently of the
influence of natural seiectiono't
Lon before Darwin, the outstanding Russian evolutionist,
A. Kaverzrtevy lea 'ned to give full value to the role of the effect
of environment on t he evolution of the organism. But an especially
important discovery along this line was made by 1. N. Sechenov. He
introduced into the 1tscientific determinationtt of the organism the
influence of the environment, the .unbreakable bond between the
development of the organism and external factors, with this he
STAT
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opened wide sci,enti is hcrizoris for rsaearch on t he evolution of
funetiona in genox'al and the evolution o1 higher nervous activity'
in particulate The fundunental prop?sitiofS for this problem,
which is still as importanlt in our day wers formulated in an
amazingly' clear G~nd profound manner by I. M. Sechenov in 1878.
'~Gomparative study of animals", he wrote, '18haws,...that
the progress of material organization and life does not go in
straight lines but branchea' going off on sidetracks in pees.
,
Here, on these sidetracks, the influence of the environrrlent in
wbich the organism lives on that organism, or, to be more precise,
the conditions of its existence, t ells on the organism with
particular forceo...External influences are not only necessary for
life but are at the s ame time factors c a,pable of altering the
material organization and the nature of life courses. o Q.Lvery-
where and always life consists of the cooperation of twa factors
-? determined but changing organiza,tiorl and the effects of environ-s
ment.....A further factor in the successive evolution of the animal
organism is, as is known, heredity -- the ability to transfer to
onus offspring the changes acquired in the course of an indivi4ual
life. is
Thus Io M. Sechenov through his teachings on theoneness of
environment and the organism. added considerably to and developed
Darwin's teachings on adaptation.
[Picture on page 19 of text:
I. M. Sechenov
{ti x 3
~'' .
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to P. Pavlov, even in the vary begir~ning$ of the studies
which he developed, pointed to they broad svo~.uba.anary~b~ologica~
basks and more than once emphasized the tia be~-ween his studies and
Dax'wini$n. EqreSoing his opiniona on the evolution of higher nerve
act P Pavlov proved that the physiological mechanism wactivity, ~ p o ,~
of which the animal adapts ha lse ` to his enwirOr~rent is
the help
the conditioned ref lex.
Jcknowledgingtogether with I. M. Sechenov the fact that
certain acquired conditioned reflexes are reinforced by heredity,
I. P. Pavlov made the mechani.iia of the adaptation and evolution
of the animal organiszn concrete and thi ough this, on his part, added
to and developed Darwinism
Academician icA M. Bykov, in a report at the joint session of
the Academy of Sciences USSR and the `academy of Medical Sciences
USSR devoted to problems of the physiological teachings o
I. P. Pavlov, noted the f a:Llowt ng in the section called "The Teach-
ings of Pavlov on Higher Nerve Activity and the Problems of Ecolog"
ical Physiology" "r2}ae teachings of ZA P~ Pavlov radically affec~
ted even the general biological problernus of the evolution of
physiological functions. For a long time our outstanding biologists
have given his teachings attention and have used his ideas and pro--
jects'n their works"
In recent years the study of ecological problems began to
acquire a systematic character in conjunction with the research in
the laboratories of K. M. Bykov on the problems of metabolism, heat
regulation, feeding, etc,, and with the comparative pkirsiologica1
study of higher nerve activity being done by many of the associates.
working with me o
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Our laboratory' which has started reee ch on thf3 comparativs
physiolO o conditioned reflexes, is careiu11y studying the xo1e
~'
a;" environment in the establishment c higher nerve activity. A
use.Cul step in the study w'a$ parallel research on animate which are
the slle in organization [speci..alJ but have di 'f erent environ bents.
~S
Thus, we experiment on such pairs as hazes and rabbits, wild and
, domesticated ducks, hens and partridges, r accaon"doge and dome&4Ca'
;
. Expanding on the types of animals studied, we select
ted dogs ~
those whose natural surroundings and conditions of 1 XLng are es~
ecialay' typical in their influence on the organism. For this
p
reason we stud birds of prey, river beavers, etc.
rj he ecology of conditioned reflexes proved a difficult sub w
ject of research. But even the first results we obtained show how
irportant this field of science is for comparative physiology.
[Pictures an page 20 of text.]
1. P0 Pavlov
[right] The sta.mulus ( ammonia) has different effects on
the respiratox7 movements aC the kestrel and, the partridge.
The first thing we established is the different effect of
staxrxu:L? on different animals or of different kinds of stimuli on the
same animal. For ekample ammonia affected the respiratory move-
mentu of the partridge and the kestrel in a cornplettely different war.
In the kestrel it invariably evoked an obvious depression of res-piratory movements. At the same time the curve for the respiratory
is
movements of the partridge remained abso ute].y uwnchanged~ This can
a
Y{ be explained from an ecological point of view. The partridge,
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sight . Taut the legs ~xe1, a bird
relies much upon ~.:
uses its a~actc,ry organs 1~a a area
'~~ Cr;~Q~19 ? - ~r4 'Gk~~
o~ preY WhiCkl ~a
these ar aX S were c ui`te , ensttiV~
ex~ten`~; hence a in h a
wtunania.
._,/`.,ereu?G~.nf7 results were obtaa.ned in a study o~ tilncarLd~.'ta,oned
xnt
a,? ' tLa~a.c bixTds. The ~a1].o~r:~n~ sound
ef1~?~r 'a;C the he~r~s o~ wa,1.d ack J
a?the' ssme type, were used crack
stinu~.~, da~x~en~ ~n f, orra but
Wr 4;\ ~t/ v 4P c~ in This t1.e~
s a~nt"h to sp1ah d water a
~,~.n~ (breaking p
M
a c ~s showed that there was no hc~^'~ re
bell ~pera~uen`ta an ~ ? ,ca7. du~
ac ].o The normal heart pu~.satians action to the crackle and the bF~ ~~,
t the sound of the crack~.a.r~~; and 171
176 per minute changed to i1.2 a
~~1Zen the water spl~,rhed the number a
the sound of the bea.la ,n(
at
pu u~~e and at the 5~~und of the whas r1.e i
:lsa~:tans ra,~ to 2~Q per r~~~.n ~
reached 2O?
T wbea't is explained, ev~.darx~t1Y's
The qu~.ckenin~ of ' ~~~ e h~:a~? ~
b he fact that the splash a~ water ad the whistle s like the raise
~ e
y r ~'aX.~iTl,~l
bird of prey, are sound$ which app
of the w~.n~s of a swooping
onst~.nt~~' coming up against in his
the s~timu~.a, which the animal is G
liied Sim.iar resu1?tw were obtained recen~lY a.n e xpexaaflents an hares/
was it possible to find a s?timu~
On:l: after many expexinlents
y
~
ius ?ve of [produced a steady dsteady ' change in`?
wl.ch steadily changed the cux r ,
Of the. frog. This 5t:irnU1us was the paux:~~g
the xespiratary maVern,ent
the ~'ragm T~:e connection between such a re~
of water an the head of
flex and bura~,~ ,l holding the e breath when div'.ng is obvious . The
na~.~a.n~' ~
athe heat 'rate acted the same way in
reflex of the xe?tar~
ers when `their heads were put in
Cher diving anama7.s (ducks, beau )
a
water. At the same tame, in animals for whom the same stimulus was
'
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~>~
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., the raecoox1) the rosponge way a quickening oi' the hr t rate.
From thesca observations we drew to T11owing pz'ix~cip1es.
In oorn;parative physiological research the proper e1eeta.on off' stingy
ul.i for th~r gstabliehrent off' the conditioned xxeficx is o;C great im"
por'tanceo The physical or chemical prop rtie the st~.mu1i do not
in t''hernselvcis determine tha nature of the~xeaction to ita The latter
depends entirely on the physiological significance of the st unulus
The proper selection of the stimulus is detsrmined by the relations
between the given animal and its environment.
Dept;nding on the ecological peculiarities of the envirorirent,
the anirn i for the most part uses different ,('orrns of receptivity in
adaptative funrtnns. 'fl1is js confirmed, for example, by the lack of
under olfactory stimuli
tii'?erentiationf between the partridge and the hen' and the very in-'
tense xeacbion to them by the Ice strelo Hence, different ahiral~s,
depending on their habitat, for the most pant use certain sense or
garis and only secondarily use others. In different animal, these
principal sense organs are different: in some, sight, in others,
olfactory and auditory etc.,/'l"or example, for the haze the chief
se~.og~~-~,.e the auditory, with sight and olfactory , oming
seconth
[Pictures on page 21 of text:
i: left] in studying the unconditioned reflexes of the
heart of the teal it was established that stimuli which differ in
:Corm but are the same in type evoke a different' number of heart conk
tract zonso
(right] The reflex which retards the. heart rate comes in-'
to piny when water is poured over the frog's head.
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:Ltnportant ?~ots WG '4 obtained x'eoent1y in ob$ervattions o
wild ducks , crux object was to Lind tho stimuli which would aUect
their o1'actor organs, rocordi.ng their reaction~e precise' by
~'
means o:l a cup^vo oi' they re 3piXatQZY x'aactiaf5 o Many t uli were
I
tried. turpentine, pitchy ether, ammonia, andthaxas Hgwevera no
reaction was observed and we were all ready to conclude that wild
ducks lacked oli:aetory sensitiV1ty. How surprised we were when the
use at" rosemary evoked a ?Lstlnct change in the respiratory move-
ment&o It turned out, as a zoologist who studied bards explained
to us9 that during migration these ducks Teed on grass which has
rosemary in ita
Here we have touched upon just `-a few of the problems which
arose a.n connection with the ecological line of our research.
Many o1 them are o C broad, principle significance which is 'outside
the realm of comparative physiological research and helps us in
many cases to properly organize observations of higher nerve ac-
tivity in man.
I will cite two instances. We had a patient in whom we
could not, because of severe weakening of cortex activity, evoke a
conditioned reflex at the sound of a metronome and the flashing of
a light bulb. Then we used the odor of perfume as a conditioned
t
stimulus. Inlusing this idea we became acquainted with the kind of
life, tastes, and other habits of the patient before has ilinessm
The conditioned reflex under these circumstances was set up very
rapidly
The second instance is a case in which the contrary was true
the establishment of the conditioned reflex in the sick man was
1o
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almost jmmedl.a lus was ~Lht~ ~.a~btfl a~ a red lightn
'~e~'~ The stemu
it turned aut that the patient had been a cha`~~~ux bed?xs getting
:From this we can draw the 00nc1u3ian that in obaexvati011$
a:~ h .;v wa ~,ust take into cor~sa~derat~.0~higher nerve ac4,~~.ty' in man
~
` the social (fax mans) ooxxssp01
the G441AgiCal (for 3n~na1S) and
Bence oC the cond tirnvl.:i, and the cond'itiax~cd xes,ct:~ons.
~.~?~ ~.o~ned s
be used as a conditioned ;;ti.muJ.Us ax
this sense, a word, which can
a condit acquiX'es altogether special meaning for a
~.oned reflex, pexsano
1 ~ c al line oC stud' in pY~rsialc~g', sgmmyng
'~'huS y the e CO.~o~r ,a.
I. P. Pavlov, 1nr~.11 be ai' great
from the coy^e a:C the teachings o~
a.m partance for pxactic J- medicine, too.
11
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N!W OF?~.,SC.~ AND TECHNOLOGY
NEW MEDICINALS
M. A. Zhukov sky
Until recently, plants furnished the prtncipal source
of medicinal substances. Now, because ofthe development of
science generally and especially of chemistry, the medical pro-
has a new source of drugs; these drugs do not differ at
fession
from the vegetable ones, and some are even better. These
all
drugs are prepared syntheticallY.
During the period of existence of the Soviet chemical and
phaxmaceut industrY' hundreds of new medicinal pharmaceutical have been synthesized. Even the drugs that were oncsubstances
e extracted
~.z
from plants indigenous only to hot regions, such as tropical areas,
have been synthesized by our chemists. For instance, quinine, an
expensive preparation extracted from cinchona bark and imported
from abroad, has now been replaced by acridine, a new chemical
.
product which posesse$ excellent medical properties, is less toxa er. In the same way, hundreds of various medi-
cinal , suband is cheap
^tance$ that were once imported from abroad have now
,
Especially great success has recently been a-
been,synthesa.zed.
chieved by our scientists in this respect
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SHOSTAKOVSK ' S BALSAM
The so~called Peruvian balsam extracted from the bari~
f
trees growing in the mountains of Central and South America is
one of the most widely used balsarnN t modern medical practice,
The Peruvian balsam is well known as ~n excellent remedy such
cessfully used in surgery, dermatology, and therapeutics. It
is also used in the manufacture of cosmetics and in some indus-
trial products.
During the Great Fatherland War, when the demand for
Peruvian Balsam was considerably increased, our chemists were
confronted with 'the problem of finding a full-value substitute
for that medicinal substance.
The task was successfully per-
formed by the laboratory of the 'Institute of Organic Chemistry
of the USSR Academy of Sciences under the leadership of Stalin
prize-winner Professor M. F. Shostalcovsky,
In the course of his research work involving vinyl ethers,
M. F. Shostakovsky synthesized a new chemical compound. A de-
tailed analysis of the properties of this preparation confirmed
its high degree of resemblance to the Peruvian balsam,
A long series of tests carried out in clinics proved that
the balsam synthesized by Professor Shostakovsky dial not differ,
so far as its medicinal properties were concerned, from the na-
tural Peruvian balsam, and it even had several advantages over
the latter, For example, it does not produce any secondary ef-
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octs it doea not dry upon eacposure to the sir, and it poses?s
be ter bacteric dal properties than the Peruvian balsam,
h,
Shostakovsky's balsam has been widely used in medical
praot:tce,
AL3O1 IC I
An original antibiotic, 'Ialbornlcine, tt has been recently
discovered and thoroughly studied by Professor G. F. Gauze, Sta-
ui.n prize winner, together with his senior scient1fic coliabora?-
tors M. G. Srazhninkova, V. A. Shorine, end S. D. Yudintseff,
in the antibiptica laboratory of the USSR Medical Academy.
I .Vi t4iy;
Despite the fact that the effective treatment of pneu-
monia of Young children has been sharply improved
.~a and dysentery
by the introduction into medical practice of sulfa preparations
~_
(sulf adzene, sulfanilimide, sulfathiazole, etc), as well as
~.a
of penicillin, these drugs st iJ.1 do not always produce the de-
sired sired results, It is also known that several cases of the so-
called 1Isu1fa~resistantt" forms of dysentery and pneumonia have
been observed. All this required a persistent search
recently
for still. more effective medicinal preparations. Albomicine
proved to be one such preparation.
The new Soviet antibiotic is a powder of whitish color.
It dissolves perfectly in water and does not produce any toxic
effects when introduced in great quantities into the organism.
An important feature of Albomicine which makes it superior to
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/08 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200100035-1
M. Popovsky
This new preparation has been tested in the Pediatric In-
stitute of the USSR Medical Academy, awarded the Order of the
Red Banner of Labor, and has received high praise from the cli-.
nits that are headed by Professor. G. N. Speransky, Active Mem-
ber of the USSR Medical Academy, and Professor A. I. Dobrokho-
tova, Honored Scientist,
The effective therapeutic method of blood transfuon has
THE BLOOD SUBSTITUTE
other antibiotics is its tendanay to remain w;ithT the organism
longer, ;for instance, than peniciiiin. A study of its ooneen-
trati.on in the blood after a single admtttration proved that
Aibormiethe is retained in the body up to 2 or days. The tests
on animals demonstrated the complete harmlessness and the remar-?
kable curative properties of this ant:ibiot;ic, especially in cases
of ila.ness provoked by penicti1in-resistant types of infection.
In addition to this, Albomicirit increases the protective proper'
ties of the organism.
Albomicine is particularly effective for treating pneu-
monia in children during the first year of their lives, and for
various complications of dysentery, The Pharmocological Commit-
tee of the Scientific Council of the Ministry of Public Health
has recently approved the widespread use of Albomicine.
tjfi :!!I
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/08 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200100035-1
been widely applied in Soviet medical practices Seveml insti~
tutes, hundreds of health stations, thousands of concu1ting rooms
throughout the whole country are preparing and conserving blood
for the purpose of transfuoing it into wounded and sick men. xn
the public health system of our country there` is a special "blood
service"_ with many thousands of doctors serving it, as well as an
army of donors_ who give their blood. for th:l,s purpose. More than
250,000 transfusions are being administered in the Soviet Union,
which is many times mare than in any other country in the world.
However, the use of donors' blood presents a series of sub~?
stantial drawbacks. The donors' blood is expensive and compara-
Lively unstable, and its transportation to distant places in-
volves considerable difficulty. But the most important diffi-
culty consists in ^the existence' of four different groupings of
human blood. Transfusion to a patient of blood of a different
type may cause complications. Besides, it is very difficult and
sometimes even impossible, to determine a wounded man's blood
gouping under battle conditions. Therefore, the idea of devi-
sing a substitute for human blood arose long age. For many years,
however, all attempts of that sort proved to be unsuccessful.
various saline solutions, devised by the scientists, could not be
substituted for blood. We know that blood is more than a liquid
containing a certain quantity of salts. It feeds the tissues of
the body and must, therefore, contain such nutritious substances
as sugar and albumin. But the principal defect of all projected
substitutes in E~irope and America consisted in the fact that they
a;~lr ~~,u~~t'~i r^f!~^eel,r t~1 r:,Yt Jiir F..T ~+.I tll ~M'r: 1!!a i..~tl ti r rt rJ 'iS 4t s~ 1:,^ r f rijl'i'" ! t:.i ri v tL. r'. f .71 .d~1Fed^~
;. a.. ~h..,..d~,x. ~ frvA.~.,., r r {..r... t?!:a ..51.^ ~.,,. 6.~J~,L,t.~.x...~.~ ..Ss 5,.. .,. o r.,,r ,Er. .. .i .,7 9'ri-..~, . ^ r. ..,.:.:.~. t . ,7.rt. . L a;,1;~ t . a,:%` t s ^:I:~"t 1 ~ t i,'Y q~: n ~ i ^i'~ ~ ~~'Jr~i ~K s'I. ^~'~
ified in Part - Sanitized Cor v Approved for Release 2012/05/08: CIA-RDP82-00039R000200100035 1 t,,, , . . ; h t"''. .`_:;~ `,:,~ J -~' tir'r ~~~~ '., ;. ~'~ ?, i
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/08 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200100035-1
rnu~ats ~h? forma~~on off' ~~he pa'~;1?n~'s own b~odd,`
d~.d not ~ t~
the Qss~b~~~.~y of faxc~.ng thn sick ergan~
wheras,s ~.n .many cased ~
e4~~ u~c~,es wou~.d have ensured h~.s recavery?
~,sm ~o genexa~~ blood p
G Bn~?nky~ DAC'~ax of B~.a~.ogy and Pxo-
Then, ~.n ~,91.r~, N ?
nff ~nsbi~~u'~e of Ch~m~.stry. and Tec'h~
~'~ssax of the B? x? Monde~.ey
h~,s xes?axckl f o~' the purpose of dev~lap~
no~.ogY of Moscaw, b?gan
hog.?b;l~' be~`or~ ~~hc~'~ fi~:i,m~ the sc~.enb:i,s~
3.ng a b~,ood subst~,'~ute? ~ Y
een en~ra ec~ a.n 'the ~ursui'~ of _a pure~.y
and h~.s col~,eaguos had b ~ g
the had been seeking a means of ~,ncxeasing
pxactyca~. problem. y
~',
' t of blood :obtained ura.ng th? slaugl~'~er of catt~.e ?
'tkle qu&n~,1 y
h s:lau kl'Gex they pumped out abaft h~~.f
Once, 21~ hours before t e g ~
a caw. ' U an slaughtering the co~~t, they
of the whole b~.nod from p
t of this cave's bload had been ent i~^e~.y re-~
found that: ~~he quant_ y
Belenk was dee~aly in~exested in the process
plen:~shed, N, G, Y
f such Large quan'~i~ ~ es of blood by ~ni-
of rap:Ld res'~orata.an o
? ~urned 'here occur in the bodies of tes-
mass. ~ral.denbly, he ass ,
much b~.oad some substances wha.ch s'~im--
bed animals wh~,ch had lost ~
nr of blood--forming organs. Tkaese substances,
u~.ate the funat~.o
n emoact~.nes t' i a e ~ , ~ctZvators ~ in~en~
the sca.ent:t.st named th~,m h ~
? t'on w~ must be secreted by organs of
5:~f:~ers) of blood forma n. ,
x~~iall. depxaved of their .bland. wou~.d.
an~.rnals that have been. pa y
r ne or anism increase the ac'~ivity of
floe hernaac't~.nes tal,,en from o g
' ~athar? The answer could be found onJ~y
b~.aod-forming organs ~.n a
by Lost.
A servant braugh'~ some rabbi'rs into the i,aborat~ry; from
a r ? , . ~ .. , , .. ,.. , ~ ..~ ~~ ,
L ~ .~ I ... ,. ... .. 1 . I :.. ,., !,. ,, 1 r , ,., . ~ ., t
,.,,.. eS ,C..f 3.. ?4 ,., .,. ~ . I.. t, ..I s, ~..,.,_L. ...:........... .P.,,.r__,.,,n.:_ ,,,,. .,b.._,_ ,,..~, a.. P.,i,_.. 1 r. ~r ,.~, a.'. I. a.
, ,-~41~A~ f~, , :;~ 7i..r.,;.r r{..,. .r.'nl;. 1, I,:r'n?, :.>,/~? ..,.. ..,, ......t .;, ~ i.:a i l,l,d ,~ J~r.t:` LI~,i,~,~f ..,,2iN{~4~&~h~
i ..,. ;.' i (. i,. ,.,;?. ~ Yn ,. n, ,, f a. .. a ..,,;r, r. ..,. 4
. . .. ~ - 1 i ,'.f ~ { i n r.'~.i j '~~ r I I I :' f A {4. b, ,,., , ,r .:.... vP{
`?%~~~~~":, , I~ h'rf. f, r, a, f~,~ ' ' ~ ,~;,,~ I ; 4 s:~ ,~`' ,,a :- ' ~~ Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/08 :CIA-RDP82 000398000200100035 1 .,...'~;,._; , ._ ~, ,.,,,, r ? ,,;, ~ ~ 4 , ~;~ ~ , , r ,; ,~ ,,: f ,,~, ?.
~f4d :~, .~,II..(.. L. ,i. ~, t. ._,, ., d,l i_ 7.. ~~..r ,.).,... ~._.,...~. ~. 5, .,....... ... ..... _. _. __. .. ... ... ... ._.___ ............_.. .._.... ....._.. ...._._ ......... ._._... ... _ .r ,,., _.._ _... ~,,.,. .,, .. ,,.,. 4. .. rn .. ,1 I+ ., _...,..~, C~G...fr~'{I~
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/08 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200100035-1
'tk~ese, pant of the b~.oAd hid l~apn ~1~?v~,?us~.'Y arsmoved, Sams of
the xabb~.ts wQx~o ~.h,~ ~c~ted w~~h s sma~.~. c~u~nt;~~ty of ~'hsmAa~'~~Va~tc~d~~
aaw ~ s b~.oAC~, ox, maxs pxec~.s?~.y, t1~~y r~ce~.ysd ~.~~ ~.~c~u~d parts
t~.an ~~ b~,oad serum, O~t~er an~.ma~.s: rscea,ved no ina eo~t~,ons, ~a~
su~.'~a~ canf~,rmad the ~c~an~~,s~'s ~ssti~mp~~an~' 'the a~~.ma~,s ~hs~
had bc~?h givon the serum xes~vz~ed 'thr~~,x~ vx~.gina~. quant~.'ty off'
b~.ood tw~.re as quic~c~.y as 'those that hsd no't been submitted 'ta
that procedure, Lvery time these tests ha~ra besn repeated, t~Qy
have in~r~riab~,y g~,ven the same resu~,ts s 'the serum ~,ncreased the
activity of b~.ood~forming orgnns and considerab~,y i.mprovecl, the
state of anim~~. ~ s hea~.th,
Pro~'essor Be~.enky perfected hi.s d~,sao~'ei~y duxa.n~; 'the
'third year. of the G;teat T'ather~.and 'Nat, Thousands of wounded
so~.d:ters needed b~.oad 'trax~fusions, The b~.ood was conveyed to
the fi~k~ting front from the disten~~ rear, trans~or~ted by s~aec:lal
cars and airpJ.anes. ~u~t the donors ~ b~.aod mere~.y rep~.aced 'the
b~.ood ~.ost by the sicJ~, and wounded men w~.'thaut stimu~.a'ting the
~~,ood~generating procesass w:i'thin 'heir bathes, Nfeanwhi~.e,
many o:~ ~Ghese men were su~`fering :from the s~.uggish c~ct ivity of
their b~.ood-farming organs,
N, G, Be~,enky had a m?ira,cu~,aus remedy in 1~~.s ,hands,
Some
grams. off' his serum increased 'the. b~,ood-~fnrm~.ng ac'tiv~.t f a~' rab~
bits and dogs. Ha~v goed it ' wou~.d be to ut~~.i~e this remedy far
the he~.p oi' men : I~owever, anima. b~,aod e~nnot be transi'ueed ~,nto
man; as a rule it produces a de~rastati~~ act3,on in his argan~.sm,
"Prhy is huzr-an b~.oad incampatib~.e wa.th ana.mal, b~,ood7
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/08 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200100035-1
~~ hid a~rer~dy bs~n astab~.~.slzad ~.r~ng ego that tha p~.a;~ms,:
~h~a xine~. ~~ mays o~ b~.aod, was d~.~'~ex~sn~ fox packs
composing 1~ 1~
bind o~ an~.ma~.. Tkae~~ d~,~,~expnepa axe avpn obsp~u'pd among xe~a~
s,tive~ ?~' ~k~p same ~ppcies, The ~l.msma o~ one an~,ma~, bey
resent
ama oa.svnous when. x,n~ ec~~~d ~.n ~ g:~van c~uant.~ty ~,nto anathpx
o s p
But '~ha.s ;I.s anl.y one r~mson against thv ...use a~' an~.mal.
animal.
fox ~rans~'usions~ .The other xer~son consists off' 'the fact
bhaad
that while: ma.xting d~~;~erent' groups ~f bl.aod, the bl.aod corpus-
cl.es a frl.utinate, sink, atxd be~.ng no more able to sure 'L?he ax-
g
ganism, prevent the 'tissues From recea.ving oxygen. I~ow could we
~minate the resul.'te or plasma heterogeneity when. in,jec'~in~ ani~
e~ .
a blood into min? Th? scientist was deeply concerned with ~h~s
m ~.
uesta.on. He was ~'irml.~y conv~.nced o:~ 'the pvssibil.it f o~ discov~-
g,
erin a miracul.aus substance 'that wou~.d substitute fox human
g
blood and at the same time waul.d serge as an intensifie~? o~ the
blood-f orm~.ng process a
The Saviet scien~t fists :faced an ex'txem~~.y difficul.'t pro-
bl.em: it was necessa~~y to ~,evel.op the.. serum in sucka a way that,
wk~ile bein relnov'ed n:f all, pz?aper~~.e~ dangerous ~;o man, ~.t shou~.d
g
not at the same time be depraved o:f its capacity o~ increasing
blood-~`oxmin activity in a sick man's ,body.:. Al.l. this demanded a
g
teat deal. o:~ e~~ort, .energy, and devotion. Only after innurner~
g
able tests did the indefatigable researcher and hip assistants
finally achieve the desired resul:t~
The dad' came when a routine control. test with dogs showed
.. ,, d .. ; , ~ , .,., . a,, ,,,, ~ ,, , " , ~ ," y
F
?,, ,4 ., .I.,, , ,, r.~~. r:. ~, .,.,i ,.l ,..: r ,..v .. .... .. .....y 6.d...:.. ,i ,...,....,. _~., . ,,. .. ~i .. .....,, .,..4.. i,...... ?i. ~, r. a'i;: r,'. ~'. a h. i ,f-~,' ~ ;ti t'`radn, 1
I
~7tii1,, it, ~ f` .':~,,. .4 is, ;..r,: i ,.1 s ~ n';~ i i rz?" o ~;IS. .. .. ~..-, ? , ,. ..~,:. ........:.: ... ...:.o ". ' , . , .. ~ i xl: "~ ~ a ~ ~ i ,,,a+,i ~,.~.~,
i,~fi'~~~,, ;,;; ~;"",a, ;,~~?{~~,r,`c ' r'~ ~ ,,~;',,,,^;,,,' ~I~,, ,,.:,;",",,' `; Declassified in Part-Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J05/08 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200100035 1 ,, ,,,; ~ ,y , .,,,; ~,,,, ~,j' ' !~.` ,. n ~ ~,n;=~~Jra
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/08 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200100035-1
essaxy to prGv?nt trauma as well as the caagu1atian of b1ood
nac- ~
which a1wm~s 'fakes place after a burnM P?xmexly, ~ sa1ine sa1u-
t hysio1o ica'~ so~.utiQ~a, was usua~.~.y app;~ied
;~an, or the so~.c,a~.~ed p g
solution does not contr in any a1bwnif,
:1,n suc11 cases. But 'this
which is $o necessary ion'an organism strug~1irAg ~'or his 1ife
Be1en1cy's serum contains Lt however, and Professor Arapof, there-
, The patient received 4 liters of
f ire, courageAUS~.y applied ' ~.ed
of shock ended, the blood received
the new preparation. The state
it normal thickness. It was then possib1a to begin txeatment.
skin had been transplanted to the burnt
After the first strips of
surface, the patient received another injection of Le1enky's pre-
partition The strips began quickly to head. and to assimilate. strips beg
In 3 months the patient ent left the clinic an absolutely healthy
man. A great deal of such 1 masterly and daring `tests with the
serum have been conducted by Professor Arapoff and his colleaguea.
Besides Sk 'r ' institute, th:>_s serum of non..specific graup-
`~?r
~,1fasovl}y~
ing has been tested in the Central Traumatol.ogics~. and Orthopedic
Institute, in the C. Potkine Hospital, and in many other medi-
cad. Leningrad, Briansk, and Minsk? More than x,0,000
institutions of hen:t,
transfusions of the animal serum have been administered by doc-
tors to patient S . ~fex~ng from various disturbances. The ability'
s lz.~~. .
of the serum to raise blood pressure in the vessels and to in-
crease the act,,,ty of blaod-forming.. organs made it an indispen-
~.vi
sable medication at the bedside of every wounded man in need. of
blood. Belenky s preparation quickly healed such serious ill-
nesses Also, to the men who could not take any
nesses as dyspeps~.
-l0
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Tood because of esophagus affection, it completely rep1ae~d an
albumin diet during a few weeks. In short, the serum of non.-
specific grouping discovered by Professor N. G, Belenky proved
to be a perfect substitute for the liquid part of the blood, a
medical propara'tion to which the surgery of all countries in
the world have been looking forward. Cheap, and at the same time
possessing extremely valuable qualities, this preparation is now
receiving an ever.-growing application in the therapeutic prac-
tice of our medical institutions, It is going to be a mass rae.-
dicinal remedy.
The discovery of non-specific serum is a remarkable vic-
tory of the Soviet biology which fo11ws the way carved by I. V.
Mitchurin and I. P. Pavlov, For the discovery and clinical tests
of this serum, the scientistinnovators have been honored with the
Stalin prize,
END
11
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^1
_1j= J t ~
A SUBSTITUTE FOR BLOOD
M. Popovsk'iy
The transfusion of blood M this an effective healing method
widely used by Soviet medicine, several institutes, hundx^ed$ of
stations, thousands of special oi'ficss throughout the country pre-
pare, preserve, and give transfUsions o;E blood to the wounded and
sick. There is a special "blood corps" in the public health system
of the country with tens of thousands of doctors and an army of
vo1unteera who are giving their blood for transfusionso. More than
2S0,000 blood transfusions are performed each yeax in the Soviet
Union, many times more than in any other country in the world.
However, the use of blood from donors has many ` basic short''
comings. Blood from donors is expensive, it spoils comparatively
quickly, there are considerable difficulties involved in sending
it long distances. The main difficulty dies in the fact there are
four different human blood 'groupsm Transfusion of blood to a sick
person from a group unlike his can lead to complications. In
addition, it is very hard and sometimes i.mposible under conditions
in t he fie id, to determine the blood group of a wounded person.
Therefore, long ago the idea of creating a substitute far
human blood arose. For many years all such attenps ended in failure.
The various salt solutions developed by the scientists could not re..
place blood. But then blood is not simply a liquid with a certain
amount of salts in it. It feeds the tissues of the boar and should,
therefore) contain nutritive substance: sugar and 'proteins. _ But
the chief shortcoming of all substitutes proposed in Europe and
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STAT
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/08 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200100035-1
was tha fact that they cuid not oaue the building off'
and ieric a
the sick person s on blood Ix', maxi' cans the change o making
the sink body build blood cells would have gua?afteed its reoovery.
In 191.2 N. 0. Be1s3n~ kiya doo'bor o biological sciences acid
professor at the Moscow lnatLttitite ;Lmuni
the search for a substitute for blood. Not
D. Io Mendeleyev, joinad
ienbist and his associates had been busy with
long before this the sc
a purely practical problem. they were looking far the possibility
of a.ncreasifl?; the amount of blood obtained during the slaughter of
big hort1 cattle. Once, twenty four hours before the slaughter of a
cowi they pumped about half of all her blood out. In twenty~1'our
kio~irs the amount of blood in the body had been completely replacedo
The rapidity with which animals replace such large quantities
of blood deeply interested N. G. Belem kiy. Evidently, he proposed,
in the body of animals which are being experimented upon and have
lost a great deal of blood, some kind of agents which increase the
,
activity of the blood making organs appear. `these agents ,.W the
scientist called them tthemoact:Ln5't, which means activators (intensim f ,
ier ,1 of blood-'making should be secreted by the organisms o C
anlmals which have had part of their blood refoved. W111 hemoactirLs
taken from one organism increase the blood-making activity in the
organs of another? Only expermsntation could tell.
The assistant brought to the laboratory several rabbits from
whom a portion of the blood had been removedn Some of them were in-
jected with a few ''hemoactin&' from the blood of cows, or, to be
more exact, the liquid.part of the blood -~ the serum. Others were
not injected. The results confirmed the scientistIS hypothesise Li
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/08 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200100035-1
animals which had been injected with the serwn the Tx uer amouxit
o:L' blood was replaced twice as ?ast as it was in those whioh had
not been injected. No matter how mark tunes tha experiment was
repeated, the results were invax ab the same: the serum spaeded
up the activity of the bloodMpxoducing organs and considerably
unproved the state of health off' the an;1ma1s.
The Great Fatherland War was in its third year when Proessox
Belem kiy made his discovery,' Thousands of wounded so1diexs needed
blood transfusions. Blood was brought from the rear, special rail-
road cars and airplanes were making the deliveries.
But the don-
orst blood, transfused into the blood vessels oC the sick and wound
ed who had lost blood, did not cause their blood to be re-'made. In
addition, many people were sul'f ering from insufficient activity on
the part of the blood-making organs
N. G, Belen'kiy had a wonder-'working agent in his panda.
Several grins of his serum increased' blood-making activity in rab-
bits and dogs. How wonderful it would be to use this agent to help
people however, the blood of an a haa1 cannot be transfused to a
human being: as a rule, it produces a destructive reaction in his
body0
lhy cantt the blood of animal and a person mix?
It had long ago been established that protein, which corn-
prises the basic masso1 the blood, is different for each species
of animal. rl'his difference is observed even within the same species
The protein of some animals, injected in a known quantity into the
organism of others, proves toxic, But this is only one reason hinder-
??
ing the use of animal blood in trans\asion. Another came is the
? '; . . 'd 4. Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/08 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200100035 1
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/08 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200100035-1
fact that when di4x~nt blavd ouP m~xac~ tk~s blood cp
~~' the
dale v~ sox~n~
: , and,incap
uncles s,gg~,ut;r.n4.~o, P .
t~a5US Withot p~~1'~,~n?
ra,sm a1an~ex J ies.~ the
u1d the consac~uenc~s aC the diarenceS in the hype
How ca
the b~.aod o~ a,nra:~s
eiaajhated in trans
o~ the ~,,buzr~en be
' enta.st deeply, ~ die
s? r~hjs idea agita'~ed the sea.
to hu~na.n~ being
irm c~~aat~~ a wandexu~ ardent
..
..
~~.,y believed in the posw3bi1Y o
tttitte or human. b~,aad and serve
~Ll~.d at thes ar~1e time ;subs.
Wha,ch
to speed UP b100 akiflg
th a campla,ca'Ged pxoblEno
Te Soviet ca.Entt eras aced w~
h
--.._ lArnU1d. lose all the proper"
eng
~ ener~Y,,~st
his aa~~istants acha.evC the des
~~h,~;' tireless sc~,cnt~.st end h' ~
di
, ac check ors da~~ shared that
C e a d&;~ when the custom Y
T
same retain
the ability of
ick orgafisra. Much 1abax9
the
needed for k,his a
and. th was
'
raising the oadMrnaking acti~'
taes harmful to human beings but at the
.
It
result.
m
~~'akd ib i [PJ {{ 1 4~ ~ ~i i ~r ! ~ I ~ ~ t f ~I 11 ~r r rr r~
+' ,sr ~ { t,i i ~ ~~ 1r
here
gun was a.n~ccted no h~7~1~1 xe
hen a speC?,a11y developed blood sex
w
td ~ea the fact that the
~
. ,were observed. Numerous cl~~eck co
su1~s
aerlvn obtained was , innoauoua for any axraamai?
itu a,ct~.an on. a human be~-flp
The thing to do was to checlc ,
crcaus exlaexaa~~en~ arl hamsel1
G 'Belem kiY decided to d0 this dank
1V. n
ted himself with x.00 cubic
he resence Of his assaca.a,the ~.njac
In t p
~met~er;a of the serum wha.ch he had deveiopad. The s ame... amolmt o~
cent led to his
nan.pracdssed blood injected into a human being invariablY
sect on the argan.ism of
new repax'ati0l had na harmful e
de ath . The p
the .SCient],Sto
of
Only after mark expel' efl5
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In px'dcx to hand kliy disoove avex to Soviet duotoxC~ com
p is 1u~~-ary pxQpe~`t~,e3 in the Light
~.eta~.y~ he had to 1ai~ ~
fox the ~xsan. he dixectnx cL the surgical clinic
. ~,a~a o~ ~ sack p~
at the Institute ;i"meI~i Skli ca~rskiy'' FraLessc~~c I ~ A , 'appv, dc~x'
~'o~
took k the 'bask this ~~'1.auS 4X~x;lY1~'~. His e7~p4~~i~ll~nt~
o~ conducting ,
were no lees da~:ing then thc~,e p ~ Qxfarznad' by the disaov'exex ~aL the
.'~
serwlt. D a , Axa,pov bcl~. 1;eVed in the preparation and gave txarts^
~
it to peoplo wa. ' th diffexcnt blood gxaupS ? When nacessar'y
~'us~.ans of a.
e~
the sxum was liven to patient,s in vcrJ large doses .~. up to three"
s
f if tkls of a liter at one tran8f.us10n.
o$t benefiairta. effect in cases of burns.
The. serum had its m
Qncc , ~n~~ covering a,]mos't ha,' af' his akin
an electrician ~~~.th burns
The doctors feared gn'eat1Y' fox his life.
was brought to the clinic a
Above all, they had to combat shock; and coagulation of blaoda which
Previously a salt or sowcal1ed physio-
always occurs aster bLwns.
logical solution ?an had been used for this. But such a solution did
not conta,:i.n protein, is so necessax'' to the organism _i'a.ghta.ng protein, which ' ~.ch . for
its life. Helen kiyy' a serum cantax ns protein and Profe$SOr Arapov
used The patient was given ;Gout litexe of the new
it unstintingly. preparation. The con
ditton of shack changed. The blood took on
its noxma . TheJ' y could now get on with the heaJ.ing.
~. thickness
When the fast ,skin.. grafts were made onto the burned axea the patient
preparation. The grafts soon began
again given Bele~~
was again 'k'Y'
grow. In three: months the patient left the clinic completely re~
covered. No small number of these daring and expert experiments in
the use of the serum were made by Professor Arapov and his associate.
-
In a dditi.on to the lnstitUte izneni Skli f o$ovskiffY, the Central
,
Institute tOlOgy and Orthopedics, the hospitaJ. imeni
_ of ~r auma
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5, ? Botkixi, mark hos~aita1s in Deainrad, Bransk, and I4insk toted
this ec~rum which is not limited in Lts use to a sirngle species.
Doetor-~ gave more than 10,000 transut'sions cif aninf.al aeI'um to
patien't% suffe 'ing f rOm various dieoxders. The ability of the
txans:eused serum to raise the blood pressure and to increase the
activity of the blood"ziaaking organs made it an indispensable agent
at the bedside of the patient who had lost blood. Belen'kiy~N prep'
arati.on rapidly cured such serious chi1dren's diseases as dyspepsia.
lnpeop1e who could not take nourishment because oI some injury` to
the esophagus it completely replaced protein feeding in the courrv
of a few weeks. In brief, Professor N. G. Deienkiy's sexwn, non-i
specific toJ species, turned out to be a full value substitute for
the liquid part oi' the blood, a preparation which surgeons all over
the world had dreamed of
Inexpensive and at the same time extremely valuable for its
properties, the preparation is now being introduced more and more
widely in practice by medical institutions. It has to become a
mas$ scale medical preparation.
The discovery of a serum which is non-specific as to species
is a wonderful victory on the part of Soviet biological science,
following the trail blazed by I. V. Michurin and I. P. Pavlov.
For the discovery and clinical testing of the nons?specif icw
to species serum, scientist innovator N. G. Belen' kiy and
D. A. Arapov were ararded the Stalin Prize; o
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'j
NSW VITAMINS FROM PLANTS
f, Thid :'orest shxub, the ob1epa ( creepsrJ, has been
studied at the Ai1MUnion Scienti;Cic Research Institute Lor Vita?
rains. P,esearchers show that its fruit is very rich in vitamins.
One hundred grras o.C the raw mass off' berries contains up to 180
~. V q 1J% ?V%1 1 ?11
milligrams nd 10 milligrams ol V i~ A (carotenof V1.tamin C ~, )
The obiepil ha is widespread in Siberia and the Altay. At
present it has been acclimatized in the central zone of the Soviet
Union, The berries of the oblepikha, left on the shrub till the
first autumn frosts, acquire a pleasant flavor with a faint odor
of pineapple. The valuable new vitamin plant is being grotim on a
largo scale in Moscow and Lenin oblasts,
In addition to the oblepikha, the institute has done research
c'.
on the vihnin content of varieti s oi'pwnpkin produced in Ros1Ov
Oblast at the Riryuchikutsk Experitnerltal Station. One hundred grams
of the raw mass of this pumpkin contains up to 20 milligrams of ca-
rotene. The Krasnodar Vitamin Combine has mastered the preparation
of carotene from the pumpkin.
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* THE) WAYS OF MECHURIN
~~
P. A. Yesau1ov, Candidate
In AgricuJ.tura Sciences
Drawings by V. Poznanskiy
ProduotiVe stock.?raising is one of the basic branches off' ?'
reu1 urei satisfying the needs of the ytpeop1e for important food prod'
_t f
ucts and supplying the enterprises of food and light industry with
raw material.
The prewar level of head of productive public stock was
achieved in our country in the first years of the postwar Stalin
Five?Year Plan. For 19L.8 alone the head of big horn cattle in the
kolkhozes increased 23 percent, the head of swine 75 percent, sheep
and goats i6 percent', In April 19L4.9 the Council of Ministers USSR
and the TsK VKP (b) adopted the Three~.Year Plan for the development
of public kolkhoz and sovkhoz productive stock-raising for l9L.9..
19;1. In this plan the objective of all kinds of development of
social stock raising was established as the central objective of the
party and State in the development of agriculture.
The achievements in the fulfillment of the first postwar Five-
Year Plan in the field of stock-raising will ixi the history of sow
cialist agriculture as an important victory of the Soviet peopled In
19LG9 and l9 O the head of social stock in the kolkhozes increased at
rates which had hitherto been unknown even ip our country. The pre
war level of g,..harn cattle was exceeded by L.o percent, of sheep and
'N
..
goats 63 percent, of swine L4.9 percent. ,%'
Especially great successes in the improvement of stock-raising
were made by the kolkhoz peasants of the tlkrainia and Belorussian
STAT
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- px~.av o1a~.as~t~~ ~ha lc?~.1~o~?s a~ (~~k
a5~,~;~, and K~axsk, Moscpw anc~ :
~a P~n~~n anc~ '~~nbnv ob~,as~ts, ar~,d ~ha
said K~merov ab~.as'ts f,n ~.b?~ ~
~ ~si.ah repu~~.a.c~ maxked~.y ~.~.ereased the
'~~an~cau~as~an and ~,~,dd~.a
heeds off' ~.a. k~.nds off' s~toclc.
pxeyrax ~.eve~. of the
vemen'ts a.n the deva~?opmant off'
Ong af' the most :~mpor~tan~ ach~.e
n ~ri the ko~.khazos and aovkl~ozes ~S 'the
soc~.a~. producta~ve stock?xaa.s~. ~
stwar ~ ea~^ much: work has becn Ilona.
im rovement o~ p~d~.gree. zn 'the po 1
P
hard. ~'ox 191.~9.~.g~0 a~.ane 'the 1GOl.kho~aes
tin ~.mpro~ng 'the quala.ty a,f, ~,he
i:1.~.a.an ha.~;h?qua:lw~.tya pedigreed stud ana.~
have been sa~.d aver hal.~ a m , , ,
o s the moat widespre~.d h~.gha?y produc~Ltive
mat. s ~.. bu1.~. s, xa,ms, h ~ ~
breeds in the USSR.
. bia~.o ~.ca.L _ science has p7.s~yed an enor~
Progressa.ve Michur~.na.st ~
. ..? on of our s~tockMraisin~~ As is l~nawn,
moue role a.n the txans~ormat.>,.
lotion o~ organic ,forms in .nature do not
~a~~win~ s teach~.ngs on the evo
y : char e af' animal. and plant orga~la.sms
indi.ca~tie the. me~tY~ods ~.n .the
ddin~ -to arid. l~,f ting ~ax~winism ~ta
clang a line necessary 'ta ma1? A ~
. ' r, er lane, ~ichux~-nisi science is revea~.~
a qua7.itat~-vely~ new and h~.~h p
n es in b.eredity~ a.s equipp~.ng the waxkers
ing the cause f'ar the cha ~ ~~. ,
thods for improving and creating new, hig y
in stack~raisin~ with me
~'v breeds of agricuJ.tura1. aimals.
producl~:>,. e
[ picture on page 8 oftext s
Kazakh whitehead
pictures on page 9 of text
Lebedin cow [ Second column, 'tOp l
Second coiumn, center
Sychebull C
~ ~~~~~ ~~~~~ ~ E~~ ~~~ '~ ~,~,' ~ ~, ~~ ~~~~' ~ ~~ ~. ~~ ~ Declassified in Part - anitized o
F ak z~~w ~f't4f~ .e I,f~I ';. ~!i, . i. i r1, ~G, ~,I';, ~~ ~hu,1a~~~n vsa ~,. ~ and ?~he record shearing .for ~;h~s breed is
a
l~a,~.,
22.3 kjlograms. P1t~ sheep, ~n~ ~.ch are l+sn cla.s~a.x~~;uz.sh~d by :LarGe
, f
-h?~ are well adapted to prolvnged winter sub-
s1~~eai~.n~s and live ~?~ea.~. ~
? to conditions of ?Lhe harsh Siberian climate.
~a.s ccnce under
il,eni breed of Sa])sk fine-j'leece sheep has been
A new, exce
bred by the sca.en?E,a.~ and experts in s?t;ocl~~z~aising at the Hose
~ ~~? ~s ar
`arm lrnena. S. ., ~ ~~ os Gov Oblast, The avera~;e shcari.n~~ of
1~~. T~uden~~y, h
fine-fleece sheep o:C the e new br'er'd arnountec1. in 19L6 to .9 kilograms
: .
and in J.9~0 to ?.l. ~ .a ~, 'ska and also the Stevropal ~ breeds of
The ,~
sheep, whose breeding ,:n~; was ~ completed in recent years, are a highly.
praduc of sheep. Ram No ~.ll of S'~avl~apol t breed
productive breed of wool
a live weight of 12f kilogr~~rns and gives a shearing of finewfieece
w kilo grans per year. This is a world records
amoun~~~.nf~ ~,0 2,.3 g
the develapmenL of new breeds of sheep an the basis of
has a ~mitbec~,.regions with harsh or specific
l~i.chur:a.n~.slsc.~ ~.encc l~a~~ pcx
~ with fine or seini-fine fleece could not be
c()nda.t~.onay where sheep ,hccp w' ~.
sin~f regi0z~s. In southeast ~~aral~.stan such
bred, to become sl~~;ep r~~,,' ~.
b breed, which is -~xce:l.len~ly adapted
.,
breeds - are the I~ar~,ld~ :Ln.newf.'~.cecp ~ b
to the steppe and sere.s1, ., -ePpc ? ,, pasture ' lands of this region, and in
the mauntail~ regions such breeds are kraakh arlthrnmerLno.
The deve r of new breeds of farm anin~.ie, to increase
development
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Declassified
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roductivit^ 01' bi; horn c ttie, shop and swte poii t to the
in tho p ~
1 i1i'ties o our Fathor1 ~nc1 , toclc~raising. In the
~,nc~xl~at;ll~:lo pose. ,
decrEo ley the Party anal the CTQVC~nl11on't on the Three ;& r Plan Cor
the devc1?pmc~n .~t off stock?bre din ; in i9L 9~i9 ii soviet scientistS
and workers ti rra,cu .tux^o are presented. th responsible taks.
in Ea
These tasks have this objective: using all, the means o;' modern zQOM
flee based on the achicavements off' )'ichurini$t bioio y,
teolanioa:L ~u'ie
to produce an abundance of products of stockMrai$in in our country.
rf'he wide ua G. 1i.Cburini$t rr~ethodin practioc will allow us to
of ~
succeSSfui.yti,i~,f' the plan qualitative transformation and irnprove~
merit of productive stock-raiSin(, to attain new suoce3~3o5 and achieve
ments in this work.
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STAT
'old Tip HISTORY OF CHINESE NiEDIOTNE
prof a sor D. M. Ros siysa-?`
Honoredactentiet
The great Chane e people have enriched world cuituxe with
s
many impoxtant d:f.seoveries arid remar1Cab1~ acaia.eveman'~s in the
fields of literature, art, and science
Great importance can be attached to the works of Chinese
sca.ent].~'is in the sphere of medicine, which had its inception
N
in ? China several thousand years before Christ and is one of the
oldest medical sciences in the world. The discovery of blood
.
w
ganism circu~.a't and it of the constant relationship between the human' or-
ganism env h~; use of narcotics during surgicenvironment, t
operations, the introduction into medical practice of the prin-
ciples of preventive treatment, origination of many methods of
~.
medical treatment,, discovery of many valuable pharrnacolog:ical
and therapeutic ?nals , and a series of other ach~,etherapeutic rned.~oa.
of Chinese medicine represent not only a vast historical interest, medicine repr
but also v ies of importance to contemporary science. vital discover
the beginning 7 of Chinese medicine is lost in the immemo-
rial times of antiquity. A Chinese herbal ttShen_nUflbet5a0',
dating from the tt' eth century BC, contained detailed des-
?
criptions of many wan medicinal plants. `l'he most ancient Chinese
boob, in which the medical knowledge of the Chinese people was
is ttNeydzin" (Book on internal Things),
collected and systemized,
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written between the eighth and seventh centuries, BC; it has
served as a handbook for many generations of Chinese physicians.
The ancient Chinese medicine reckoned about 500 different
human diseases. They were subdivided into infections of the large
and small organs, into catarrhal, feverish, cutaneous, and ocular
and into infections of the oral cavity, teeth, neck,
diseases,
bones, and others.
Chinese physicians correctly believed that it was easier
to prevent an illness than to treat it, and that it was also eases
ic r to preserve the health than to restore it when it was dis-
turbed. In treating a patient, the principal attention was con-
the causes of the illness. Chinese medicine had
centrated -upon
d the greatest importance to prophylactic methods
always attache
Chinese doctors, long before Europeans, had dis-
of treatmenL4
covered and put into practice the method of preventive treat-
merit of smallpox by means of prophylactic inoculation.
The doctors of Ancient China considered as an outstanding
method for diagnosis the examination of the patient, his auscul-
tation, goestionin, and examination of his pulse and urine, to
the modifications of which they attached gread diagnostic impor-
Lance. Owing to their superficial knowledge of human anatomy,
the doctors seldom used the surgical methods of treatment. This
poor know/edge of anatomy was due to the religious prohibition
....
against performance of autopsies,
n the ancient Chinese book "Neydzin" we find hygienic
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advice, some anatomical and phyaio1ogioa1 -fformation, desoxip''
t,tons of 3 sinptoms of diseases and methods treatment, we find
there ala descriptions of mae ages, of acupunctUra (needle pric1 '
es
n and mox (cauterization) , therapeutic methods that were very
much used in China for treatment of various diseases
The ancient doctrine of acupuncture is based upon the.
of Chinese physiciansthat each internal human organ has
theory
two corresponding passeges symmetrically arranged and shaped in
the form of tubes Blood and pneuma flow through these tubes) and
f%heir passage are 'located the so~called "vital points .t' By
inserting needles into these "vital points," the Chinese physi'-
'ans tried to influence the course of disease of the affected
ca~
a organs , giving the disease the availability of an out-
let. Chinese medicine reckons more than 3a "pointst' of appli-
cation for needles, and these "points 't are sometimes loomed ra-
ther far from the affected organ. According to Chinese physi-
cians' observations, the curative effect produced by introducing
the needles depends upon the duration and the depth of the prick.
Needles for acupuncture are made from gold,. silver, or steel.
There are usually about 40 types of such needles in a set; their
sizes vary from l to 2 centimeters. In some "vital points" the
A7 ~. J
needles are inserted perpendicularly to the muscles (for example,
the calf of the leg, the shoulder, etc); in other locations, where
the muscles are smaller (hands, forearms), shorter needles are
used and are inserted parallel to the muscles. Chinese litera-
ture describes many cases of successful use of needle insertion
Declassified
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during vaxiaus disessea, sspecia11y diseases of funetio1ai chaxac~
obtained by this method of txeatmeflt
hex. The therapeutic effect
is explained by th? action of those needles upon the nervous eys
in inf1uenco. on all pracvsses of the
tam, which has an outstand '-
~'
body's activity.
The txeatmen't by ma n$ of 1tmox" (cauterization) of "vital
used in Chinese medical practice. This
paa.nts'I is also very much
method of treatment can be considered as a particular method of
and as an application of biogen stimulators, which
protein therapy
are developed in the tissues after cauterization, and which stimu"
sate the physiological and regenerative activity of the organism.
.
As an external treatment, Chinese medicine has used massage
since most remote t Massage is administered either manually
~.me,r ~.
or w:>.. t .h the a~ apparatus. The rmanual method consists aid of special
of rubbing, kneading, and slapping with the hands, palms, or
r, and even of pinching. The massage instruments consist of
flsta
hammers of various sizes, with which the therapist
small wooden
the muscles of the affected parts of the body. For the
trikes
s
massage of chest, backs and limbs a kind of spade-shaped appara-
tus -'- usually made of gueiacum or logwoad ...., is used. The skin
of the body vigorauslY with the wider end of the spade
..... IS . rubbed
which has been soaked in a mixture of water, oil, and salt. This
the skin becomes completely red Abdominal
is continued until
massage is performed by means of a device composed of two rolls
rotating an one axis. In order to obtain elasticity of the hands,
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srootb stone balls or small rolls are used.
Chinese medical science has always paid special attant,Lon
use off' medicinal plants Chinese physicians averred that
to the
tt'thexe was no plant that could not be employed as a medicinal sub
stance." They al;ao proved that differ&it parte of the same plant
buds leaves, bloom, >rlnd roots - possc:se different medicinal
properties, and that for medical purposes they must be gathered
in specific seasons of the year.
Numerous Chinese herbals and pharmacopeias that were com
piled long ago contain detailed descriptions of medicinal plants.
As earl as the year. 2037 BC, a special herbal, apparently the
oldest one in the world, was compiled in China; it contained apw
roximately 100 descriptions of plants posses dng medicinal pro-
p
erti.es. The great majority of almost two thousand medicinal re-
p
medies mentioned in 'tBen-tsaoWgan-tnu" -- a 52 volume Chinese phar
macopeia of the sixteenth century - belong to the vegetable
world.
The following medicinal plants are used in Chinese medi-
cal practicet aloe, aconite, belladonna, hawthorn, valerian,
pomegranatet camphor, Indian hemp, lemon, poppy, almond, myrrh,
nutmera juniper, mint, fern, pepper, wormwood, rhubarb, camomile,
~,
fennel, garlic, saffron and many others. Drugs prepared from gin-
send; and Chinese lemon tree were widely used,
Ginseng ("man roott') has been known in China as a medi-
cinal remedy for approximately three thousand years. Chinese
medical science calls ginseng "man root" and 'tworldts miracle" be-
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Gurusa old Youh again and restores debilitated men
'it . makes ~lae ~
to good haa ot of ginseng i$ c~spsc~,aa,~,~; ~va~.L~ed, Tet$
The xo
n.A carried out' by Soviet sci,enti,sts proved
of ginseng preparatio
their in vanes in a ser1e?3 of diseases, i~nc~.udM
dispu~a~le a.'ec~,i
ing diabetes,
,~Ser~-~sao?~anwmu" C~aineso
In the i'amaus pharmacopeia the in the first category of drugs which are roaom-
~,emon ~trsE; is pus a.
min:i.stered for restoring energy in cases of over-
mended to be ad
fatigue, for reguatin respiration, for improving spirits and
~. ~
Chinese ca1?t it "oo~way-tai" whicxi means
sexual functions, The
"fruit tae," Immediately -after taking one "fruit t , with five testae." ImmediatelY after taking one dose of
th s dr harmacoPeia, " a man' S vitality` in-
creases."
In accordance with the task assigned by the Biological De-
partment of the USSR Academy of Science, the Special AU-Union
~'
Committee for Vegetable Resources has conducted numerous experi-
mental and clinical teats of the Chinese lemon-tree preparations
and stated that this drug increased intellectual and physical ef-
improved the keenness of visian. The
cansiderably a.
ficiency an ~
Chinese an is a valuable stimulant in the
lemon trek; preparat?~.
case of long absence of rest and sleep.
We have also carried out various tests of a series of
other medicinal plants used in Chinese medical practice. Among
others, we tested the preparations of hawthorn, which are now
uccessfu 'ntered in the cases of heart disease, prepara-
s~.ly adm~.~.s
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t:L?n~ of magnolia that produce a c1eariy pronou apd tharapeuti.c
ease as well as other remedies
ff?ct iii cas of hypQrtani dis,
ees c
from medicinal plants.
prepared
al therapy a1$O uees preparations from
Chinese pharmaceutic
tissues and organs of animals. Yaun not yet ossi,fi.ed, horns of
.
Siberian spec been used, by tlla ChinaSe pc~oplp ;since
ki.ed deer have
long ago. Actually the Itpantocrine" prepared from these. hart.
.
known as an excellent remedial tonic.
shorns a.s very well
medicinal remedies of mineral origin, preparations
Among
from gold, silver, copper, mercury, arsenic, sulfur, and lime
in China sialce very remote times.
have been utilized
.
In the first half of the medieval period, Chinese medi-
the influence of various religious and mys-
cal science was under
tical doctrines and therefore experienced a period of stagnation
and decline. Only.. in the second half of the Middle Ages did it
gradually liberate itelf from religious and mystical ideas and
s
begin its s progressive development. At the beginning of the 19th
century, Chinese medicine was put on a scientific basis and began
.
to develop more rapidly. But only after the victory of the Great
after the formation in 1949 of the Chinese
People's Revolution, and
People's Republic, has the course of medical science attained the
highest level of its levelopment. In that same year. the Ministry
of Public established in Chinas The Chief Anti-Epi-
demic Administration, I~ealth was with branches in evez'y region of the coun-
try, was organ the People's Republic; the State Sanitary organized in
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Administration way created, and sanitary epidemiological and new
bacteriological institutions, hospitals,, and po1ye1iniea were
opened. Widespread work has developed iii the field of communal
hygi`%e In 1950, for the first time .n the history of China, the
law establishing compulsory, free antismailpOX-vaocinati.on waa
enacted. This year, an alas-Chinese Conference debated the prob
lems of organization of prophylactic and,anti.~epidemic measures.
Concerning this Conference, Mr. Li.-De-C1ian, the Minister of Pubs-
lie Health of the Chinese People's Republic, gave a report on the
re~aults of the anti-epidemic work accomplished in 1950 and on the
tasks anticipated for the future?
The Communist Party, the Government of the Chinese People's
Republic, the local authorities, and the trade unions are exerting
their utmost in the administration and development of the public
health program. Medical science is successfully progressing in
the country, and the research work in the area of prophylaxis and
treatment of diseases is developing rapidly.
END
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/08 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200100035-1