WINTER OPERATION OF AUTOMOBILES

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP81-01043R001200220001-9
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 118
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: October 23, 2012
• Sequence Number: 1
• Content Type: REPORT

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MMZM TNS ROMRSAMSAMM Dazm
Central Drivers C1r of Moscow Clt7
bt
3106LAGer D.M.Levin, aM Driver P.?.O6loblin
VIWM OFEUTION OF g TOM ILX3
State 3ci.tific, aid. Technical Pobliihifl8 Ko*a*
for chIx 040 L?t0r&tvu"e
$osctw 1952
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 M1N6tl6Mi~Wk~Aro~'dA11,I~YiMAIy~ry,n:;~;r~.~,;:t6d, ~,,.,
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Page
Devices far Improving the Atoaaisatiori and Iv poration of
Fuel in Starting ........?..r?r.s...?...r ..............rr...r....-. 77
The 9tartilig-4as Generator for Motor ;Vehicles FGG-l o.....600000000 g0
Assuring Reliable Sparking in Starting Carburetor Engines ..r.r....
all
Devices for Cranking the Crankshaft ............................... 85
Procedure and Methods of Starting a Carburetor Engine ............. 86
Starting a Diesel Engine .......................................... 93
Driving an Autoeobile in Winter ........-..???? ......................... 97
Characteristics of Driving an Automobile on Winter Roads ..r....... 97
Methods of Getting Over Difficult Sections on Winter Roads ........ 102
Maintenance of Care on the Road ................................... 107
Bibliography ?. ?r ......................??......e..............r.......? 110
ii
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and dishes the features of driving an automobile in winter.
? .. tins oo~telitions of the individual units and mechanisms of automobiles in winter, and
.1 the nsoesaar7 measures to maintain their efficiency.
:... It gives re ions on the use of the fuels, oils, greases, coolants, and
brake fluids designed for winter use and indicates their effect on the operation of
autaaobile. It presents methods of facilitating the starting of a cold engine,
usviewer, u.r. Ve i iCMhakoY, :ar .date in Technical Sciences
Editor, L.L.Afanas'yeva, Ca didate in Technical Sciences
Board for Literature on the Automobile and Tractor IM astry
* gtneer . V.V.Broksh, Chairman of Editorial Board
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Tltt/ boot gives the basin rules of v~nter operation of sutcaobiles, ..the opera-
The book is written for driven of class I. II, and III and my be used as a
textbook for anateur drivers and the junior technical personnel of automobile trans-
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ubiles of e,adern U makes and the extensive
fibs vase production of a fed the
ovits r0v "t th automobile transport has promp
develop t of the StakhAn
cientific and State Publishing
.gO9coa Central Drivers' Club and the State S House
Mashgis to arrange for the publication of a series of books "Helps to the Hvatdrad-
Thousa 4er Driver".
stions connected with the operation of one of the new
Each book covers que robles~.
Mies or is devote~t to a detailed discussion of some p
mabcoe of Soviet i.et auto
economics of
ratassobiles or of the truck transports-
of the technical Operation of a
~ The books are intended to help drivers to raise
tion and of drivers ' labor union* ,. as well as
chn.ical 1.%ve1 and improve their economic kz,owledga?
their cultural and to
to attain high productive results. ax-A Stakhar.ovi Wes
book are goverment-employed engineers
The authors of each
- wr.~i t.ir ns. The Stakhanovites contribute their
of autowb.il.e transportation
nd ids the discussion of the material. to make it
advanced exPe: i-enc'e to the book a and edit the
..A.aftible to the driver. Their co-authors? the engineers, supplement
s in accordance with data of science and technologTo
roduc-
material
T'ha manuscripts prepared in collaboration with workers of science ad p
tic~n are then given a preliminary review arA are discussed at conferences of acti-
vi?s n ineeri markers. The authors took the princi.-
~,
t truck drivers and teG~ical-e8
to in the discussion into account in the final
pal cats made by the T*Tticip -
drafts of the manuscripts.
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MM
INTRODUCTION
The operating conditions of auto bi .ee in wi'r;ttr differ sub .antial.ly from
ark
At low teaeperrturee, stro 4nda, snow dri ft:a, when layer: :.., 'Lee
form on the r ade# there are my difficulties in the operation of autumobilets.
Whan the automobile Is parked in the open, vi t.-eaut a garage, and ed en aft eer
pro.l ed etarrding on the line, the starting of a cold engine in difi'icuit because
of i,zcn eaithg of the oil, interference with proper formation of a cCabustible fuel
mixture, and poorer` spark formation (in carburetor engines). On icy W -id snow-
coverer roads, travel at high speed is difficult. Unplowed country roads become
difficult for an auto bile to prase.
.4
H"?n -in "m of improper formation
, i
in winter, more x. al 13 w:I''Smei . 's"CAM.. In 5 % ..m r
of the fuel m Ctu.re, increased heat losses of the erngi.rnee, increased viscosity of
the oil in the engine, transraissiun units, and chassi.s, and al ao because of the
poorer traction between t i. ree as. rcu.,~.?~.J
The parts wear out faster at lower engthe operating temperatures, and during
st a.rt;ing.
During long parking there is danger that the watar in the engine cooling system
and the electrolyte .ijnn the storage battery will freeze. If the driver Is not care-
ful enough, this may lead to complete breakdown of the radiator, cylirvAeer block, and.
e rlity dr or heads; etorage batteries frequently fail because of fr.oeing of the
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 winter:
coefficient of truck utilization
peat monthly productivity of truck in town-kilometers
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The work conditions for the driver ale likewise impaired,ue not only to the
cQndttiQrA butt also due to the fsot' toot daylight is considerably shorter and
the visibility in driving poorer.
conditioned their avtc3.le for
Ineacperienced drivers who have not OopcrlJ'
-.1 . re irs it the
a
I,--
1 winter operation have an additional difficulty: The need for d F
. ...... when trouble occurs on the road (as shown by
,~,~~ and often in the wind and snaww,
experience, trouble occurs more often in winter with poorly conditioned cars).
Hov Ter, the extensive experience of ; =-"=~' red-Th?usander Drivers shows that
under severe winter conditions, the use of modern technical Maglu"s and strict
~..-. _
observance of the rules of winter operation will permit high quotas of fulfilling the
Transportation Plan, dependable and trouble-free operation of the automobile, con-
sideroble saving in fuel, and long runs between overhauls.
The experience of Hundred-Thousander Drivers under conditions of a winter
lasting 240-270 d&ys, at a temperature of -7dC on some days, may serve as an ex -
pie of such work.
For eaple, I.Ye.3amenyura, H ndred-Thou.sander Driver, working on a ZIS-150
truck, had the following productive indexes for nine months of wort,, including one
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221
MOMM daily run, l:n km 185
These indexes indicate that, Comrade Se enyura, under severe climatic condi-
Meaan monthly fuel saving, in liters
tions, still achieved fulfillment of the Plan, obtained saving in equipment and
:,materials; despite this fact, the results of his work were not inferior to those or
bx vers,wrorking order considerably mjlder ciam:-tic co$ ti" ~?
A socialist attitude toward work, knowledge of the latest a.chievefl ent.s of
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autuwobile technology., initi t've, inventive>ne~s:~, and exchange of experience.
i
Soviet
rat r?pilte in the work of the advanced workers In automobile transport.
b
~ ~: ~ ~! ~ by the hi etori-
In their practical work, Hundred-Thousander Dr~vers are ~,
r.:..
cal speech of Comrade Stalin at the Firet'AI.l-Union Conference of Stakh%novites:
wid let us look at the gtakhanovite comrades* What sort of people are they?
` ...,
., ow,
?hey are erainly young or middle-aged working men and w '"-, well -tjrained people and
g
?echnicalY,~- skilled, showing exemplary precision and accuracy in their work, who
..
know how to evaluate the time element in work and who have learned to figure time
knc~a
riot 1.~,,.. of them have had what is called mini-
mm only in minutes but even in eecor~~. ~~~w ~_
edu.-ation and continue to supplement their technical training. They
mm technical,
technicians,, and
are free from the' conservatism and stagnation of certain engi:peers,
forward, surpassing the obsolete work norms and setting
managers. ~ they march taold:.-y ,
hi her ones. "r hey i.ntrcduce corrections into the planned power and into
up new and g
__ __:c pdrawn up by the leaders of our industry, and they supplement and
the e .,COn+w~u. plans
guide the engineers and technicians. Often they teach them ar prod them, since
..~ eyed the technique of ;,heir work and who know how
they are people who have f u....lp avast
to extract from technolO, r the ruaax..mum obtainable" (pih1.2O ).
This book, one of the series "Helps for the Hundred-Thousander Driver", uses
tlv
tho experience of advanced drivers, the recent accomplishment.q of Soviet autr-'ssoC
ol.a , the work of the Cen,.ral Research Institute for Auto b:le Transport
techfl ,
(TSNIAAT), and many other data.
Besides giving practical advice as to maintairanGe of reliable operation of the
truck in winter, particular attention has been paid to exrlbining the causes res-
_ _ r the authors' opinion, this will
ponsib~.c for the difficulty of winter a~~e~'aLZ~.=~a. I
driver who has assumed the socialist obligation of becoming
make it possible for a
a Hundred-ousander to understand the essential. nature of the phenomena taking
in an automobile in winter, axzd v 1l1 enable him to manifest initiative in
,_ . place
..> , .1 _......, ., and driving an automobile tuZder di;f-
pr~oving hi. s methods and technique of servicing
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PRVARATION OF THE AUTO ILE FOR 'dIh"TE OPERATION
Procedure in Pret-rihe_ Autaracabile f ter
In winter all troubles and disorders of an auto obile are considerably more
frequent, and uaual.ly lead to mom unpleasant consequences, than in summer.
Increased wear of the crar,ksh.a.ft bearings is dangerous in automobile operation
during any time of the year. In winter, increased wear may lead to even more rapid
failure of these parts.
For a~a..e,
cold er+~ rye . so long as the
oil has not warmed up
and is not supplied to the clearance in sufficient quantities, the bearings will
run with an inadequate amount of lubricant, or even entirely without it. This may
result in rapid wear, and in some cases the bearings and crankpins may be ruined
(by seizing),
When the cylinders, piston rings, and pistons are badly worn, with unadjusted
clearance between the valves and the push rods, the engine usually starts less
easily than when these parts are in good order. In winter, when it is difficult
enough to start a cold engine even without this, defective conditions that make
starting ever, more difficult are impermissible.
various troubles in the electric equipment are more frequent in winter than in
swmraer? Slight current leaks or loosening of electric contact in the low-voltage
circuit may remain unnoticed in suer, but in winter, when the capacity of the
storage battery drops and the spark, in starting the engine, is weaker, such leaks
make it hard to start tho engine. Current leaks in the high-voltage circuit are
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~~ .. .. _
still more troublesome. Trouble in the i6nitirn, genbrator., or lighting etYetewar not
,. f cases May make it
Ma
.,,. .,".corrected in time., may cause long halts on, the road, and in many
to call for technical assistance and have the automobile towed to a garage.
.....~ necessary
es might be continued indefinitely, but those given above are enough
Such azampl
to wlnltrrant the conclusion that trouble or increased wear of individual parts will
lower the reliability of operation of an automobile more in winter than in s ?
For this remson, before beginning the specific preparatio'n of the vehicle for winter
. ..
the eneral condition of the working parts and mechanisms must first be
....operation, 6
wherever necessary, the required overhaul and adjustment must be done.
checked, and,
The specific preptxation of an autc:wab.ile for winter operation has the object
n its reliable operation and travel on winter roads. It is designed to
of ensuri g
facilitate the starting and running of a cold engine, to save fuel, to reduce the
n its and to eliminate the possibility of freezing of the cooling system
wear o pa ,
and storage battery.
For this purpose, the cooling system, fuel supply system, and engine lubrica-
must be checked and prepared for winter, and the erg yi.re warmed up. The
tion v r
System
the transmissi(:n system must be flushed and the oil charged, and the steer-
parts of
ing wheel, brake mechanism, and chassis checked and ad rusted. Particular attention
must be paid to the electric equrent and storage battery. The condi ti.on of the
cab in trucks and the body of light automobiles must also be checked and the wind-
shield wipers adjusted.
All the above measures relate merely to the preraration of the automobile
and do not include additional equipment for facilitating starting of the
itself,
.i~+t~' ~ '~.1..:. ve~' ICY":t~s.
.f i.... ec t"asing the road ability ~? . .
cold engine and .~ L:,+.tti.i ,~:.;
T e gtne Gool.in 3vst~
of the en,gi,ne, which, particularly in winter, has an important
The temperature
fuel consumption and the wear of parti, depends to a considerable extent
affect. on
on the good condition of the cooling system. With the coolizig system in good order
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incorrect operation of the thestat.
The following are the principal troubles that most often affect the normal oper-
As the engine operates, the cooling system becomes clogged with various water-
deposited impurities and with rust, which interferes with normal circulation of the
,liquid. When working with hard water, scale is deposited on the radiator walls and
in the engine water jacket.. Scale not only impairs the circulation of he Iqui In
the systeaa, but also decreases the effectiveness of the engine coolant, since its,
thermal conductivity will be lowered.
As a result of the fouling of the cooling system and of the deposit of scale,
the circulation of the liquid Is impaired, causing the engine to overheat, while the
radiator will become overcooled. In summer this leads to a drop in engine power and
excessive fuel consumption, while, in winter, it also may result in freezing of the
water in the radiator.
It is therefore desirable to change the water every two or three months, and
before bed ning winter operation it is compulsory to flush the cooling system.
If the scale deposits are not extensive, the system is fl~_?hed with water.
The best procedure is to flush the radiator, engine water jacket, and body heating
system separately, by passing a stream of water through these parts for l&-15 min.
in a direction opposite to that of normal circulation, as shown in Fig.l.
Still better results may be obtained by injecting compressed air under a pres-
of ats, (no hither) together with the water. A special cap is used for
this purpose. One hose for the water fros- the water line and another hose for com-
press ?r from the compressor are attached to this cap; a set of special exterx'ion
hoses, used only for flushing the cooling system, must also be provided.
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the engine does not overheat and will not be overcooled, and the temperature of the
90?C
?
water leaving the engine is kept constant at the level of BCC-
'
!leakage of the coolant in the flexible hose, incorrect adjustment of the fan belt,
~. ation of the cooling system: clogged cooling system, extensive scale formation,
 tub) of water is filled into the cooling system and left for a few hours, usually
overnight. In the morning, the engine is started a d run until thoroughly warmed
up. The solution is then drained and the system, flushed with pure water and scaven-
ged with compressed air, as indicated above.
Copy Approved
In the engines GAZ-51, Z13-150, GAZ M-209 ZIS-110, in order to obtain uniform
to a water mani-
itas of the oyliMor block, the water is supplied from the pump
co
fold provided with slits facing the exhaust valves. On each flushing of the cooling
s taw this manifold gust be cleaned with wire hooks or go-devils. If the pipe is
clogged or rutted, it must be removed from the block and, depending on its
condition either thoroughly cleaned or replaced by a new one. If no ready-made
,
pipe is available, it can be assembled from a sample or from a drawing, using gal-
vanized,, lead-coated or tinned sheet iron 0.5-0.8 mm thick.
If there are considerable scale deposits in the cooling systean, the deposits
mgt be loosened and partly dissolved before flushing. For this, a heated solution
consisting of 750400 P of caustic soda and 150 gm of kerosene per 10 liters (one
o ft,er, 4 rtg scale in en,c i.nes with a cylinder
imper!nissible. in particular, the cr'kiy automobile
2 0' engines with alkali solutions, since
plant forbids flushing the GA"- 1 and GAZ -
the aluminum cylinder heads of these engines may be damaged. in such engines, scale
The use of caustic soda ::J.l,,.t.ae.i o
head of aluinum alloy
;.,,; . cases of cooling-$7stem trouble. Frac-
A'Ivrinr
44
tice shuns that in winter about 5C of tie cool snit 055 ea ., ~. , e s W W.PYN
the operating time of an automobile are due to leaks through lose hose connections
a etc. ~ le
,
and water pumps, cracks and damage to the soldered snots in radiator
3Loaks of l.. uid make up 0-35 of
be r* ved from the radiator with this solution only if the radiator is first
disconnected from the engine blocks scale can be remove: front the water packet
of the cylinder block only when the engine is disassembled for overhau~.al.
After flushing the cooling system ad removing the scale, an extreeeiy careful
inspection toast be made for water leaks and their location.
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Fig,". - Diagram for Hushing the Cooling System
a) Flushing the radiator; b) Flushing the engine crater jacket; c) Flushing the
heating system of the body; d) Water; e) Air; f) Thermostat removed.
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 the leakage, the water pump must be removed and disassembled and the textolite disk
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a..
1.Ou'45 escapes through the inspection pipe or the valve of the radiator plug when
I
_. the water forms a deposit due to engine overheating, and that only an insignificant
,,,sweunt is lost by evaporation. Thus, when leaks in the cooling system are entirely
_.._,i absent, and the driver maintains the required temperature with a running engine, the
,leake of coolant and, consequently, the quantity of liquid that must be added to the
radiator, may be very insignificant.
On the other hand, considerable leaks from the cooling syster: while the auto-
mobile is running will cause a drop in the coolant level., which interferes with
normal circulation of the liquid and, at very low levels, may lead to overheating
the block and cylinder head and to overcooling; in very cold weather, this may also
lead to freezing of the water in the radiator, especially at the bottom. It is more
convenient to find the water 'leaks when the engine is cold, since, when it is hot,
a slight leak may pia+js unnoticed, owing to the rapid evaporation. Some spots in the
cooling system are hard to reach for direct inspection, and it is therefore advis-
able to leave the automobile overnight in a clean place in the ,garage, and then
check the floor for traces of leaks in the morning.
Leakage of water through the stuffing boxes of the water pi is often observed.
In the engines ZIS-5, A24M, leaks in the water pump are eli.niin.ated by tighten-
ing the stuffing nuts. If further tightening does not eliminate the leak, the rack-
ing of the stuffing box must be changed.
The engines ';AZ-51, M-20, and ;,^,15-120 here a self-tightening stuffing box or,
the water pump, consisting of a rubber cup with strips, textolite disks, and a core-
pression spring (Fig.2). The stuffing-box parts are interchangeable in the ZIS and
GAZ automobiles. Leaks with this design of stuffing box result mainly from wear of
the textolite disks and are detected by the escape of water from the inspection
hole (16) in the barrel of the pump. This leakage cannot be stopped by wetting the
insulating strip, since water would reach the fan bearings and ruin them. To stop
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Fig.2 ., aster ?"'r of tt e h-2C Autc)mo1,
ve
water reach r';e cu;~:, 'th t"se W~e;:stat+a'
A~
x
l Cylinder 7,ead 2 na s s
Cr sts..:f. ink; t4x-
closed; 3 ) ~rpe~.ler o
}, er; catch
~ u
6 Text,oliLe sealing disr; of '~LtI; f i' ',pox; ? ~?u +~
fenir~g for chec;~ir~g lubrics rat, ieaks fT-or~ ump
9) bearing, .lu 1 x) , c,r checr;inF, iu'r'_
water u p; ; tb) 3tuffir;t
12)Pin? ; 1 )Shsa.ft of
e cr
leaks from bearing sLr~.ap a.(~) trperifg , 0
ric nt lag Iater-
stufi inB box; l7) Check ring of stuf fir 1 box;
pump barrel.
,..._ar~ chambers water or antifreeze mikes it cxtrcrnel~r
If penetrated into the comb?~~.k
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If the textolite cllek i.s only wj.i.ght~y worm it may be
errd ivbber cup replAcede
s tha barrel. DisasaetnblY
ide toward the face of
used further by pled the unworn
require great cares the use of a stripper for the
`and reassembly of the water pwap
the fa-n shaft, and moat there-
fan boss " a hi"d Arens for
raring art i,n~erting fore be done in the shop.
"leaks through a damaged gasket or crack in the inner
"i.ntema
The so-called
constitute a still greater danger for the cnginc'*
wall of the water packet (Fig.3 )
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Fiz?3 - Internal Leaks of
if the fan belt is loose, the circu-
lation of liquid in the system may be or-
and its cool'ng in the radiator may be
insufficient. In operation, the fan belt
loosens and begins to slip. Besides in-
earring the circulation of eater and re-
duoir the flow of cooling air through the
radiator, a slipping fan belt also dimini-
shes the generator charging current.
The fan belt in the automobiles
GAZ- . GAZ '--1, GAZ-51, "Pobeda" and
"I5-1.20 is adjusted by moving the genera-
while on the ZZIS-5, ZiS-16, and Tatar-6 the adjustment is made by a screw instal-
tor,
led in a bracket and screwed into the fan shaft. When the fan belt is squeez by
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d difficult to start the engine and if the quantity of water is considerable, start-
11[ .~. ,
is impossible. When reaching the cylinder walls and entering the crankcase,
as
water lore an emulsion with the ail, leading to increased wear of the engine parts.
} ~
" Internal leaks can be detected frog' the presence of water drops on the spark-plugs
in the crankcase oil. To locate the place of a leak accurately, the ngine must
...~ and
be disassembled. In the best case, the job can be limited to changing the gasket of
} the cylinder head. In the case of a cracked block or head of the bloc., the part
must in most cases be exchanged. If the cracks are small, an emergency measure of
automobile mechanics is to fill the cooling system overnight with a weak solu-
some
But Ui er
.. layer r copper,
tiara of copper sulfate which coats the crack With a thin of . thad does not give good results in all cases, since the copper Is deposited only
me
on the fresh (still =oxidized) surfaces and since the incipient crack may continue
to grow. Small external cracks in the block may be repaired by welding, bonding,
insertion of a wedge, or by coating with a li.tharge-glycerol paste.
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the thumb midway between the pulleys (with u force of 3-1, kg), the halt should bend
by 12-2O mm an the GAZ engines and by 10-15 mm on the ZIS and YaAZ engines. Thcces-
~eiae tightening in also harmful, since it increases the wear of the fan and of the
...; fan and generator bearings. Oil on the tan belt must be wiped off with a rag or
cotton waste, moistened with gasoline.
At the same time the fan belt is chocked, the condition of the fan blades and
the firmness of their attachment to the boss, as well as the clearance between the
shaft and bearings, should also be checked, and, if necessary, proper adjustment or
repairs should be made.
The cnnlinv avaet.oan* nr +.hp (FA7_c1 7Ts.._2c; 'n}~s.r~n-e 7Tq_lI ( n-;ri Ys17_)rreason. They should not do this; when the engine
thet
overcooling of the radiator
w
l
b
o
e
b point that will be discussed
, is well warmed up,
i
and freezing of the water can be avoided,' and if low_tempsi-atuar+s coolants are used,
Fig.4 - Diagram of Tr~sta.l.ation and Action of Thermostat:
) Valve closed; b) Valve open.
1 - Cylinder; 2 - To yoke; 3 f
the danger of freezing is entirely el...ninated..
-0 palest check on thermostat operation: TAi be rn .de by touchII,the radia-
n s...m,
n the engine is warring tip, the radiator shou.: d. be, cold; when the wa:^mi:.ng
tor: When i
pleted with the pointer Of the water te:,aperat~~re s:rl:.ce.t,cr i the engine
up~.scor~ ,
jacket, approaching fit. 'C, the upper tank of the radiator will be hot. to the
water ~'
touch.
functioning of the thermostat, can be checked more accurately by heating
Proper
it in a vessel with water, as shown schematically In F.i g, 5 ?
the thermostat in Its position, it mist be inspected for integrity of
Leaving
firmness of the soldering. Dirt and scale must be cleaned off with a
its parts and
and straight position dust be checked. Insertion. of a rubber gasket
wooden rod*
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arriv6 at the engine cylinders.
es considerably more SIOVIIIv and therefore
In addition, a heated engine f reel
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i, (jO +ulsorye The cooling system of the engines
n and ZIP-1~C is airtight#
f~AZ-51~'obeda
icate with the attaoe_
_~, i.e., does not camawr-
??Y~ suitable de-
phere. This is ensured by A.
, ator plUgp which has two
it4 t~1 sign of the rtw
nut'et valve, opening when the
valveD W w -
~.}r~~
pressure in the cooling system rises
an inlet
to 0.35 above atnospheric and ~
"` , r. ressure in the
-~- valve, which prevents ove?f
ator on condensation of vapor in the
radi
ins at a vac'a;I of 0.2 atm.
' system, and o~
The airtight coon" system makes
Checking the Thermostat it r}ossible to raise the engine tempera-
Fig .S ,
since the ccint.a. -I water .l
for Proper Functioning, by tare,
1L -1 ar nn1r when heated to idg C.
Beating 4L0 start
r
A,, r or losses G.
ns is not overheated, h~;wev , 0 there
If the mi -ate ,
va~.ve:~ rwperly only if a !' t.er gasket is
of the radiator ,]E. ofe `he g These the barrel
water. ne
in the radiator nec ! f and a rubber gaske,
inserted
gaskets must be periodically inspected.
}{a n the gust ent of the gU&ntity Of cord
warr~irq, of the engine arri correct ads
Proper r cold weather to
the radiator l.es it w ssibie, oven in ~erti`
air enterir:,g throu~,h
the space ands the hnc~d at around 3C`-,t?' C
maintain the temperature of the air in tp u ,ity
n , of the fuel. ~?xture
t mobile is rua~ning? TYtis ens?rrs good 1
when the a x
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it is impossibly to obtain normal temperature conditions without these, since, a
M., large amount of cold air enters the space under the hood at all times, bypassing the
t is the main cause of a large over-
th
t
a
"!radiator. It is often preci3ely this 1ao
consumption of fuel, even when the automobile is in good condition and properly
_. adjusted.
Before the beginning of winter the integrity of the windguards must be checked
0.2 -1 and they iiet ae i .Lx-V",r %4#%,Cb%.4U hd ?
To adjust the quantity of air aspirated under the hood with the engine running,,
the autossobiles GAZ-51, "Fobeda", and ZI3-11C, and the buses Z13-15L and ZIS-155
d r1~rA r" s
~,.c; ; the
have louvers In front of the radiator, which can be controlled ...
seat on the GAZ -51 and "Fobeda"", while on the ZIS-11O and the ZI3-151. bus they are
regulated automatically by a thermostat. Figure /,a shows as an ex=pie the arrar,ge-
ment of the radiator louvers on the GAZ-51..
The louvers and their controls must, be regularly inspected and any mud a.nd
dust cleaned off with a brush and blown out with compressed air, and the shafts cf
. .. r ~a 1 .0. 1? .ri rx-t.re[~ RI t'2 oil (c!'s the ~I5-11i'~ "he
the slats and joints of the rods VW ---- -..
spindles of the slats need not be lubricated). The slats trust abut snugly when
closed and must completely open, while there must be no large clearances or play in
the joints of the rods and cable.
4 the ZIS-1_lo ~~uver3 1s insect ],.ilk the thermc-
The thermostat ec+xlvrc~lln g
stat of the cooling system. The louvers on the ZTS-11C and the Z13-151. bus are
adjusted according to the plant instructions delivered with each automobile.
On automobiles not, equipped with louvers, it is very uasef"wl to install a
shutter in front of the radiator. This shutter is controlled from the driver"s
seat by means of a cable or a strong rope.
Figure 7 shows the construction of such a radiator shutter for the ZIS-15C
automobile, developed at the TDNIIAT*. The shutter (12) is made of two layers of
*Proposed by driver Comrade Gavrilin.
1.6
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Fi . 6
a) Radiator louvers in SAZ--51 autam+biie; h i Systems of ? ~; =avers installed. by Hundred-
er Driver Ya.I.Titov on ZIS- 6 Bus. I - Louver slat; 2 - Lever; 3- Spindle
Thausand
,a.f lever; L - Fin; 5 -, Rod of louver splndlea; 6 - Shaft of louver; 7-Disk;
$ Cotter pin; 9 - Ring: 10 and 11 - Angles.
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is wrapped around the metal spindle (9) and is stretched
canvas, the upper edge e is beaded with 1 ma thick sheet iron a nd is att,sched by two
1
Ner edg
h
`~~ T
,o
e
bolts rotiided with
to the radiator cross-piece. The shafts of the shutter are p
.. ~
rollers (7), which'; facilitate its motion. The upper and
:reply rotating wooden The
;:1,onrer edges of the shutter are held in place by the elastic rubber strap (6),
the cover. It is wound around the guide roller (5) and is
sable (3) is used to lift
_ __ VhAn
.. an opening in the front and into the cab to the drivers s seat ?
passed th ugh
when it is
the cable is pulled the shutter is lifted, covering the radiator, and
released the shutter is pulled down by the rubber strap.
In building these shutters it mist be borne in mind that some ty=pes of rubber
the cold therefore, if no suitable rubber is available, it
lose their elasticitY in ,
is preferable to install a spiral spring on the shutter*
may be use 'Instead of a radiator shutter. The Hundred-
hoa-e-a+~e ~cuvers y
instal louvers on a 4IS-'Y' autobus. ':`hems consisted
Thous"ar Driver Ya.I.Ti -ov sli fitly
. g
slats controlled fr , the cab by means of ; a cable. ?t s
~.~ r~ ~q horizontal .,._..
U~ -- -
*-~n it is to crake a radiator shutter but they
more couplicated to build louvers ,
operate more conveniently (Fig.6b).
i$ absolutely necessarti? ~,uipm~en+ v s for an
is y
A protective cowl or cover (Fig.9
~ `k'1r'r;is':? -weathers
.~' ). en the utt t . ., Is ~,
auto hile,ir,W-ter(Fig
e read>air,s about double the time fe u rr : for the
're hood iv,
covers placed or. tI d
? not ~ ~, the ^roLective aver ~;reveraLs rjgh, ea asses,
engine to freeze. During rao~~ n
to temr,eraLures, and thus nel~s to save fuel a :educe the
maintains norms emir
wear of engine parts. it must be
have the cover effectively irotect the engine from heat losses,
Totes
The cover should be lined with
made with a r iding not less that-l( r thick,,
event it from getting wet. The cover should fit well and snugly,
leatherette to pr s must reliably
to the radiator front and the hood, and the fastening
tightly fitting -metal eyelets.
ld the cover, The loops of the cover should be faced arith s ee
ho
lg
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Fip.7 - Protective shutter for the Radiator of the t IS-150:
1 - Stop ring; 2 - :3uapension; 3 - Rope; t - Shaft of ~!uide pulley; 5 - Guide pulley;
6 - Rubber strap seal; 7 - Wooden pulley; 8 - Gasket; 9 - Shaft of shutter;
10 - Bracket for pulley; 1.1 - Insert; 12 - Radiator shutter (two layers of canvas);
13 - Facing of radiator shutter; lit - Loopo a) To driver cab; b) Opening in casing
Thr mpe, cut-out point; c) Leatherette; d) 3eacn of canvas in three rows of stitches.
19
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a)
b)
0
Fig.8 - Protective Covers for Automobiles
a) GAZ-.51; 1 - Pin of hood; 2 - Attachment clip for upper part of canvas cover;
3 - Loop of side attachment of upper part of canvas cover; dj - Drop pin
b) ZM-180; c) GAZ M-20 "Pobeda".
20
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Folding flaps with buck.leix are provided in the font part of the prrAectl.vo
....?. radiator cover.
For the he ZIP-5, ZIS-150 and GAZ-t4 4, the prot.netiv`s covers are usually made of
?"' two sections, one for the hood, the other' for the radiator. Both parts are attached
;? with straps and buckle*.
Thu cover for the (MAZ-51 autn ':tai l rr cc-noi nts
r.,of one part, covering the side and
face of the radiator, and another part covering the hocoi, which opens upward.
The use of covers must start not with the onset o ' subzero weather, but con-
sider b:ty earli?-r, ,e
Fil iruri.rrg in xltatuur, when the mean ttayserature of the air drops
below +50C. The cover nhould be re r~voKl only when warm, weather with temperatures
above +5"C has become established.
Trouble with the fuel supply on the road is rather frequent. In winter tthi is is
particularly uxrr leaassrit, s irate the cause of they trouble must be Sound and corrected
Control t warming of the Intake Pipe on wtxe t rzgiirr't of t.t3 ? :- I
ai } :Tri ,rue er; b) In winter
in the cold, and :often in yiriow and wind vita weall. During uI.I M tim.sce the end ire may
cool eoff, and it will them be very dirf Mi:1t. to start, while in strong frc st4 the
water may tree;ze.
Besides dirt arse water, which 1n get Into t. ta+ Mee t. during f ill. i r g, there may
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0. 1 .! also be mud and sediment, accwuul.ated during tiswmx+er operat;i.on, in the ruel. system.
Therefore, Wore the beginning of rater the fuel. system must be thoroughly
jcleaned: Remove a flush the fuel tanks, scavenge the fuel lines th co tpreased
le the fuel filters and flush the filter cartridges and sumps.
hr~air, dieam-~reanb
Proper operation and correct adjustment of the fuel pump and carburetor must
also be checked. These must be cleaned of dirt, and the ducts scavenged with co -
pressed air. Adjustment of the carburetor idling system is particularly important
to ensure dependable starting of the engine. The idling operation, on most carbure-,
tars, is adjusted by screwing in the stop screw on the lever of the throttle pin to
reduce its opening, and by screwing in the Auel-mixture adjusting screw. The idling
must be adjusted in the warm engine that has reached its srini.mum steady running
speed.
The booster ;^ on the carburetors KJ 9A (rAZ-5l ), K22, K22A ("i`obeda" ), and
K24 ("Moskvich") must be adjusted for increased supply. by placing the in the
opening of the yoke, depending on the season.
In GAZ-51 engines, which have a seasonal ad ;ust. ent for warrd.ng the fuel admis-
sion line, the lever of the warn ing-u', shutter must 1,,e place e:i In the Winter position
as shown in There in also a =A !Mal ad'ust'.'~jent for heat{ r C the fuel lines in
Fig.9. ~'
'
iel the '~t'obt*~dr~" car; this .Lever Ls place l uc~ the 3.~.:e o r a c
d,..-.;~?mot
{~ifVll Lv.v
The winter warming corres-,x) ds to the end resi "on of the Lever closest to
line. i,e.
the block.
3' eta.
Ln Lubricating and Crankcase T'ent.i ati _. _..~.W.
The wear c+ ' the enginearts depends on the sat i. sfactorM operatti.O ; of itas l.ub-
ricatiof syste i.
The pressure produced. by the c:ri'l punp must ;fare t he checked. The pressures in
the lubrication systerrn of a fulliy wamaM, engine in perfect condition are shown in
Table- 1.
A pressure lower than that shown in Table I. r lead to considerable wear of
22
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"foekvich"
GAZ M-20
Table 1
2.0-3.5 1 :. c
2. Ct4. . 0
2. Cs- t:. C:
3. C.
1.3-1. ? 1,
25
1.0
At speeds of 30-50 k=/hr
At. 2cX r~, m
At mimim idling speed
the bearings and crankpins, t,c wear of the oil- ,. r., }p ;ergs, to a ficiencr of r it
in`the lubrlcta!" .sz , system, arrd to considerable d:a.l,.U1-Icn of the oil by fuel.
A pressure above that irxiicate i rrxay be the result of c ~_o gir g Of the lubrica-
tion syst or of excessive viscosity of the o,;, ,.
In the winter season, the ,--rover winter gof oil
. s r'l...i.:.~..e-.,a 1.}~i 4. d "L j
grade .? .. ~..ri ie LX 4gi-ne
(the oils used are di.scusses~i it detail in the follow-j Section).
3e3fore f illi.ng with fresh winter o-1-1. the lubricating Wyse main Tust? be flushei.
to remove dirt and tar deposits in the oil ducts, on the crankcase walls, and the
engine parts. A low-viscosity oil, such as spindle oil. 3, or a mixture of 70-8
motor oil 6 and 2O.3t1% kerosene is used for the flushing. Pure kerosene cannot be
used, for flushin, , since it wv-uld completely wash the oil out of the clearances,
STAT
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which might lead to increased wear and seizing on t t.arti.ng the engine. After drain-
the used oil, together with the sediment from the oil-filter cylinders, removing
the filter element, and filling the crankcase with the flushing oil to the level of
the lower mark of the oil indicator, the engine is started and allowed to operate at
ow :;A.:~
.i;r, op ed for 5-8 min. The oil is then drained, the course-i filter bed
y and
the oil ducts are scavenged with compressed air, and fresh oil is poured into the
syoteen. At the same time, a new fine-filter element is installed.
Many engines of U33H passenger cars have forced crar..kcase ventilation. Its
purpose is to raracarre the exhaust gases ar i fresh fuel-Mixture entering the crank-
case over the piston rings, fouling and diluting the o4j.1..
With the crankcase ventilation sY;*st, ;l in c or oneratir g order, the wear of the
engine Parts may be 15-2QQ more, and the oil dilution may be 1.5 to w tires as much
as the usu& fuel content of the oil. A particularly marked dilution o the ci.l
takes Place in winter wrh+w
r: a large arrow t of over-rich fu mx..xtur+~ reaches the
crankcase when the erxg:irre i.:s start 1.
it is therefore necessary %, rake sure that the cra.r;k:case ventiiatarn system
is operating pro early, to clean Out the venti.1ating pi.-es and hoses, and to track
their coraraectiorps.
Or s`he a^t.Rs:-w;.) t Iipt jne J.
t
5 also ~) Isar' to p,,ack the vent
t,.on valve and its barrel.
Caz:`rcl 4?chanisxr>s aru3 Cha ssis
The safety of auto: aoh>i.ie operation; on Winter reads :fie^e?-ds the techr:.icai
condition and scl,jus ?mer t ro:" the bra ken, tt:e Steering
front axle, and the attachment, angle r
i z7 ;3 iii W~lt t'c3 St, ~v" .???l ? (..snit, t:, '..;mii steers 1,
gear and front axle will impair the roadability Z the automobile, Possibly leading
to skidding, slipping into roadside ditches, etc. Driving a n automobile with unad-
justed steering gear anti chassis is particularly dangerous at high speeds. In these
cl-aaa, no matter how much the driver attempts to manipulate the steering wheal, he
will, not be always able to bring the automobile out of its dangerous position and
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revert an accident.
The tire pressure is also of great .importance. Proper and uniform inflation of
, the tires, especially of the front tires, reduces the danger of skidding, and of
ti
tedraU ? into snow drifts, and improves the roadability on country roads.
Incorrect adjustment of the brakes, even in summer, when driving on asphalt,
cobblestones or block pavments in light rain or drizzle and sharply applying the
brakes will inevitably lead to skidding. For this reason, brake adjustment, under
winter road conditions, is one of the most important factors in operating without
accident. In winter the brakes must be checked everyday. Before leaving the gar-
age, after the engine has been started, the driver must try the brakes and make sure
they are in good order.
Truck brakes must be so adjusted that the rear wheels are braked at the same
time are made to "grip" at the and of the ;pedal stroke while the front wheels, with
a certain lag relative to the rear wheels, are simultaneously and smoothly braked.
Host winter accidents, collisions, and transport incidents, are mainly due to incor-
rectly adjusted brakes and to incorrect use (sudden application of brakes).
Frequently, when the seal at the gaskets is poor and when the oil level in the
rear axle housing is high, or when the wrong grade of oil is used, the brake linings
get oily. Oily brake linings do not provide reliable brmri: and may freeze fast
in winter, due to freezing of the oil. The causes of oil leakage into the brakes
must be found and corrected, and the oily brake shoes must be rinsed with gascli.ne
and cleaned with a metal brush. In the GkZ-5l. and IS--150 passenger cars, the
breather in the upper part of the rear axle housing (GA Z,-51) or on the housings of
the s .,floating axles (213-15C) must be regularly cleaned out.
In working on line, the driver must be sure that no water, wet snow or mud
gets into the brake shoes, since this, may lead to the brake shoes freezing; to the
brrake drums when parking, making it difficult to move the autclnrobile. To avoid
'.'freezing of the brake shoes of the hand brake, leaving the brake applied on long
25
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etanding In not reeoumnended. It is preferable to use chocks under the wheels in-
steed of the brake.
A hydraulic brake drive, if properly adjusted and filled with high-grade brake
fluid, operates very reliably in winter. If, at very low temperatures, the brake
ipedal is hard to move, the brake fluid must be checked for excessive viscosity and,
if necessary, replaced by fresh fluid. The drained fluid is then mixed with a thin-
ner (the type of alcohol used for the given type of brake fluid) for re-use .
For the air-brake drive installed in the 113-154, TaAZ-244 cars and the ZIS-151,
and ZIS-155 buses, a careful check and preparation is required before the beginning
or the winter season, supplemented by constant inspection during the period of win-
ter operation. First the compressor supplying the system with air must be checked
for good order, and a test must be run to check whether the lubricati=ng coil of the
wearing parts of the compressor leaks Into the air system. The f i lters in the air
stream between air systems and compressor must be periodically rervjved (every 5000 km),,
the filter body washed, and the filter element change 1, The condensate formed
the receiver (air reservoirs) rw;s r be drained several times a day, especially in
damp weather. Despite this, the condensate- r Ay still freeze in the pirelines and
particularly In the bends of t`e pipelines (pipe e? ls) r very c dd weather.
., 9 i19 r r +a._ t., d `t ua3{ the following
/1
D?aring the severe w,.rrtle.
measures for prevent i.n freezing of the condensate in the air-brake system:
A small -: u,antity of reoti a.ed spirits was c cured into the air scoops;
Sharp beds of the
1-ir,e5 were st aid htered wherever %'ossw.U.Le;
Some ZI ._l51, buses were provided wi tto an additional air scoop in the motor
compartii eiit4P
--------------
in the Section
*Information on theccornposit.ion, of the brake fluids is given
"Filling and Lubrication of Automobiles in Winter".
More details on the operation of AE iha ZI5-15x4 bus are jai uen el e when (B bl.21 ).
2%
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Electric ui Loent, ~-nd 3torr~ a Patter
The technical condition of the i ,nition devices a.. of all instruments for the
nt largely determines the depe d*bility and ecanofl of operation In
electric equipme
..J all seasons ar,w under all climatic conditions, but particularly in winter.
,L~_ ,....L afnr4_AT'_
Interrupter-distributor, ignition coil, sparkprlugs, ignition, lock,, st
}
generator, storage battery, and high- and low-voltage leads must be in perfect corn-
dition, the connections must be in good electrical contact, and the ad justa:ole clear-
ance in the interrupter and the electrode gaps of the sparkplugs must be Within the
established limits.
A separate book of this series (nibl.22) is devoted to the servicing of auto-
motive electric eiuil.yment; therefore, we will confine our discussiOT: to pointing
out the importance and necessity of inspecting and accurately adjusting, all elec-
tric equi nt before the onset of winter. pore details, however, will be given on
the instrr efts whose winter ser-,ricin is ch4aratiterized by special features (storage
battery, or generator) or is of particular importance in working at Low temperatures
(coolant-t& perature indicator).
Proper .re~.'-.~. ~ winter is c.f ex.ceptior,-
arat'ior. of the sl, cra~?e batt .;ery ,
aI importance.
e
First of all, at low em y ~~.pe a ~7y y-S,y4a.je yw ~j:) there the danger the e e+Leyctrol y ~ 1 is o yt`y
~ i.... ~~ r.~, . ^ .freezing -,~ix;t
,..,xtiv.,.` -,.,;J ,~~ ,iu,. 4r , e.ough. The .f
frt3~lZ'l..fl~ if its density ( ~~'t'C'.:i ~ G ?>y~..
o ?s :
of cl ectrol- te at various der'.sites is an f 01Ii.
Fr e~, Po 1~ , f +t,r?7,.,1~'.' ~~ ; n St..~-,~.; :~e att er~~ at Various Densities
.1 i e`wleiiiAg F i61t ~.x+ 1,;r+~i:l,, ~~~-~l:.wti~t,a~ ~..-~~#y ~~t >I^~:~ t.~r~,, t,11 i~~- l? l~r+,a~,~-1r?t~~we c~C k~11 r~~..,
"1'h+ rw~"r,-r~~-~ r~+r+wr rte ~1t?air :t wly..i r rut 1r~ t t" 1 Syr ~:I ;s f~-r? ~, 1 dive t,-ho 10rr+14"t',l r, v
~nc?r a,t tty
r M ~.!'Illl FAIiA~ r;4 .~MMl1~(' 1.~1" t,~1~1 V I M rr~_~+u,i I9rrrlp,r't'I On, N11.1 1 a 1.11. -o O or V l pwrac9 l t,y ! V ri
a 1tt Etr,-ttr l r' I rv11 ,1..
I,I 11VAHlrrt,"t nw ? 1011 11411 rig c,1 1 a, VMMr?t nn , r * *t, Y wl t,i1
At 1001 so V1~#t ~e alt's ""sit 4ti1, 110W r~-trlatla'{~I uf'IU~ 1.1a~x :,t~ r't.1M3F, A,~"
t it~a Ali, 1tr l i atl "Pa ~ietl t r 1 oz tnj t.~P wry trot;,,, ,r rrt r.tr~a rat?~-r""'t tr'r. w~ s. r?. t'rs I h~ ~:t,13k~r,
1 * M w , ft r h T"''f,er the b ,
ss through the vertr ,er casing, where
the blirz.
ll^~ A.r~to .
nozzle
gasoline is atomized thro b the nozzle ,
cf
t, length
where the w, z ?7za i f car rcVia~~ry
combustion ties place.
the flame. To light the
axed into the drip k
the burner cover
c?Gr:t Y C?'t Va,L'+e
+ 1i+
low rod. after which v
the f
with al.owhi.53o
with all F veck trlu' ,
tion burgs
twp ~
or wa rte!{ 61.1 g u a id
arks, gasoline is
w~+eV t C- II
dropping too rapidly dur^1Ja,g
wo t,hirde "il.ler,9 -4th LA After ever!
of air,
of they torch r^astt~F Cleaned w"ah wire scrapers () is
the regc~rvc~ir r~M3t t, G-C~ hours of operation, the lirlws
, 1 The noun e
brush+s after o-ni~~, the pltirgs r
and special
with a pr nun-j~urner are
cleaned
utorrobile cc+mp~.nies, the er>.g
es. In some a
Prolon ad wtarmi.n Of E Such wart ing is
shifts.
 cylinder 'Walls will be kept stead"Y at -?!?~ C Suri.,g ~,,
aver wi, cool o:'f wit,h t?`~is methrA t e,atirrg,
_20% The oil in the crac:kcase hogr ' Of, the vehicle will
"" hours of star4ingr the tert?perat:re ~~ the
and after
l
dLla
aril will. conticr e to drop gra
reach CPC Y.
for Jrtroduci.nF,
addit,.
en roes with hot water, th on tote ; .. ~t nee'
a ..,r
In warirg
e
r Yht cci 3:e t~X)G; .~
it into the engi.;;es, a spcc;ia: a -tip,
cock w~ich
K a
the return l.i.r;e, wt Ile as` adze^. ,
~ttcf
ter i, for draining the ,, -welded oat.>o ?;~~eCrest
k a r
C'l.R,yng
latter. is closed during the tiMO of w
pipe. re th~a:n atm
heated to iC: O?C, is f under i,re~~;tt~r ~ o..f
The water, p placed in
by a pum through the hot-water boiler into the dist.ibu~i.n>, marif~,ld r.
the pttrkdng spot. Each, vehicle stall. tta;,~ a rubber hose with an
warmed boxes near of the
adapter the line f or filling ?tot water into the lower pipe
...,`
a--adapter corn cted with th
the engine and the radiator, the hot water
..' cooling system. Aster passing through
and rubber hose connected to the
adapter
is drained to the return line through the
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/10/23: CIA-RDP81-01043R001200220001-9
space is re,ui red ? For steam wi ml ng
, ~,,~ heetr parking a well uip or hat-water
iobilo depot m t have a boiler, a steam
t
o
the eu
_Ihotw ter ~n~- ineand on each motor
e for feeding steam or hot water into the engr
ICI
etaA, derrice et ; or hot water. Thep an8anent of sue
for introducing the
vehicle a fitting for draining the
in rig.21. In heating with hot water, a fitting
fitter is shown i return pipe running to the boiler is &160
water that has cooled in the engine into a ine cooling
g
into the en
l
y
d direct
necessary'. The steam for warming is introduce
tr,enr transfers its heat to the grater, i.e., the
system filled with water The s
water. The excess water fumed
ted into
conver
steam condenses and is the test pipe to the
he level in the radiator and overflows ihro'a
system raises the
returns to
~.... ground. It
e is connected with t" steam line so n as i
If the motor+veh.icl then the
the g is fed per hours then the
.,.., , under C.3 C.L at Arcs re
gars ar and !r- kg of s.e of
temperature c,.
STAT
11 1
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/10/23: CIA-RDP81-01043R001200220001-9
...I radiator.
With .t.hi* ho4ttng method feeding 1,P3:- .2 liters of hot water per r .ute into
--leach vehicle, the tmperature of the cylir der walls is kept at least at +60?C, but
c
j the oil cools oft rather fast. Alter 3 o~ 4 hours of parking, its tempera i'' drops
?ig.2.1. - Simplified K ec r'!L c Heater for the LAZ-? n 1ne
~. ! k
a Core; b ) Ire:, era]'. view cf I he + leme.r t.; c) Your.t.Y.r, Ej, o? the e e e n to
the rip of tv' aRi = cooling s'st+ '.^,
The main d.r,sa vantage o).r extended warming again t, the warra.rr; u-- before start-
ing the engine, is the high c,ra: un t. r of ste4un cr h '--,t. water.
As an example, it may be pointed v ft that when 1,-5 kg of ste.art per hour is
supplied for g hours into the standir'~g automobile in a garage, the total consumption
steam necessary for keeping the engine wasted up. a unts to 32-140 kg, while only,
.7-8.5 kg of stem or roughly one fifth is needed to heat, up a cold engine. But
heating is advisable only when the storage time of the automobile is short, and
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STAT
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/10/23: CIA-RDP81-01043R001200220001-9
Fig-25 - '? ount,ing of the Heating lenient into, f ippe of Cocling S -st,em,
of ZIS--5 Engine
The winding is carried through serrations. At the lower end of the core, the
wire .is passed through the opening and the winding is then continued in the opposite
dir eoti,on.
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/10/23: CIA-RDP81-01043R001200220001-9
also if, owing to the operating conditions, it must be kept ready to start.
w4rm ?r c. In service garages where a .urge aatlount of electric power
is, available electric
~ heaters are eometij~es used for keeping engines warm. The
..J etficienc7 of the electric heaters its so selected as to supply, when the current is
turned on, an amount of heat auffucier.t to maintain a constant temperature of the
coolant, in moderately cold weather, during the entire period of standing between
.shifts. For the rapid heating of the engine before starting, electric heaters are
not used, since this would take very strong electric heaters, and the increased
consumption of electricity during the starting time of the engines, especially in
large service stations, would produce a strong fluctuation in the electric system.
The simplest device for electric heating of automobile engines is shown in
Fi.g.24. The device consists of a flat textolite or wooden core with serrations on.
which a high-resistance alloy wire is wound. At a voltage of 11c,-i2C v for GAZ-MM
automobiles, 2-2.5 m of wire of O.11 . , diameter is used, and for the ZIS-5 automo-
biles 1-1.5 m wire of 0.5 mm diameter.
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/10/23: CIA-RDP81-01043R001200220001-9
ATOMIZATION "VAPORATION OF FUEL IN STARTING
. ,DSYICRFa FDA ~R~vIr~G THE
ins is
One of. the principal caaditiana oaf easy starting of a earburator engine is
77
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10
ss or touch
ares the loops of wire must not pro.
,....,._, ..,,.. ,,....., ..... ot the c
aver tha entire length soldered to a m~ul,t i-
a attached and
r0 &r
,~ s~istance alloy
.........
r wire connected with screw c e.
~.ing
When the electric heater is installeds the proper circulation at thecoa..
liqvid in the engine must be assuredo
the
11 _ q autormobile s, the heater is inserted into
of GlIZ
In heating the engines
passed through a
s s and the screw connections are bottom pipe of the cooling y
the black in this case is due to the inclination.
rubber hose. The circulation to
4a . (Fig.2 c j.
of the lower pipe
eng;,.r:e the branch fipe;s
installation of this same heater in the zIS-5
For the piPe Of the coaling
.? 4:}.. be replaced by new ones so that the lower in the system must
?
p, as i s shown in Fig* 25
e taward the water pum
syt~te~a has an upward slap
electric heating, it is ma.zgdatorv to ground the auto-
T? avoid accidents i.n e" j5 installed near the
body? For to body s
rraobi].e this pu rposer a third contact "t
tae-wire line is ua~.l for connections Frith the
contacts of the electric heater. A three-wire
4 he contacts of the heating
of these uctar5 'rUn to ?h
:_.. electric power systems. Two
,moods bc4y with a g %M1 wire. For con-
spiral, wh.i .a the third coat ecW the au
~,, this latter Tray be connected into the same outlet.
rtl eil $s ~ ti. ~ y t a. 9 i s the S 1T3+.
eating' over at-a- ar:~ water, heat ~.7
AxI a,dvwzOvage of this fog of heating,
; Of the ~~emters. In
A rent in the service garage arb~i the starting 3 y of the e i or the ow-temperature
e le"' trio he~~ting allows the simultane?>us wax;ir. a~
addition,
cooling systemo e con.sw~rrr
of electric heatin, ^orsi.at in the relative~v larg
The disadvantages --
need for very atte:.tive supervision Q the electric
heavy losses Of c;i.arre~zxt, and the f r~ct that jr the
Pion of e .ezc:i tic ,pater , the fittings to avoid accidens~- the
freeze.
a
y
of the heating coil burns out, the water m
electric wiring
STAT
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/10/23: CIA-RDP81-01043R001200220001-9
-Hthe fine atomisation and maximum possible evaporation of the fuel.
The basic catuiition for improving the starting mixture is the speed with which
?the crankshaft turns over. In addition, especially in starting an engine from cold, 11 --l pes cial, devices for line atomization and evaporation of the fuel during atar'tin,g may
ti , J
-.'be used.
There are many different designs for devices of this type. Here only the two
twill be mentioned, which gave the best results in operation and` have been standardi-
zed:
1) the AP device for injecting starving fuel (G ^.ST h(87-t9);
2) the automobile starting-gas generator FGA-1 (COST i. 7f -1w7).
The AP device is designed to inject finely divided fuel into the intake m.,ipe
of a cold carburetor engine ietiately be' before and furing start i ng. It must be
bore in mind that well -atomized fuel, by itself doe:3 not, ensure easy starting, and
..therefore the crankshaft must turn over easily also -hen using the AF' device. When
using low-viscosity winter oils (brands 1, and , by TU 375-51) and standard gasoline
the AP device will produce a smooth starting of the engine w bout preheat&-ng, at
temperatures down to -15, to -200C. In colder weather, a q,ecial starting gasol.ir:e
must be used, or the engine must be prcwarr.+ . The ',1se of the AF device is useful,
at outside temperatures of + 5?C and lower.
The AT devI.ce 13 : hOWT. In F:.g.2(. I C'r;:3Ist,s ( a land i:.lun er tum' 'r1 E3 a
11
suitable cylinder volume of IC crr and a working pressure ur to 8 atm, a tank for
the starting fuel, of 1. liter capacity, a system of fuel lines, and nozzles with.
diffusors. The rump is mounted on -the panel board near the driveris seat. The
nozzles are screwed into openings er~r~ c .~~.~11~. drilled, , for this -,,muse into the in-
take pipe. The tank for the starting fuel, is installed, depening on the design
the automobile. for the maximum convenience of access in filling with starting fuel,
and in the use of the stop cock. The tank must not be, located in the immediate
vicinity of the starting system of the engine, to avoid heating.
STAT
78
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Fig-2A - Di grim of AP, Device for Injecting Starting Fuel:
Jet; Diffuser; 5 - F4od of nozzle; 6 - Intake pipe of engine;
I - Instrument board; 2 - Hand puma; 3 - Jet; 1, - fuel; 10 8> d 11 - Cut
7 Front panel of cab or side anel of hood; 9 - Tank containing starting ,
7 Nozzles; ~u . lit - Inlet valve.
let fitting; 12 - Exhaust valve; 13 - P.
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/10/23: CIA-RDP81-01043R001200220001-9
....
, .
Befare the hand
um
i
i
t
l
._. .
p
p
s
ns
al
ed tYje statifl
,rng-ue tank' the nozzles and the
fi$soltne lines, mint be .flushed Kith keros+ne or with unleaded
li
gaso
ne and blownt
ou with compressed air. During the use of the device, the part of the piston rod nav-
The procedure for starting the engine using the AP device is as follows:
1) Test the ease with which the engine crankshaft is turned over by hand ;
2) close the air shutter of the carburetor;
3) pull out the control of the throttle valve as for ordinary starting (on the
carburetors of new models, this operation is autornatic and the choke cannot be pull-
out);
4) open the stop cock of the feed tank, slowly draw the handle of the pure
toward yourself, and then energetically inject fuel by exerting a strong pressure or,
the handle;
5) turn the ignition on and, start the engi.roe b.',- turning over the crankshaft;
6) as soon as the engine stan?ts to operate oct L L~ , r cen the air valve of the
ins in the stuffing box must be greased, dnd the filter of the starting-fuel tank
must be periodically cleaned.
carburetor and close the stop cock of the feed tannk.
In starting the engine fire aid ,:
by ' of the A,r' dev; ze., no gasoline .runt, be nwr.
means of the accelerating puunp of the carbnu.retor.
T"he star~titn~-was enera ,,r for x)tor vehicles pr
,r_j is de+sipre to sup l,y fuel
vapor to the ai.r' tubes of the carburetor at outside temperatures of -300 to r?
-~~b or
-50?C. The gas generator is used to facilitate the starttn, of a ro::r of E
biies and is permanently installed in the garage, ncot the individual vehicle
like the AP device. If the crankshaft. turns over eas i.yl, the fuel va cr entering
the intake tube from the gas generator makes it poss:;b e to start the engine easily
at outside temperatures as low as 45 to -50??C without warming the intake tube,
Figure 27 shows a scheme of the device and a general view of the starting-gas
;,generator. The gas generator consists of a gasoline tank with a pump valve and
STAT
80
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/10/23: CIA-RDP81-01043R001200220001-9
safety valve, a coil evaporator with a burner enclosed in a mutual housing, a base,
a - cover.. It in 350 rma Long, 190_=. Wide# 315 M high and woighs 4.3 kg without
tcd
he casing ad 6.3 kg with the casing. no gasoline tank holds 2.4 liters. The gas
.,. generator operates on the, standard automobile
gasoline which is filled into thegssa-
.wline tank through a tunnel with a strainer to a level 10-15 mm below the neck.
Fig-27 - General View and Layout of the Starting ras l nerator,
Portable with Coil Eva-,x rator:
Gasoline tank; 2 - Hand pu ; 3 - Feed pipe; 1i - Purner valve; 5 - Base of gas
generator; 6 - Feed pipe; 7 - Needle for mechanical cleaning; 8 - 9urner nozzle;
9 - Gas line; 10 - Inner cylinder of coil evaporator; 11 - Outer cylinder of coil
evaporator; 12 -Call. evaporator; 13 - Air line o-t carburetor; 14 - Echaust. pipe;
15 Casing;
16 -Valve; 17 - Filler neck and sa t, valve.
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/10/23: CIA-RDP81-01043R001200220001-9
8) warm -p the angjne for 3-6 Minutes on the i ue1 vap
war" on the fuel supply
valve of the coil. evaporator continue to
then clone the
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generator ie ,lit not closer than 5 m frame an automobile'
To avoid fireai the pe g
handpump into the guoline tank to a
reed by mea~tis ? the
~
o
?A? stor# li~-~r ~' . is
valve Is ged to the eeme Pressure), The valve of
pressure of 2.5 aU1 (,ths a sty 11 .
this operatian*
evaporator and burner must be closed during
_j the coil
~.. is the eam* as in starting up a blow torch or Primus
The heating of the burner and lito
intder under the burners
stt,.ove : into the pan o f the o -1
adjusted*
gasoline is poured valve is opened arul its burning rate is
As soon as the burner is hat, the
lve of the evaporator is
va
When the coil is heated to a cherry-red color $ the
outlet pipe in an even ~st~ without drops of liquid
If the vapor leaves the 4 p
~cted
.
pe
v ,~ generator is considered ready for Operation.
gasaline,r the ~' e~ne:^s.tor is
The procedure for starting an engine by ears of the starting gas ? t3
as follows:
ease with which the crankshaft vuz^ns over b ha:
1) Test the
choke of the carburetor to 1/3 -1/2 of its, `u1i or~ening;
2) open. the ecity. ~c
3) open the air aftthe ' retor not less t: ; half o t2 ru~i ca .r
is reccm"=e~i that thc: r#,artin~ be made with an empty
reduce the starting gear`, it.
carburetor host cn ` e ;
the ignitiOr.;
) torts on
cjc the
r e-. .,
the ? ighteid gas generator on one rur,nir, hr.;Idred-?ho1esnder Drivers.
'~sb
Stopping Distance ! of an Automobile
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/10/23: CIA-RDP81-01043R001200220001-9
On Highways with Smooth, On Roads with Wet, Muddy,
Dry Surface' Slippery Surface
10
?4
20
1 C
20
30
lg
36,
40
30
50
dt0
1C
60
60'
14C.
Note. The above-indicated stopping distance of cars constitutes the distance
covered by the automo'c il.es thu i.n..~ the d&-Avert s reaction time (that is, the minimum
time elapsed between the event requiring brake arplication to the instant at which
the driver depresses the brake pedal), and the time of brakl.ng.
City roads and highways are, usually plowed aa-Al sanded. But not all streets
and roads are equally well plowed and sanded; in addition, winter weather is change-
able. In the cxarni.ng `the roads may freeze, during the day thaw or wet snow may be
encountered, followed by freezing toward evening. As a result, a layer of ice or
frozen snow form on the road surface on which the automobile must travel. Travel
i over smooth ice is 'particularly hazardous. In this case, even sanding will not
afic t1 increase the tracti can of the tires, ince the sand rolls off the ,smooth.
"
hard ..eurface or, the ice. Approci tely the same conditions of movement as with
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/10/23: CIA-RDP81-01043R001200220001-9
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/10/23: CIA-RDP81-01043R001200220001-9
et1
?..,,x anode d atone
M
0 rmarri l in pl
,'~w ies ~ s use is at as ehippO
i.n ,
The
,r,;th ,rpaaa k ~e +
c~iak_ire
` ra
., ...:, ....... ,. iiamrrn ..th ce to avoid slipping Of the wheals.
'gyp ~, 'can` ~ ~~
race t1ey F,
It is,3 'r~iabla to ion
,,~+ the brakes. In rapid tertand . when
c . asib a reli,aanoe t be;,arcad on
' "tea 1+' t, but will only make the situation
will not parent a accident
,~. a ~ applied, t?tieyy pedal
~ without stepping hard on the ,
brims must be $ppliedothY The wheals should not
Mores. The
should proceed in several stages-
the process of this case, the distance
nto the point at "Squeak" since,
be cOM,pletal y braked with gradual b rak!-
10-.-';traveled with applied brakes wig be longer than
~.,. sot pry orta.nce Hover to turn the
elippery rte, it
In travelipg on a suddenly or, to
crease or reduce engine sg?ed
.~_., steering wh'+~eyl. abrtxp~t1Y, never to
to s4 ~ ding.
~, 1 e will always lead t
This
eppl,y the brakes sharplY,
s caee~sttre-twicethatonrcaadswit
in rant in,hi
The distance from a in ~r~eters
....: itions, this di.strance rarzst be
dry surface. under oardiz~a cond
hem on a slip' road, the distance is
speed irekm/hour;
equ,a,val "=t to the traveling 50 -when traveling at 25 Ian/hrp
1-31
ing at 15 v~r or
m .~ , 1 val
etc.
11.1111,
.
30,m when tr -
road rear a truck parked on the
slippery
caslippery
d.~,gertaus to pmrk a car
It
.... due to the lateral. it of the road*
lip, since
w.._, shoul,der* since the car Might S
Qc .a3.1 - ca~.Wiaus,
{ the driver must be asp
., driving u P- or dowrlhil ," t frequent.
..~.... of a ,~, that accidents In Winter are M..
i8 preycisel.y at these paints o rux?e that,
#.,a .only after the driver is Absolutely
'the uphill drive an be start so that the
erence at be done in I."' gear,
.. 11 drivingy,
.., . e must be used
ixtter.1a~ hill, the enin
Cherie is no
a driving dcwm a steep
in dims ? 1,n If the road
$ ear be ~
hill. suet be started cnr ~ i.
084
Movs~snt up
..,... without unclutQhing
a speed that will. ;nyake it ant .rs '
i as a tyre,
at
should be done on
54 -. ~.....~:,.~. ~',1rivin~; uphill
:is freGe
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/10/23: CIA-RDP81-01043R001200220001-9
certain that the top can be reached with acceleration and without shifting goire, _
e g+!! ehiMng in uphill runs will 1 ad to ell in of the wheel a1 to an
PP ..
tnazw,ue in the danger of skidding. If t$e road visibility is poor (curves, bends,
his s...,.: . . ~ .... ~, ed ee reduced to a mail so that tie ve ha la can
the pe gust be. ir-e srit"ijr
stopped it an obstacle appears.
In spite of the foot that city streets are cleared of snow in winter, ruts will
loan in some'places on trolley lines. As a rule, the driver should avoid driving
the automobile along streetcar tracks, not only for safety reasons but also to save
3his tires (the tracks have hooks that tear the tire tread). If the car slips into
,a rut on streetcar tracks, it might turn around or skid when the driver tries to get
out of it. This often causes accidents.
It is dangerous to park an automobile on a hill-. if the road is slippery, !using
,only the emergency brake; there are many cases of a braked automobile slipping down-
hill. If the car must be left on a slops, a chock must be Placed under the wheel.
Driving by night on badly lighted streets and on suburban highways demands
;increased caution, especially at a time of winter when the snow has not yet packed
dawn and the road is wet; a tarred or asphalted road will shcw lap black, In such
cases, pedestrians or other obsteacles on the road merge with the general darkness
,so that the driver trust constantly be ready to take the necessary measures.
In stopping on an unlighted street or on -A highway, the car must be rarkec? as
near the curb or shoulder of the road as pos gib'ie; other cars :rust be rrevented
frog running into it by leaving on the tail light, frc, t Parking lights,, or the dim,
headlights.
n drys cold weather, the tracti.u;; of the tire tread ct, snow-covered roads is
_;:better than on roads with soft or wet snow; consequently there is thus no particu-
..J lar danger of skidding in such weather. However, icy stretches of road way be
'encountered on. which ice forms as a result of thaws on the previous day. Rer-
thin, the driver
should be able to spot such places and reduce his speed before-
.,i
.,819
STAT
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/10/23: CIA-RDP81-01043R001200220001-9
t", .-
mov t 9 o f the artee g
.M. vM, .., ~ audd pplication of he brakes, sharp
hwAs a,~,i en a
4 , er+ ,l found a-t city ..stre t intact
for tcaftia li.ghte. Such a road svu &Os
due to braid Of cars stopping
drisans
~i
us At ,Much spots, v ~~'~
and b ctop- he
-tae
ooac" noar tra .leY
Aosed aid be p icull arlY careful.
0 when approaching a crossing with a green light, the speed should not be in-
I1y.?~ lights might change an minute, forcing the driver to apply the
OMsed, since the
_..,.': a road
braice~- euddanly; if the speed had been inereased sudden braking on a slippery
.., i
3 _ lead to skidding.
Imay In traveling on a sanded road, especially on hills, the driver must pay atten-
tion to the condition of such places. There are cases in which the driver ecoun-n s before where the sapid,
tere a section of the road that had been sanded a few day,
~?. .. .: er provides traction
.'... gro into the icy surface, can st ll be even lout n 3 ong
*: '... between tires and road. When snow is falling, the driver must not start an h s
....
route without the windshield wiper in perfect working order.
ve . cold weather, the front and side windows of the cab and body bec
cered with ice, which considerably affects the road visibility. All. cars or; t e
-y g f
road are irr the e:sme position, so that each driver smust drive with sppecial care,
a. d s lest a slapping place with parti.cular attention.
;- ...: ~, ~ ~
in cars equi ed with a heater (ZIS i.lOj "rob anO ZIS-1, !,) , the ; ror;'G window
ie heated b , a het of wawa air id:,rectmd downward.. In cars wif.~hout a heater, i t is
~'
ested, if passible, to install an electric heater on the front wi..ndow. if.
Salt, is awed
there is no heater, the. ,lass can be coated with. a special mature. .
to, (.5' liter of boiling watez until it no long+er dissolves in the orator and settles
cerol and the. resul-
w? a crystals M this solution is mixed with +one l.,1ter of clear g ,
t mixture is applied in a-thin layer to the inner surface of the glass. "xhis
tin
mixture,prevents the for tion of ice on the glass for 2-3 hours, after w .ch the
,,T,: asq t be wip t off and a new lever of mixture apply .
101
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STAT
^
 n 0d soda I~J i
.t1,ar
the air fan, the cab b 4M
f c t at 1 ri W or
narrr r
,
is oft nea+e~-sa to drive into the snow.
dif'"icult so that the
roa
~.,~'
frequently rgncounta + UOua,aL qv ruction it
opposite dire~cti on,
s and ,.., t f f1 c In the
and to avoid colliding witri
"'
roads .during a thaw is Particular-.: ,
untr'
aa
0 Driving on
rape, s..*xd various
,..., a tawixa$
must a~, .w&ys carry digging tools ; axe or spa 1e).
dri"r
r~estori ng the roadabili.tY of the ca
f
other dev3.ces
ar of the car in
To increase the re.iabilitq of operation and the roadability
nd.itiat~s, tires with special tread are sed, as well as snow
travel under such co
m~ c~sey, swat and icing aei cab xrc~-, c:;ax>ta
we of a trarra e h rature
roads snow drif t$ and
driving on winter roads . d esPOewlY on country
~.._.
ds have a
chains of various designs.
Figure 3.0, shows tires with a tread
design for higher roadability Such
treads should be mounted or. the wheel in
such a way that the angle of the tread
design Is N site its vertex -.-n the dir-
ection of rotation of the whee? s, thus
preventing snow and mud fr,31n filling the
tread.
If most cf the route in a given trip
or crly plowed roads, it is a~dvi.sable to use snow chains
untr' rotes
goos over cca
ls.
u...t. on the traction A{}wrw
i -. -- 4"n S~3 n 15 a double. . traction
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/10/23: CIA-RDP81-01043R001200220001-9
w,t
~i. ~cTw R1~i . AAA k+r w ...
c MR i aA!' R~*Wa, tt W
ill
r-a~-ilabl+e, such ch~a'lns
ara a
,
W0,40
.3i. -n ox4UW f rrZLn,~
MI?+~Vitiryhro-klltaA
~.._,. -
 ahair-a with we links end a
ata~a-ble{ shop frc ell ld~
W
be built in - a
?
_..o tha ~-.,.
tie ns along the surface of the tire when
,32), To runt
,
k
f t e e
. ~., ..w, ,M to . o! the abu-- saaae be passed . th' o
t , side e* -
att*- b t
~ ~ w th .ordirArY snow chei0$ it must be borne in mind that in case of
'* ~ lrs will grip the sn oww more rapidly, Chains should not be used on
skid i# ttre
of the tires and chassis of the
'
rease the wear
.., road since they inc .,J a 11 4.surfaae
ecially
t
s, esp
3 chains can also be used in traveliang over icy roas
~ 9>~.1.-lir~lc
er of akiddin$ and slipping.
4 ont steep slo . Their use reduces the dang
thro deep snow, gears muse not be shifted over the entire
~ ~ In trav+
"~ 4 "'' -covered rt off' the road, since gear shifting gill. cause the
_', lCth of the snow '~
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automobile to lose inertia and the leading wheels to slip. Before entering a snow-
the driver t shift in t to the lowest speed at which he intends
coved road,
to pass the entire snowed-under section.
If the car gene stack in spite of this, the dri~rer should not attempt to geL
=~ makes matters worse, since the leading ,Wheels
hl'
r.,.a 4nv rac,irgc the engine. This o
etrate deeper into the snow. The best thing is to back up, speed OF and
_ wild pen
~:, +thus pass the dangerous spot in low gear.
~"?,' .
In cases mere the automobile w~ieele h+e sunk deer i.ht~a the anew, the snt~rr
.., out -round the f ront and rear wheels and wooden wedges must . be
Est be scooped
~;;,~,; wheels (a piece of board 25-30 cm wide with a
placed wvierxaeath the si iPpi
.,, , planed-off ends ), or branches, brushwood, straw, etc.
useful darvice for getting a stuck car.to run again is the removable shoe
A
_ ,I ed b eh Hers 0.Dyboy and A.Ostrovtsov. Figure. 33 shows the arrangement of
desi y
, passing
,the doe the details of its ~.ock. The shoe is placed cwn the ~
90~. ,, A,.,. ; ,.W _ the o n ing in the reel disk an-d attaches it to a
the ~ in link (!) through
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/10/23 :CIA-RDP81-010438001200220001-9
,..w~ ,w ,......., ~ ......... . , ... .
''fie #~r~-cks ~~ ~ ~h+~ ~~~ art s~aa3~ rah .~.,y~~ ..t
?~r+~xN~+x?
z~ca+~ahir~g ~ di.ffiatil.t ~eaticnn u
" ~'r off' 1~a1~s i~ the wfisel disk. ; 'r1''~n ~Pp ....._..... _,.. .
M ...
~. ~ Cha.i.n f car ~#~x~~,l~ w'hcte~
'~) C1~ain ;scar doub~.e wheel
~~,g.32 - Lgc~.s *~ar anew Ct~ia:i.ns
ter ~,k~t~c~a ~~~: ~hc~e~ e.t ~.h~ ~rca~er tie. ~rQweveri i~ tha ~utc,'~~~.e
~ ra~ud it ~.~ best
.,._, ~, ,.....
. ~z j ~~_ ~avin~ wi+,.h~ut such ~"hcae~, ~~ f)~~iv~.'W? ~ c~~ b+~ c~v~rc~+~ by' first p~.~c .~.g
;~ ., ~., . __,.. ~ *, ~~' t~:i.~ C.~ae~ ;;~.~ lei. ~;, add i~g cane ox` Lx~
~w., ~r one ehcae can the ~l~~~in~ whRe ~.~ ,
~+
. W ~...;
~....; r~, axed. ~ a.n.
~ .~ .... ?.h ~ lan'~:~ ~ ~~ g?~~) have been. u~.e~
fibs tr~.c~ cha:~.r~a ~,r,uce~:S by e CIS .~ .:A~ ~
,....~.'
f it~~e~i ir ~
. ~ _ ~ ~, ~.r....w~, ~ c 4" P' 4 rti.'~ ~ ~e~ct:~can~. Suc3a ~t~~.i;~~, in~,a,...,
s; .. _ _ .....t +?~ cari ta~,i(ty '(`)$~:3$~Pa'~ ~J'Y~'~.*1"` 3@C`~r~,.E~i7~ f~i $ rC?
lt~- de~sp ~~case ancrw car ate.
~ ~
r
~,.~, ~,~..,' 'La:nt ca.?~ be re~-~.~ce~3. by the si~rnp~.ifi+ad chain.
~?~ Trac~C chains u~s~c tuared b~ ~ ~?
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/10/23 :CIA-RDP81-010438001200220001-9
., ....~.
... ,,.-~,,..,m.M..,.~~_.,,....,.., _......... , . _
drt bra D~~I~-~ r~~ ah0'NY1 ~ ~.$~ ~ ~ ? !! is Cial A 11~14I1
-.
., . .
-~~ ~,. ~
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~'ig?3~ .. ~,,~r~bl~ 3ho~
- ~ba~ ~~rauz~i-~o~k }; ~ Lug fir cc~~~aa~~c~:.a^.~ 1.~.nk; 3 - ~,~~.~~ ~..e c`:` r~y~~-sp~;t;,,~g li.~.k;
w._.. b. - ~Cat~~ct~ing 1,ink; ~ ~ Cb~ird l~.x~g; '~ .. ~aa~rak ?~' 3:c~ck; 7 - ~;~.~e cif loci:; ~ - I~~ver
_.~...1 +~~ :~~ac~; ~ - Ch~~k r3.~~; `~~, - ~r~~..i,n~G; ~.1 -- ~*~~~nc~~.~ df lev+~~; 12 - ~~ir~~il~ c~ ~' ~.orak
.,_'.~, ~} ~~ ~r~rl~in~ ~~;' ir~dic~.ti ~urfaC~; b~~ %za ~tr~igbt~~.~ cc~a~.~,c~o,n
~~.
~~~ba it From beir~ ~.~.$~iacec~ Lca c~n~ ~~~e. ~- cry ~.~ ~~~~.~a~ ~v .,~.~. .,w.~~,.. __
they ~3,s~rt track ~~rq+~~ to ~t~ach .t t~ the arh~~l. Th~.s chin i~ brought into
S~~ tha +~~- b~tw+~~~ tote b~.11c~n~R i~ ~~~ ~k~rc~ugh the c~pet~inga in the Mhe~-1 d,isk~
,,~~c~d. irhe 11,x,_ mad .t~.. cars ~~ ~~-~ ~~,~~ ~~. ~ tc~ the c~~~~ ~~.),
,~..~,.
~w ~.~,~,. ~:. is ..~umt+~ad::, .tla a. belt
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/10/23 :CIA-RDP81-010438001200220001-9
....,,.N~...,. ,.,,.. ,_ ....
T'hw t k~- . ~:.,,.., ~~ at ~~ ~ r~ itxt~z'csaz~ta~cted bry a link cha n .or e
' .."fie, last . Lr~cak .ie.,.s~~4ch~d...to the `
.., ~ I '
~ ~
~-,~; +
..` ~, ~ .ch ~~ i'~-~#:~r~~.~ ~y* a t~~'.t n~~a~. t~ the op~n-
' ~ir~L ane by me,~~ ca. ~.h~ ch~.in (5 }
.., (~). ?'~he widt~C rrt the tracks i~ ~~~e~t~'1 in ~;CCOr3~'s~~ ~ri~h whe ~~.^~ ~^_" she
~:
.~
~.,,.~ -
7
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/10/23 :CIA-RDP81-010438001200220001-9
,. .. ..
~ .~e~e in uuah s that the +rd a of tha rack does nat aiat the tiro t~ree-d,
~ ~
4
., .'~'h-e, ~h~r~ov ~a~a'pax'e-tion al a car fob wilnta+r~ abararvance caP the rul+~s t'or fi11.~-'
_ ...
i~ and lubz~ic~att~,g~ and ,vapid e~tax~t,ing ox the eng~e in free~.ing weather sr? v?ryr
~ ~~ ,~,.~ i,rt~t measures, ~rithout ahi ~h i t i e im+~xa e a ib l e to get grad re a u1 t e . ~lar+rever, all.
a
,~.~
~l ! , rv. ;these preparatc~x~r su~as ~'Ur perPaa~.ng they baeic functi~r~ 4f orator. fixed carrier
~:~ ,.. .; sex?ri.ce,, i.e., cast and inexperrt~iv~r transrt$tiar~ of ~'reigx-t ar ~-~esengere at m.-
~..
!~ ~-?~ > sa~rings in opera~Ling expense, are ~erx ~axTaed d txx?ing the a~erati.n~, t of the
I a _~ vehicle.
It fie therefare n+eceasaary to re~~a.t Lhe rai?(..~r;a fv: xrm~..inter~.zxce c.~t a cRr can the
read, to obta~.rY defendable o~s+~rst~,an a~.Qn~ the r~~aUte, 1~~r~,~ rur~~ 'a?.~,ween ovcrhau.~.$,
ark saving,e i.n ~'?~e? au~d rubber.
Under x~nter aoriditie~r~e the nece~~ax?y en,g~ine * s~~~r~ture rn~i~t he .^~intai.ned by
pz~aper tree of the+ ~ratective cover ar~d shutters. "~+~ ~~aratective cc~'~e:" {~.~~~ +.~~rF z~.~~ts ~~~~ t?~e ~.nuvars,
~"ar ad,.es.ian o~' coi~i air ir~tc~ whc ,~r~ace t~r.3er G~,e ha~:~, i'.; :~,x~,~, ~~e r~.~eer~ ti~~t
~.~? ~.r.~u~`ficientl.;y Wait en.gir~~e '~,li. nflt, ~nl~* i.r:~cre~.s~ 'rye ~o+~ar c~fi t~~T"t ~ ~-~~ t}~e
.~L:~~. CQIi,9t1Tt1~ta..~JL'!, ~1:It ~,~1?f W~.~~~ iT": ?~+~ I'1~L'~~.c3w,t~r ~y ~'2"~'E'~,+~W 3IiC3,, Eiu :.it' ~Ff.'t":G' v~tttf3,
~'...~ bec Qverneated ,in the en~i.ne ~~c~;eG. ~t is t}aer+~'".~yMe necessary t,c~, ~ta~r. t
m~:,v ~.n,^s
an, after *,~h~a cc~e~er }:~~~~;ed tc;~ *,he r~~~~i r.}~er.;~tin~
teszt~aeratux~e.
A,t stop~~ *~hr~ ~.eauv-ers and. Flaps of the ~yz~ate~c~?ive raver r~u;;t be car~letely
,.~
c~.+~eed. ~'t i~ alae~ u~-e~ul to cover the engine wit~~ ~ tar~ulin. :If the wrater t+~te-
;.,t'~-iuac~. d t~ 3t~'C _.durl,ng a. F~~ ~ step tear ia~,+~ing, un.ia,~di,ng, ar waiting
+..~e~,.paasezagers, # e~-gne sh~~ld bay sta.~rted up~ aid idled f'ar ~-5 Win, Lang ~.rili.ng
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 ~ ~ 9~b1
~ Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/10/23 :CIA-RDP81-010438001200220001-9
STAT
,, ~ .~.,~~,. .....,.:,,.. id . +~inoa . ~oirlrbo~n ~w~.1,"..he c~epuetsc'~ a ~ ~
..
~,~ ~ ~s snot rlr~+~ ~- '~ in the r~-diffitcyr ~pueti be
~ the ~retar
~' ~ 4d sfi.~pa an the t'+~ad , tai ~~ rw . , ..... ? ,....... ..... ..........~ ...., . ....
.~.~~~~.~li#~,,~!L!4~...M.W.... ~, "~ t be drsix>~d?
wrather the r+steel~? _ ,
~,} , ' ,~ s fr~si~? In very cd~ld r
~.
...M_
ohecs'1 ~~" poesibl, ~
,_ ,.,
._ ., . ~
,~~~~ ,~ , , , .., .. ~ dra.n-~ the water t'ra~ the coA 8
.~ It ~ ~ nwst ~P~-
N~''~, ~~` ~ ~ e due to diere~ardin8
~~~ Lion. Hcx~-er; there ar4 ~s?e at dame-~ j
~ rro~1- awe op~er~ ,
~~ ~ The w~,~,t,er mcuat be d ra~n+ed by apenir-g a~1 drain cocks on the
~,~,~ ax this ~,;,.? point.
lu ~ The dr~;ver must nat Ieav'e the eut,~dabile
~ ~ ~._; the radist+or ~ ~
~ ,~ ; ~ if the f~,c~+ Se exuggi.ah, t?~e cocks moat be cleaned
,~,; wc~~~.l all the water is ra
~; ,
rr3,th a
t s!3 ,~_r t to check the ai.l ~ree~~.re iry the 1.ubricetion s~~t'ste~sa:
Tt i? na lee's ~C+rtar~
~~~ ~ e~stted sh?ex1.d ~e within the li.~aits ir~riicate~d irY "iabi.e 1.
i, ~3,chR w tha e~tg'~-tce ~.e h
~,,~ _ ~r~ ~-- GAG.
~` ~ The oil terature ahc~uld be ixa, the rar~g~ 5 7
;~.~ ~:` az~ c,~ras~'u11x watch- the char~in~ current of the g+sn~
T'he d.ri.ver ss~st conatarzt?~,~'
,,?. .~ ri.ra wheel. ~ec?~zYism, ~ ot~?~er *~art,s ~a." the car 'cr
eratc~r, check the bra~te~, stare 8
...... ~~rt~:~W, es~ecias.3ly betare resuming travel
"?~ pro~.r ,~~:~nction.in~. ~~. ~.~ a~.sca vezy ~ ,
ions a~' the oil in the ~,rzs~.i.s~aion unit,. ?~' the
~.~ tc~ check. the coz~3it
.. aS'ter a etcapy
5 _,_~ h,a~s ~lid~.~~.ad, i.t m~*, be reheated be~o>!~ l~eav~.r~.g.
ca~,l ~? y~ yr ,eye
...?. , L _ 1 ..r~ ~ !'*3 '~_qY~ :~.~ r"'.lb~)!3r ~~'L'~ei 1~1 R*4~wg.~ ~.~ C4~i+ t'6~ia
~ Y~,th ti.ecr~eaein~, ter~.ra~.~ure tna
~.~ ~. ,. ~;,~.,ear i.n the c~,ld ti.re casin,g~ when the car is
Y , . ~ rah c ~. ~ ,:"Lf3. k1~, t,
. ~rera.tures below -3~~'~, Y
Ftar this rea~vr~, ~,.Z verb cc~d w+~atrer,
,w~ ~- e~arted after ~G or. 3G min off' ~tax~it~g. ~ cb-
~"~'-'~ thl without ~er~;~. T'f~e dri ?rer ;~~,:st drf,ve arc~~n
msrat~.+~n aha~d e~tart ~ ,~~ ,~h
~ ~, .~V a.r~~ ~"~r the f~.:r~t ~.~~-~,~ r~~.n r:~ruet ~r9.ve rya "aster t,ha.,~: ~~.~:_.~,,:
ataclexs in the roads ~
.,~ ~.
l~,Jhz~.
~'.: ,~,. ~' exce tion~. i~res~i~tunce i.sa the ~?c-rl~ c~~ r~ Hundred-''~hau~ander
e l eavi.n$ ~. e v F~ o~ duel .
"~~'~ "~ a gba~e rules ox winter o}~r~-ti.~an ,wr~.li al..:~ca result in aavir~g
giver. '~h lob-
,M.w, i.tian ayate~s, timer'
rte fuel, i'ee~l ~-.*>~ i,~.
~,pt ~i.th the ~~~
5~, ~~~ e~ tir+~ tie c~~ tvw~ - asp r~a~.~. sss pxt~de~tt skid,' ,.
w ~".~ acature dur~:ang th
t
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/10/23 :CIA-RDP81-010438001200220001-9
~~~~~ ~~ the be~,3a aonditior~s lar red~tcl.~g the tuol a4nar~pti4n. Car~~ider~rle
a
~uridaad~~s~l~r ,~?xdwr Z.~.I~'lit,~av may 1-exwe ee an 1e. Thar, on hi? trio-
..,..,. _ .. ~...... ,,..,._...M ......
...,
,,.
o cone tian~
eo~i.n
a~'
ri-te~ 3,r~ winter b7 au~sr etia~n~ts~C~i
t tit u~t ~a-x~.a to his t~o2.lc-rrare #esli~ed 2'uel eavin,~e,~ under xirrter condi-
'~ions,, ar~c-t~rxt,it~-,~ tra 15 'Ga 3f1~ of ,the winter ~tand~rd.
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STAT
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/10/23 :CIA-RDP81-010438001200220001-9
'~ ' r
~'~~ :~
~ n~ ~~ ~
x~~ ~~ ~"~~~ ~~~~'~~~ ~~ ~ti,~~.~~~- ~~"~`~~rrr+~ '~f~? 1c~a~,r;r;r'+~~~.,1dtY.~..~~~'~~1, ~.~,~~;~~.
:.. ,
q
z~~; ~ ~ ~~#? ~~~ ~r A~k~;r.r~~at-~.1.~~ ~A~~1~r? '+~~1"~~;,l~~` ~r~rrs~i~'~#~~;,r~~?
~`
q ~y 1~ i
~~'+~t~~~~;~;~~ ~~f," ~~w1~x~ r~o;~~ 9~'~w~ lY". ~~!c31;,~`.ir"..~',e~i .,~~~~~,~~~`?
a. ~ ~.-~ ~~~~~~.~~~~,i~y r~~ ,~~r,~~~~r~r~rr,Z,.,~~* ~ ~~.~e,~r~w.~.~a~i t-~~rr~t~~' ~k~,;.~~~~ t~A~"~h+~~~ ~.~~~~~;~+
~ ~ ~!~"+~~'~;~i~ ~~{~f~~+~~i~~ ~~-'~~ ~~~rr1.~M~ k,~~ l~t~~~1 aa~ ~~~'1. Aa~`t~.t r~~ ~~a~~"~.- die
Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/10/23 :CIA-RDP81-010438001200220001-9
STAT
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/10/23 :CIA-RDP81-010438001200220001-9
~
,
,.~.
....,.~.~~;. R Ma~acrin, 19b?.
1~IV9 ~
bl~hig as
'
_ Mil~ita~' {Fu.an ..,.
..,..
...
?
a].aa-+p~~~r.n. - ....,,~,... _~___
.. ... ,. ,...,,~. ,.. ,...... ~
s
traction i
,.., n~
...
.,
~ r
t
...
~
r 1lutcego
l ~a~earah Tststitute Cd
t
'
r~
~tIT~Z Ce?
..
- p
~
F.veii.kanov
?
ce ,e-r>Id ~err~.oing of Care.
tar the 'p~'iver on Coritrol~ nt'"- ~
14a~cow-Len~.n8rad,
F5R
.
ire R3
iat of ?,Cde~+~- A,tta
~~.ta-r. Feap~.ee~ C~,issar
~~N~?
~ ~ ~,. ,` pQp '~-ila~ta'~ ~~h'~ut Maur Cvarhaul. Published b~Y
~~ ~I, .. 1tX~0,
w.,..19~. ~''I~
3 +~ ..~ ..., ~_ _~ _ ~_,~., 1Cn1 v~~~ . Magadan r lg 5 ~.
ech bet'or~e P'ire~ 113.1.-L~~-i?n. Con.fert~nce c~? 3taxnaz'+o~'~~~~?? "_..
t8 ~ ~ g
pe
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'phis ge~;,es: "Helps Pcar the ~w~dred-Thou
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