DEVELOPMENT OF THE COTTON INDUSTRY IN THE USSR

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00039R000100250002-2
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: R
• Document Page Count: 151
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: March 15, 2012
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: March 26, 1952
• Content Type: REPORT

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STAT
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iKW Archives, Main Econ dc Admi, .str tion (VS Kh)
The increasing bread thortagc in cotton.growt.ng ar as during
he w4Lr years, beeomir g extras iy acute in 1917, , s the ruain cause
of the anorrous drop 1 xt cotton crops.
O stry ction o" the trans, ors t3 cy ysteen d oryaPe tra ex?
change off" goad with Crmt' 1 Russia . p1da m of irrigation
s 3rste1113, deterioration of ?.ed row :ng, drop in o tUe edirig, Ito. ,
ail thL w ~ detrimental to cottan,grawing in that period.
The gtr~nk3ra1 changes which have taken place in cotton growing
C? tchI f3
:Data an cotton crop acre ge before th reVQiUtiC)fl a
probt?iy sent what iimderestim t&l, since they h &v been computed
on th basis of t .x tat tics, Cotton output b?.fore the Rev
:,ution ?was oorput'2d on the ba it of railroad data; they refr tc
gross~ight and, according to the authors of the handbook ap
p rcnt1y hc1u ~ J 'ate al .
Tb (.i i W'ar period aad tic first years after th skirt
o p~ aef1 cxk cf' z ih bi1? Lion of z ttorz1 ecanorny are rr~ rk d
'
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i
4 ~
o r;,. n.,eatton acreage fend crops. Or1y beginning in
aftQflt'action of gro cropi,
l.. p tarpe pyyy~~ ~~p~6'"~p~ ,) ~~r~Pr u9~ d~,~ i 4 r? e ,~ r' rF
~la'ep$0lir'u ~iJ~~~49~
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COTTON Ci~OP A( FAQS MAD
Year kcreage Percent Fiber Crop ?ercont
(`t 1,OCO ( 19i3 OO (' 1,000 tofB) (i91 1OO.)
193019
1931. oO'
1932 2 1 , 07.1
t ,` 7 f 1~ J J 41 ~1 ! ~ ~ ~f ~ ~ ~ {M1~i
by Nikonodi r f ~` i t 1 ~ r, f Z.t iii4t.11 Y
' i std 7a ftl7i xi~V kR
. f 4 e'a V'J YF,. ,,, '!1~I .?'Ct yjFhtuC'~f n't 1'?1
)4~1`it~ttI'fi~S1V~fr FttNrf'Ch~VV\{JrSr~ip~y+} {Jt~i
y1Df'
~! r Iii ~ ~~ o r n Isis r r ~~P3~~61ttit~ ~ x~ ~a~'raaIr
~ r In~Om~ V ~~i f k\.t J 1 ~ p f h ~! f 9.'~ ~ ( ~~ !1 ( U~ ~~t~
. ~+rn
137.
;31}.8
1'7,6 7.14
a? 3
12,6
5.6 2.3
12.8
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hectares
191.3 70:.. 100
19.1)4 806.2 11L9
191 2,7 117`?.
1916 814S,9 1.20$
1917 2, (.a,+
1918 117..t4 , 210
1919 10,9 21.
1920 127,E 18,2
1921 98.9
1922 70j 10,0
1923 2131 30.
192k )4 7pi 63,8
1925 X91, ~31m
1926 653,7 93.2
1927 y.61. 1 6
1928 92.3 131.9
1929 ,os;,. 1O14
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R TR1CTE
At that kiw, w+ovist uthorit took t firs t taps towards
pac fg thc; catmn and orrch
(pick and. shovo1) in the cottOrI grOW'
n Mnciu t ' with a~ r, cui tLtrai maohiAa $ grid tools.., In C ~ ntra1
Asia a plant was built fOr man iaotur g specific cotton-growif;
oqui gent (se dabs c j tjv tQX' h?Ucr ete) r pai. ba o was
rgafl BEd ?wtt ysteam of repair tops for tractora &d. 8uto'
mo?LivE h c , 43. The neced s ty o;C? peecWag `up the d V 1o fit
Foci 1i, t cot f rowJig a~i E ths labor tharta e in cote 1
row in ,r as called Co an nerea ed x hanizatiOxl Qf the cotton
growing' indu3ter'. ?hij mit$ of traetor3 and other maohLnee to
the republics of Central Asia were started, However, the parcel
nature of the ?ai ns was do ttr im ntal to the utiiizatiofl Of r, achine e
Li uidatior'r of private land owncr5hlp, curtaLlrs ent a ` Kulak hold-.
1
ri s aid chi tri b'uti {:err c f? land to inrUe 5 s and small hold, c at,ton
Earner played an endr1iouS roic to the rehab l t tion o the cattor2
t
rowing indw$trT B 1927 the acrea" c under cotton crops wad
ceding that al 1913, and the fatal amount o cotton picked ~aa
approaching the 1913 yield. At that tirY-o thCr cotton crop capacity
had not yet reached. the level of 1913.
i.3y the beginning of the First Five,ear Plan tht cotton
industry was rairabi:i hated to it prewar level; all cotton'
growing
for it1 advance.
TsK v 1' (b), : Its do i iof Of 18 J' 4Y 1929, a nphasized.
to exeeptionally great importance of cotton growing In the 1n-
dxstriaiZation of tic U6 'and in to creation ;off' a raw material.
base fur thy textile iridw t : and taatdd ,
a ert if i nprav'ern rrt in ~h J,rrt aticf y terra;
SRlCTEO
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ro'iere were untted in cooper tive6, and all cotton crop were contracted
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cretiofl , of bark o hgrac~ seed3 and supply
(. c) proving i the b k of p 3flt fa r~S with c i era .
.?'E r Wiii4:7erti , trac't,o r .,, E
novatiOf in the ur i cf Of 11 the cotton 1nduStY
t
cantr,~ tiofl of all cotton crops,' (w
1 J)jr~ctjreS an l ct,Q!fIC prob1om. 1931 p 46)
--------------
rQt3.hr with tbi progress in th? development of the CottOr1
growing :ifldU3trY in the SR the TsK VF 9b) also noted the still
insufficient develOP+~dx a
Tadzhiki$tal etG,an.d ?ow yi~ld capacity of cottCfl fiGld13
in tiits decisiofl the 1r1c VP 9'b) outlined maureS to be
taken in the ~tr~~gi~a for :Cirtie
a~ ao1,triGa? MO~ra?re$ takefl in ~~~~ ~ieid
of irrigation, increa of ? the yield capacity, cc.'m
str:tctiOfl the Tle$taS1bert Railroad, etc,ade it possible
to rai5e the outpUt f cottOr fiber in 1932 by 60 percent as agaitst
193.3`?
rr t, St jtn Ftvo-dear Plan
` eke 8 tan . axed TraLa Cott
w
winec$ y. 1 6 1 i c i )
!! 'y !'~~ r it
y~ ~r Qryk` L I L ~,~y`$ 9
't p1 t7laC .~e?'qr {?+ ~hIitA
;~'pid~r`f
r r ~~ Ill~iZn~r~"~d61~ ,r m:'.
1 ?.?.zpp:s gd,Y, inuwhq {' ~A ,1 k
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E pecia1iy great progrm took p1ac in the ootton grog n
lnd u r during the p rod of iaLi t 'ec tr cti on o! r
culture :cii the second 7t li > `F ve'Ye r Plan, the cotton fib r
growing 1rat n iied. t rapry r ;a in the (rirn a, Lower Vc1;
Ukrain and Norther Cauca n
In these years, the chnical basis of 'he sotto m grown indu '
try of h USSR ~ d+ wen a rat r voiution Intrcdix tton of trac
tor8 d hurt ?c~ra~ imps }i nt?~a in the cotton~d rowira indt t y changed
itu tech dca .s .most coa p:i tely supplanting the ar :ha:~ ` z
plements.
crop rose` from 388,200 tons in 123.2 to 716700 tone 1937. Yield
capacity of the cotton fields a1; a shared a noti thi acrea e.
C r'a~i.d rabl progrroe s wa cch.Levad in cottongrowirig in. the Uzbek
Republc4. The Party nd Guvcrrmi t properly ap r c tcd this 3O
koi he ~ farrzner8, tractor dzaivers coMbine ap rator c tc w r
d 3 orat d with orders and m dals,
This ucce sf ? dev lopn rit of the, ottonu row1ng ndtastr,
was the rE 3ult aI' > the f art < and to Govrnmc n is r snider ng mw
mense help to this nw8t partarztr braih of agriculture, The
pr:Lrrative old qu ,p acnt .cl. t qot ?on fro .ng industry has ` been
replaced b;r th diode socialist agriculture.
'rho Brio nus c. a e in th~ technical egi4pri ent of the cotton
growing Ind 4.3 tx7 s t , tL3SR is
4$,
11
1stxa d ':fin Table 29,
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T",LE 2
.wwMrnwn+'w+wq MIN , TATORS $EED
NUMBBR P In 1,000
1933 190 7,97 U.1 3,81. 2?
1937 392 298O1 237.6 7,162
1938 8O 10OO 611.6 11,726 io,Ui
In tb Seccfd Fig !cap. P lati , ti nuxbtr
f U k~J t "wro h L v e1,.. Ire 1
li while +waw
F Mt c$ a! Chex13.iC1 iadut" wade it possib1 to etefld the
t 1i zerS in the c jf ZOW n ?Lnd 3 tr1 M In
'~.32 nr~~rit~ and phc~ph&u~ w piO7d in .ferti1iZi of
da1.iver,~ of cotton in recent iear$ has been the br the
,ueS for .increas&d d.el3"~~ric~ of acttan
ti( rate. lxi 1938, the. groi3$ utput of raw cotton in the USSR
d to 269O0000 rrc"L ie caftflEr a agai& 7,t00, 000 metriC
incre98e.
riot oc cup~i O ;Lf to S of (autpu , the place in bkae
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TD
world, secar~ad only to the and )3ri.tish India, whereas before
World War? i R'i s is h
rYccupied fifth pIace o
To g 'ie a i idea oi" the ache vezxa nt 0;1 o i.alst cotton
growing iradu t: we need. `an:Ly t a, th&it the a taa:auai ia'7crs a in
cotton aubput In recent years alone . a 1 been equal to th
whole cotton crop in Ru, j b for , kr ,d War ~ Cotton. rowjng .hz
bccone the r ~tia brar1Cit1 of a ;r cuia e i,ia iiumb~ir of rE~pub1ie of
the 3ov:LEat Jn1ooc,
it
r; ri ost 'important fact
r in roh b J i ,t an and r'gcon3tr1wtiol
of the cot cn grow.1 a~g Indus try' in the USSR was the ? rrLgad,tion of cot
tun f! e],ds~ Tho coretructjon of new and the rooonstructjoi of the
old irrigation sister made it pos 1bie for the cotton-gro~ain eol~
1octivo acid ' f u as to. onlarRe their acreage of irrigated oil,
in 1939 alone, the Uzbed tar kolkhoz farrw rs completed con
; tru c tion of 2 ,irriga t, Lon prof c t , inclining thc: 7O"4ciiomE ter
Icrgafa.irrigation cna1 a T1 T'ad ?:. c pe op1 with the aid of the
great u si an p~op1e, a:Lw q act}'i Leved ~, great success in e'reiopmeit
of the cottcn~growin industry, particuiar1y ?11 thc3 field of .irrigation
where r~ oe;t rat during two rive Year p:.i a a1 t i to O ,joo 000
ritJe Thy Vaak h .iz~ri~:ation ysterti which provides in accretio
of 22,000 hectare cat new ail, tied a r ,gu. ar water oup,r) to 7 ffiOQO
r
hc3ctarc~ of old ;3o , .i6 now in operation. The '1co1kho.a far ners of
tbo O'i ar \T Liey built a LLMkiloan t r canai 'razz SO da a $ i t)SSIL
and TsK VKP (b . In their dec: pion of 22 Docornt er x.9.39, ~D
28 iebri,aaa y
19?40~ end 21 April 19LO outinaed an r~or nocw pro rarrc for ?'urthaxr
de e1opment off` he crtty ~grawing iraduatx r ( ir gaticn
iRICiEn
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i ESiK1CTEO
tural toc;'?inic JI C~ han.i. z.atioZi,, ta) ix rho 1J bok 9 and
The ccau~trLlctiur~ Of. th Turkestan-Siberian ian Railroad has.
aLA cotri4JkA A+ d, to the FAw'1.1+'ei Qion of 11h, cotton. crop aodY Bags
In the s truggle for a fw ther o 'e so in the t'ie'd capac Lt
the r.1ain problems of our cotto rQ Lng nd i try are to :iinprov'e eht.
or o i~1 t iia e rnd the Introduction of r ~ .ar r~atat1on o crops.
xten .Lon of the tec~i icy , qui unt of th ao t#/ growing industry
th( ~ mnera1fcrt:st per upp1y and adoptton o1? agrii tw~a1 nneer
ing ! thOdc are the . rto ;t iro orthrit conditions for increasing o tcn
i 1d capacity, It is worts x erctjori,ixa r ti t vo y :Low yis1d cap
city :L ch ractc :Lsic or the rivw cotton rcwin araas~ who c~ in
creasing 1:iare , in the cotton output h s been i':Luencin th y"i id
capacity incIc of th cotton ro ng industry
in the USSR
i)uri,ng th con d ?iv YY , r ?Ian. the n nber of areas
;
with ; low cotton yield capacity dropped; nevertheless, higher
yield capacity ' and stable cotton crops still rein the r~o8t imp
p03?t t goal of -ov t cc;tton r o trig,
ire 133 the cotton id opacity iza the USSR in ?rrig o,
areas reached 11.9 metric cex~tnrs per hectare as against 7.6
metric centers per hectare iz 1933 ~ in rioz irr i,gatd areas 3,6
me t,r1ic cerIaers psr he re a s,g : s t 0w mntrric cen to is :psr
hoc tare in 1933k
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TABLE 30
COTTON YIELD CAPACITY USSR ( iN UE TN1 R$ PER HECTAR E'
1933 1938
Uzbek SSA 8.8 16.1
TurkI2en SSR
radzLik SSr~ 16.6
Kir@?-SSR 17.
ica akh SS ; 3. 11.1
A erbaydzhan SR - 6.9 9 ?
rin nian SS S02 P
Georgian SSA.
irrigated Areas
3.0 1300
.6 lh.9
onir.rigated Areas ()? 3.6
+1
USSR very & 63 12,1
See ovist Cotton, 3, 1939
Th yield 'capacity lsvelach eyed. so far is only the he-
ginning of the real?izaticn on a. mast scale of those irninen a reaervea
which have been laid bare
by the tek novitea of the aottonwgrow''
thg aaibi1ity' of a further increa a in :tha rield capa?
industry. ~ca
city, of our cotton.growir~ ; indwitx7 is indicated, in the first place,
by the fact that rthe average 1ev 1 of. yield capacity l.n to repub '
lice is 'sti1 much. behind this yields obtained by advanced raycrn8,
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ko'ikhezes, and individual brde. In 193t~
the cotton yield capacity
,in Uzh k SR a[~1ounte' to 16,1 oentner per hectare; in some better,
r.yoris to more than 30; and in better kolkhoe's and brigadaj to
more .tih.u iOO c entners per hectare.
it ?is necessary that the experience of the $takhanovite.
workers become widely known and adapted to every collective and
state farm;
The textile inthu trfy is one of the brLnche s Of it dustry havtg
high rawateral costs
The proportion of raw and other mterila
in. the pr:U e oca~3t of the. cotton industry gross output anLomta. to
abQut twothirds of all expenditures.
In i93L the share of raw and other matrials amol rated to
63. percent of the total outlay in the prime cost of the ;Toss
output c f the cotton industry; that of fuel, 2.L,, percent, electric
power, 2.2 percent; depreeiat?on 2.L percent; wages and related,
costs, 2G. percent; other expanses, 3.9 percents (See Socialist
COrl$tructiOf, 1936, p. 33)
A c cordin to our ?approxin~a to c omputa t a on tho following ratio
of labor CXperses exists for different stsas of production and
treat merit of cottons he average labor cost of 100 maters of cotton
fabric is made up of about 25 man hours at the a ricu1tural stage
and about 21 rnanhou,rs at , tie zriax L ac turif stage, including about.?
in spinning, 12 In , weavings d 2 in. finishing, the total atnount ng
to r~ughIy L,.6 maxi-hours, 4s cue see, snore than tho` half to labor
is spent in agricultural work. This :still doss not include the
expenses for initial treatment of the raw material and its trams
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-port ati.cn to brae place of indu to U 1 u.
This is. why a,~ aiys1s of labor prcduativity in tho cotton
;raring . indu 3 try iz' of such :bane importance. The main ?ac
tar of :Lt 3 increase consists of thorough and con; 3tent n eehaniz tien
cif 1abor, Incre ed labor cor~sumpt.ef in cotton cultivation and ex
istenc of peak p rigid at ?tlte ttLm of the product' s prcce in
assign a high priority to the.:mr chan izatiOf of this, hr. rich of our
national eccnp$r r, high prices of agricultural machinery in
prEwevoluticnary Russia, lea wags and he pr .otni n nce of small
parcel farts retarded the progress ci" niecb l ization in the COttcn
growing ndustrym In those tales labor was so cheap that machinss
scmehtes wore not able to stand the'co patition.
t"ir a machine is ipoked upon exc1t,asively a, a means of rep
duc 1.t2the cost of production the limit of its appllcat Lon is
defined by the requirement that labor ;pent in t manufacture be
lees than the labor replaced by its use. J car cap1tal4, this dot-
f ii.tion has narrower set tie, Since cap:tta1 remunerates not the
applied labor but the value of the emp1cyecl iaanpo r, it deems the
application of a mac'ine exp diont only within the limits of the
difference between the value a? the machine and the value of the
manpower for which it is substitutXL" ( K , Marx. , Volume i~.
193!? p? 298
eclan1zatLon of labor rn cdttorx fields brae reclucan tho cieM
wand ;rcr manpower, I, `e. y , the labor cast per one desyat na L 2.70 acres]
of cotta/ acreage. In spite of the economic efficiency of `mechani
1OiEU.
zaUon~ use of 'machines;, in th eottori"growing; iridustry in prerevc1u -
tioi RLass. eras as alrea
y mentioned
very ?ht. The high
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ES tT ED
prices of rnachir:te , and the sn llr ess o the plOts undor? cotton
crops were the ruain cause. of retarded mechanization of the cottou
,growing ndu str . ( The total cosh of t fago r" l des~rat na of
cotton crops sow broadcast in Turkestan prior to World War I
amounted. tO iSO fluhieS o
Introduction of the iron plough, as
as of drill sowing and ,Y'.ach n. t lling reduced the labor c pensca
and the total . costs of tiii e per 1 dc, yat:tna of cottoi crop down
to 1U~6 rub1E Adoption of machine tilling of cotton. crops ]Ad
to a con der ?b1e r dua on in coat - from 1854L, ruoics for i. hoyac~hnyd
sowing down to 1O r ub1 a for broadcast sow! g ax d down to 1i1~
rubles for drill sowing and P iaach1n i tilling. With [i7hoyachnyy
sowings on d s r t.Lzr of cotton fi0id required 121 working days
and 31 half days ( Soo V. Y'u cr v, Cottoxxin zi Turtest
1925, ppo :U17"iL~) ? ~f' cs . ; ras are a summary of data .abtrain d
from xpor eru(n 1 institttti.cns, model farrrts9 and notee by var q s
writers, and hence they ~ Lve only an approximat picture of labor
cost. Depending on variow conditions, coet will vary in this
or that direction4 S. ? Fohyatovskiy sot the tillage. coat of one
desyatina ofcotton field before World War 1 at 196 rubles 2
kopecks; v m Karava~rcv, at 139 169 rW)1as (5eE. S. Ponystovsk y,
A 7tud otr Caton. Growi in ': u kt a to rid '~`z?ansc rx
1913 p. 230 and V.avacv~ ,,e'
.}'~tA 19114 pr 220).
Dui t the indu;3tria ? at ton `off the core and tee` technical
oqu~iprertt of the MTS' anU seta arnts, the neohanizatiorr plan for
the s~aond Five* eaz' }'fan ha , been ornpletec1 cons darauly ;ahead of
schedaLe'` fly the and of the second 1ive?Yaar Plan, Tort a1rnst
TRIC.TE
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OY-
entirely mechanized on state cotton. ?ar~ns; M''s more than half,
the work was mec axai edo
The stain probiem of a further recanstructiof Off' the cotton
growing industry lies th rnecha zatierii of cotton harvesting,
which Is stir' in , prinitive stated This kind of work is char
actcrized by especially high labor costso
to iolve this important problem, since like the US) still 40
not have satifac ry cotton 'ha rv t ng machines ~ Cotton hard-
vesting remainr- the least mechanized stage of cotton production p
and n care ;art of the total labor input is spent during the
harvest period. For in ta~ce9 on three kolkhozes in Kirovadad-
skly i &y?onp labor expenses in cotton hair sting amounted to 39.].
;o.I percent, nd in A1tayrarn1ins1ciy Ryon, to L~2.7 . 6.2
ereerit. (See 3ovlet C,att No '1, i937 pp~ I.6 ?.) Even with
the C orrect ion for the increase in labor productivity which took
place in Soviet cotton~gr owing industry during recent yezM~rs, the
proportion of labor cost in cotton harrcrestin rer~ats very hi h.
Moreover, the .1tern i,ve ~tiecha ,zation of thr cotton"production
processes, with the exception of the orze with the hi h st labor
cost .~. hrvest i,n ? predetermines the higher properti n of
labor casts in harvesting to cotton. he average labor expense
per hectare of cotton crop .in 193 In foiir~ krays and oblasts ??aetov Dnepropc~tx'ov.k,, and Odessa, oblasts arid Krasnoyarsk K ray
9afburlted to 82 .man'days, of which 1, ran'dar$ were spent during
the harvest.
Labor eX I1se in t l1 e af" rye hectare of cotton field
varies considerably with different collective and state farms
TR1C.TEO.
6.
Our designer will have
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due to differences In the intn~iioatcn of agriau1ture,
On the KA)khoZ imGl K. Marx, tillage` of one hecta?~ of
cottsn fi d cost 170 man days on the o1kno i cni er h s kiy (3ri
Bade No ), 2)4?a i.rr the Avangard 1oiito (1 Lgade No 2), 30L;
and in the id htytrto at Kol' hoz L87 'man date (Seo Soviet Cottor'
.
,.- u
No $ 19389, . L8) Tt i. charact ? sti , t t, whoa rea8 the labor
input on the Idhtoyat Ko1khd W 2.8. tires an great on the
Koiho aieni . , Marx, the yield capacity on the former wa
men 1arger~ The icrea e in to labor cost in tLLiage f one
agiIre uzilt of cotton field e:Lgnifled, in this case, ate ihcreae
in the produ tivity off` ,berg
Lenin pointed out that ":In a,. r:Lcait ?e, t ch .ca1 pro. r
and intensified fax n of n le&1 to an inerease in the a ~o nt
of labors needed for tillage of a g.ven area, 's
( E3ee V I, Lenin
Vol`:, ? 1432) in 1936, labor costs per hectare of irr-
gated cotton fie1d( on state farms) aiaund to 129.1 dy'~ and on
no r'r:Lgated fields ) .1 days. ( Figures of the Division of State
Cotton Farr$ of the People's Coth is ariat of A r1cu1 re iX3 O
The prirr- cast of one centner of cotton dropped in 1936 to 119
rub1e;3 0 4 kopecks as again et 1S6 rub1er 30 kop eks In 193 (irri
gated cotton `fields), and for to nonirrigated t e1ds, to 138
rubles .7 kopacks ?r r X69 rubes 0 kopecks, r specttvely. In
192)192 the Main Caton Conttee estiated the .veer aura of
labor needed for tillage of one des tiny of cotton field' to be
129 rnanodaye ( Seca ` CT? Arch`l.ves, f? to es of the Price 3urrau, Press
;LdiJ1 of `VSNKh USSR;
1
1?
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'RIOTED
the iprovoment in u1~J.Ttift,3. Used t the cottOf?rowing industry,
The labor $X)l if cotton cuit?y ;tjon in 181a. ark 1895 ax de n
'by the author of. these data to bo represontatjve of the whole cot
tai-grc~w?tig zone of to , whereas to data for 1930 refe ? cnly to
8Qu.thern Te $ where ;r 7?rag cottofl of large plots is . a t~ r .ve .y .
pr'otoedo WI th the eaeptan of $everaj. farm where the tar e
;)1at method and the raoet lode equ:t rent are employed, the labor
e9)entee for i3Q are the same on the avera e a far 189L :~L'hus
he Us cotton .:Lndxz tr'y exhibits an. enormous di cra c between the
techrljcal evo1 arid productivity of labor oL' hg ea ataliat
acid all.holdizxgs
Th i'eductj::i o? Tabor costs per ona unit
glad Cotton creage i'ti thec p;Lta1ist countries anc pr.rticu1.
any i th -;~ is also ,vicience oa deterioration i.f soil 1ig
since a on? id rab:L portion of the cotton growers in the US a e
l asaholder who have little ?r here t in a y tea :thi roverrl nt
soil till age, This has beau the main rea on .i'or he lower cotton
yield eapaoity in the tJ con'xp red with the level prior to World
War 1. (The a re cited data on labor expense per one aaro a:
from Karst arid Church,
United hies Depa ment of A riou1ture '1 cellan oUe Publications,
o l 7 Apr'1l 1933
I
we have already i~sontion that in prerevo1utjoziarr Russia the
cotton industry way working to con Lderable extent with imported
raw raatezia::s, before World War 1 cotton nporta a aoutxtgd to about
So ,percent of the yearly dew do: This depvhdence oi' the , a~ ~. ,
tjle
indtritry could not be done away with at once, During tho period
of ;:.nc1L, trIal rehabll htj()rr, the prapcrtJoa~ of, irn ortac
c;ottcz
w I94Im
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E
wa :3t'i11 quite high. In 1926 = 1927, the proportion Of irrportE
ccttc n amounted to 'p rcentj i92 8i929 ~ to 30,2 percent
:5_n 1929-1930, to 17.4 percent anci in 1932, to 6 perceratm (S
Socialist Gonstu , 1936, pw
QtJ1;LITOF TH x COTTON t $ 'R I THE U$SR
(CONTENT OF UJ DIF ER NT LENGTH)
Y~efc>re the patriotic War the to ti1e inau3trY cif the USSR
was riot only ?u1 y i upp1ied with cotton but was not abie to cope
with prcc sin it ail, On the as i s of sociali reeonstructiof..
of the cotton-grca~41a 'indus tsar it as po ib1e not only. to achieVE
3 k ?fa1d increase in cotton autp t bUt also to 1 ~ ~prOve the
qu, l ty of the ha ested otte ?
193)
ThW n.ain :1.ndex of' this i the increased
proportion of ~lciig Ji er ccttaa~ (gee Table 31).
TILL 31
Fiber ingth
i_fl z ~) i)erceutac!e of Fibe' in Tc i Cotton r
1932 193Li. 1935 1936 193?
29'3O and xrfcre (.Q7 26J42 1..69 6.6o 0.
'i60MTY 18.67 8,6 `.3 ?
7- 8 and le so 77.18 71 39. 68 27.10 33.
Average Fiber Leith 27,!.2 28,30 22.20 29.2 30.33`
T4 tab1 ives a Buff :ct.ant1y c] r idea of those chin e3
which took place In ce ta' yea as far as the quality of cotton
ESTRIC.TE'IJ
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aEsTRitT CO
fiber was concerned,
s?tif :ice it to say that the prb portion of
ioraguNfiber cotxcc ( O ni Uixr tern and ongo? ncr ed from;
6-ro7 percent 1932 . to 80. percent of the to i . cotton crop
1937, and that to average i'?ber length indreaa d rro i 27.
nai..l 1.ime ter8 1932 . to ` 30. .Uimetsrs in I937 m In this r pec t
he gw~iity o or cotton i& b& ter than that of tae . U. To be
sureg,. to cotton q ia1ity i r xxa t ~ lowered through the un a
factory c1eanirrg due to wa ti factory k o coG o2 c ,earain; 1ant
This is jw3t what often lowers th spinn ng qua1?tte of our cotton
its trcn th, grade ,x if or; i t , and c on.a .
The ai of the cotton ixadust,x i to ec ,r c ?f:Lc:Leht, uti1i
cation of high qua ity cottori, lowc~rer,, an exarru nat on of o e ra ti on of the ind;ua try b eforhe a tr Lo t c rtlow~ that Yt 1 '
cotton Li1s did not uti1i their raw matcr1Is sate s1a,ctoriiy,
'indeed, fri api to of to increa ~d a oimt; o Ion $ib r cotton,. th
eotton industry'wa lowering the fiber count o.f the yarn produced;'
in other wards, it w i impairing the variety of th manufactured
fabrlc3. The 'r~arati,zfcta7 uti1iN,ation of oottan rfaanfcst1 its
self also in the fact that the cotton n?i,1:La re trn.ng out to
many rejects and coy rate poduct3. In 1 t.O, the .2nd and 3rd
main ac1iiir~i tratioxas :Cvaxaevo Ob st cotton industry alone turned
out x450 rri1 cn rietcrs of reject and second rate pradueta. 'he
cast of raw n terja1a corl$tjtujaa rricre tl?xaf half to pr1ma cost
!.t7 the produc?tirn: of to cohort 4 idd ry,
i ox' thl r aeon particular. att mt:Lon rrxue t b given to the
effic end` utiiization of cotton B'oz' it tanoo, the 3 akh za sac ory
used to produce packing cloth not ?rorn rel'usa but '?"ron high cp 1ity
TB I?CTE~
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ESiRtCTEO.?
?zaw mari:L.. I.t c2' that such iiexpdient use of firs.
o1 raw rat:La1s should not take place irz Soviet tndustr
Ac zzrntera tE; in :~a tarjr nw c ricai r
32 yj of from ?cot? 1flun?te?d to 90 per in I933
to 22e6 Percit; :n '9Jb tO 97 Pernt; but in L937 ?o oly
ber In Scy!6 t cot,911agrowing ind
I932193 to 3O.6 ~ percent of the tot. ,rat cotton out
and jn 193S14936, to 27.72 percent, (See
,
1937, Pp LF5,t 1:) S,X4Ae r?G'6~1Jn fori .. Gr;Bi~l
ject produo#;, Cuttjnri down on grad i ~
j,j for r~duc~rthe
c c~~~ tczi de1jverje ~ to th plarxtth az~c,~~, ~ ,
~ , war ar~onor~jbiend~
which eour9 good quality. of yarfl, con.t.ant checking . of th ffj?
yield of 7ari "roil the ocattr~
To XVIII Party Congret yet a bJ,, cb . cta,
Ga ha is 19i2, 32,9 0,oa4 oen ri r of raw t
:Lncrease the yield capacity of iriigat cotton fLeld up to 19
canthers per hectare, ~rhthh; would`
rtw r a berJa1 fore to :textile industr
T
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 ~mqy'
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RICtE'
~
$j' Uj.t f QU$i r w1 an 3.ncrettse i rt output,, Third F iv
Tear Plan made p ovi ?ons for i p:rovt thE quality of cotter., : Ln
cr as:Ln the proport on of rirstgrade cotton, and sb ono In tbE
industry is,e su, wire carxied out t~ rC1S :i.m, ?ovc t rat of in pcc
tion, storage, and in. t I tr trnent o ' co t1,on; ch k o quality
of dei v red cotton by state insp ctor has been ost b1i.she4 at
all cotton?Mc1oan1g 1 tt a star xd ificati.c'n. for zaw E ottox
and fiber M bean d veto cd d app ovcd the cap c qty of t
cotton iodating p1antc has baen increased.
On th 013 ? of technical equip nt adoption of thorough
riechani at `?on, r prove nent in agi'icult a2. k11is, further broad
e :cif c)L t( 6ta;(haflovite? mov Y.ent~ and io 1 i~~~ ~tidn o all avaw1
able re;erve,, tiho wc1ai~t cotto-,rowi.ng industry was ab1c
by pu uiztc ~c goa1 set by tht VIII Con res3 O1' the V .P (b),
to oocix t th e .n1 of thcr third F ve 'az Plan ecorad 1.ace
in the world after th US in output of cotton,
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N
J;I'ST 1T3 JTiON OF T E CCU":SON T'E TI;J iNDU T IN TFIE USSR
h~ in th a c tr but:L c n of c o tt on industry
U'
or ?u~ , cotton dt t r in. the
3SR in Fi r; t and the S o and Piark ~ ? .
D L ionE the XVIII CO r a of the KP ( b) ~d
the out:Loak Lor di. tribit on f the cotton .z d r~ t r
The ch1Mac~tEr of the main` cotton producing dar,$ in
the. USSR , con k , Cat f b c . ' kp cia .
ti o `? in th Cotton ii dustry, and. th robi m 0?
'h dev1picant of th capita aconorc~r takes place
une &a1y This can be illustrated rr. the t xti1e - as d prt
icui tr y in the (.O ,? Qf to le industry..
Table :3 ,g1 vex
an ids o ?tJ ?~ changes which hook place i
the diotrihution a- cotton :Lndustry in form rountr : ix the
px.Lad of 1913.x937.
i ase Table 32 on foliowing pages)
The table shoes h much nand' s bare ott i1
errp:Layed En .and cli'o cl, f , LE1 to 2 7.3 paz'cent of to tojal?
number n spindles ire foreign countries. L oaahire the cz'ad e
:
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cFr ?T iI
Lao tus bps dropped during: these ?ears, The uuxnber of 'spindle
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TABLE 32
DISTRIBUTION GOTTON ' Y 1NDUSTR! N
` 4!
CAPITALISTIC COUNTRIES
(From :tnternataona:L Cotton Bulletin, International Cotton staffs tics
SPINDI,S {can 31 July)
LOO?
CapitaZistic 1913
1937
1913
l
1936 (December
ems:
Arnouat in
PercnL
Amount is
Percent
Amamuit in
Percent
Amoint in Percent
1,000: Spindles
1,000 Spindles
2,000 Spindles
1,000
spindles
Capitalist World 135,781
100.0
135,i4252
I00..0
2,593.E
100.0
2,820.h
100.0
~c2udin
35;652
bz.0
38,753
27.8
805.5
3i.3
5olc8
11.9
United stakes 31,0S
23.2
26,983
19.4
696.h
26.9 '
573.5
24.3
11,1$b~~)
8.2
1t}236
7.3
230:2
8.9
200.5
7.1
France ?9hiJiJ\h/
?y'
797U3.
(sV
14[30
14.2 '
193.S
0.7
b,tl$lc
1la5
9s876
7.1
913?1 _
3.6
189.7
6.7
1,009
0.7
54071.
3.b
m
s
a
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apart ,
Other nqap:1tA1it
cou~i4es
(2) (3) (!a} (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)
2,300 17 11,880
20,~a.5
15.2 26,81t3 15.3
337.1 12.0
6S9,2 25.3 821.3.. 29.1
taken as o 1 Ji1y 93
2 Italy
ry? ncty{ s
3) iii boi*icIi~s prior to or1d. ar I. Includes Alsace with about 1.,SO0,000
(h ) In banndaries prior to World
t5)
ar 1s
?in the ?Brti~h India, there are 1. a eoniderab n
(6) Japan proper and Korea.
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a CT
of the induc trial rcwolub on in th , i~ c~ xatury, ` renowned for ?
abundance ' of textile mils and for itB highly ski11a 1 spinners.
and eavors, has lost to a cons .derao1e extent is ou tanding role
in the rs~anuiacturo off'` cotton toxtii oe: Thie .f.Ct at d$ if d f~
i to correlation 'with the enarai 1x of de elo ent in British
ind s -r , Greater development hay taken place, due to the eno
mou ex 1oitat c i f we ksrs, in the nttQl textile i du t,r'y i
Japan ` hi bxanrh of dusty h& a1eo been taken up and d ve1ope ,
. in a nui.rkber off? c;cJQnja J. and sendcoioniai countries.
Conr?drabe drags have taken place in distribution not
only of 'world but also of n~atr.?o ia1 centers of cotton textile
indus try. In the f,Lmt place this applies t th `h
cotton good nt,u3trywhich originated in the U'S right in mill
?or compared with .thi type f industry in `trope, was oncEm
tratcd Initially in to Noz t in .the area of thca first white
settaen nt L?ar from raw material and 'uol. This area had less
generous soil t) ,an that of the southern ta1e of natural re?
sources it hid only meter power. teneiVe development O cotton
textile :LfdUst, uui the south` of the US in cottonwgro ng areas be
g vezy much 1a.te!. Slay r, w ~ ch had heetx dominant in the
South, and its aftcffacta WEB thO fa1f cauoa iTrpedif to
develapnont of the cotton textile inch wt an that part .of the
co'tftz70
Table 33, provides cleat picture of the chnngee whIch
have. ken place J,ra the die ioution o1 the cotton industry 1i~ the
tJ within the pare 100 years,
TED
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Table 33
ZrIS3'RTHUTI0N BER?I SOJtH AND N{1RTh US IN SPItvTIXSES TAT OPERATION IN
?HE tXt?t7Ie INDUSIR%
``OtAl
Spindles
Iii
E7S
O p e r a t i o n
cotton
States
New
E
l
d
Other
"Installed
ng
an
States
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(b)
IBt~a
2,285
181
1s~97
506
180
3,998
265
2,959
775
1860.
5.36
32lt
3,859
19053
1870
a-~t
7:132
328
5s1L98
1,306
r~
I$80
zo$b53
561.
8,632
1h6p
1894
3J4.,38Ze
1s57O
10,931c
1,880
1900.
19,72
4:368
13,171
1,933
2910
28,929
28267
1o,1a.91i,
I5,735'
2,038
1920
35,83t~
35et81
15,231
18,287
1,963
1922
36a 9Lt6
35,7fl8
15s9ab
17,939
1,863
1923
37,109
36,260
16,314
18O~
1'896
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CIA-RDP82-00039R000100250002-2
3:92
37,80[-
3,81.9
16s91314
17,066
1,839:.
1925
37,929
3,O32
17,292
159975
13765
1926
- 37,586
3h9750
17,57.
126
1,650 :
1927
36:696
314~14;Lo
17,8914
714,995
1,;2i
1928
35,0
33s570
18,282
13,815
1.%s73
1929
314s820
32,117
i8s
12,53
1,339
1930
3ltitl25 _
31,2115
18s5$6
11a35Z
1,308
1931
_
32,613 .
28,989
28,073
9,655
1,251
sss
1932
1
31s709
22,272
17 ,630
B,s6b
~,07b
933
3x3893
26 895
17,929
8,205
761
1931
30, 9142
27,7142
18g5U
$,1aS?
771
1935
30:093
26701
38,212
7;63
726
1936.
28,1.1a7
214s6614
17,8314
6,092
738.
1937
26,2
25sh7.9
18,2131t
6,1425
751
1938
26372
214,7714
18128
5J91S
727
(1) Statistical Abstract of the United States, 293 9 r? 800
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L1CTE
In 1814,0 t1 so ate at to share the Indust y icy tata
nnctbe ~ of ap nc ee .1?1 the US me unte d ~rJ.y to .92 . percc at; In i8
to 1.O91 pexcent; at the beg nnin Pf the Qth `cent' 224143 TeX'
cents 8fld i36, met 'ti the qw ?tern , 7 .3 rc . WhA
ac?,tmta h?3 for these xtr?aordiXia' &ige in the US cotton
:" a. indu,t ? ;flt the ~asoc ??oM h deteriottn of
the :thtportano the northern Arc sa which h tv i ore e d1e.
o er and .,nicare dbacr toe and e2?xjo
,a o1 x~ to ne conducive to eottcf e i] produCttc ? cxUG 3.u
this southward movement is a, rush toward the source1 off' raw r
trale
tc 4ew` gland :LE a8 tariff
Of' .
1'pl>tnh ~'a1?th1":Lk."f i2
~c l~ a~z a r .93 p.76)_, less expen ive than deliver? of f iahed
fabric,
thorn
as .fare tce to ectost Profe$r~rukner (f~ F
nor _ _
If the n Ain ' mrket for cretin fabrics were in the eouthe
Us to mills off` the co to gr1 but he plan data are in
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F'EST RICTED
of the textile industry of these r giori is to take place accord
ink to the Th.ard Fivcw'oar Pian,
lrowev(r9 the center of the country, which hay avai able
3kii1ed cadres of toxt1o res, era rxtensa vc market for fabrics)
local fuel (peat) , and, cheap era tei poer is still th l fain textile.
re~J. on of trig uSit,
Ever) thoug,i the share' of this area in the
output of fabr:icwas to decrease, the central region aecoad:Ln
to the Five( Plan had to produce over 80 percent of the total,
output of cotton fa,r:Lcs in the U&3RB and besides thatq fabrics of
h7. ;her quality. ir. particti.ar~ the c&ttrai region provide the
e1 ictroGeehrticals autonobilea aviation arrd other branches of :Ln~
dtu$ try with indtiutrim fabrics a
To improve the efficiency of textile niils of th a central
regions it is necessary in the first place to eliniina to a ritm.tbr
of disparities in the field of produe tt on, To that purpo e, the
xvIxI E~arty Colgre$ 3 c3.ocided "t to undertake can ;truction of mall .
of the ,viii C orl g c ss of the VKP (b) l939, p3 O)
spinning mills in the old textile producing areas
(: ec.1ions
This decision
i3 of groat importance for our national ec onony., The distr bu
tiori of the cotton indu8t +' in prerevoluti unary Russia showed
(as already mentiond abOve') eriarraaus disparities between. the
pine ra arzd w&aving mariufacturds, cau- ing comiderab1e trans-a
poz5htiol expense Whioh the textile bosses tried to recoup by
further e?tits ?rj the already lc~w wages of the ynrkers,
In spite oi' the crrisi x~cti it of a number of large spinning
the i irn ni Lakin Mill it eni Dxerzhintskiy~ . and the
RE1
12
1 .7 i ( .'~ a h 4 1 s r7,~ a
~~x b.S... ?,.,~ r .,u ......,.
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TRIG TEll
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TRI
TE
craanaya taika mill), the lag .i the spinning industry has not
beexi fully avex'core a, yet,'oreover a a result Qf the in-
creased demand for cotton yarn in a number of industries, cas
pare betw? n the capacities of the spinning and weaving irrw
d 1J1xri0s have even increaser Building of small spinning mi1,1
in the central texts areas will ba conducive to iii.nation
of the nwierous cases of cross hauied eemifinin1shed good;',
which increa cs the cost of production; to utilizatLon of idle
looms; to expansion of production volwe; arid to improvement in
the quality of the products Within the first years of he Third
.~~jv .!ea Plan the cotton industry f some area, t i:ininated to a
certain ?xt nt di partt ee b tween the spinning and weaving p}ise
Neverteiess shortage of year was one of to ream for he1o
expansion of pr'oducti;n value . t cotton textile ,radu try.
E riy? in 19 he No II 4ain Administration of Ivanovo Oblast
alone had 3, 003 idle looms. on that account; ,OOO looms were not
working fuii tjjic .Ln producers eooperat:tves of Ivanovo Oblast;
and so onm
fter having solved the problem as to the general area
r1iere a textile factory should be located, the most serious
attention viust be paid to the precise locality on which to
construct it. The guiding principle In this case ruust be that
of the econaracal ecdiency, that of the least waste,:t r f labor,
A thorough ccnstderatioh of the t chni 1 and economical
detaiis of. he p!O jG et$ (transportatioxiy raw naterials, fuel,
area pf t re , dirriand for the prodi t, variety, eta, ) and coorcth a
'Lion of the dovelnprnent of the .;planned mu]. with that of he
3
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~~ ~ water ~~~~~ ~rae, repair 'end
local indust ( power
a pine qw- non or the proper &LstribU
erv1ce shops, etc) are Lion of indu trTo
?;rEatiofl O;& new ? productiOfl bse$ for the t,extile 1dUXY
dittXaC for cotton 'brie.
to rciuC the av(rae
r
in it d oisioI , the X,JI i Congr' repete1Y
f~? ,iC 3 and yarn In th freight
1932 the
tl8 o1 the USSR ( For in:atanC , in
. over of th
bX
mterial 12.i rye 1,9; '{ u cotton Oti3. See ?1rOad .
port of rot -.: 1 m ort r10e to the national econoyr; J.
REStRfC TED
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Copy
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~glCiE~
 fiABiS 37
TRAFFICOF COTTON
0 0
n n
C, C)
0 ) 0
u U:
t~ c4
4 0 a
U C.) 0
ITS 1938
_~l)
IN 1,000 24EWS}
. Dress
. =Q
1h1=
Y+- ;_
-
pabrics send from ivanovo Oblast to
{1}
(2)
(3)
(14)
(5)
(6)
(7)
8)
ii
(lal _(1
~iI:
3280
6
71
5831k
208
58
1730
552
518
11Th
30 -
217h
c;
P4ascaw Oblast
Fabrics send from Moscow and galinin
4
Oblast to Ivanovo Oblast
lb
kb
126
212
378
1,10
--
91a
23u
Fabric.a.. sent from Ivanovo Qb1 st to
:
Leningrad Oblast
Fabrics resit from Leningrad Ob]sst
8Th 8
1636 1t931i
it28
330
19112
1790
58
900
2138' -
k82 --
27.la8;
to Iv!xvo Oblast
ad Oblast
Fabrics sent from Leningr"
22
--
38
322
toMoscw Oblast
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Underclothing
336 152 106
Coati
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'122
102
1
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x=:122 116 252 b08 h8'
lag gip SQ 78 2
2h6 352. 231s 730 556
?r-! W
x " r-i
a
;+ c.
` Et"
cr4
?r!
j4_
a)
tG
r-4
ear-I
Q
43
W tli
56 620 28770
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j127h ' 30 217Lt
16E4 52 -- 2!
'y223$ h82 -- 2718
]I8
0. - ~} r-
. ' 4. cd ri j
18> ()9Y {ZO} (21) (22) (23) E2b? (25) (26)
102 20 50 78 2 62 3b 28k
62 ~ 19550
962 ~- 625h
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(1) (2) (3) (),) (5) (b) (7) ($) (9). (io) (li) : (lz), (13).
Fabrics sent frog Mo scow and Kal -i ni n
Oblasts to Leningrad Otilas
695 1610 2354 2194 868 l~61L 3566 3b 76& 2074 2288 881 12 330
According to fi ure$ the Textile Market' Committee of the People' CommiEsariat for Textile Indust USSR the art e tats`
Iu~2
616
haB :Cap:,;;s.STiCS OF SPINNI
OAS T IN 1937 AND 1939
Number
Nutvr of
Average of Pro anion
Average
Productivity of Output of
fl:
of
Spindles
in the
Spindles
in the
of ;pi nd
in the,
s Cot
of
1.GOO idles Yarn per Hour
per Hour b one Worker
1"r
Size'.
Mills
Mills
raf
Total
am
(in I;iloc ounts)
sr17. (10,00.o,t00 spindles)
(a) 7
? c9,.?o0
159671
b.Ott.
33e18
599,2 fila .l
(b) h
71s8o8
17s952
3.80
3ta.18
i~8s.27 ;l.s5
S3,876
205Th
38aa
539.7 72.8
(b) 7
3E1$~be
S196~1
19.16
39.:69
51~3.7}s 7~.72
670,59b
36.8
4O.9
533.3 _ 78.0
(b) 7
6S2,231~
93s176
3's.5'I
1a2.90
!463.36 69.3u
Giants Over 120,000 Spindles)
66t3a568
l6~a1E7
36.37.;
51.6
72.8
cba 5
8O1s3Ei.
160,273
e
L;8.66
i2.09 65.25
Total
(a) 25
1,1$,102
72~72le
?00.0
].t2,29
513.0 7i~4
(ia) 23
1,886,966
82,0~a2
3.00.0
Is3?66
X82.75 67.23
(7.) Annual reports of ia1:ls (a) 1939 (b) i937.
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REST U CTE
Tn 137 in Moscow Oblast s inn1n ; n1-1is having from L.O,gOOOO
to 809000 spi les showed the highest outut of product (in k :lo~
counts ) per worker and per unit of egrdpr;~nt.
In 1937 the;3e mils produced per L,000 ndle~hr~ ars L3.7
k vaunts of yam,; per wcrktr{ per hog 70.72 kiocount of yarn
as against f 2~O9 and 6S.2 k ].ceounts respectively with the gaxit
s~
and b81?27 and ;L.% xiocc nts with the small n lbs. The lower
productivity of .indie ~dth the giant weaving mills can bra par^ti
, .11,E e, p1ained by a h?gher role of rye spindle at these factories?
Y ?fl pI c1UCed at he giant mills involve
higher labor expenses
than he yarn produced at medium mills. A lower output level per
worker is quite natu.r in 'production of yarrl of higher counts
fl?VVT~] f(. h;1 h w labor expenses.
In 1939 In a sornowbat different group of rriils, the highest
produc tiv ty per worker was shown by large, and the }righest producE
tivity of equiprpant by small mills.
When subdivld&1 i.nta groups,, the spinning riiills of 1vanovo
Oblst (those under All-Union jurisdiction) . show almost no dfe
once .n productivity of equip nt th different groups of inills,
but the praduct,5.v:i ty of lab. rises ~ith he enlargement of m1ls,
in spite of the fact that the average count of yarn increases , also.
in 1939 one worker was ;roducin 98. kiiocounts of. rn per
ho as against ~3O.2 ilocounta in 'the redit , and 82.1 Ln the large
rnill. The higher prdduc v t of labor in the large and the giant
spinning mills in : lv.nova Oblast f1 nd its main e~pl ation i.n the
fact gist thEsa g ups z~olude new aping ng r .lls w.~ Krasnay-a talk9
!STRILT
11
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RE$TRICTE
h eni Dz rzhin k9 y, the Mixe Ji"bees Co ne, and others, why e
te;hni.oa1 ieel considerably e~eed.s the average level of the USSR
cotton textile nd?.irtry. A `higher technical level ccounts ir!x this
ca, e for th bettGT technj4?ai. d e onornic Indexes of this group
of nil sm
In 1939 69
Te ~ti:Le' rdu trw,
spinning mills of the People's C omrrd $sar st of
ci technical and economic indexes as fo1iow
? .
In srrrall mill thejro ctiv-i;ty per 1 O spind1ea amounted to 6OO3
kocounh pr ho, aria the output per worker to 62.0 k1ocount~
per hour; in the medium m111 i, they arounted tea 569. to ?8.6 res~
scar ti ve1yj in the large r i1?1 to %1 n and 81.1; and in the giant a
to 522.3 and 8O.6.
The kind of equipment, the natire of the aso.rtment prom
.3uced, as well as the level of organiza .an of production are
the na1n factors irtfluencir the technc and econon.e Indexes.
We have already rt ntioned the i ortai~ce of pr?n oast
in cdnsiderat an of economic efficiency of rnlis. eiow, . shat.
dwell on this question in rrore detx i. In this connectLon we are
interesto`d in finding out haw the s1o of a rill influences the
prime cost of the product. To solve this prot:iern, let us ana1ye
sornE data on to pr i e cast n 1939. PrIor to that, it us n n
tion a peculiar facts in 1937, the ned1umwsize spinning mills in
Moscow Oblast shored a lower pr1me cost than the s11 ones in spite.
of he labor expenses In producing yarn being higher in the first
group of i1e.
or course, one iiuat cor~are prime oasts of the a or
R
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RESTHICTE
Similar produc to a Later , we sl3. take
up this que'sti.vn,, ~~ -
we shall px e1a rjly cansi de:~ the ~ ?
~ r~.cost oi' the zoo: gad
product, keeping tricty n mind all the vagaenes~ and ~~eiati
flature of suoh wa~~s~dea~.an.
See Table ~8 an fa1iowh pa ej
the cli$erepancy :in the prime cost ;:Lth different groups
chiefly by the fact that each gautp
ere~j a~n those of. the other
oi' Cotton il
aw,~ . :th the average count of
. the y' prothj and in the density of the :1.. e ~ , by
r cd,.
M
raise I the labor oast of prc r;j tton?
~a.nCe the 1abocost of produtj ,? not the same, it
!ou:id he Wz~Ofl ~o ~ ~8ujie ~ a, ~Uesfed by the table, that the
prime cost of produ+Wtjon is h:I , ho, in the large iii5,
the Prirr cost of One to Of' contrary conclIndeed,
yarn is ~a~re~Y in the medjuiri ar~the
large 11? than in the 1i ones, althauh they were praduc~
rig higher counts of yarn, with hx
gh~r labor cap?~~ than the s~1
mrLlis, ha .ng from 19,001 to Leo ooo a
soe' TahieJ
RES'
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M to
Ly..
.l..fl
T?BJ1
'~ f(` rte.
NFACTOit!PTANT ; . UNIT COST j a, 'g"~Y Ht:.:
S I n n i n g
u :t er
According to Size
Group I
Gro I
Group IV
COTTON TEXTILE 3STYI1~I97
s i 11 Cost; Average
of Cc)~nt
f
?b .
01 xarn
n Y~
in Rubles mar u
S 6
S 8663
i 7,0
13 8v
12 8 3
~ ~
1 :.?}
1
39 x,577
j rationsO= the Cotton
From four l>1a1.n 8d'tLniS
Weaving
Density
N er Prime Copt.. Average
or 1 of w Fabric
meter
Q:f:
Threads
NilL in '-.- in Cm
:1.3 1.a3 21.1
5.
26 1s2> 27.9
29.E
2.26 3o?3
?3
1,3
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4ESTAlCTE
>. to. the prime cost of ving production the d t ix
Tb1e h8 do not emit an definite canalus r~n~ because ~d.th ncr?ea>
a,g average density a- higher prime cost per meter of nonit;?id
ray fabr'i is i.,n itself not surprising.
To arrive at any def }:nlte cone uaiOf
a
prime cost OZ the acne er/si lar product.
Lc.t Us consider to date in Table 9.
E See ?ab .e )4 ors rdlio .ng page
we mist an&iy e the
The cast Of prccessi ~ as e11 a thE: who/ prime cost
of cai.c;a differs with the mills mentioned i~ the t.abler This
cct tclus.~.~'en, although +j a lesser degree is cdrrec t in regard to
the cost of Y ray' xnateriai used for produ tiOn o a unit of product.
Thc a.o~, ` of pr?ocessing and the least prime cost of product
~~ r~,..Y~t cost was shcrWfl b ~,.e M iii iineni Ki.rov~ and, the highest by the izhnyaya~
by ~
Sex I ch? rac, eri"ati.C ti;a t bth these ills are large
,.srAda ~.~,.~~ It i
exrterpx?irt ~cs: Oro than 2~OOU horn each~ The relatively, low
,,t Of p at the 131M an to a certai.r~ extent be explained
r'c~res~~n, ~
cO?~
b that this enterpri5e 15 a c()mh~i.fl ~ where overhead
costs are ?partally shared by both stage 3 of production.
I1: we entati.v l agree to subdivide the .lls menti.onc d.
irr the e table into' two gr?oupsA thOse with less and those dth more
than l9O looms, it 4ll turn out that the processin cast of one
~
urn t, a~' , product s 'slrtlOEt the 'same jai. th bath group it nrillp, and
at the Mme ' c e.s t o ?p roctuc t h hex with the second group.
RES Tff!C.TED
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TAB 39
A
D AT MILLS
DUC
) s ?r
MILL PPJNE ;OST OF 100 MET" CALICO ( AR
i
Number Qf
Looms on
9
0
Cost of
iterms
V
Cost of
Pro-
Prirne
tjOSt
MIU
aiie of the
14
1 i
.
n 'abler an
p eck
;M (Bo11
., _ TvanovSka .
N
nafakt
a
866
63.62
24.12
F3:.7
0 89
imenl ` h of rc 1,082
'~
~3a:~
r
:[ ni ICIr
2,220
63.9
18.87
81.80
?
86.55
1,72L
kkan qa '5ere a
68
Ni.zhn ` a
".Sereda
232L
3
75.3$
28.33
102.
Kolobovo
c
65e10
26.1
91.10
2,6 ?6
55.7 2
26.h3
X2,]2
zLnevo
993
E~-.c3~a.
23.50
Se i i
].t
1 ,14;6
6+.1..26
87.92
Pistsovo
3?$61
65.1
23.72
88.83
K ` neshxa No 1
.~.
668
b~a52
2216
87.81
Iceni olcda ki
1,090
67.6
22.19
83e25
Training factory i.iueni Varentsova
537
6304
21.6
9.92
(1)
r~ ~
ll'3
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%~
p
rats ena d high in i937 1 at i nor ~ due to di1ap dation o
the equiprt nt and to uns ti,sfaotxr o "g ~ zetjrn of the t o1o ica .
process it even increased at a number of mil which eras one o1
the causes h nper1ng the growth of prod? tivjty o1 1 bore In Nar
1938, in nine Leniigrad nn-1 s the lowest break rate was found at
the Oktyabr'skaya di1 producing No 85 woofs ( . oas o per -thousand
$pifd1e-hOU3 ) d the highest at the Raverrstvo Mil (220 cafes
ee Textile Hor d No 1, I938 p? 21 ) The bre k rate is high both
with ran and with mule spindles,
An1:T31$ 01' the break at leads to conclusion that the r
case o? breaks lio in he iaerotjon of the teolmoio side
o: pX1pduC tion :Lri the non observ nce or disci. iixxe in the tethno1o
ia:L prows and i.a linsatisiactory utliatio~ o1 e, ui txent,ror?s
:laic b1riding o ? cotton. for spinning as will as lack of control of
humidity and texi erature in the shop alto be1o~ main causes
of breaktn
The ire brn r t u ak ura T erri. Dzerzhinskiy the tL i e ,
Lakin, nd to Ivanovo Meiar in Combine inanagc;d to lower the br
e
rate consi,dcraby in improving the tecIanoiogj c? process a T'hs ex
ample of these advanced rniis should be i"olowed by other mili$ in
the p o et Union. :eduction bi~ the break rata is extremely a o ,
ant Lor the growth o t productivity of equipment and labor. It
must be kepi in `mind that a bre k at one spindle means a 1nas in
productivit r Of the whole machine, which has about 20 spindie
so
Most aare~"uJ. choice of the size ?or nu,a, ifl taiiatjon of
high tension C t~raz ka)deuces, thmro h p in of the
~ equip
RES TRIO TED
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1ESTRiCTE
menu and improvnt oxt all preparatory work prooessss Is the
proper wad ?f c bat ng high bred, rate,, an 1 ~.nt6 yif the
ut li ation Qf f quipmen In the USSR cotton t xtie Lhdustry.
The Anericari cotton tex ,1s Indust y pays nuch attention to
pry 4atory process. A vex important "aetoin ioweri i to break
n to is he high qu Iity of yarna he low bred rate a hieved by
AJnEriafais has Its ecpIa;tlon in good per, correct bier.
n and owing of otton, etc. As a result the US cotton n l
utilize the equipment better
The growth off' productivity of labor in to USSR toile irL
dustry as reatiy hsmpered by h .g1i idLene.ss of h equiprr~ent4 In
the last
y
o the Second Five-'(ear Plan, the yeax?ly output pt r
worker in the cotton textile industry showed a decrease as compared
to to prece ding year as a result of an :tntoleral e increased n a '
ber of oases of idleness of the equi rent in 1937 (Table 60).
Table on : ouowi page
Irre :Lariti s the cotton supply were one of th,~ Tna:ui causes
of high idleness off' equips t ~.n he cotton toile Indust 7 dui
the First Five.'Yew ,an.
Turnover off' labors dilapidation of equipment due to sabotage,
irregularities in supply ox' mills with fuels raw materials, electric
power, caustic soda, etc wexs the main causes of idleness in tex-
tile equipments at the end of the Second Five-Year Plan.
Aco lerM;?on (iii a nuliber o cases) of working speed' oaf
ii ESTiii
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E1SI mci ED
TTA3LE 60
iDLL( "S OF EQUIPI'NT TE CO' ON T %TILE NDUST
Q THE USSR 11927-1928 D 1932 i939 (E1 )
E41 $
idleness o rraehtht3$M,
Spixi).ing weaving
1927.].928 L6
L.o7
9 iL~ a 9 12.03
1933 8.I.
193) 6,8 7.6
193
6 692 7.6Li.
1937 9.96
1938 1O7
?
:939 0.30
(1 wiz ` t~ ha ' 5 ~ 1936, p ~ L73; , the dais
. h gad s? No 7 - 8 1938; axid data an the KLP USA,.
IIESTRICTfD
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Th1TilCTE
per'in the .ntensjfjcaUjorl of uti1aat
cn Q.t' gua.prt
The idleness rate also could not rem~.i.n uninfluen~~d by the
practjce of mess primjn~ of the
egu~i.pmente, 13esicles' many mills had
not as yet slixriinated the lack of persona
rosppns.~.ba.1x.~;~r in attend~
coo of r~1ach1ttes ? Not infxe .t
qu~j" workers were regularly yeas si
rr-e machine to artothex~
(Kr?aEnyy profinte n r i11, Gu' Kh
st 'n r).
,
rtIt is Clear that where peso
na..1, l?espon~1biljty is lacking
one cannat epcct an.~ 4orluidez?abi
any t e growth in productiv1t~r of laho
improvement in the quality of the products
any careffl, treat
mettit of rnahine~y, tools and ~strents , se (I o V,Sta1~n, ?obl
Lonr p~ 337)
Acceleration o.f the working speed of m
achjnes in the wake of
the Stkhanav 1novernent as well as ir7traduct~.0 n of the.shj.ft work
in textile mills naturaily led to Increased wear and tear on
mote d Under these O~.r^CumSta~sce ~~r~?~~~
the importance of prrap?r or an~..
ZatiQri of all k~,nds o;t' equipment ~
repair ~ ~.r lncroasad mensely how.
over, until recently the latter remained in an urisatjsfacto
cand,j..tjah, ~ ~ s.
i idatjorl of equipment as well as neglect of its
repair were one of the main causes
of high idl.ene~s in the eQtton
industry and thus one of the causes of slow grow of the pxadu~..
tivity of labor as oompared with other branches. of Sovjet ~,ndugt,~y.
The str~iggie for affjciant or
ganiZatjan of labor is a t.L
of highest importance. "To er.earn how to .~~ this th
tive which the Soviet re ~ e ab~ec~
gne must present to the peopJ.e in a],],
s~~b~.e ~aroac~ness rr (V ` pp~~.
? I. Lenin, Wark~ ITo]. Z $L
., ,. the field of arganizatjo
n of praduction, the textile
gEs TRIC TED
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/15 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100250002-2
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/15 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100250002-2
. ESTRICT
fdust hay not utilized aL1 th t reserves whit it t it
d po a1, One of the our es for 1a r a ing the prcdw t t;
o 1 bo 1 elix natican o,i as intolerably high turnover of abor~
The years of increased 1 Mbar turnover in c cotton t