TERRORISM REVIEW

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP87T00685R000200350003-7
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 56
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 8, 2011
• Sequence Number: 3
• Publication Date: May 1, 1986
• Content Type: REPORT

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Directorate of
Intelligence
Terrorism Review
May 1986
-SeTTErt?
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DI TR 86-006
May 1986
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Terrorism Review
May 1986
1 Focus: Traveling Abroad: Americans as Targets
CTC
11 Highlights
Counterterrorism Center
23 The Evolution of Libyan Terrorism
CTC
25 Libyan Support to South American Terrorists
CTC
27
31 Yugoslavia: PLO Ties and Terrorism
EURA
35
37 Colombia: M-19 on the Ropes (c NF)
CTC
39 Terrorism in Latin America, 1985?A Regional Profile
CTC
43 The Terrorism Diary for June
Counterterrorism Center
47 Chronology of Terrorism-1986
Counterterrorism Center
This review is published every month by the Directorate of Intelligence.
Appropriate articles produced by other elements of the CIA as well as by other
agencies of the US Intelligence Community will be considered for publication.
Comments and queries are welcome and may be directed to the Executive Editor
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Terrorism Review
May 1986
Focus Traveling Abroad: Americans as Targets
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The Rome and Vienna airport shootings last December and the recent bombings of
TWA Flight 840 and the La Belle discotheque graphically illustrate the
vulnerability of Americans abroad to terrorist attacks. US citizens traveling
overseas, especially those traveling to or through the Middle East, have long run
the risk of involvement in a terrorist operation, either as targets or bystanders.
Half of the international terrorist attacks on US citizens or property that we have
recorded since 1968 have involved private US interests or persons.
In the wake of the US strike against Libya, US citizens abroad?both official and
nonofficial?especially those visiting Europe, are at greater risk, particularly from
Middle Eastern?sponsored terrorism. Moreover, popular restaurants, bars, discos,
and other nightspots known to be frequented by Americans will increasingly be the
focus for terrorists seeking to garner maximum publicity?especially in countries
with a large, visible US presence. West Germany, Italy, Spain, Greece, and
Turkey are in this category. Airports, railroad stations, and tourist attractions also
are areas of high risk, as are branches of American Express and US banks, and
certain airline ticket offices, such as El Al, TWA, and Pan American. Even hotels
and movie theaters known to be patronized by US citizens have been the scene of
past terrorist violence.
Public places, such as restaurants and nightclubs where foreigners?particularly
Americans?congregate, have been, and are likely to continue to be, targets for
terrorist attacks. Such places offer terrorists "softer" targets than well-protected
diplomatic and military facilities, as well as an opportunity to inflict maximum
casualties. With the trend toward more indiscriminate, violent, and lethal attacks,
we fully expect to see terrorists staging additional operations at public locations
where security is less than ample.
The following is a representative sample of worldwide incidents in which private
citizens?often, but not always Americans?have suffered terrorist violence in
public places. This selected chronology is illustrative only, but points up what we
believe is an elevated threat to US residents or travelers abroad in venues such as
airport terminals, railroad stations, restaurants, nightclubs, tourist attractions,
international fairs and expositions, airline ticket and travel company offices,
banks, and hotels.
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May 1986
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Chronology of Selected Terrorist Incidents at Public Locations
9 June 1970
10 November 1971
27 January 1972
30 May 1972
11 January 1973
4 August 1973
5 August 1973
7 September 1973
8 September 1973
17 December 1973
23 January 1974
3
Members of the Popular Front for the Liberation of
Palestine seized and held hostage 60 foreigners in two
hotels in Amman, Jordan. The hostages were released
unharmed on 12 June.
Four explosions rocked the US-managed
Intercontinental Hotel in Amman.
A bomb exploded on a train en route from Vienna,
Austria, to Zagreb, Yugoslavia. Six persons were
injured.
Three Japanese Red Army terrorists attacked
passengers at Lod airport in Israel, killing 28 and
wounding 78.
A group of terrorists attacked diners in a restaurant in
Kaiserslautern, West Germany. One person was killed
and several others wounded.
A bomb exploded at the Belgrade railroad station,
killing one person and injuring seven.
In Athens, two terrorists armed with machineguns
and handgrenades opened fire on passengers waiting
for a TWA flight to New York. Three passengers
were killed and another 55 wounded.
A bomb destroyed the Israeli exhibit at the West
Berlin International Radio and Television Fair. There
were no injuries, but damage was extensive.
Two bombs exploded in the King's Cross and Euston
railroad stations in London, seriously injuring three
persons.
Five terrorists attacked a Middle Eastern?bound Pan
American airliner in Rome, killing more than 30
persons and wounding 18.
Four bombs damaged the post office in Limassol,
Cyprus.
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5 November 1974 Three molotov cocktails were thrown into the Milan
Trade Center and caused minor fire damage.
21 November 1974
A bomb exploded in a Sears Roebuck store in Lima,
Peru, causing extensive damage and injuring 11
persons. A second bomb was defused.
7 December 1974 Gunmen sprayed the Sheraton Hotel in Lima with
submachineguns, wounding two security guards.
28 January 1975
7 May 1975
3 June 1975
5 September 1975
11 September 1975
27 February 1976
31 March 1976
22 April 1976
25 May 1976
27 July 1976
An explosive charge was thrown at Spinney's Center,
a British-owned department store in Beirut, causing
moderate damage.
A bomb exploded in IBM's Paris offices. No one was
injured in the blast.
In Rome, firebombs were thrown at buildings housing
offices of several US firms, including a Bank of
America branch, the Goodyear Tire Company, and an
ITT subsidiary.
A bomb exploded in the lobby of the Hilton Hotel in
London, killing two persons and injuring more than
40. A second bomb was discovered and defused by
Army bomb experts.
Three bombs exploded in Lisbon. The Sheraton Hotel
was one of the targets.
Homemade bombs exploded at the American Express
and Chase Manhattan offices in Athens.
A bomb exploded outside the entrance to the Pan
American airline office in Ankara, Turkey, causing
extensive damage but no serious injuries.
A bomb exploded at a branch of the First National
City Bank in Athens.
In Tel Aviv, two persons were killed and nine injured
in an explosion at the airport.
A bomb exploded in the US pavilion at the Bogota
International Fair in Colombia, causing some
property damage, but no injuries.
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11 August 1976
27 September 1976
17 November 1976
26 March 1977
14 July 1977
Four persons were killed and 17 injured when two
terrorists attacked passengers preparing to board an
El Al flight from Istanbul to Israel.
Four terrorists held 90 hostages for seven hours in a
hotel in Damascus, Syria. Four hostages and one
terrorist were killed during the rescue operation.
Another 34 hostages were wounded.
Four terrorists attacked the Intercontinental Hotel in
Amman, Jordan, taking several guests hostage.
During the rescue, three terrorists were killed and one
was wounded; five other persons were also killed.
A bomb exploded in the Sheraton Hotel in Buenos
Aires, Argentina, injuring nine persons.
A bomb exploded at the American Express office in
Athens, shattering windows and damaging the main
door.
6 August 1977 The Intercontinental Hotel in Istanbul was strafed
with automatic weapons fire. Several windows were
broken, but no one was injured.
5 December 1977 A bomb exploded aboard the last car of the
Hamburg-Belgrade train, causing extensive damage
but no injuries.
12 March 1978 A bomb exploded in a theater in Athens, injuring 18
persons. A Soviet movie was playing at the time.
20 May 1978 In France, three gunmen attacked passengers waiting
to board an El Al flight departing Paris's Orly
Airport. The three terrorists were killed in the ensuing
shootout with police.
1 October 1978
3 April 1979
5
A bomb exploded at a bus stop in Istanbul, wounding
two tourists, one Dutch and one American. Police
defused another explosive device in Istanbul's major
railroad station.
A bomb exploded at West Germany's Frankfurt
airport, injuring several employees, four seriously.
The bomb was in a package being mailed to a Tel
Aviv address.
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6 May 1979 Two bombs exploded at the airport in Istanbul,
causing minor damage but no injuries.
29 July 1979
In Madrid, three bombs detonated, one at the airport
and two at railroad stations. Five persons were killed
and several injured, including two Americans.
29 September 1979 In Turkey, police defused two explosive devices in the
transit lounge of Ankara's Esenboga Airport.
22 December 1979 In France, terrorists killed the Turkish press attache
in front of a Paris sidewalk cafe.
19 January 1980 In Spain, several bombs exploded in the British
Airways offices in Madrid, injuring several people.
10 April 1980 Two bombs exploded in front of a Turkish Airlines
office in Italy, killing two and wounding at least 11.
2 August 1980 A bomb exploded at the Bologna, Italy, railroad
station, killing more than 80 persons and injuring
more than 200.
26 September 1980 An explosion at the main exit of the Munich
Oktoberfest grounds in West Germany killed 12
persons and wounded more than 200.
10 December 1980 A bomb exploded in front of the Pan American
Airlines office in Izmir, Turkey. There were no
injuries.
23 December 1980 In Glyfada, Greece, an incendiary device detonated in
an alley near a bar frequented by off-duty US
military personnel. No one was injured.
29 December 1980 Two bombs exploded in Madrid, one at Trans World
Airlines and one at Swissair. Seven persons were
injured.
31 December 1980 A bomb exploded in the guest wing of the Norfolk
Hotel in Nairobi, Kenya. At least 15 persons were
killed and more than 85 injured in the blast.
21 April 1981 A bomb exploded at the Hyatt Regency Hotel in Abu
Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. Two persons were
killed and another injured.
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11 August 1981 In Copenhagen, Denmark, two bombs exploded on the
sidewalk in front of the Swissair office. An American
tourist was injured by flying glass.
29 August 1981 A bomb exploded in the main ground floor corridor of
the Intercontinental Hotel in Paris, injuring 18
persons.
4 September 1981 A bomb exploded at the Hilton Hotel in Maseru,
Lesotho, causing extensive damage to two floors of the
hotel and injuring five persons.
23 October 1981 Three bombs exploded in Rome, damaging the offices
of the Avis car rental company, the Bank of America
and Italy, and Reader's Digest magazine.
24 October 1981 A bomb exploded at the American Express office in
Rome.
31 July 1982 The Sears Roebuck store in Lima, Peru, was hit by
nine bombs. Six were defused, but three exploded.
7 August 1982 Terrorists fired automatic weapons and detonated a
handgrenade in the customs area of the airport in
Ankara, Turkey. Nine persons were killed and more
than 70 wounded in the attack.
9 August 1982
19 November 1982
15 July 1983
2 November 1983
17 December 1983
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Two gunmen threw a grenade into a popular Jewish
restaurant in Paris, and then fired into the lunchtime
crowd. Six persons were killed, including two
Americans, and more than 25 wounded.
Police defused a bomb placed at the office of a
Spanish-American bank in Bilbao, Spain.
A bomb exploded at Orly Airport in Paris, killing
eight persons and wounding 55.
Turkish leftists took over the Pan American ticket
office in Paris, and held several people hostage for 90
minutes before surrendering to police.
A powerful car bomb exploded outside Harrod's
department store in London, killing nine persons,
including one American. Two other Americans were
injured.
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23 December 1983
24 March 1984
11 January 1985
8 March 1985
13 March 1985
12 April 1985
19 June 1985
19 June 1985
1 July 1985
A bomb exploded outside the Grand Vefour
restaurant in Paris, injuring 12 persons, including five
Americans.
A bomb exploded in the parking lot of the
Intercontinental Hotel in Amman, Jordan, slightly
injuring a US Embassy AID employee and his
daughter.
A movie theater in Bilbao, Spain, was bombed. The
theater was showing an American film at the time.
In Honduras, a bomb exploded at a discotheque
frequented by off-duty US military personnel. Five
persons were injured, including one US serviceman.
A bomb exploded in a crowded restaurant in
downtown Pointe-a-Pitre, Guadeloupe, injuring 12
persons, including four Americans.
A bomb exploded at the El Descanso restaurant in
Spain. Eighteen persons were killed, and 82 wounded,
including 15 Americans. The restaurant was located
between Madrid and Torrejon Airbase and was
frequented by Americans.
Terrorists attacked a restaurant in the Zona Rosa
district in San Salvador, killing six Americans,
including four off-duty US Marines.
A bomb exploded in the departure terminal of the
Frankfurt International Airport in West Germany,
killing three persons and injuring more than 40,
including one American.
A bomb exploded at the British Airways ticket office
in Madrid, killing one person and injuring 27. The
blast also wrecked a nearby TWA office.
22 July 1985 A bomb exploded in front of the Northwest Orient
Airlines office in central Copenhagen, Denmark.
16 September 1985
In Rome, terrorists lobbed two handgrenades at the
popular sidewalk restaurant Cafe de Paris, injuring 38
persons, including nine Americans.
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27 December 1985
5 February 1986
5 April 1986
8 April 1986
Terrorists attacked the El Al ticket counter at
Schwechat Airport in Vienna, killing three persons
and wounding 39, including two Americans. In an
almost simultaneous strike, terrorists attacked the El
Al and nearby TWA check-in counters at Leonardo
Da Vinci Airport in Rome. Fifteen persons were
killed, including five Americans. Another 73 persons
were wounded.
A bomb exploded in the third underground level of
the popular shopping center Forum des Halles in
Paris. At least 26 persons were injured in the blast,
including one American.
A bomb exploded inside a popular West Berlin
nightclub, the La Belle discotheque, killing two
persons and injuring more than 200. One US
serviceman was killed in the blast and another 66
Americans were wounded.
A timebomb exploded near the entrance of the
Erawan Hotel in Bangkok, Thailand, killing one Thai
citizen and wounding two others. US Secretary of
Defense Weinberger was due to attend a dinner there
an hour and a half after the explosion.
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West Germany
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Highlights
Key Indicators
TWA Jet Explosion Kills Four Americans
On 2 April, a bomb exploded aboard TWA Flight 840 as it approached Athens to
land. Four persons?all of them Americans and one an infant?were killed when
an explosion ripped a hole in the fuselage and they were sucked out of the aircraft;
nine other persons were wounded. Although it was severely damaged, the plane
was able to make an emergency landing in Athens.
A previously unknown group, the "Arab Revolutionary Cells," claimed
responsibility for the incident in a communique issued from Beirut. That name is
similar to one used by the Abu Nidal Group last November when it hijacked an
Eygptair flight from Athens
The bomb appears to be similar to devices placed
aboard commercial airliners in 1982 by the Palestinian group 15 May, although
we believe that group is no longer an operational unit.
Responsibility for the bombing has been difficult to pin down and may never be
proved conclusively. Individuals from the 15 May Organization may be acting on
their own, working for another group, or selling bombs or technology to other
parties. The woman who occupied Seat 1OF on an earlier leg of the flight remains
a major suspect, despite her vehement denials. May Mansour, an anti-Israeli
Lebanese citizen, has admitted membership in the Syrian Social Nationalist Party.
Another complication in determining blame was Israeli Prime Minister Peres's
public claim that Abu Musa's Fatah rebels carried out the attack jointly with Abu
Nidal operatives;
Berlin Discotheque Bombing Kills One American
On 5 April, a bomb went off inside the La Belle discotheque in West Berlin, killing
two persons, including a US serviceman, and wounding more than 200 others.
West Berlin police arrested their strongest suspect to date?a Palestinian named
Ahmad Hasi?on 20 April.
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United Kingdom
Attempt To Bomb El Al Plane Foiled
On 17 April, London police arrested an Irish woman at Heathrow Airport as she
attempted to board an El Al flight with a suitcase bomb. She implicated her
boyfriend?a Jordanian named Nasar Mansour Hindawi?who planted the
explosives, and police arrested him the following morning.
Hindawi, however,
is the brother of the suspect arrested in the 5 April Libyan-sponsored La Belle
discotheque bombing in West Berlin.
Lebanon
More Hostages Taken; Others Murdered
The hostage drama in Lebanon escalated another notch in April as three more
Westerners were kidnaped and four executions were announced?three at Libya's
behest and one by the Abu Nidal Group?although only three bodies were
recovered. It is not clear to what extent this new activity was spurred by US
actions regarding Tripoli, but several of the terrorist actors claimed to be acting in
solidarity with Libya. Among the more significant incidents:
? On 8 April, a previously unknown organization, the "Islamic Siffin Group,"'
claimed responsibility for the kidnaping of French schoolteacher Michel Brian.
Three days later, Syrian security forces in Lebanon said they secured his release.
? On 11 April, unidentified gunmen kidnaped Brian Keenan, a lecturer at the
American University of Beirut.
? On 17 April, unidentified gunmen kidnaped British television journalist John
McCarthy while he was en route to Beirut airport.
'The group is probably Shia, as the name Siffin refers to a battle in 657 AD in which Shia were killed
by Sunni Muslims.
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Africa
Three hostages were murdered in retaliation for the US raid.
American Peter Kilburn may have been held by an independent group that "sold"
him to the Libyans. We believe the Abu Nidal Group kidnaped Alec Collett
initially to pressure the British Government into releasing Abu Nidal prisoners in
Britain:
? On 17 April, the Revolutionary Order of Socialist Muslims (ROSM)?a
covername for Abu Nidal?claimed it had executed British journalist Alec
Collett, who was abducted in March 1985. A communique asserted that Collett
was killed "to punish Thatcher" for British support of the US raid. It was
followed by an inconclusive videotape showing a man dangling from a noose
while voices chanted "God is great" and "Down with Reagan and Thatcher."
? Also on 17 April, the bodies of two British and one American hostage were
discovered. A group calling itself the "Arab Revolutionary Cells" claimed
responsibility for the murders, saying the three had been killed in response to the
US raid and to British assistance to it. The dead included an American, Peter
Kilburn, who had been seized in December 1984, and two British citizens, Leigh
Douglas and Philip Padfield, who were kidnaped on 28 March 1986 as they
dined in West Beirut.
Growing Libyan Terrorist Threat
Libyan leader Qadhafi may be trying harder to exploit opportunities in Sub-
Saharan Africa to strike at US or French interests. Qadhafi's main arena for
terrorism has been Western Europe and the Middle East
stepped-up Libyan activities in Africa has prompted US Embassies to
increase their security precautions. Western installations and personnel in Africa
may be attractive targets for Tripoli, since the largely ineffective security services
of most African states are ill equipped to defend against terrorist attacks.
Moreover, Libyan access to Muslim and Lebanese communities and dissident
groups throughout the region will probably facilitate their efforts:
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Significant Developments
West Germany
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RAF Supporters Work for US Forces Contractor
Two Red Army Faction (RAF) supporters, including Susanne Paschen, reportedly
were employed by a US Forces contractor that performed cleaning services for
Rhine Ordnance Barracks near Kaiserslautern in early April. US Forces
contractors and their employees enjoy relative ease of access to military
installations, since background investigations intended to uncover criminal or
terrorist association are not mandatory. As a result, employment of German
nationals within US military installations in West Germany has long provided
terrorist groups with opportunities to infiltrate supporters and sympathizers to
collect targeting information.
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Spain
PKK Continues Assassination Campaign
The PKK reportedly assassinated Kursat Timuroglou, a leading member of the
Devrimci Isci (Revolutionary Workers) organization, on 25 February in Hamburg.
Timuroglou was at least the fourth activist to die since November 1985 in a wave
of PKK assassinations apparently designed to eliminate opposition and establish
the group as the sole leader of a unified struggle for an independent Kurdish state.
The previous victims were PKK defectors or members of rival Kurdish groups.
El Descanso Bombers Still a Mystery
One year after the terrorist attack on the El Descanso restaurant near Madrid,
responsibility for the blast is still uncertain. One school of thought now blames the
bombing on "WAAD," a name used by the Popular Front for the Liberation of
Palestine?Special Command (PFLP-SC). Under this hypothesis, the operation was
planned in early 1985 in South Yemen by PFLP-SC leader Salim Abu Salem. The
terrorist originally assigned to the operation?Thamer Jalid Hassan Hussein
Birawi?reportedly was arrested in Frankfurt in February 1985 while transporting
10 kilograms of explosives. A second terrorist subsequently entered Spain,
probably on a Moroccan passport, and carried out the attack.
Another theory holds that the Basque organization Fatherland and
Liberty?Military Wing planted the El Descanso bomb?probably as a favor to the
Belgian Communist Combatant Cells and that group's anti-NATO campaign.
Basque Terrorists Hit New Low
The morale, operational capability, and financial status of the Military Wing of
the Spanish Basque organization Fatherland and Liberty (ETA-M) reportedly are
at an all-time low. The group recently has experienced a number of setbacks,
including the dismantling of five previously active commando units, arrests of
several leading members, and the successful rescue of an ETA hostage by Spanish
police. ETA received another blow when French police picked up the group's
suspected leader, Domingo Iturba Abasolo "Txomin," in a routine roadblock on 28
April. His arrest will further demoralize the ETA and increase members' concern
over their ability to operate from France.
ETA-M still has an adequate supply of weapons and continues to have easy access
to new arms from the Middle East.
The group will probably soon attempt new terrorist actions against soft targets?
some of them French property?perhaps with more selectivity and planning than
in the past, to combat the current public image of its declining status.
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Greece
17 November Assassinates Industrialist
The Greek terrorist group Revolutionary Organization 17 November claimed
responsibility for killing Kimitros Angelopoulos, director of Greece's largest iron
and steel works, on 18 April. Angelopoulos was shot as he walked to work. No
suspects have been apprehended.
Angelopoulos's murder is characteristic of 17 November operations. The victim
was shot on his way to work, and the killer escaped through heavy city traffic on a
motorcycle driven by an accomplice. The weapon apparently is not the same one
that the group has used in other attacks. Angelopoulos is the group's first
industrialist victim, and this incident could portend more attacks against other
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Syria
Lebanese Christians Suspected in Bombings
On 16 April, bombs exploded on a military bus and two civilian buses in Hims,
Syria, killing and injuring as many as 100 persons. A fourth bomb exploded
aboard the Latakia-Aleppo train shortly thereafter. Militant Lebanese Christians
are said to have conducted the bombings in retaliation for a recent series of
bombings in Christian East Beirut that probably were the work of pro-Syrian
groups. An earlier truck bomb on 13 March killed six military cadets and wounded
110 other persons in Damascus.
Lebanese Muslim fundamentalists and pro-Arafat Palestinians also have the
capacity to carry out such bombings in Syria. Although Syrian officials publicly
blamed the 13 March bombing on Iraq, they made no accusations after the April
bombing.
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Lebanon
El Salvador
Attacks in Retaliation for Gulf of Sidra
A series of attacks were carried out against US and British interests in Beirut
reportedly in retaliation for the US naval maneuvers in the Gulf of Sidra in late
March. Three pro-Libyan groups claimed responsibility for the attacks, which
caused no reported casualties but created considerable property damage.
The first attack occurred on 25 March when a barrage of rockets was fired at the
US Embassy. The rockets landed in the port area and did no damage to the
Embassy. A previously unknown group calling itself "Vanguards of the
Revolutionary Arab Forces" claimed credit for the attack and presented it as a
response to US attacks on Libya.
Subsequent attacks on 28-29 March were claimed by the "Special Forces?Omar
Mukhtar Unit," another unknown group apparently named after a long-ago
Libyan martyr. These attacks included the bombing of the American Center at the
American University of Beirut, and rocket attacks on the US Embassy's Porfin
Building, the John F. Kennedy Building, and the Al-Jashinor Building that houses
British interests.
Two attacks against British targets occurred on 29 March. A group called the
"Pan-Arab Revolutionary Command"?a loosely aligned Palestinian "command"
formed by Libya in 1985?claimed responsibility for placing a small explosive
device in front of the British Council and a second one near the British Airways
office. Both devices were disarmed by police. The group, which has not previously
attempted terrorist acts, claimed it staged the attacks to protest British support for
US actions against Libya.
Arsonists Destroy Government Building
On 17 March, four men using incendiary devices set fire to the General
Directorate of Statistics and Census in downtown San Salvador, destroying all
data collected since 1969 as well as a $1 million computer system. Press reports
blame the attack on the leftist umbrella group Farabundo Marti National
Liberation Front. Although that group did not claim credit for the incident, the
boldness of the attack and the attendant publicity, combined with lax security and
the vulnerability of most civilian public buildings in the city, may encourage
members of an FMLN group to target other public buildings.
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Colombia
Ecuador
Secret
Reactions to Arrests of Rightists
Investigations of rightist civilians and military officers for criminal or terrorist
activities probably will boost government credibility on human rights and social
justice issues, but political problems could result if the conservative opposition and
the armed forces perceive that their interests are at risk.
IS.
Initial public reaction to the arrests?even within conservative opposition groups
and the military?is said to be positive.
The Duarte administration so far appears to have resisted the temptation to use
the arrests to its political advantage. Nevertheless, if the case widens to implicate
more prominent military and civilian personnel, pressures are likely to grow within
conservative interest groups and the armed forces to scuttle the investigations.
"Toothpaste Terrorism" Attributed to M-19
On 18 March, an individual claiming to represent the National Guerrilla
Coordinating Group?an insurgent alliance led by the 19th of April Movement
(M-19)?called the Colgate Palmolive Company in Cali and threatened to begin
contaminating toothpaste tubes unless the company paid the group $400,000. The
caller then directed company officials to several supermarkets in Cali where they
discovered three tubes laced with lethal potassium cyanide. Although the caller
invoked the specter of Colombia's leading terrorist group, we suspect this extortion
attempt is the work of criminal elements and is not a politically motivated act of
the guerrilla alliance.
Security Forces Disrupt AVC Plans
Ecuadorean officials have announced that police killed one member of the Alfaro
Vive, Carajo! (AVC) terrorist group and captured another during a raid on a
safehouse in Quito in late March.
The safehouse raid
marks the security services' second successful major operation against the AVC
this year, and is likely to affect the group's ability to stage terrorist operations in
the coming months.
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Peru
Terrorists Bomb US Targets
A car bomb attack against the US Ambassador's residence in Lima on 21 April
was the latest in a series of anti-US attacks that began in early April. Among the
more significant attacks were:
? On 3 April, the downtown Lima US binational center, two Citibank offices, an
IBM warehouse, and the Colombian Embassy were bombed.
? On 7 April, a bomb went off at the binational center in Chiclayo.
? On 10 April, another bomb damaged the binational center in Trujillo.
? On 11 April, bombs went off at the US AID warehouse, another Citibank office,
and a Kodak laboratory.
Most of these attacks involved dynamite sticks either thrown from a moving
vehicle or placed outside the target. No serious injuries were reported, and damage
has reportedly been minor.
The Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA) has claimed responsibility
for the attacks on 3 April and probably were responsible for those on 11 April. The
MRTA bombed the Colombian Embassy in Lima late last year in an act of
solidarity with the Colombian 19th of April Movement's seizure of the Palace of
Justice in Bogota.
The latest incidents may be part of a new offensive. Despite the state of emergency
in effect in metropolitan Lima since February, continued attacks are likely against
US diplomatic and commercial interests there. Although the group so far has
refrained from killing or kidnaping US personnel, an open letter it sent to the US
Ambassador was unusually vitriolic and could portend more dramatic anti-US
violence, especially against vulnerable business targets.
Bolivia US Chancery Attacked in La Paz
A previously unknown group calling itself "Los Commandos del Pueblo" has
claimed responsibility for the dynamite explosion at the US Embassy on
27 March. In a communique sent to a local radio station, the group said it acted in
retaliation for US aggression against Libya, Nicaragua, and other Third World
countries. The group also warned that it would strike again without regard for loss
of life.
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Since the March incident, the Embassy has received two telephone bomb threats,
including one from the heretofore unknown "10 November Group." In addition,
another group that called itself the "Era of the Masses Bolivia Revolutionary
Commando" and claimed to act for Libya threatened to "confront and expel" US
troops that participated in a joint military exercise in Bolivia in late April.
some Bolivians?particularly miners?have easy access to dynamite. We consider it
likely that isolated political extremists have taken on the "Los Commandos del
Pueblo" and "10 November Group" labels to attract attention.
Japan
Leftist Groups' Efforts To Derail Summit
Japanese leftist groups mounted several operations in Japan in opposition to the
Tokyo Economic Summit in May. The groups staged attacks prior to and during the
summit designed to obtain maximum publicity and to embarrass the Nakasone
government. To these ends, three of the major groups seemed to be competing for
headlines in the presummit period:
? The Senki Ara-ha (Battle Flag ARA Faction) claimed responsibility for the
25 March rocket attacks against the US Embassy and the Imperial Palace.
Although the rockets did no damage?most failed to explode?and caused no
casualties, they were fired from crowded streets into facilities occupied during
working hours, an unprecedented step for leftist groups that have traditionally
carried out attacks at night when the chance of causing personal injury is minimal.
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? On 28 March, the terrorist group Chukaku-ha (Nucleus Faction) fired three
incendiary rockets from a van at the Osaka Police Prefectural Headquarters, but
none of them ignited and there were no casualties or damage.
? On 31 March, the radical leftist Revolutionary Workers Association Hazama
Faction (Hazama-ha) launched three homemade incendiaries from a parked
pickup truck into the grounds of the State Guesthouse, where summit meetings
were to be held. There was no damage or casualties. Police detained one of two
suspects near the scene.
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The Evolution of
Libyan Terrorism
Libyan leader Muammar Qadhafi responded to the
military challenge posed by US naval forces on
24 March by aiming his terrorist weapon directly at
US personnel and facilities. Qadhafi has not only
moved beyond his traditional pattern of attacks on
Libyan dissidents and moderate Arabs, but has also
turned increasingly to radical Palestinians and other
surrogates to carry out attacks on his behalf.
Previously, Qadhafi's terrorism was directed
principally against those exiles whom he believes
threaten his regime. Last year, for example, half of
the 16 terrorist attacks attributable to Libya were
conducted against anti-Qadhafi dissidents; five other
operations were attempted against Egyptian or
Tunisian targets. Qadhafi's anti-US rhetoric became
increasingly strident after the 1981 incident in the
Gulf of Sidra,
Most recently, we know that Libya sponsored the
bombing of a West Berlin discotheque on 5 April in
which one American was killed and more than 200
persons wounded:
New Moves
A new direction in Libyan terrorism became evident
in late 1985, as closer links between Tripoli and the
radical Palestinian group Abu Nidal surfaced. In
November 1985, Libya was implicated in the bloody
hijacking of an Egyptian airliner by the Abu Nidal
Group. The incident ended in the deaths of more than
60 persons, including the coldblooded shootings of
three US and two Israeli citizens; four of the five were
women. The killings at the El Al ticket counters in the
Rome and Vienna airports last December in which
nearly 200 persons?including 20 Americans?were
killed or wounded also were Abu Nidal attacks
carried out with some degree of Libyan support.
? We believe senior Libyan intelligence officials in
Tripoli knew about and approved of the attack on
the La Belle disco in West Berlin.
In the aftermath of the second US airstrike on
14 April, Qadhafi has dramatically increased his
efforts to attack US facilities and personnel. He
apparently has decided to punish the United Kingdom
for its role in supporting the attack as well. We
believe that Libyans were involved to some degree in
the following attacks and plots:
? The attempt to place a large bomb aboard an El Al
jet at London's Heathrow Airport. The Jordanian
national arrested in London on 17 April in
connection with the plot is the brother of the man
arrested by West German police for involvement in
the West Berlin disco bombing.
? The killing of one American and two British
hostages in Beirut on 16 April.
23
believe there is a Libyan connection to murdered
American hostage Peter Kilburn as well.
Secret
DI TR 86-006
May 1986
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? The shooting of a US Embassy employee outside his
home in Khartoum on 15 April by unidentified
gunmen. The attackers used a vehicle bearing the
same license number as one used by Libyans in
earlier surveillance of the US Mission.
Outlook
Qadhafi is likely to continue his efforts to attack US
and British targets, particularly through surrogates. If
no further US attacks are forthcoming, he may
expand his target list to include those moderate pro-
Western Arab governments he has attacked in the
past. As the current rash of incidents indicates,
however, the threat does not emanate solely from
Qadhafi. The 14 April Tripoli raid alone provides
sufficient rationale for any number of anti-Western
groups to act "in retaliation" for the US action, thus
indirectly satisfying Qadhafi's desire for revenge. In
some cases, however, Qadhafi may choose to order
surrogates to carry out terrorist acts, but finds himself
unable to secure Palestinian participation. Radical
Palestinians and other groups will retain their
independence and maintain their own agenda and
choice of targets:
? Libyan-sponsored radical Palestinian groups?
especially the Abu Nidal organization?are
probably the most dangerous surrogates at present.
These groups offer Qadhafi the advantages of
existing clandestine networks, proven effectiveness,
and ability to conceal his involvement.
? Suicide attacks by fanatic Libyan nationals are
possible, but Libyan and Palestinian terrorists in the
past have sought to ensure their escape after
operations.
Secret
? These groups probably will select symbolic, easily
accessible targets where an attack would cause
extensive civilian casualties. Tight security has
made embassies and official facilities more difficult
targets, but a successful attack would be considered
a significant blow in the eyes of both terrorists and
the public.
? The most likely attacks are those that use easily
obtainable weapons that are easy to hide and
difficult to trace.
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Libyan Support to South
American Terrorists
Libya?perhaps spurred by US military actions in
April?probably will intensify its efforts to expand its
influence over leftist terrorist groups in South
America. Tripoli already has provided some limited
training and financial support to the Colombian 19th
of April Movement (M-19) and Ecuador's Alfaro
Vive, Carajo! (AVC) terrorist organizations. Libyan
meddling in South America is consistent with Libyan
leader Muammar Qadhafi's goals to establish a
beachhead for insurgency in Latin America. Thus far,
however, most Libyan efforts directed toward radical
leftist groups in the Caribbean have not had much
success. Most South American terrorist groups
probably will accept Libyan aid if it comes with no
strings attached, but attempts by Qadhafi to impose
his will almost certainly will be rebuffed.
25
Exporting Revolution
South American terrorist groups are more likely to
accept Libyan offers of financial assistance than
offers of military equipment and training?but only if
there are no strings attached. Interference by Libyan
agents in what South American terrorist groups
perceive to be internal decision and policymaking
processes are likely to be rebuffed. Nevertheless,
Qadhafi probably will step up his efforts to court
South American leftists and expand his influence?
especially in the wake of recent US military actions.
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Qadhafi is likely to use the promise of future funding
to pressure financially strapped terrorist groups into
doing his bidding?a tactic we believe prompted
Chile's MIR to consider staging more sensational
terrorist operations:
? M-19 leaders may turn to Libya
Tripoli probably will react positively to
M-19 overtures for help?almost certainly seeing
this as an opportunity to expand its influence at
Cuba's expense.
? The AVC and the MIR probably will have to
demonstrate the ability to conduct major attacks in
order for Qadhafi to increase his support, although
Tripoli may be more receptive to their plans now
than before the Gulf of Sidra incident and the US
raid.
Libyan attempts to purchase terrorist attacks in South
America probably will fail. Tripoli's influence over
radical groups in the region probably does not extend
to operational control, nor do we believe it is likely to
in the near term. Several South American groups,
however, have used the US raid on Libya as an excuse
to attack US interests. Some leaders also may
publicly claim that their attacks are in support of
Tripoli as a means of attracting Libyan funding.
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Yugoslavia:
PLO Ties and Terrorism
Belgrade's close ties to the mainline Palestine
Liberation Organization (PLO) represent the most
solid basis for Western charges that Yugoslavia plays
more than a passive role in supporting international
terrorism. The regime also has had sporadic contact in
the past with more radical Palestinian factions?
including Abu Nidal and the Popular Front for the
Liberation of Palestine?Special Command (PFLP-
SC)?and it continues to cultivate links to South
African insurgent groups such as the South-West
Africa People's Organization (SWAPO), the African
National Congress (ANC), and the Pan-African
Congress (PAC). The Yugoslays have invested little in
these relationships, however, compared with what
they have accorded the mainline PLO in diplomatic
support, material assistance, and military training. In
reacting to Western criticism, the government may
decide to restrict its contacts with some groups and
may become even more circumspect in dealing with
Arafat. Nevertheless, we believe the regime is
unlikely to reduce its support for the PLO or become
a reliable ally of Western governments in combating
Palestinian extremists.
Diplomatic Support
Yugoslavia's backing of the Arab and Palestinian
sides in their dispute with Israel dates from Tito's
close relationship with Egyptian President Nasser in
the 1950s during the formative years of the
Nonaligned Movement. Tito made no secret of his
pro-Arab tilt or his sympathy with the PLO. He
allowed Soviet cargo aircraft to fly over Yugoslavia en
route to Egypt during its 1967 war with Israel, and he
pushed hard in 1975 for the UN resolution
condemning Zionism as a form of racism. While
denouncing the threat to Yugoslavia of Croatian
terrorists abroad, Tito permitted PLO terrorists to
pass freely through his own country. He approved the
opening in Belgrade in the 1970s of a PLO diplomatic
mission, which continues to cooperate with the
Yugoslav Government in monitoring the activities of
Palestinian radicals transiting or residing in the
country.
31
Secret
The Yugoslav Government regularly receives high-
level PLO visitors; PLO Chairman Yasir Arafat was
received warmly by State President Vlajkovic in
Dubrovnik earlier this year. In late January, Abu
Jihad (Halil al-Wazir)?Fatah's deputy military
commander and a veteran of numerous anti-Israeli
terrorist operations?met in Belgrade with the
Yugoslav Ministers of Defense, Foreign Affairs, and
Internal Affairs, and with other senior officials.
According to the Yugoslav press, Abu Jihad was
promised continued "comprehensive" support in the
struggle against Israel.
Even in the wake of the Achille Lauro affair last
October, Belgrade has softened neither its pro-Arab
slant nor its staunch support for the PLO, despite its
expressed willingness to cooperate more closely with
the West on terrorism. In January, Deputy Foreign
Minister Loncar asserted that the United States and
Israel shared equal responsibility with Libya for
heightened tensions in the Mediterranean.
Military Training
Belgrade continues to provide military training for the
mainline PLO. The Jordanian press recently quoted a
Palestinian source in Amman who affirmed that
members of the Palestine Liberation Army are
receiving training in Yugoslavia. PLO members have
undergone such training since the early 1980s.
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Abu Nidal terrorists continue to transit Yugoslavia
and conduct support operations there, but, over the
past year or so, the regime appears to have curbed
contacts with their leadership, increased surveillance
of Abu Nidal activities in the country, and shared the
information with the PLO. Belgrade openly
condemned Abu Nidal for the first time following the
Rome and Vienna airport attacks in December. The
State Presidency, which oversees foreign and security
policies, apparently is now attempting to distance
itself from Abu Nidal with its public denunciations of
terrorism
Among African groups, SWAPO and Polisario now
have political offices in Belgrade, and the Yugoslays
are cultivating closer relations with the ANC and the
largely inactive PAC.
Secret
Motivations for Supporting Terrorist Groups
Belgrade probably perceives its support of the PLO as
strengthening its hand within the Nonaligned
Movement, which it cofounded and in which it now is
a leader of the moderate wing. In recent years,
Yugoslavia has been under assault from Cuba and
other Nonaligned radicals?as well as Moscow?for
its allegedly lax record in supporting anti-Western
causes. Thus, Belgrade probably felt vindicated by the
movement's favorable reaction to its support for Abu
Abbas in the Achille Lauro affair.
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Economically, Belgrade has long sought to maintain
its good standing among the Arab states. The Arabs
account for a large share of Yugoslavia's annual
billion-dollar arms export trade and provide a growing
market for exports of machinery and chemicals.
Yugoslavia earns substantial foreign exchange from
civilian and military planning, engineering, and
construction projects in Libya and Iraq, and in recent
years has accepted partial payment for these services
in oil.
Belgrade also seems motivated by concern for its own
security. It has long been worried about terrorist
attacks both in the country and against its interests
abroad. Belgrade probably calculates that it can
prevent attacks on Yugoslav territory by some
groups?such as Abu Nidal?by cooperating with
them. Yugoslav security officials probably also hope
that they will receive warnings of impending attacks
by anti-Yugoslav organizations from "friendly"
terrorist groups.
Reactions to Western Criticism
The regime is coming under increasing pressure from
its Western neighbors following media reports that
terrorists have transited Yugoslavia en route to West
European targets.
Although perhaps slow to realize how seriously
Washington regards the issue, Belgrade has
responded with gestures intended to mollify Western
governments. In early February, the Austrian Interior
Minister told the press that Belgrade had agreed to
share information on Armenians and some Palestinian
terrorist groups. In early March, a small delegation of
Yugoslav security officials came to Washington to
discuss closer cooperation on terrorism.
We consider Yugoslavia's moves so far to be largely
cosmetic, however, and doubt that they will satisfy
most Western governments. Belgrade is unlikely to
provide much useful information to Vienna,
Reverse Blank 33
Secret
particularly after a public announcement of the
agreements, and its exchanges with Washington are
likely to develop slowly.
Implications for the West
The Yugoslav regime probably will continue efforts to
demonstrate its commitment to curbing international
terrorism, but is unlikely to risk damaging its Arab
ties. It probably will cooperate with Western
governments against extremist groups that have little
support among states it considers important, such as
the Armenian groups mentioned by the Austrian
official. We believe the regime's controversial military
and diplomatic support for the mainline PLO will
continue, regardless of Western concern. If, in the
foreseeable future, Western interests clash with those
of the mainline PLO?as was the case in the Abu
Abbas affair?the Yugoslays probably again will
come down on the side of the terrorists, leaving
relations with the West to be repaired later.
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Colombia:
M-19 on the Ropes
The terrorist group 19th of April Movement (M-19)
has been on the defensive since the Palace of Justice
debacle last November, and the threat it poses in
Colombia is no longer in proportion to the publicity it
receives. During the past five months, the group has
lost its top leader, suffered repeated military defeats
in the southwestern region of the country, and failed
to conduct a major terrorist operation. Although the
Colombian Army has been less successful against
guerrilla activity than government-manipulated press
reports have indicated, we believe the M-19 continues
to suffer attrition, is not recruiting, and, because of
internal dissension, will be unable to rebound to
previous levels where it seriously challenged the
government's stability.
After the Palace of Justice
The M-19 clearly made a critical mistake with the
Palace of Justice seizure. The group lost several
important leaders and much of its prestige and
popular support as the well-planned propaganda
operation turned into a bloodbath in which more than
100 persons lost their lives.
The Palace disaster has had its most devastating
impact on M-19 units in the Bogota area. These units
lost approximately 35 members inside the Palace and
another 20 to 30 members who have been killed or
captured since then.
In an attempt to recover from their losses, M-19 units
in the Bogota area have postponed major terrorist
attacks and returned to the bloodless, publicity-type
operations that once brought them popularity. A new
Bogota unit called "Heroes of the Palace" has now
attempted to steal milk and roofing tiles for the poor,
37
Colombian armed forces storm Palace of Justice.
although both operations were unsuccessful.
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The America Battalion
During a meeting in January, the M-19 formed a new
insurgent unit?the America Battalion?to enlist
members of Colombian and foreign guerrilla groups
in its rural military campaign.
The M-19 apparently views the America Battalion as
the nucleus of a multinational "Bolivarian army" in
the Andean region, and it has enlisted both the
Ecuadorean Alfaro Vive, Carajo! (AVC) and Peruvian
Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA)
terrorist groups to contribute members. We expect,
however, that the battalion probably will remain a
predominantly M-19 insurgent unit as neither the
As the M-19 seeks publicity as a
leader among Andean guerrilla groups, it will
continue to lose its former nationalistic "Robin Hood"
image within Colombia.
Terrorist Threat Outlook
The M-19 probably will not attempt another
spectacular terrorist attack until it recovers from the
Palace of Justice debacle and the negative publicity
resulting from the incident wears off. Instead, urban
units in Bogota, Barranquilla, Cali, and Medellin are
likely to continue concentrating on publicity-seeking
operations similar to the seminary takeover in March
and may stage high-profile assassinations. In addition,
the current hardline leadership in the M-19 central
command probably will push urban units to conduct
low-level terrorist attacks and financial operations
such as kidnapings and robberies in the near future.
If the Colombian military continues to concentrate on
the M-19's rural forces, however, the group may lash
out in the cities against government and military
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Two M-19 guerrillas with Czech model 25
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Military facilities and buses would be
the most likely targets.
The M-19 has not attacked a US target in more than
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The M-19 started as an urban terrorist group in the
mid-1970s, and its attempts to evolve into a land-
controlling insurgency have failed so far. We suspect
that the group may rethink its goal of establishing a
liberated zone, especially if military attacks in the
rural areas continue. Some M-19 elements may form
smaller, bandit-like groups; others may attempt to
link up with other established guerrilla organizations.
We believe, however, that most of the group may
return full force to the cities once again and escalate
the level of urban violence. In any event, we see the
M-19 continuing subversive activities for some time,
but not seriously challenging the Colombian
Government's stability as it did in the early 1980s.
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Terrorism in Latin America, 1985?
A Regional Profile
International terrorist incidents during 1985 in Latin
America increased by approximately 30 percent over
1984. We recorded a total of 125 incidents, the
highest figure we have seen in the region over the past
five years. In absolute numbers of international
incidents, however, Latin America continued to rank
third after the Middle East and Western Europe.
Terrorism against US targets comprised the largest
portion of international terrorist activity in Latin
America in 1985, yet that was only a small percentage
of the political violence in the region.
Terrorism in Latin America continued to be primarily
an indigenous problem, generally springing from local
insurgencies. In El Salvador, Colombia, and Peru,
leftwing insurgencies continued to use terrorism, as
did leftwing urban terrorist groups that were active
last year in those countries and in Chile and Ecuador.
Rightwing terrorism in El Salvador continued to
decline, but government-sponsored violence in Chile
continued unabated. Cuba and Nicaragua continued
to support regional subversive, insurgent, and terrorist
groups. In general, we expect violence in Latin
America to increase through 1986, as continued
economic and social problems remain unremedied.
El Salvador
In what appeared to be a conscious change in tactics
stemming from military setbacks in the field,
elements of the leftist Farabundo Marti National
Liberation Front (FMLN) began to concentrate in the
cities and attempted to upgrade their metropolitan
front groups. The killing of 13 persons, including four
off-duty US Marines and two visiting US
businessmen in a San Salvador nightclub on 19 June,
marked the most ominous sign of this return to the
cities. The Mardogueo Cruz Urban Commandos, the
urban terrorist element affiliated with the
Revolutionary Party of Central American Workers
(PRTC), took credit for the murders. In a message
delivered to a foreign news agency, the group claimed
39
that the raid was part of an operation that it called
"Yankee Aggressor, Another Vietnam Awaits You."
The message hinted at further strikes against US
military and diplomatic personnel. President Reagan
denounced the killings as "senseless terrorism" and
ordered the accelerated delivery of military
equipment to El Salvador. These killings were the
first to involve official US personnel since May 1983,
when Lt. Cmdr. Albert Schaufelberger, deputy chief
of the US military group, was shot to death in his car
by radical members of the Popular Forces of
Liberation insurgent group.
Several months later, on 10 September, Inez Duarte
Duran, the daughter of President Duarte, was
kidnaped by leftist guerrillas of the "Pedro Pablo
Castillo Command," probably a covername for an
element of one of the mainline insurgent groups,
possibly the Armed Forces of Liberation (FAL). She
was held for nearly two months before being released
in a prisoner swap involving approximately 150
captured guerrillas.
Very few high-profile terrorist
incidents have occurred since then, however. Many of
the groups involved in urban terrorism experienced
heavy losses late in the year due to the increased
effectiveness of the local security services, and their
leaders now may believe that such dramatic attacks
are not worth the heavy price in captures, defections,
and killings. Moreover, many of these groups have
neglected political organizing over the past several
years and reportedly are attempting to establish a
base of political support, especially within the labor
groups.
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Colombia
Most of the political violence in Colombia was
indigenous and generally involved skirmishes between
insurgent groups and the military. In 1985, however,
international terrorism in Colombia increased by
approximately 60 percent over the previous year.
Two of the four insurgent groups that signed a truce
with the government in 1984 rejected it in 1985. Only
the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia
(FARC), the largest of the four main insurgent
groups, continued to adhere nominally to the truce
and began to organize politically. The Ricardo Franco
Front, a splinter group of the FARC, staged a number
of terrorist attacks throughout the year, but fighting
within the group, as well as with the 19th of April
Movement (M-19), brought about a sharp decline in
activity. The splinter group was effectively eliminated
as a terrorist force by a massacre in late 1985.
One of the most dramatic terrorist attacks ever
recorded in Colombia occurred last year in Bogota on
7 November when a group of well-armed M-19
members seized the Palace of Justice and held justices
of the Supreme Court and other persons hostage. The
incident ended when elements of the Colombian
military and security forces stormed the Palace and
killed all the guerrillas. Although several justices were
killed in the storming and President Betancur was
criticized for using force, the outcome demoralized
the M-19 and restricted its capability to operate with
impunity in Bogota. Since then, the group has shifted
its operations to rural southwestern Colombia, where
it continues to engage military forces.
Chile
More than 850 bombings occurred in Chile in 1985,
the greatest number of terrorist incidents recorded in
any country in the world. In addition, international
terrorist incidents there increased approximately 60
percent over 1984, although such attacks against US
official installations and businesses remained a small
part of the total. The Manuel Rodriguez Patriotic
Front was responsible for most of the bombings that
occurred in 1985. The vast majority of these attacks
were directed at Chilean targets?mainly public
utilities, police, and other security facilities.
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Numerous violations of internationally recognized
human rights practices, primarily by members of the
security services, continued throughout 1985.
Government forces were implicated in instances of
brutality, torture, and the mysterious deaths of
suspects allegedly detained for questioning. In March,
armed men in civilian dress abducted three members
of the Communist Party in broad daylight. Two days
after the abductions, the victims were found dead on a
road near the Santiago airport. Although not all of
these acts of repression can be called terrorism or laid
at the door of the security forces, they did contribute
to the rising spiral of political violence we have seen in
Chile during the last two years.
Peru
The Sendero Luminoso (SL), a brutal Maoist
insurgent group composed mainly of Andean Indians,
began "armed struggle" in 1980 and established a
stronghold in the highlands of south-central Peru,
which was placed under a state of emergency in late
1983. Unique in its insularity, the group has
continued to refuse assistance from all foreign
governments. SL guerrillas were implicated in the
slaughters of uncooperative peasants and murders of
village officials who collaborated with the
government. Throughout 1985, elements of the group
increased their terrorist attacks in the cities and
staged dozens of bombings and sabotage activities
within Lima.
Peru experienced a security threat from another
terrorist group, the Tupac Amaru Revolutionary
Movement (MRTA), in 1985. The MRTA surfaced as
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an urban guerrilla group the previous year, when it
claimed responsibility for several terrorist incidents in
Lima. In the summer of 1985, it began using powerful
car bombs for the first time. Most of the group's
activities in 1985, however, were propaganda oriented
and involved the seizure of radio stations and low-
level harassment bombings to publicize its anti-US,
anti-imperialist ideology. The group suspended armed
activities against the government for three months
following the election of President Alan Garcia. In
early November, it resumed its activities and staged
low-level attacks against the US and Colombian
Embassies and various government and business
offices. Although government forces made several
arrests at the end of the year, the group still posed a
challenge to the already overworked security services.
Ecuador
The leftist subversive group Alfaro Vive, Carajo!
(AVC)?which espouses many of the standard
antioligarchical, anti-US, and "anti-imperialist"
views held by radical leftist groups in several Latin
American countries?became increasingly active in
1985. In March, approximately 25 AVC members
broke into a police arsenal and stole several hundred
firearms. In early August, the group kidnaped a
wealthy local businessman who was also the Consul
for the Dominican Republic and held him for about a
month before security forces raided the apartment
where he was being held. This raid resulted in the
deaths of the businessman and several terrorists.
Throughout late 1985, elements of the AVC, with the
Colombian M-19, and possibly other South American
terrorist groups were involved in the formation of a
potentially threatening regional insurgent group, the
America Battalion. The M-19 has long sought to
unify several insurgent groups in the region into a
front against what it calls "imperialist influences."
Since then, the battalion has engaged in guerrilla
confrontations with the Colombian military and has
refrained from what we would define as terrorist
violence.
The Role of Cuba
The Castro regime maintains a large and complex
apparatus for subversion that provides backing for
many leftist revolutionaries and terrorists. This
41
support ranges from arms and funding to safehaven
and training, assistance that is indispensable for
guerrilla movements in Latin America. Castro has
given logistic assistance and financial support to
thousands of guerrillas and has provided them with
military training, usually in courses lasting three to
six months. These courses cover the spectrum of
insurgent/subversive/terrorist skills: underwater
demolition, document falsification, communications
and cryptography, secret writing, urban and guerrilla
tactics, bomb fabrication, small-arms handling, and
marksmanship.
Although the bulk of Cuban support goes to the
Salvadoran leftist insurgency, Guatemalan and
Honduran insurgents also have received Cuban aid. In
Guatemala, Havana has provided training and some
financial support to three guerrilla factions.
Honduran territory is a crossroads through which
material is conveyed to Salvadoran insurgents, and
the government has been the target of Cuban
destabilization efforts. Many of the guerrillas
infiltrated into Honduras in 1983-84 were trained in
Cuba. In addition, Colombia's M-19 has a long and
well-established relationship with the Cuban
Government.
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Nicaragua
Nicaragua continues to provide training and support
to Latin American guerrilla grottos
We expect the Sandinistas to maintain contacts with
Latin American and West European groups that
engage in terrorism. Despite the publicity generated
by US accusations, international disapproval has not
discouraged the Sandinistas from pursuing terrorist
ties:
? The PRTC, a Salvadoran insurgent group with close
ties to Nicaragua, claimed responsibility for the
killing of six Americans and seven other persons in
downtown San Salvador on 19 June.
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Since 1979, the Nicaraguan Government has
provided safehaven and training to several Latin
American guerrilla groups that engage in terrorist
operations. Nicaraguan support has included allowing
such groups access to communications centers,
safehouses, military supplies, and training courses. El
Salvador and Honduras have been the primary targets
of Nicaraguan-sponsored violence, but Costa Rican,
Colombian, and Guatemalan insurgents reportedly
also have received support from Managua. Nicaragua
also is said to have had contacts with Italy's Red
Brigades and the Basque Fatherland and Liberty.
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June 1976
The Terrorism Diary for June
Below is a compendium of June dates of known or conceivable significance to
terrorists around the world. Our inclusion of a date or event should not by itself
be construed to suggest that we expect or anticipate a commemorative terrorist
event.
Palestinians. During this month, Syria entered the civil conflict in Lebanon on the
side of the Christian Phalange and against the Palestinians and their Muslim
allies. In response, Palestinian renegade Abu Nidal renamed his terrorist group
(then based in Iraq) the Black June Organization and began attacking Syrian
targets.
1 June 1955 Tunisia. Victory Day (national day).
I June 1963 Kenya. Madaraka Day (beginning of self-government).
1 June 1967 West Germany. Leftist student Benno Ohnesorg is killed during a demonstration in
West Berlin. The terrorist group 2 June Movement (remnants of which eventually
joined the Red Army Faction) takes its name from this incident.
I June 1972 Cameroon. Proclamation of the republic.
1 June 1973 Greece. Proclamation of the republic.
2 June 1946 Italy. National Day (commemorates the referendum in which Italian voters chose
a republican form of government).
3 June 1982 United Kingdom, Israel, Lebanon. Israeli Ambassador shot and critically
wounded in London, triggering Israeli invasion of Lebanon.
4 June 1970 Tonga. Independence Day.
4 June 1979 Ghana. Jerry Rawlings takes power for the first time.
4 June 1982 Israel, Lebanon. First Israeli bombing of Beirut.
5 June 1963 Iran. National Day of Mourning; Revolution Day; Day of Uprising
(commemorates the arrest of Ayatollah Khomeini by police under the Shah).
5 June 1965 Honduras. Constitutional republic reestablished.
5 June 1967 Middle East. Beginning of the Six-Day War.
5 June 1975 Egypt. Reopening of the Suez Canal.
5 June 1977 Seychelles. Liberation Day (overthrow of President Mancham by Albert Rene).
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6 June 1982 Israel, Lebanon. Israeli forces invade Lebanon.
6 June 1984 India. Army storms Sikh Golden Temple in Amritsar; hundreds of Sikh extremists
killed.
7 June 1975 Greece. Republican constitution adopted.
7 June 1982 Chad. Hissein Habre seizes N'Djamena.
8 June Muslim world. Id al-Fitr (feast celebrating the end of Ramadan) begins.
8 June United Kingdom. Queen Elizabeth II's birthday (national day).
8 June 1967 Palestinians. Founding of terrorist group Sa'iqa (Thunderbolt).
9 June 1965 Oman. Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman (PFLO) begins armed struggle.
9 June 1969 Sudan. Proclamation of southern autonomy.
9 June 1983 South Africa. Three African National Congress (ANC) terrorists hanged.
10 June Portugal. Portugal Day.
10 June 1829 Argentina. Malvinas Day (date from which Argentina claims sovereignty over
Falkland Islands).
11 June 1970 Libya. Evacuation Day (transfer of US bases).
12 June 1898 Philippines. Independence Day (proclamation of the republic).
12 June 1948 Hungary. Founding of the Socialist Workers' Party.
13 June 1974 North Yemen. Coup by Col. Ibrahim al-Hamidi (accession of the Second
Corrective Movement).
13 June 1982 Saudi Arabia. Death of King Khalid and accession of King Fahd.
14 June 1975 El Salvador. Founding of the Armed Forces of National Resistance (FARN).
14 June 1982 Argentina, United Kingdom. Argentine surrender ends Falklands conflict.
14 June 1985 United States, Greece, Lebanon. TWA jet hijacked from Athens. After it made
several trips between Beirut and Algiers, it remained in Beirut after 16 June. One
US serviceman was killed; all other passengers and crew eventually were freed
unharmed.
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15 June 1960 Japan, United States. Signing of Security Treaty; violent protests by leftist
opponents of the treaty were common on this date through the 1960s.
15 June 1979 El Salvador. Communist Party, under Soviet and Cuban pressure, adopts policy of
armed struggle; its fighting elements are called the Armed Forces of Liberation
(FAL).
15 June 1979 Nicaragua. Somoza regime National Guard kills 185 insurrectionists near the US
Embassy.
16 June 1976 South Africa. Riots in Soweto.
17 June 1944 Iceland. Independence Day (anniversary of the republic).
17 June 1953 East and West Germany. Berlin uprising.
17 June 1983 France. Mysterious disappearance of Corsican separatist leader Guy Orsoni.
18 June 1953 Egypt. Evacuation Day (proclamation of the republic).
19 June 1961 Kuwait. Independence Day.
19 June 1965 Algeria. Revolutionary Recovery Day (overthrow of Ahmed Ben Bella).
19 June 1985 El Salvador. Killing of 13 persons (including six US citizens) in Zona Rosa section
of San Salvador by urban commandos of the Revolutionary Party of Central
American Workers (PRTC).
22 June 1969 South Yemen. Coup by National Liberation Front.
23 June Luxembourg. Archduke's birthday (national day).
23 June 1985 India, Canada. Air India 747 downed by bomb over North Atlantic, killing 329
persons. Sikh extremists based in Canada most likely perpetrators.
23 June 1985 Japan. A bomb explodes in the baggage-handling area at Narita Airport, killing
two employees; it is believed to be connected to the bombing of the Indian airliner
over the North Atlantic on the same night, and was probably carried out by Sikh
extremists based in Canada.
24 June Spain. King's Day.
25 June 1950 North and South Korea. North Korea invades South Korea, beginning Korean
war.
25 June 1964 Mozambique. Founding of the Front for the Liberation of Mozambique
(FRELIMO).
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25 June 1975 Mozambique. Independence Day.
26 June 1955 South Africa. African National Congress (ANC) adopts its political manifesto.
26 June 1960 Somalia. Independence Day (northern region).
26 June 1975 Madagascar. Independence Day.
26 June 1985 South Africa. ANC blows up a gasoline depot, a power station, and a water
pipeline.
27 June 1975 France. International terrorist "Carlos" (Ilyich Ramirez Sanchez, a Venezuelan)
surfaces by killing two policemen in Paris.
27 June 1977 Djibouti. Independence Day.
27 June 1981 Iran. Bombing of the Majlis (legislature) kills Prime Minister Beheshti and 70
other persons.
29 June 1976
30 June 1960
Seychelles. Independence Day.
Zaire. Independence Day.
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17 February
13 March
15-16 March
20 March
22 March
23 March
Chronology of Terrorism-1986
Below are described noteworthy foreign and international events involving
terrorists, or the use of terrorist tactics, which have occurred or come to light
since our last issue. In some cases, the perpetrators and their motivations may not
be known. Events and developments that have already been described elsewhere in
this publication are not included.
France: Alleged LARF accomplice arrested in Grenoble. Martine Toulette
admitted providing lodging for Georges Ibrahim Abdallah, leader of the Lebanese
Armed Revolutionary Faction, on several occasions in 1981 and 1982.
France: Bayonne court sentences four ETA members to five-year prison terms. One
of those convicted is Juan Lasa Michelena, a top ETA leader. All four were
charged with illegally carrying weapons and manufacturing grenades.
Martinique: Proindependence activists bomb furniture outlet, museum, and
residence in Le Lamentin, causing major damage. Police defused three additional
bombs at the Palace of Justice, the regional council, and the offices of the national
shipping company.
Spain: Three masked gunmen assassinate bartender in Zumaya. Members of the
Basque Fatherland and Liberty group claimed responsibility and said the victim
was a member of the rival Antiterrorist Liberation Group.
Greece: Revolutionary group Christos Kasimis bombs Harry Truman statue in
Athens. The explosion destroyed the statue and broke windows in nearby buildings,
but caused no injuries.
Corsica: Five members of Corsican National Liberation Front take hostages
before setting off explosives at Ajaccio resort. The seven captives were
subsequently released.
Lebanon: Unidentified gunmen strafe home of Hizballah spiritual leader
Muhammad Husayn Fadlallah. Fadlallah was not injured in the attack.
India: Sikh terrorists in Batala attack Hindu motorists, killing three and
wounding one. The town had been under curfew since Hindu-Sikh riots broke out
on 16 March following rumors that Sikhs were being attacked and tortured and
their shrines burned.
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24 March Pakistan: Bomb explodes in parking lot near international airport building in
Peshawar. It caused no damage or casualties. No one has claimed responsibility.
25 March Luxembourg: Bomb explodes at home of retired gendarmerie commander in city
suburb, causing damage, but no injuries. No one claimed responsibility.
26 March
27 March
28 March
Spain: Police arrest three alleged ETA members after seriously wounding one in
Pamplona shootout. Police believe the suspects are connected with the
assassination of Maj. Gen. Juan Atarares on 23 December 1985.
Italy: Palestinian arrested at border in Trieste for carrying false documents. The
suspect claimed to be a member of Fatah and requested political asylum.
Greece: New group claims bombings of US-owned cars in downtown Athens. The
"Group of Political Initiative of Fighters for the Contribution to the Development
of the Popular Revolutionary Struggle" stated that the bombings were to protest
the visit of US Secretary of State George Shultz and to show "solidarity" with
Libya.
Pakistan: Bomb explodes near offices of commissioner for Afghan refugees,
causing minor injuries to two persons. No one has claimed responsibility for the
incident.
Chile: Mormon church in Santiago hit by molotov cocktail. Minimal damage
resulted; printed on one of the walls was "Yankees out of Chile." Mormon
churches have been favorite targets of leftwing groups during the last two years.
Pakistan: Bomb destroys Afghan restaurant' hotel in Peshawar, killing four
persons and injuring 14. The restaurant was frequented by Afghan expatriates
and the staff of the US Consulate.
France: Corsican National Liberation Front claims 13 bombings in Marseilles,
Nice, and Aix-en-Provence. There were no injuries, and damage to the targets?
banks and government offices?was minor.
Japan: Arsonists strike home of Land Expropriation Committee member in Chiba,
destroying garage. A timed incendiary device also was found at another committee
member's house. No group has claimed credit for the incidents, but police suspect
the radical leftist group Chukaku-ha (Nucleus Faction), which has staged similar
firebombings of other committee members' homes.
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29 March France: Bomb severely damages Tunisian restaurant in Paris, injuring an elderly
woman. There was no claim of responsibility.
30 March
31 March
Spain: ETA releases kidnaped industrialist unharmed in San Sebastian. Jose
Maria Egana was abducted on 10 March. According to a radio report, the victim's
family may have paid a ransom of $2.1 million.
West Germany: Explosion at German-Arab Union building in West Berlin injures
11 people, mostly Arab residents. The bomb, containing more than 5 kilograms of
commercial explosive, heavily damaged the building. No one has claimed
responsibility.
France: Lyon police arrest three suspected leading members of Action Directe,
including cofounder Andre Oliver. Police reportedly believe Oliver participated in
several terrorist operations since the late 1970s.
Chile: Bomb explodes in front of Catholic church in Santiago, causing damage to
nearby US and French banks. No injuries resulted, and there was no claim of
responsibility.
India: Bombs explode at Sardar police station in Amritsar, damaging the
building but causing no injuries. No one has claimed responsibility.
2 April Israel: Bomb explosion in Bet Shemesh business center causes no damage or
injuries. The device went off while police bomb disposal experts were trying to
neutralize it.
Japan: Unidentified person attempts to set fire to cars of Self-Defense Force
personnel in residential parking lot. There was no damage and no claim of
responsibility.
3 April Spain: Police discover ETA arms cache and sgfehouses in Pamplona. The
discoveries were made following the arrest of 11 persons suspected of collaborating
with the ETA.
West Germany: Passenger finds phony explosive device on government bus
carrying Ramstein Air Base security police to Hahn Air Base. The device
appeared similar to those used by the Red Army Faction.
4 April South Africa: African National Congress member convicted of 23 December
shopping center bombing. He was convicted largely on the testimony of an
unidentified accomplice.
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5 April France: Authorities expel six Middle Eastern terrorists plotting to attack US
Embassy in Paris. They included two Libyans, two Lebanese, an Algerian, and a
Tunisian.
6 April France: Two bombs damage Paris offices of European Workers' Party. The offices
have received several threats since the assassination of Swedish Prime Minister
Olaf Palme in late February. The only suspect in the Palme murder?later
released?was tied to the party.
Pakistan: Car bomb explodes outside Kabul Hotel in Peshawar, injuring 22
persons. The explosive device was located in the glove compartment. No group has
claimed responsibility.
7 April Sweden: Bomb explodes at Northwest Orient Airlines office in Stockholm,
causing no injuries and little damage. There has been no claim of responsibility.
Gaza Strip: Bomb explodes on road near Nisanit settlement. A car driven by an
Israeli citizen apparently was the target, but there were no injuries or damage.
8 April Israel: Bus firebombed in northern Jerusalem, injuring nine passengers. Police
arrested more than a dozen suspects, but no one has claimed responsibility.
Israel: Bomb explodes in downtown Afula, slightly wounding soldier. The incident
was the ninth such bombing incident in the town this year.
Lebanon: Car bomb explodes near offices of Phalange Party in Juniyah. No group
claimed responsibility, although Christian opponents of President Gemayel are
suspected.
Thailand: Bomb explodes at Bangkok's Erawan Hotel, killing one person and
injuring two others. US Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger was scheduled
to attend a dinner there later that evening. No one has claimed responsibility for
setting off the device
9 April Lebanon: Car bomb explodes in front of Beirut offices of Sabena Airlines. Twelve
persons were killed and a number of Sabena employees were injured. No group has
claimed responsibility for the blast.
Iran: Car bomb explodes near Tehran bazaar, killing one man and injuring 17
other persons. No group has claimed responsibility.
South Africa: Bombs explode near Johannesburg's Braamfontein Railway Station,
killing one person and injuring many others. No one has claimed responsibility
for the incident.
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10 April France: Self-confessed French Basque separatist sentenced to five years'
imprisonment for November 1984 bomb attack on police station in Lucemberri,
Spain. Jean-Pierre Sainte Marie confessed to belonging to the terrorist group
Iparretarak.
/2 April
Portugal: French group Action Directe claims responsibility for bombing Air
France ticket office in Lisbon. There were no injuries, although the office was
damaged extensively.
Greece: Bomb damages pub near US Navy station at Nea Makri. There were no
injuries reported, and no one claimed responsibility for the attack.
West Bank Bus firebombed in Dayr Abu Maskal. The driver and two passengers
were injured. No group has claimed responsibility.
14 April Colombia: Five bombs explode at political party offices in Bucaramanga, causing
heavy damage but no casualties. The National Liberation Army claimed
responsibility for the attacks and left pamphlets denouncin the electoral process.
The presidential election is scheduled for 25 May.
15 April France: Industrialist escapes assassination attempt in Paris. The Vice President
of the French National Employers' Council, Guy Brana, was unharmed, but his
chauffeur was slightly injured. Action Directe claimed responsibility for the attack
in a communique sent to the French press agency.
Sudan: Unidentified assailants seriously wound US Embassy employee in
Khartoum. Black September?a name now being used by the Abu Nidal Group?
claimed responsibility.
Japan: Mortar bombs found near US Forces East Area housing compound at
Yokota Air Base. No other objects were found, and there was no damage. The
terrorist group Chukaku-ha (Nucleus Faction) is believed responsible.
16 April France: Police arrest 53 suspected Action Directe sympathizers in Paris and
surrounding areas. Explosives and firearms were also confiscated in the crackdown
by the new conservative government.
Italy: Italian-British Association building set on fire in Bologna. Damage was
slight. An unknown group calling itself the "Armed Communist Front" claimed
the attack was in response to British support for US military actions against Libya.
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17 April
18 April
Italy: US military vehicle target of arson attack near Vicenza. The vehicle
sustained extensive damage and a rear license plate was stolen. No group has
claimed responsibility.
Costa Rica: Bomb explodes near US Embassy in San Jose, injuring three passers-
by. The bomb went off in front of the US Consulate and 50 meters from the
Embassy.
Uruguay: Communist Party office bombed in Montevideo. The bomb exploded
early in the morning and there were no injuries. The day marked the 14th
anniversary of the death of eight PCU members in a clash with army and
intelligence personnel. A group calling itself the "Captain Busconi Direct Action
Command" claimed responsibility
South Africa: Bombs rock 12-story government office building in Transkei,
injuring several people and causing minor damage. No one has claimed
responsibility.
19 April Turkey: Homemade bomb discovered and safely detonated outside US-affiliated
bank in Istanbul
20 April Spain: Police defuse bomb at US-owned building in Bilbao. The building houses
the Spanish-American cultural association. There has been no claim; Basque
separatists sometimes bomb US targets.
21 April
Japan: Police uncover Chukaku-ha bomb factory in raid on Kasuga apartment.
Among the materials discovered were 40 kilograms of gunpowder, a partially
completed timing device, and two steel pipes?all of which resembled components
of the homemade rockets used by the group.
Bolivia: Explosion at US-financed development organization in Cochabamba.
Dynamite placed on the lawn of the Secretariat for the Development of the
Bolivian Tropics (SDBT) headquarters (funded by US AID) caused minor damage
and no injuries. The SDBT is also closely identified with the US-financed coca leaf
eradication program.
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22 April
23 April
24 April
Colombia: Ricardo Franco Front Cell captured in Bogota. The raids, which
occurred in nine separate locations in Bogota, netted four machineguns of various
types, 11,000 rounds of ammunition, and army uniforms.
Turkey: Cleaning crew finds explosive device on Pan Am aircraft at Istanbul
International Airport.
25 April France: British manager for US firm killed outside his Lyon residence. An
anonymous caller claiming to represent a "small Arab group" told a news agency
the murder was in retaliation for the US raid on Tripoli on 15 April. Other reports
suggest, however, that this may have been a criminal attack.
1 May
Reverse Blank
Spain: Remote-controlled car bomb explodes on Madrid street, killing five civil
guards in a passing vehicle. No group has claimed credit, although the Basque
terrorist group Fatherland and Liberty is suspected.
Austria: Grenade explodes outside Saudi Arabian airline office in Vienna. A
second, unexploded handgrenade was found in the hallway. No group has claimed
responsibility.
Netherlands: Japanese man with explosives in luggage arrested at Amsterdam
airport. The passenger had traveled from Greece via Yugoslavia with a kilogram
of a TNT-type explosive and six detonators hidden in a small radio. Japanese
police identified him as a member of the now-defunct "Black Helmet Group,"
possibly involved in a 1971 bombing of a police box, who had lived overseas since
1974, but did not connect him with the terrorist Japanese Red Army.
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