KHARKOV TANK FACTORY/TANK ENGINE TESTING

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-00809A000600050187-0
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 72
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 10, 2011
• Sequence Number: 187
• Publication Date: January 18, 1954
• Content Type: REPORT

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CLASSIFICATION coNFIDEN:].AL _
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
INFORMATION REPORT
Kharkov Tank Factory/Tank Engine Testing
~................... ..................
THIS IS UTA EVAI I IATI"n
.nwnlcu H11FVRIrINIION
P an o. oyjp
section in civilian clothes; it was difficult to distinguish them from ordinary
workmen, as tho i._.. _
=.-Med aside by side with other workmen,
Plant No-75 had all types of lathes, brought from abroad. The whole plant was
separated into numerous departments, the employees of which were not permitted to
communicate. Each department was a secret to all other departments and the entrance
to each department was guarded by police in plant uniforms. It was only through the
common plant shop that everyone could pass. The plant had the following departments:
Nos. 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 6oo, 700, 800, 900, 1,000 and 1,100. Department No.800
- assembly of engines, and Department No. 900, testing shop, were merged and formed
Department No. 900.
4. Every regular plant pass specified the department which the bearer could enter.
The workmen employed in Department 900 ware authorized to visit all the other depart-
ments, and had a corresponding notation on their passes. There were several gates
at the main entrance to the plant, and every workman was carefully checked here. The
plant police were armed with pistols and rifles. New employees had to surrender
their personal passports and in exchange received plant passports, stating that
their personal passports were being kept at plant No. 75. Night and day secret
agents and policemen circulated in the neighborhood of the plant and stopped people
on suspicion; if a person did not have his plant passport in his possession he
was arrested.
5. Plant No.75 had 24 testing etatio s, plate.: in a row. Each station consisted of two
sections. In the first section the engine was set up on a stand. In the second
section were the instreaaents for testing the engine. The two sections were connected
CLASSIFICATION C0NFID N TIAt.
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CONFIDENTIAL
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by a sound-proofed windo-:, through which the working of the engine was observed.
These were Diesel engines, 12 cylinder, V-shaped, using heavy fuel. The engines
carried the designations V-2, V-2-V and V-2-K-V. Engines V-2 and V-2-V were almost
identical.
6. The en in
g es w
4
the engine. The stages from 1300
to 1700 revolutions uP a engine. The stages from 1300
per minute lasted ten minutes each. Measurements were taken at
the rated rotation speed of 1700 r p m with a load of 375 kilograms by means of
hydraulic brakes at 400 h p and a metered Supply of fuel.
ere of
00 to 450 horsepower, manufactured in series production. They
were delivered from the assembly shop to the testing shop. ,,he foreman on duty
d which station was to do the testing.
decide was 120 per
tested
per engines month. Each st ation operated ated in four shilhfts of of six nsi.x hhour urs eac Beach. h. If the
norm o- 1 was month was exceeded, a bonus of one hundred
paid to the four brigades for each engine tested in excess of the norm.
Each testing station tented from 1-4Y5
>
from to 157 engines per munch. Get,.
en,,?ine to test and some of the Lustig stations remained idle. en, there were no
The V-2 and V-2-V engines received at the testing shop were tested for six hours.
The tests started at 800 revolutions per minute and reached 1300 revn] utinno, -4+U
fi.
c minutes at each stage in order to warm
8. A record was kept for each motor, showing every flaw in the engine and the process
of its operation. The engines consumed 1.68 litres of gasoline per hour; the tempera-
ture of the water entering the motor was 65 degrees (Centigrade or Fahrenheit not
known) and leaving 80 degrees; the temperature of the oil entering was 45 degrees,
and leaving 55 degrees. Tests were made(a) at a minimum rate of 1850 r p m and a
load of 400 kilograms by means of hydraulic braces; (b) at a maximum rate of
1950 r p m with 450 kilograms; (c) without any load and with an unlimited supply of
gasoline 2000 r p m during one minute to check the stability of the engine; and
(d) while reducing speed to 100 r p a to check the stability of the engine.
cnvA I I I inn
-- "" u- incases os _c n m ir. order to check the stability o? the
engine were taken by means of
in showing the number of revolutions, asYthejneedle vaK manuracture lacked stability
was !,mnossible to take an exact reading. dumped in all directions and it
10. After the three-hour preliminary running the engine was subjected to a three-hour
control test. This testing (six hours) did not require exactitude. All defects
were noted on the record. While the engine was running every part was checked and
remounted. After the six-hour test was completed, the engine was taken to the
dismantling shop where all the parts were washed and the inner parts were checked.
If it proved necessary to alter some detail, such as the cylinder, the connecting
rod, the lover or upper crankcase, or the cylinder block, then the engine was sent
back to the testing station for a three-hour "penalty" test, after which it was
returned to the dismantling ship for washing and inspection, and finally returned
again to the testing station for control tests.
11. The control tests lasted one and a half hours, one hour of which was used in pre-
liminaries, warming up and testing at 1700, 1850 and 1950 r p m to determine the gas
consumption and stability of the engine. The super isor of the inspection shop
carefully examined the engine before giving permission to subject it to the thirty-
minute test. The supervisor reported to the chief military inspector of the plant,
'mho personally checked and signed the documents on the acceptance of the engine.
12. Engine V-2-K, 600 h p, was tested in the same manner: 1700 r p m with a load of
400 kilograms, 1800 with 450 kilograms, 1950 with 550 kilograms. The consumption
of fuel was 185 litres, and the maximum number of revolutions without load was 2200.
This engine had sec,e serious defects; tue lower crankcases often cracked, the water
and oil pumps and the fuel sprayer supplying gasoline to the cylinder broke down.
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C0NFIDEPTTIAL
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Also, rather large tongues of flame spurted f
th
e exliaust pipes, which was
considered a rom
serious fault (when the tank was in operation, the enemy could easily
determine its location). These engines
13. Early in 1941 the management organized four new teams for Station No. 9; these teams
were cleared by the Special Section of the plant and were assigned to the testing
of a new model engine, equipped with a supercharger with additic;a' air. The tests
were supervised by two designers and a great many persons unknown to us. Entries
in the record were strictly checked. The designation of the engine was not given in
the record. This engine was of about 800 h p. It was impossible to determine the
maximum speed because all the in-and out-going pipes were detrarhPd during tie tests.
r? and all fuel pipcu were also do?1tached and 1'. Ta , therefore, impossible
to determine tlhe consumption of fuel, but it was over 200 litres per hour. The
engine became very hot. After each short test the engine was taken away for an 50X1-HUM
examination . its inner parts.
the engine was taken to the Urals and construction
workers were sent to erect plants there.
15. In wartime all kinds of small defects were acceptable, and the six-hour tests were
shortened to three hours. In 1941 workmen began to dismantle the lathes and load
them on railroad cars for removal to the Urals. However, German Intelligence
found it out and bombed the trains and many of them were lost in transit.
16. The main office employed about 5^'1 persons, including those who worked on the plant
newspaper. The office wa, housed in a four-story building with antiaireraft guns
on the roof. The testing ane assembly shops had their own office u a twu-,,;ory
building; there were about 40 employe,.-s. The name of the shop supervisor was
Rte . The chief engineer was L4a.yshev; he had been decorated twice by the
Y. During the war no recorawnakept of the nissber of engines tested.
Plant No. 75 employed about 25 thousand persons. 1'ext to the plant foundations were
laid. for an exparu:ion of plant No. 75. During the evr:uation the plant was destroyed
by fire. The plant was built of cement and concrete; the entire roof was made of
glass. Plant No. 183 was undamaged during the evacuation.
ENCLOSURE (A): Sketch Showing Layout of the Kharkov Tank Factory
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ENCLOSURE (A
SKETCH SHOWING LAYOUT OF THE KHARKOV TANK FACTORY
Rexyww~~,hp~ Sr
mil, v.
6VA"r # MR wwr4mY/
*,wool.
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.,. CLASSIFICATION CONFIDENTIAL
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
INFORMATION REPORT
COUNTRY
SUBJECT
PLACE
ACQUIRED
DATE
ACQUIRED
DATE OF I
Secrecy and Security Regulations in
the Soviet Geological Service
CLASSIFICATION COI!'ZL RIAL
THIS IS UNEVALUATED INFORMATION
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~,p'~ -EJE I IAL
Four diagrams attached to this manuscript.
i3TIAL
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Introduction
Mineral raw material (petroleum, ferrous ores, non-ferrous
ores, ores of rare metals) were and continue to be apple of
di.s.^o2?d" between and m--U.-U nation;; alike. The struggle
for the possession of raw material sources and ?or markets for
the finished products continues)as before, in the open and
in secret, drawing into its orbit more and more new countries.
The struggle for supremacy in the world market has ceased
to hear a parochial character and thanks to the achievements of
modern technology, has entered the world arena.
In our century, to thin struggle, was added the struggle
for political domination, which we shall not stop to discuss,
but we must note that political 1nfli:ence is buttres,ed not only
by ideas but by force of arms and by the end-products of the
working and processing of mineral resources. Therefore mineral
resources as before, continue to be a dominant political and
economic factor in the struggle among competing socio-political
theories.
For example, in contemporary events we see how political influence is
acquired through the force of arms. In view of this, the supply of
mineral resources is the vital nerve of heavy industry, producing
tanks, aircraft, tools, fuel, shells, bombs, explosives, etc. The
country that has more rare ores, more fuel and construction :materials,
and more metallurgical urgical plantajCWchine-building factories, has more
arms and a. greater defensive capacity.
Since, unfortunately, ware have not been eliminated in our
sh2LdA
century, it is natural that one country
nt to know about mineral
resources of another country, about its factories and plants, their
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locations, their annual output, the railway system, i.e., about
its defensive capacity. In view` of the growing interest of other
countries in such intelligence, it is natural that counter-activities
developed, with a view toward concealing more adequately from other
countries the stocks of mineral resources in the country and, with
u~:G a".: .?:ern --.)f the I ?Y'=?';s, lU.'G igIl opinion about t~1C
true situation in the country, either exaggerating or understating
its defensive-capacity. It is well known that German, after the
first World War, was restricted in the field of arms, bu.t she
rapidly accumulated them, successfully concealing everything.
The significance of mineral resources in the struggle for
independence was recognized clearly enough by the Soviet leadership
from the first days of the establishment of Soviet power in Russia.
The fight for economic independence vis-a-vis foreign powers began
in the Soviet Union during the first years of the establishment of
Soviet power, At first it kas carried on with the assistance of
helpful foreign nations, their capital and their specialists,and
through the aid of the nrivate initiative of businessmen during
the years of the NEP. Later, with increasing speed, a study of the
internal mineral-resources was carried on. Old-time specialists
were utilized and new cadres were trained, so that the country
might be completely freed from foreign assistance and the undesirable
presence of foreigners on the territory of the USSR. More and more
attention was given to the geological studs of the USSR. In the
beginning there were only hundreds, but in the suceeeding years
were
before the War thousands of geological survey parties ~-'sent
annually to various parts of the USSR, to uncover more and more
new deposits of useful minerals.
The geological service was continually reorganized, and, from a
subordinate to the Peoples Commissariat of Heavy Industry, was
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:T*11 A 1_
made into an independent Geohgical Service, located in a
separate ministry which now bears the name Ministry of Geology
s
of the USSR. It was created by decree of the Presidium of the
Supreme Soviet of,the USSR on June 14, 1946.
The Ministry itself in no way carries on geological work, but
is only a planning2 control. 7.;.rit, and budgetry organ. In connection
with the ministry, there were set up the Central Geological Archives,,
the Central Commission for the Ascertainment of Reserves and the
State Geological C'e ntrol Section. The direct execution of geological
work assigned by the Ministry to the republic, Kray, oblast and
s
inter-kray division( of the Ministry of Geology USSR.
Each Geological Division, independently of other divisions has
a Section of Geological Archives (duplicated) and a Regional
Commission for the Ascertainment of Reserves. These divisions,
in all the territories of the USSR, conduct geological surveys,
geological exploration,, hyd.:r geological operations,, and geological
engineering work. But geological work is also conducted by other
geological organizations under other ministries.
To: the, All-Union ministries which have geological organizations,
belong the followings
1. Ministry of Petroleum Industry
2. Ministry of Railways
3. Ministry of Coal Industry
4. Ministry of Non-ferrous Metallurgy
5. Ministry of Ferrous Metallurgy
6. Mjnistry of Maritime and River Fleets
7. Ministry of Military and Naval Enterprises
8. Ministry of the Chemical Industry
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To the Union Republic ministries having geological organizations,
belong the following:
1. Ministry of Public Health
2. Ministry of Light Industry
3. Ministry of Construction Materials Industry
4. Ministry of Fishing Industry
5. Ministry of Internal Affairs
All the geological organizations of these Ministries, not
directly subordinate to the Ministry of Geology USSR must coordinate
their geological work with the Ministry of Geology USSR, with the
object of avoiding duplication, and transmit to it for 'ptroval
their projected annual work-plans.
The Ministry of Geology USSR considers these plane in relation
to over-all USSR aims, independently of the subordinate geological
organizations.
The Ministry of Geology of the USSR considers all these plans,
amends, revises supplements, and approves them for the new production
year,
Each geological division of the Ministry of Geology USSR annually
presents to its own Ministry 4ft production, technological, and
financial reports for the post year and copies of all geological
;eologieal
reports to the Central Division of ves of the
Ministry of Geology USSR (i.e., the results of all geological
work Undertaken during the ;;iveit year).
The geological organizations of other ministries submit their
annual report., to their own Ministries, but must submit to the
Geological Archive, division of the Ministry of Geology USSR copies
of all geological reports, as well as to the regional sections of
Geological Archives of the Geological Division,, of the !Ministry
of Geology USSR in the territories in which geological operations
were conducted.
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7. 171 w ~ ML
As^iuning that the geological organization of the Ministry of 11 Fuel Production in the Donbas region,
n conducted
geological reportcaa- explorations
then the gst be,tran ted in duplicate to
smit
the Central Geological Archives of the Ministry of Geology USSR
and to the Section of Geological Archives of the Ukrainian Division
of the Ministry of Geolop_y USSR. In addition, tthep- gcaiogzcal
organs?ations must submit data on the presence of useful mineral
reserves to the Regional and Central Commissions for Reserves
attached to the Ministry of Geology USSR.
Thus, in the Ministry of Geology USSR, are concentrated all
the data concerning all of the geological operations of the
geological organizations of arr subordinate rank, which at any
time were conducted or are being conducted or will be conducted
in the future.
In the present essay, we shall not touch on all the activities
of the Geological Services on the territories of the USSR, and
will consider only questions of security in this service.
1. A Brief Account ~r Securit iu the Geological Service of
Fre-Revolutionary Russia
No importance was attached to the question of security of
geological targets in pre-revolutionary Russia. The quantity of
reserves of various ores, the ore potential of the seams, the
metal content of the ore, eta, were not security restricted, were
not considered state secrets nor even secrets of the private owners.
Each entrepreneur or geology specialist intere.ted in questions of
Mineral ores could find a wealth of geological literature in
specialized libraries. It is possible that a few entrepreneurs
wishing to belittle their profits minimized the data about output,
but this bore an episodic character.
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In any case, the Mining Department of the Ministry of Internal
disposal
Affairs had at its the necessary information about output
and reserve deposits of coal, petroleum, gold, iron graphite,
asbestos, copper, platinum, silver--lead--zinc ores, chrome,
sulphur pyrites. common salt; construction mate*_-ials awed other
useful minerals. Annually, in the publications of the Geological
Committee, summaries of balances of useful minerals deposits were
printed. as well as statistical data about production at the rite
of these deposits. The results of geological survey operations
conducted on a one-verst topographic basis by military topographers,
as a rule,were Published and were accessible to all persons interested
in questions of the geology of Russia. Many of these works have
been withdrawn from general use in the USSR. For example, one may
cite the geological survey operations in the petroleum regions of
the Caucasus areas, which werw conducted until the revolution by
Gub sin, BogcL:novich, t'rokopov and others.
!ydro-geological works, whose aim at that time was chiefly to
secure water supplies for populated areas and to investigate the
mineral sources, were not considered security targets. In pre-
revolutionary geological publications one could find a great deal
of literature on artesian basins in the Moscow area, the Crimea,
Kuban' and other areas.
All the most significant results of geological operations were
published by the Geology Committee and found their way to the
book market and abroad. Ont can point to many geological works on
the study of platinum deposits, gold, petroleum and other minerals,
which were withdrawn from general circulation in the Soviet. Union,
but can be -found, for example,in the Main New York Public Library.
For instance) one can point out the following works:
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1_ Grigorovi.ch - Berezovskiy: Materials on the fdro eol
of the Eastern Sections of the North Caucasus. Works of the North
Caucasus Association of Scientific Research Institute.
2. P. N. Chirvinskiy: A Geological Su_*' and Hydro mologjca2
Sketch of the Teie end ::uan~ ver CSasin,
3. Bogdanovich: Geological Irr~estigations of the Kuban'
Petroleum Region,
4. Vysotskiy: Platinum Deposits in the Urals
5. Charnotskiy: Geological Tmmestiainns of the Kuban'
Petroleum Region
6. Lodochnikov: One-Verst Geological Survey of the Caucasus
Mineral Water Region, and many others.
In municipal and private lthraries, were assembled great quantities
of geological literature in all brarc5,?s of
F thin o..;q+r,Leo Tnis i.5'
explaint_d, to be sure, not only by the fact that the regime acted
carelessly with respect to this branch of knowledge (and this, of
course, was the ca-e) but also by the narrow standards of technical
knowledge which then existed and, of course, by the different state
of international relations.
Russia was basically an agricultural country with a weakly
developed technology. The manufacturing and extractive industries
were to a considerable degree in the hands of foreign conceueion
capital. A great number of foreign entrepreneurs were found on
Russian territory who often were more interested in the mineral
wealth of Russia, than the Tsarist government. and frequently knew
more than the native specialists. For example, the petroleum
deposits of the Caucasus were in the hands of the English. In the
Donbass, there were 25 joint-stock companies of which nineteen
were French and Belgian. They, and many other bates of mineral
resources, came into the hands of foreigners.
1AL
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CONFIBENT IAL
The limited development of the mining industry, the inadequate
study of the depths of the earth, the lack of plants and factories,
the presence in the country of foreign capital, and the insufficiently
serious attention given to questions of economic independence on
t^e ^2rt of the tnarist regime did not give rise to any questions of
resources security. Foreigners freely travelling about Russia, had
intimate connection with may of the prominent leaders of Russia,
participated themselves in studies of the country's deposits. Each
of them could collect information at will and transmit it to his
government if it was of interest to them.
In time of war, there was no accumulating of stocks of
structural raw-material (at that time, such a term did not even
exist). Rserves of useful minerals, hydro-electric data, geological
surveys, the output of mines, the export and import of mineral
resources were not regarded as objects of security.
Only the First World War compelled Russia and may countries
re-examine
to( he cola of mineral resources in the national econoay.
Foreign countries from the first days of the war realized the role
of mineral resources in the military equipment of armies.
Methods of war became complicated; armament techniques advancedj*
significantly: wars, instead of being local, assumed a world character.
More and more mineral sources of mdneral ore was required for-the
equipment of armies both in quantity and variety. At Verdun the
Germans expended millions of ton, of metal. The kmw ricans in a
single battle at St. Mihiel,in a four-hour period fired one and
a half times as many shells as were expended by the Russians in the
entire Russo-Japanese Ware Owing to this an increased tempo and
scale of military operation,, the stocks of mineral resources
quickly began to run short.
Ra
UUUIIFIVENT!AL
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:ifIiAL
"At the end of 1917 the French had an insignificant mount
of steel left] their explosives had been almost wholly expended.
The Germans were no better off. They lacked nickel, copper, and
aluminum, and by the Spring of 1918, resins and petroleum"'
The quantity of chemicals expended in the First World War was
not yet so vast as in the Second War, bait the quantity of mineral
ores used in the war significantly exceeded the conjectured
figures.
Although the war of 1914-1918 was called a world war, its scale,
the numerical composition of the armies, the armament techniques, etc.
were significantly inferior to these of the Second World War.
The importance of mineral ore reserves, their territorial
distribution, remoteness from frontier areas and the location of
the extractive and manufacturing industries w~ already realized-
in the first years of the first Word War,
battles depended not only on the personal courage of the soldiers
and the genius of the generals but on the combat equipment. Who
van fire more shells in a given time? Who can supply military
equipment more intensively to the firing line? Who will be exhausted
i.Iirst? Already in the First World War these questions occupied the
minds of government leaders, economists, and technical specialists.
Without the answers to these questions it was impossible to predict
the outcome of battles and the war as a whole. Knowledge of their
own defensive capacity also was of little help; it was still necessary
to know about the armaments, industry
.,and so forth of one's enemies.
Therefore, the First World War underlined the necessity of concealing
the information concerning one's mineral, mineral ores, heavy industry, and
the nu ,rical strength of one's armies, particularly in those countries
which did not consider themselves especially powerfu.
o;r.k LM&IAa
is ieiIiAL
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:~ a 1
h.it54:1 a
All the lessons of the First World War were learned by the
Soviet government and well studied in order to avoid repetition
of the mistakes of the tsarist regime in paying insufficient
attention to the mineral reserves.
2. A brief Account of Security in the Geological Service of
the USSR
Actor the end of the First World War and the conclusion of the
Revolution in Ru=sia, with the establishment in Russia of the Soviet
power, the period of reconstruction set- in, The Soviet goverment
proceeded to heal the wounds which were sustained by the general
economy of Russia during the World War and the Civil War.
But from the first days, a course was established by the
Soviet power, directed towards world revolution. Political war
was declared on capitalism as the most dangerous enemy of Communism.
The first years of Soviet rule already show that the Soviet
power itself was not in a position to reconstruct quickly the
industry of Russia with its own methods and forces. The N.E.P.
w_is announced. The worst enemy of Communism, - Capitalismawas
invited to assist in the reconstruction of Russia's ruined industry.
A series of undertakings were turned over to foreign firms --
concessionaire,. Order were given to foreigners for the construc-
tion of new factories and plants. The private initiative of
old-time rpecialists war enlisted. The Chiatura manganese
deposit, were given to an English concession; Americans built
the Gor'kiy Automobile Plant; German drilling experts were sunsoned
to the oil field, of Uralneft' 47ral Petroleum Work?, who brought
with them Virtovskly drilling machines, etc., etc. This gave the
Soviet power the ppportunity to wend the destruction fairly quickly
and to erect new plants and factories, to familiarise themselves
with new European techniques, and to create cadres of new Soviet
specialists and leaders.
fits' st; ~
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I -U
During this time the geological service continued in the same
way as prior to the Revolution. The Geological Committee which
existed in tsarist Russia, passed over to Soviet rule unchanged
and remained so for twenty years. The regional branches of the
Geological Committee were preserved, with their functions, fields
o^ work, geological terms, geological publishing houses, etc.
Special attention was not yet given to questions of security
of geological objectives; a central leadership and control of
all geological operations did not yet exist. The Geological
Committee operated in the old way -- mainly, in direct geological-
survey operations; prospecting work was pursued by individual
organizations, Glavki gain Administration) and people's
Commissariats. Nevertheless, the Geological Committee retained
the right to gather to itself all the data on the exploitation
o' useful ore dsposits and re'eives. Annually, suuiazies were
published of the output of minerals, including petroleum, gold
and non-ferrous metals. In the collections of statistical
i.rformation on the mining and met--a]lurginal industries, published
at the end of the 'twenties, we find detailed information on
asbestos, petroleum, platinum, mercury, silver-lead-zinc ores,
sulphur pyrites, common salt, coal, chromite, copper, etc. - The
last such full collection was published in 1929.
At the end of the 'twenties and during first gears of the
'thirties, a sharp change is observed in the Geological Srrrice
of the USSR, with the organization or the Central Geological
Exploration Survey Board in the People's Commissariat of Heavy
Industry. All the old geological literature was reviewed and
clasri?ted and the important materiaiyfrom the point of view of
and.
the public interest, was withdrawn from general use, assembled
in special archives, inaccessible to persons not having special
permission. The stamps, Not for Publication", "Secret",
11
CI1NFL :i i IAI
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iif,l6 IAA.
"Top Secret" appeared more and more frequently on geological
publications (books, geological reports, and manuscript materials)
published in pre-Revolationary? times and after. More and more
new geological targets and aspects of geological work were
taken p,.,-ssion ofa The or ~~se tafOrephic ..=ps for +h..- of-cor +
of geological exploration work became more difficult and the
stamps "Not for Publication", "Secret" and "Top Secret" sprgad
to more and more topographic maps of new regions, drawn to new
scales. At first, the one-verst maps of all frontier regions
were given security classifications; then, contour maps of cities
with situation details, all geological works containing such
plans, as well as geological reports on petroleum prospecting,
non-ferrous and rare metals, and hydro-geological data. were made secret.
In those came years (the end of the 'twenties), in view of
'?;r ro"in- of rrcra+ t, L-cl .':al r-aterial, secret
governmental instructions, decrees, directives, orders,
confidential instructions concer.rAng the mobilization of stock-
piles, secret plans, materials dealing with the security-
classification of specialists, etc. , an organization of special
bections of the Pecret service was carried out not only in the
geological service but in all the governmental, economic, industrial,
scientific, co-operative, and other organizations of the Soviet
Union.
Geological literature, subject to security, was removed
from private and public libraries, institutions and enterprises,
and concentrated in special repositories. Works on the stu4 of
the mineral waters of the Caucasus Mineral Waters.kdministratio37
carried out by Professor Ogil'vi, and the goologist~Langvaeen,
were made secret. Works on geological surveys in the region of,
C WF14 iAl
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whfi,MINI
[Black Seal
the petroleum deposits in the Kuban' and ChernormorskayaOblast,
MIaykop, Groznyy and Baku, made by Academician I. M. Gubkin,
Bogdanovich, Charnotskiy, Prokopov and others were made secret.
The hydro-geological reports of Professors Chirvnskiy, Gatuyev
anti Lodoch ni}_ ,.arc' made secret. Fi_ the works on the study or
the landslides along the lines of the Black Sea railroad,,the
engineering-geological works concerning the construction of
sanatoriums in Sochi-Matseyeta, ~ all the engineering-geological
and hydro-.geological investigations for construction of hydro-
stations, etc., were made rccret.
New geological works, if subject to secrecy from the point
of view of the State, were given security clas-ifications and
those srecialiste were entrusted with the composition of such
works to whom the party and the government as-igned the execution
of' thp.^.e erc? r .1..~e secret Work or the +o.
ewi Arshives seetion
Seery fselsgioai paz, on the e0*1etion of its field work
proceeds to an office processing of the geological data gathered.
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The result of the office processing is the geological report,
consisting of the text and the cartographic saterials.
Where, then, are the secret geological reports stored, i.eo
the results of geological-survey, geological exploratory, hydro-
geological and geological engineering operations?
All geological reports (secret and non-secret) are kept in
the Geological Archives Section, attached to each branch of the
Ministry of Geology USSR, as well as in the Central Geological
Archives in Moscow.
For the keeping of se-.ret reports special quarters are net
the
apart, equipped in senner of the special sections.
Each geological branch republic, kray, oblasg of the
Ministry of Geology USSR has a Geological Archives Section, and
the Ministry of Geology has this section also, but it is Balled
the Central Geological Archives Section.
Sections of Geological Archives are to be found in other
specialized geological org`nizationc not u der the Jurisdiction
of the Ministry of Geology USSR, such as in the Ministry of Coal
Industry, the Ministry of Non-ferrous Metallurgy, the Ministry of
Petroleuta Industry, and others.
All the geological branches of the Ministry of Geology USSR
are obliged to tranaott fall copies of all geological reports to the
Central Geological Archives Section and to have these reports in
their own Archives Sections.
All geological organisatiooe,not responsible to the Minlstrlr
of Geology USSavare also obliged to transit full copies of all
geological reports to the Central, Geological Archives Section
the Geological Archives e.otios(of the tray and oblast branches of
the Ministry of Geology US;as and to have then in their own
Geological Archives.
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ret:,y nrZIA7
To the kray and oblast branches of the geological archives
are transmitted those geological reports which elucidate geological
vorr carried out on territory under the jurisdiction of the
geological Ai] branch of the Ministry of Geology USSR. But
sometimes it happens that the geological organisations of other
ministries submit geological reports only to the Central Geological
Archives, ignoring the local branches.
In this vay the kray and Oblast branches the Ministry of
Geology USSR have in their geological archives sections all the
geological reports for the territory serviced by it the Ministn7
independently of what particular geological organisation conducted
the geological works and the Central Geological Archives have all
the geological reports of geological work conducted on the total
territory of the Soviet Union independently of who executed these
activities.
The functions of the sections of the geological, archives
ANWof the geological hranchcs of the Ministry of Geology USSR
include the following:
1. the registration of all opened, surveyed and exploited
are
deposits on the territory vhiehnrvioed by a given
geological branch;
2. the verification of all reports concerning the discovery
of new deposits and the gesating of rewards for the
discovery of such deposits;
3. the composition of maps showing useful mineral deposits
on the basis of the one verst topographic map
L. the satie.koeping of secret and coo-assist geological reports,
mainteneaos of an accounting gates in rsgart.ty them,
the reception of geological reports from other geological
organisatlons and the tesuanos of geological reports
shoving the availabilitr of this We on;
rib
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the issuance of all possible types of information
touching on deposits of useful ninerale, hydro.
geology, and geological engineering;
6. the am composition of an amuial,balance sheet for.
deposits under exploitation.
We shall not Pause to consider all the activities of the
Geological Archives Section and viU speak only of those operations
which are secret.
As we have already indicated, in the Geological Archives Section
are kept secret geological rsporto, separately (in other quarters)
fram the non-secret.
The quarters where the geological materials are kept, are
especially equipped, the windows have iron grills, and there are
fireproof safes as sell.
Neat to the room where the meant materials are kept, is a
^`:t-r, on.. Geological set ret reports
may not be taken further than!
this room, in which one my familiarise oneself with them. At
night the Geological Archives Section also is sealed with a am
4m, spesialk.sts from som than cleared for security, w
use the .esret geological reports, if they have appropriate pink
permits. Practically, this is accomplished in the following ways
Geologist H., mast examine a report on the results of
geological-sorry work of the N skiy volfram deposits in order
to draw up a plan for new geological praspscting operations or for
the comparison of new results of prospecting operations with the
old, ? or for the composition of an explanatory mrwores:dnm, or,
speaking generally, in the line of duty, and not for reasass of
Personal interest? In this can also, as in the receipt of secret
siML
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maps, Geologist H. writes a aeaoran to the particular chief
of the geological organisation requesting permission to examine
such a report. The chief engineer verifies the propriety of
such an examination of the report,,and then the organisation
chief appends an indorseaent for the issue of this report for
examination. Geologist M. having received such permission, goes
to the chief of the !,chives Section, who either issues the report
himself or authorises his deputy to issue the requested report.
Then Geologist M. goes to the room reserved. for secret work (it
is located next to the secret reports storage room) and, there,
waits until an employee of the Geological Archives Section brings
him the report. It is categorically forbidden to make written
extracts from such reports in regard to the deposit reserves, the
thickness of the seams, the percentage of metal content in the
ore, depth indications, etas
the
Having finished
work, Geologist M. must return the report to
the employee of the archives section and the latter makes a mark
on his report, indicating that the report was returned.
Still another secret activity is conducted by the Geological
Archives Section -- the asking of balance sheets concerning deposits
of useful minerals. All organisations, independently of their
organisational location, which engage in the extraction of useful
nineral%anet transmit ante lly to that Geological Archives
Section on the talritory in which thq are working, a summary
or the output of usetljl minerals. Heperts are presented fbr both
secret and none-secret deposits. On the basis of these a+otesries,
the Archives Section makes up .anneslly the balance and sends it
by secret chamel to the Central 08ological Arehives, where such
a balance is made up for the OR as a whole. Therefore, the
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status of the mineral raw material bass for the entire Soviet
Union is known to the Central Geological Archives Seotion,the
quantity of ores availabls, and what area must be intensively
searched for.
The Archives section conducts the work of assembling maps
of useful minerals. Rath declered deposit, auryeyed_ or exploited,
is indicated on a map of a scale of 1 s 1,2,000 (1 verst ^ 1 inch)
and attached to this map is a card index of the deposits, giving
detailed data on all the literature touching on this deposit. All
this material is classified secret.
In a similar manner are assembled maps of all veils, and all
artesian wells, with a detached card-index. These materials are
also classified secret.
Secret correspondence is also conducted in connection with
the issue of all kinds of information and the receipt of information
from other organisation concerning mineral oros.
All secret correspondence - its dispatch and receipt -- is
carried on through the Spatial Soethom.
At the head of the Geological Archives Section is the section
chief, subordinate to the chief of the organisation. All employees
of the Geological Archives Section must, of necessity, be cleared
for secret work. No one of the security-cleared geologists,
ezoludisg employees of the Archives Section, has the right, without
special permission, to use the secret gsologisal materials of the
Archives Sestiss mor may the Chief of the Archives Section, without
permission of the thief of the organisation, grant access to anpoas
for the inspection of secret geological reports.
Neither msp the Chief of the Spesial Sector Cspetesekto)
wAft give pamissiom for the use of secret isologl.sal materials,
but he is obligeg if so required by the Chief of the Archives
sestiory to confirm that a given parson (partloulerb from other
organisations) was clears/ for secret west.
L, ~i him aft ?t h Et AL
1dr,t: a n JAL
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j?Jt . ~LI? IV i e:4L
The Geological Archives Section carries on its own secret
work within the section quite independently, but the Chief of the
Special Sector Zpbtsaektcr, watches over the observance of the
security regulations, and carries out, through the ref of the
organisation, all measures which nay be neosssaryibr the observance
or the -ec,arity, regulations.
A register of all secret materials, costing into the Geological
Archives Section is kept in a separate Volume in which they are
all described in dstail, The special section lfaintaias this register.
7. The Manner of fee i and ransaitt 'Secret
Geolo loaio
-_.~ a+1 Materials in Geo al Btpeditlons
In the two preceding chapters we familiarized ourselves with
the secret geological wort of the Special Section and the Asologieal
Archives Section. and now wo shall acquaint ourselves with secret
work in geological expeditions.
A we have already voted aboue, the geological branches of the
Ministry of Geology of the US dervice a definite Oblast, kray,
or republic. Therefore, the Moscow Branch of the Ministry of
Geology of the t1SSR, for exastpl?, eondaets the geological work
on the Moscow Oblast territo, the Stalingrad branch on the
Stalingrad Oblast territory; the Vme,.8l"k Sea, Black Sea Branch,
on the territory of the Asow.Zrq.etce
~ A=UW, the geological
branches send to various regions of the
krqe or obLsts which
they serviee, gsologieala gsologr.snrysy, geological engineering ,
fro gso3ogiaal, topographic and geodesic detaehmentss parties,
aoaplsa Parties
.,Or expeditions. lla.
tIR'U1a mob gWratioas or
detaohstseta~partlet, eto., nay be aaoduoted now inhabitated points,
and sometiwes at a great distanes from them.
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G~14ii 44 ^?f' 11
~SS S'1L'Li
The following question, therefore arieast how can the leaders
of the geological parties, if their place of work is sometimes more
than a hundred
kilometers from their geological branch, acquire
all the secret geological materials needed for the execution of
is
the work, if it upoesible to take then with them (to carry
than out of the office of the 0eologica3. Section?) In such a
ease the field.-liaison, man of the NKVD Cl1V 7 comes to their
assistance.
The leader of the partythe engineer -
when geologist; or geologist
( a Geological-surrey is being conducted), selects, in the Special
Section of the geological branch; the topographic saps which are
necessary to his in the operation and leaves the address to which
the Special Section must forward theme In the Geological Archives
Section he takes the excerpts out of the geological reports nooessary
to him transmits then to the Chief of the
Archives Section, and
the Chief of the Archives Section transmits then to the Special
Section, In the Special Section ..a:;y-tbiag is packed and forwarded
through the field-liaison man of the MVD, according to the address,
to the particular leader of the party,
If the office (sometimes this I. only a part of the room in
which the leader of the party lives) is in a
populated area or
not far from one, the secret mail is delivered to the office of
the leader of the party,
If the office (when operations are located far froa populated
areas, the geological party settl.. in tents) of the leaden of the
party Is rasotely loom, the secret mail is delivered to the
nearest populated point, to the authorised MID man
(they are located
in every sizable populated areas and in tide ease the leader of
the party out himself receive his packet thorn the authorised MID man.
Having read" the field location of the geological operation,
the leader of the party must go to the local gcversasnt center,
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produce hie credentials and declare that geological work will be
carried on in that area. All secret geological documentation
produced in the,course of work rest be directed back through
c to the Special Seotor,~peteeektor of the geological
branch in the new of the pa. rty leader. In this con, the leader
of the party himself delivers everything to the MVD
? On envelopes, packets, and parcels forwarded through security
Q ailr.e_z; the following is wi%iLten:
Ministry of Geology USSR SECRET
Moscow Branch
Moscow, Boulevard Ordynka 20 Type "A"
Orekhovo?Zuyevo City
Lsninskaya Ulitsa 25
To the Leader of the Orekhowo?,Zuyevc Geological-.sassy Party,
Conrad* I. Ivenov
When the leader of the party, at the conclusion of operations.
transmits secret mail, he w.?ite: thus.
The 0rokhovg,.2uyeve Geological survey party
0rckho?o-Zuyewo SECRET
Lsrinshuya Ulitsa 25
Moscow City
Boulevard 0rdynka 20
.Moscow Branch of the Ministry of Geology USSR
To the Leader of the (h skhovo.Zuyevo Geological Survey Party,
Conrad* I. Ivanov
Letters, packets, or paresis of a secret nature must always
be stitched with thread or cord with srpple1100tal waz seals, bet
the seals mast not be on the knots. It looks like thins
Pace side of envelope Reverse Bids
Address of seeder geerst
The s0903epe ay be steIFBd is the servers. Ike packets and,
by the seas tel[ea, PIP06110 OW be staffed an the sides.
The restpient of secret sell mast asserts" that the Beals are
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AM the place of works in the office, the leader of the party
has a fire-proof eate in which the secret documents are stored.
He, also,, like the Special Section Chief, must seal up the safe
with a wax seal.
It is natural that when the leader of the part s on the
scene of operations, he should have before him secret nape, if
they are needed.
Secret geological materials, in the field, are used mostly
by the leader of the party,, who has? Overall direction of operations,
and who is personally responsible for the execution of all work. He
is the administrative and technical director, and as it were, also
the chief of the Special Section of the. party and the chief of the
irchivee Section of the party. In most (seasonal) geological
parties, everything is concentrated in the hands of the leader of
the party, including finances and bookkeeping.
Such are the security regulations for the leaders of ne_,ol.,p ,-,
Parties as amt. b1!swea b ,_-.
--- w -,%, but
y as W Mother they are elways
carried out, . we shall see in the next chapter.
8. The Breech of Security- ASgu]atimu
No matter bow severe the regulations concerning the use of
secret materials,, how severe the punishment for breaches of these
regulations, breachom do occur with and without the kaowledge of
the Special Section.
First of all,, in almost all gsNagioal parties working only
in the P sr season (and they are by tar the most mserons),
there are no safes. Therefore, the leader of the party keeps all
secret materials on his person in a field pouch= and when be
sleeps, he puts than under his pillow. If the materialris bulky,
he keeps it in a portable track,, locking it with a padlock, or
conceals it in his noon in a place know only to him.
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It is known to the chief of the Geological Section and the
Chief of the Special section, that the leader of the party keeps
secret docaesnte in such a manner. If then, a hogs or theft
of these document., so kept occurs, the leader of the party is
$01027 responsible, since he ? kn"Iprescribed for
K the'^enner
the custody of secret documents, acted carelessly in regard to
this serious matter.
It happens very frequently that the leader of the party, going
into a region remote from populated areas, carries secret maps and
geological materials on his person, risking his head. This occurs
especial.lZ frequent,>,y when the geological
party travels by
automobile. Thorn who travel by rail or water transport, run lees
risk.
This happens because the leader of the party is bound by
definite dates for the beginning and the comlteio . _... _. .
-r-+.rw va AL frt.
Delay in the transmission of seize--et materials, especially when
the Scene of operations is very r-enota from populated points, where
there are authorised !ND agents, may sharply affect the execution
of the work plans and the financial oondition-of the party, and that
is why the leader of the party (without the consent of the chief
of the geological branch or the Chief of the Special Section but
with their knowledge and sometimes without it) risking everything,
carries secret material with his,
Not a single geological branch chief or chief of a Special
Sector ?spetssekto) gives Permits such an illegal act, In order
that they themselves might not beeome responsible, but emery one
of them ma advise the leader of the party to take secret material
with him, since they also are deeply soseermed with the e=eoation
of the work-plane.
V ~j 2M^,I {r,~:
U1~1 Rt.}~. ~C ii~L
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iii +
Of course, not all party leaders wish'to risk their heads
so blindly and, therefore, require the chief o! the geological
branch to supply thaw with a fire-proof chest, although it may
be small. Such pa
rtw leaders who stubbornly insist on these
legal requirements, do not erjoy the especial confidence of their
ohiefse Neve Lheless, all parr leaders try to guard theneeolvee
against accidents, and, therefore, writea report to the chief
of the geological branch. They give this report to the secretary
of the organisation and keep a copy for, themselves, on which the
secretary writes that tho report was received. In the report,
the chief of the party write to the chief of the branch that in
view of his lank of a dqe, he is obliged to keep secret materials
on his person and, therefore, declines responsibility for undesirable
ConseouenOem chink occur.
Naturally, in any event the leader of the party is guilty, but
the aaistevoe of such a report may lessen his guilt.
It frequent], happens that an inter?kray or inter?oblast
geological branch in some city opens its own branch, which is
distinguished from a geological party in that it has a permanent
address (i.e., a permanent location) over a period of two, three,
or more years. Such branches are called. stationary geological
parties or a geological group of parties.
They have their own
offices (two or three rooms), a small staff of employees (finance
officer, planner, secretary, and technical personnel), and small
geological archives but no Soeoial lle_ i . and therefore maw
security problems are handled in an illegal reamer. Secret materials
are not kept in special rooms but in the ett4r of the grasp leader
or the leader of the stationary party, and not always is a safe but
a
frequently is the chief's desk. There is no special room for the
processing of secret ge logical atiterials. The leader of the group
U Ld f?UL t l i1'7L
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himself receives and transmits secret mail, and is personally
responsible for all breaches of the regulations covering the keeping
of secret doousents.
In such geological groups, security-cleared and uncleared
employees sit in the same rooms during the processing of geological
materials.
In view of the shortage of draughtsmen and the haste in
completing reports (there is always haste in the USSR), it is the
private practice of draughtsmen to take drafting work home. Breaches
of security regulations in such groups are of significantly greater
frequency than in geological parties, since the strictly secret
materials in the possession of the leader of the
party are usually
only those he can actually stow in his field ponds (he tries to take
only the most necessary ones), while in the groups these is a such
larger quantity of secret materials and normal conditions for their
safekeeping frequently do not exist.
The work tenpo (although everything is planned beforehand,
the beginning of operations is always delayed, and therefore the
lost time will have to be made up), the special manner of financing
the geological parties, (the financing is determined on the basis
of measurement of work activities), the shortages of necessary
amounts of working space and equipment, and so forth, encourage
the breaching of security regulations.
9. The Contimn st of Seoarjty-Cleared Smecialiets
In the fifth section -- 'The York of the Secret Seotions?
we described the general manner for the clearing of specialists,
and here we shall concentrate on the clearance of specialists in
relation to their speciality.
All employees of the Special Section and the Geological Archie"
Section are pss y iadtew into the security gstea. Besides
the Chief of the Geological Drench, the following mast be
permanentljr
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required to be cleared if they are not carrying out some special
secret operation in the field, as for example,, a topegrappar.
Each leader of a party (whether or not he has access to
secret work) receives a letter of authorization from the chief
of the geological branch for the conduct of work,, in which$
among other things,, it is noted that "the leader of the party had
a clearance for secret work, but only grants the right to receive
that everybody is cleared for secret work. It does not constitute
including correspondence." This, of course,, does not mean
the right to receive and transmit all types of correspondences
and transmit secret mail in exo.ptionaj. circumstances,
The case may also arise when the parent organization wishes
to commmioate something to the leader of the party that the other
members of the party must not know,, and it therefore writes to
his; in such a case, t.wo gh secret charm ls, For example,, the
Special Section of the Geological Administration has discovered that
an /
a certain employee of the N akaye Geological Par
iSiRiljtfA
element". In such a cases a letter to that effect is transmitted
to the leader of the party through secret channels,, so that the
employee may be removed from the project,ete.
From the foregoing we no that the execution of secret geological
operations is carried out not only by secu ity-cleared specialists,
but there is really no need to screen all the workers, since,, in
the field,, all the secret material is concentrated in the leader
of the party only,, and in fact secret materials only appear when the
field work is completed and the leader begins to ascemble the
geological report,
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'G NTIAL
10. 5'"' esental Regulations Conce rrsLag, the T H
of
Photographs in Connection with'Oeoloaical Activities in Frontier
and Security Rogiona
Frequently in connection with geological operations photo.
apparatus is essployed as an aid. It is of course clear that a
better method of geological documentation cannot be devised,
But the use of photographic equipment under Soviet conditions
requires the greatest prudence and a knuwledge not only of
geology but of the basic photography regulations for all amateurs.
These regulations are published in several reference books
for amateur photographers. There one reads that it is categorically
forbidden to photograph railway bridges and stations, harbors,
airdromes, arsenals, military installations, factories and plants,
government buildings, parades, court-martial,, and to make any
landscape photos in the region of land and water frontiers. This
regulation concerns everyone and, of course, must not be broken.
But how must the geologists act if they must take photographs
for scientific targets in security target areas or in areas whose
territories are subject to security?
In those cases, when the geologist must undertake such photo-
graphy, he must secure permission from the NQVD (MVD). What the
geologist plane to photograph he must enter in a separate list,
which he givesto the MD administration, and having proved that
it is actually necessary for scientific targets, he receives
permission. If the targets in the region to be photographed are
very important, then the oasvq will be conducted in the presence
of an authorised MoD agent, but usually the person himself will
make the photograehe. The geologist does not receive are sort of
written permission; permission is given his
oralljveoaetiasa with
such advice as the follovings 'But, look now, Photograph nothing
else since we will know all the same." The breach of photographic
y 4C!r..,?i._
ill
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regulations is regarded as espionage with all the consequences
attached to this.
To take Photos in frontier regions, it is necessary to secure
permission in the ease manner from the Frontier Guard Administration.
To take photographs in territories where there are classified
structures or previously completed targets, it is necessary to
secure the permission of the MVD, through the Special Section
of the administration of the security classified target.
Having taken the photographs, according to regulations,, the
geologist develops and prints them himself.
Having made use of the negatives, he must turn this over
to the Special Section or the Geological Archives Section of his
own organisation for filing in a photo-index, The use of such
negatives for one's personal purposes is strictly forbidden.
To ons-W. In -p :ctug ap-I - iv not alvys and everywhere safe,
not only for amateur purposes but also for strictly scientific
operations. Geologists, therefore, refuse very frequently to aco
such a method of geological documentation, in order to avoid
unseessary difficulties involved in requests for permission'
and the possibility of unpleasantness because of ignorance and
inexperience,
11, The Manner of Processing secret Glob ioal Materials
The geological field worts is ooneluded, The leader of the
partyi having collected all the secret material, transmits it to
the Special Section of the Geological Hraacb. through the MID fiel&
liaison Inn,
Having returwd from field operations, the leader of the part .7
goes to the office for the processing of field materlale and the
assembly of geological reports,
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In the gym, especially selected for the secret processing
of geological Materials, the leader of the partry receives a work
Place for himself and his assistants. Such a room is equipped
in the manner of the rooms of the Special Section or the Geologies
Archives Section. On the doors of these rooms is posted the
notices "No Entrances Naturally, entrance into these rooms is
perLmtted only to those, who are workirg in them, and to the
Chief of the Geological Branch, the Chief of the Special Sector
41petssektoil, the Chief engineer, and the Chief of the Geological
Archives Section.
Drafting work is executed by security-cleared draughtsmen,
and the reprinting of geological materials, by security -cleared
machine operators. It is forbidden to take home azr kind of
classified geological materials.
Upon the conclusion of the assembly of the geolo._.--,
ei.amped -4-Una report,
it is -
rots on every Page. This a are al
stamp . The
m~eeh~r Cf D9e OS the re
rrtnt ports is placed at the end of
the
test of the report. To the entire material a detailed description
is added -- the number of Pages, the number of appendices in the
form of tables, diagrams etc., and the ember of photographs and draft
Plans. All rough-drafts are also carefully transcribed and stitched
together. In this form they are transmitted for safe-keeping to
the Geological Archives Section.
All secret maps are returned to the Special Section, and on the
receipt of the leader of the part, is stamped 'Returned', but his
ree pt is not destroyed but In attached to his record, kept is the
special Sections
the report is reprodreed in quadruplicate on the Machine` of
which tee copies remain in the Archives Section of the given
Geologleal Branch and two are ford.Med to the Central Geological
Archives.
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The leaders of parties are absolutely forbidden to share the
results of their work '; in classified problems with other part,
leaders.
In those cases when work is undertaken for outside organi-
sations (by contract), the report is reproduced in quinta)licate,
since one of the copies is transmitted to the client. The
authors of the reports (the leaders of the parties) do not have
the right to take a copy of the report for themselves if the
work is classified secret,
In the years before the, war, permission was reluctantly given
to take author's copies in the area of non-secret operations.
12. The Proving of Secret Geological 8eaorts
Each geological report (secret and non-secret) contains the
following chapters!
1. Introduction. Hers are indicated the reasons which
!!!.t_raced the --'- ' -v
t-_-_ the ~vvig-LCai 6Lereaii.OR'!?
2. The geology, stratigraphy, and geo-morphology of the
region included in the survey.
3. A short history of prior geological operations
1. Geology - survey operations and the results of the
particular operations
5.
The assay of the deposit
6.
The chemical and technological character of the resoxwees.
7.
!stunts of the reserves of useful minerals
S.
Topographic operations
9.
The mining and soonosdc conditions of the deposit
10.
An enclosure concerning the value of the deposit, the
conditions governing its espleitation, concentration ete.
The report is signed by its author, the geological eainesr.and
the leader of the parlpe
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Since the Soviet do-ernaent does not credit the signature
of only one geological engineer, it is customary for such reports
to be sent for confirmation to a reserves commission for
corroboration, especially if they are classified.
Ftret,the report is reviewed by one or two geological
specialists, ho examine ever page of the report and formulate
their conclusion, in agreement or disagreement with the conclusions
of the author, with hit. work methods, the laboratory conclusions,
*to.
When the critique is finished,the report is transmitted to the
Commission on reserves for examination for geological-earn,! operations
or is examined in the State Qualifications Commission (Gosuderstrennaya
gvalifiYatsionneya Xamitsiya) for bydro.geological and engineering-
geological operations.
The chairman of the Commission is always the chief of the
Geological Branch: And_ in hie a the uoouvo, Chi P7 engi:OSr? The
scientific secretary is an engineer of the Geological Branch,
usually from the Geological Archives Section. All the participants
in the committee and the reviewers mast be cleared for securitye
and
The leader of the
party makes a speeots~the reviewers come forward
as opponents. The decision of the commission takes the form of an
open counting of hands. The number of members on the commission is
always an odd number. All the protocols (.iaatoee are kept secret
in the Geological Archives Section. The protocols are attached
to the report.,sinoe without it they have no value. On the protocol
is stamped "Secret.. Such a geological report is considered valuable
and the go esumt s4, on the basis of its oonoluslon% allocate
aaiaitic?al flandea either for a detailed survey or the construction
of an enterprise. Witkoat the sa.toool of the Reserves Cmmission
the State Bank cannot ssoscd a sinsl0losst.
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If the author of the report d` not agree with the conclusions
of the Reserves Coi issione he can attach his separate opinion to
the protocol. Each specialist tries to protect himself, in any
event, and therefore they frequently have recourse to the separate
opinion.
We shall not pause here to consider how the specialists usually try
to protect themselves in this matter, but we shall note only that the
Soviet leadership sees in "at every specialist a "wrecker" or an
espionage agent, and that this leads to great caution on the part
of the individual specialists in their setentific-technical conclusions.
13. Supplemental'Security R.aulations for Geological Operations
in Special Construction Projects and Frontier Regions
Earlier we noted that the leader of the partyi on arrival at
the scene of operations,was required to go to the local government
center and register his operation. In the natter of operations in
frontier region he is also rear.ired to go to Lhe Frontier Guard
Administration and cosminicate in written fors his arrival for the
of new esminwn~ or he i___
-- -+ ~r?, bur* of old ones).
advise the border guard of the movement of personnel (the arrival
all those persons who have accompanied him. He must immediately
purpose of executing authorized operations. He must indicate the
initial and terminal dates of the work and indicate by family--name
Guard A#ainistration in writing of the conclusion of the operations.
Upon termination of work, he meet also notify the !frontier
the frontier area*
of the persons who have come to carry out geological operations in
of the leader of the party and of all his employees. In this way
the Frontier Guard Administration is assured of the authenticity
Branch also informs the Frontier Guard Administration of the names
The Chief of the Special Sector L11petseekto) of the Geological
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C011F UE s IAl
Some frontier areas are totally aealed as regards security,
and the Frontier Guard ministration notifies the party leader
accordingly, forbidding him and his party to enter them. If,
howevezy it is essential that theleader`of the party examine
these areas, the Frontier Guard Administration (local) does not
itself give permission but directs an inquiry to its parent
o:gaxization. occasionally, much tine is spent in correspondence
and waiting for permission from the parent organisation. It
frequently happens that the higher organisation' nay refuse permission
for the visit of such areas, This, of course, upset, the work plan
of the leader of the party.
NOW of the personnel of the geological party has the right
to visit frontier areas outside the limits of the area being
examined in the course of geological operations. No photographs
of arp kind may be taken in a frontier region witout special
permission.
All the employees ;f the geological party come under constant
undercover scrutiny by the members of Frontier Guard Administration,
and even local inhabitants, recruited by the Frontier Guard.
The Soviet frontier is sealed and under constant supervision.
Every new-cower to the frontier area will be known as such
imwediately. The local populace and the troops of the Frontier
Guard are notified that geologists will be working in such and
such an area. In a little time they will know all of them personally.
Whoever does not conform to the wort regulations in frontier areas,
is placed under arrest in order to clarify his status and the reason
for his appearance in the border region.
Geologists, who are working in a frontier area are not re-q-, rod
to be cleared for security since they may etscuts nom secret
operation., butmnatu" they select the most thoroughly checked
specialists for work in such areas.
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In correction with geological work on special construction
(military and defer"' targets) the entire personnel of the geological
party is securit7-screened although'it aq be temporary, with the
exception of those persons who because of the nature of their work
will not visit the structural site. 'These may be the bookkeeper
of the party, the secretary, etc. Security ,screening is conducted
by the Special Section of sect: a const-Uation project. The Special
Section of the Geological Branch forwards all the necessary forms
on the employees of the geological party to the Special Section
of the Special construction projeotawhich carries the process
further through the MVD,
After the screening, the Special Section of the Special
construction project issues to each person screened a special permit
giving right of entrance to the construction site, where geological
work mutt be done.
At the termination of work, all permits most be turned back to
the Special Section of the special construction project. ?-csponsibility
in this mater rests with the leader of the party.
All geological reports concerning operations connected with
special construction projects and frontier regions are classified
secret.
114. The Declassification of Gee cal Materials in Connection
with Speeches and the Fs:ae
Every year a great quantity of secret geological materials is
accumulsted, which is stored in special places of custodre The
contents of these materials are knove only to a very small group of
specialists, and the expanding knowledge of the geological structure
of the country requires ever maw osselmsioss, generalisations,
estimates, etc.
Natarally, classified geological materials contain not only
practical conclusions, but essentially scientific data, which is
probably IQrewn to all persona connected with geology. In this case,
-5S-
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they have recourse to the declassification of geological materials,
so that they may be used in the press and in connection with
speeches at congresses conferences, etc. This is done most simply
with reports of geological operations. Frequent]pr an entire report,
excluding the geological maps, contains no secret material and,
therefore, in order that such work may be released for general use,
they resort to the deelassiflcation of the geological maps.
They remove the contour lines, and minimize the situation
detailef in this form the map no longer contains anything secret.
The sap is published in this form and the entire report goes on
sale in the book stores.
Report on geological survey operations are subject to a more
thorough processing before they are sent to the press. The
with a view toward reventin
declassification
of such reports is carried on d
UM a specialist reading such a report from caleulache reserves
of a deposit and the yield of metal from the ore. In consequence,
the following are removed from these reports: the ehapzer on the
estimate of reserves the topographic survey chapter, the results
of the chemical and chemo?technologieal tests and 71D4 chart of the
reserve calculations; and the contour lines are removed from the
plan of the deposit. The report is processed for publication as a
whole, and only after these things have been done, is it sent to
the press.
Reports on lath o.geologieal and geological engineering research
are either subjected to a very thorough processing or, if they cast
light on military construction and defense targets simply do not
appear on the book market; they remain accessible only to a narrow
group of specialists, who use them in work on special *ei,ntific
problems.
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The same considerations apply to speeches at meetings and
conferences of a scientific nature.
15. The Responsibility for the Loss of Secret Documents and
the Divu_Uip of, Secret Geological Data.
The lose of classified geological documents or the divulging
of their contents is considered the greatest state crime, with all
the ensuing consequences and application of the most severe
penalties.
The guilt of persons, allowing this to happen, is further
increased depending on the moral and political status of the
person undergoing inquiry, his social origin the moral and political
status of his relatives and closest friends, the existence of
correspondence with foreigners, administrative penalties,convictions,
service in the %hite Arxv, residence on territories occupied by
the Whites and now by the Germans, etc., etc.
In such cases)a committee of inquiry aiess the matter",
as
they say, and brings to light from the secret archives ail data
which discredits the person.
The MVD always has this data in sufficient quantities sines
not one of the specialists, either through his own doing or through
his relatives, is not "tainted", i.e., n
ot completely
"Pure" in
`6 1,
the eyes of the Soviet authorities.
Thanks to this, mup specialists try to stay as far away as
possible from classified work, an any pretezt.,and if they are not
allowed to refuse, these operations are undertaken with reluctance.
The Soviet regime never forgives anyone anything, and if it trusts
anyone it is only for a time. The day comes when the specialist
bears the heaviest responsibility for the most trivial mistake
or carelessness, not only for himself personally, but also for the
sins of all his relatives and friends,since these are visited upon
aim. Therefore, to lose classified geological documents or to
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A9
divulge their contents is tantamount to suicide. Everyone knows
this and everyone tries to meet the requirements, but, of courses
as in every activity,here also mistakes happens `owever,,in the
Soviet regime there are no.mistakes, and therefore not a single
specialist may make a mistake, let alone lose a secret document
(numerous documents which from the point of view of logic contain
no secret matter carry the stamp "Secret"). And once this happens
to him, it indicates evil intentions, and therefore he is respon-
sible -- responsible for everything.
16. The Manner of Using Secret Geological Materials of
Other Organizatione
Besides the Main Geological Service, located in the Ministry
of Geology USSR, as we noted earlier, other ministries have geological
organisations, which also have classified geological materials,
also concentrated in the Geological Archives Sections of these
organisations.
The secret Geological Archives of the ,Ministry of Geology USSR,
as well as the secret archives of the geological organisations of
other ministries may be used by various specialists having the right
of aoceso to then in accordance with the established procedure,
This procedure is as follows
lot us assume that the geological ennginwer, RXM, w rN;g in the
Ministry of Ferrous Metallurgy, met familiarise himself with
geological materials kept in the Central Geological Archives. In
this eassphe writes a report to the Chief of his organisation, stating
that it is necessary for his to familiarise himself with such and
such materials. The Chief engineer adds his endorsement, and the
chief of the organisation.attaches a recommendation for the chief
of the special Sector Aetasekto) requesting the latter to prepare
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a letter on behalf of Engineer "X" for the Central Archives
Section. The chief of the Special Sector prepares aletter,
in which he notes that Engineer "I is being sent over, with
permission to familiarise himself' with such and such materials.
The letter states that according to such and such a letter from
the NKVD (WD), Engineer "I" has been permitted to do secret
work. In the upper right-.hand corner of the letter is placed
the stamp, "SECRET". The letter is placed in an envelope, a the
envelope is sealed and stitched with thread, and a wax-seal is
applied. The letter is given to Engineer "I". With this letter
(it is not recommended that one loss it, although there is nothing
secret in it), Engineer "I" is sent to the Central Geological
Archives Section. The chief of the Special Sector acquaints himself
with the contents of the letter and Bends Engineer "X to the chief
of the Central Archives Section, who turns over to Engineer "I", the
material which is soetified in the letter. Engineer "I'" familiarised
himself with the geological material;, making the necessary extracts,
copies of the drawings, etc. At the conclusion of the work, he
hands over all this material to the chief of the Central Archives
Section, who transmits it via the Special Section to the Special
Section of the organisation which wrote on behalf of Engineer "I".
Engineer "I" has no right to take anything with him personally.
If he most work more than one day, then he most bring again the
above-indicated letter.
In this manner, one Speotal Section transmits classified
materials to another Special Section. Although Engineer 'I^ has
access to secret work, there is a field-liaison man of the NIVD
(WD) for the transmission of secret materials, who must be employed
in all such cases.
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17. The Secret Geological. S.,rvice in Wartime
Alrea(br in the First World War, geologists were employed
for the solution of various geological probleas,posed by the
military command. The experience of the First World War showed
that the attention given to geological data in the conduct of
military operations frequently determines the latter's success.
In the war of 1914-1918, for the first time there appeared on the
front geological specialists -- in very small numbers, however.
The British were the first to mammon geologists to the
front, in May 1915, for the purpose of locating water sources.
Captain Sing, the geologist, was called from London and led a
small group of geologists. In the Spring of 1916, the British
geologists were already directing mine operations.
The Americans, transferring their are- to the Western front
in 1917, brought in a group of geologists numbering five men,
under the direction of Colonel Brooke. This group was continually
enlarged,and in 19115 numbered 18 men.
Geologists were also used by the Russian are- in securing water
supplies for the armies.
An especially large scale, in the employment of geologists, was
attained by the German are-. German military geologists were
combined in groups and task forces, working in cooperation with
topographic tank-forces, In 1917 the German are- had 27 geological
groups, and the number of geologists reached two-hundred. In 1916
?
a Geological Bureau was organised attacked to the General Staff of
the Herman are- in Berlin, which served the army in all matters
relating to geology. This bursa was the highest military geological
organ, directing the work of the geological groups on the from in
the investigation of water.sapply somroes, the conduct of mine
operations, etc.
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al rtH hIA4.
In this wary the number of geologists employed, in their
specialty, for military re quire is increised significantlyj
and in Soviet Russia it reached a grandiose figure. Geologists
were utilised by the ataff of military engineers of the Red
Army in and out of uniform. They were civilian geo;ogist% who
very not called into the army but conducted operations under
the staff of military engineers, and, for that reason were
exempt from military service.
A long tine prior to the war, lists of specialists were
prepared by the Staff of the Red Are. These specialists were
not to be called into the army in wartime, but were to be
employed in their civilian specialty, for the fulfillment
of military purposes.
Among such specialists. enjoying 'ex a ;'wets from
service in the Red Army) were numerous geological specialists.
Therefore, as a rule, hydro-geological engineers enjoyed exemptions,
but survey geologists were exempted according to their choice,
=hose who were not exempted were placed in field engineer units,
in technical command posts.
In this war, a great number of geologists were utilised for
the needs of the Red Army through their mobilisation into active
arv service and through their enlistment, in their civilian
capacity, for tasks of the army engineers' staff.
1* shall consider only the work of the civilian geologists,
who worked for the needs of the front. First of all, geologists
were employed in the construction of defense lines, carried on by the
Main Ad dnistration of Defensive Yorks RYD, which had Hgon Adestni?
etrations of Defense Yorks.
Geological, 14dro.geolegieal and geologioab.enginsering studies
were Ends by the geologis e in areas designated for defense
installation,,. The tasks of the geological. ta*.foresa included
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of
the pm*ision tare Construction areas with local construction
materials (stone, sand, and gravel), whose supply bases were to
be located at the shortest possible distance from the construction
site of the defense targets, such as trenches, shelters, emplace.
ments for light and heavy artillery, emplacements for antiaircraft
artillery, observation posts, command poste, etc.
The geological archives (eeeret and non-secret) of the local
geological organizations were utilized by the geologists in the
fulfilment of these taskel supplemental BBolo
gical-surtey operations
were undertaken; specimen, of structural materials were analyzed
in the laboratories.
The work was performed at a rapid temp and with simplified
methods, with one end in views the provision, under war-time
condition,, of quantities of construction,materlat. sufficient .?.;.
the entire area of construction, which was carried on simultaneously
with the prospecting activities.
The tasks of the geological engineering task-forces included
the stuff of soils in the entire construction area, with the object
of gauging their support capacities and angles of natural slope, for
an estimate of the amount of concreting necessary for gun emplacements;
the talks included also the determination of the system of trench
fortification, the determination of slide areas and the manner of
their arrangement during the explosion of eneq shells.
E4^dro-geological work included the provision of drinking and
industrial water to all defense construction areas and the investigaiioa
of the groundwater conditions in order to determine the depth of
foundations, etc.
At the end, a detailed sap of the defense construction area
was assembled, with all the geological, Iq dre.geslogical and
geological-engineering data. The rpm were classified and the stamp
'Top Secrete placed on them.
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Civilian geologists were also used in connection with the
construction of field airdromes,
In Sereh' for s
, example, gaelogist~were wploysd for the
investigation of water-supply sources for the armies disposed on
the aeroh' peninsula, which were preparing for a counter..ettsck
(this military operation, prepared at groat lergLh, concluded with
the total rout of three Soviet armies, a cavalry corps, and a corps
of marines). A great quantity of man-power and technical equipment
was required in a short time for the investigation of Pater-supply
sources. The military geologists of the staff of armor engineers
on the Crimean front were not able to carry through this task them.
selves and,therefore,local geologists were summoned for the solution
of this problem.
Genlog etc had bean ansig;nad to the Heron front by the Moscow
trust, "Spetageo", and their number was increased by geologists of
the Azov-Chernomorskiy 4lack Sag Hray. In addition, reinforcements
were sent to the drilling operations.
Similar operations, for example, were planned in the beseiged
city of Sevastopol', but nowhere was the work completed, since the
Oermons prevented it.
In addition to the above, geologists, at the request of the
staff of mill
ury enginsee, assembled various types of maps on the
basis of maps made for the use of the Soviet armies, that is, on the
basis of one-verat topographic maps. The maps her* the following des-
ignations: hydro-geological, geological-engineering and roadability
naps.
Oeological engineering maps were required to contain information
on the characteristics of the soils, as foundation for military
construction, and their p4ydea1,?aschanieu compositions to Indicate
concealed valleys, ravines, to fix ;,he location of all
possible kinds of caves, etc.
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The hydro-geological maps were required to indicate the level
of -standing grounct.water, its variations, the direction and
velocity of the under-ground streams, their seasonal fluctuationso
and aired localities flooded by rain, or the overflow of rivers.
to
These maps had. indicate all irrigation projects, and the areas
_ooded as a result of the destruction of dams, the depth of snow-
cover, seasonal meteorological data, etc., etc.
Roadability maps were required to show all railroad,, highways,
dirt roads, country roads, and all paths. On the maps was indicated
the traffic capacity of all poeible roads, and also the possibility
of passage for light and heavy tanks, automobiles, cavalry, as well
as the possibility of passage by fighting units.
Many other operations were fulfilled by geologists in response
to the needs of the az ,
It is natural, that for the execution of these top-secret
operatione, re;airing a great number of geologists, the pereoz I
was picked by the NEOD itself, since such of the work was carried
out under its supervision.
Geologists who had a court record and had been convicted under
the 58th article ff the Criminal Code) were not given access to
these operations butt in the far rears these geologists were
assigned to work of military sipif eanee.
In this war a great number of geologists were enmmoaed by the
Soviet Arep cods and the Committee of Defense to work on the
construction of defense lines and other special assignments,
lie have considered questions of security in the Geological
Service of the Soviet Union in peace and war, treating these
questions in general terms but fully enowgh for a general under-
standing of this question.
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wry !Al
From chat has been presented one nay, gain a sufficiently
clear notion of the type of control (overt and covert) to which
every engineer-geologist is subject when be carries out secret
geological operations.
The system of security of geological operations was so
expanded in breadth and depth that one must assume that soon all
geological work -- erith few exceptions -- conducted on the territories
of the Soviet Union. will be classified secrete
Preparations for new military encounters is forcing the Soviet
leadership, on the basis of the experience of the last war, to
plan the location of heavy industry in regions soots from the
borders of the Soviet Union, to develop new basso of mineral resources
there and to take great care to make all this secret.
Post-war geological literature is very poor in detailed geological
accounts of mineral deposits opened up during the last ten years.
This indicates that questions of eesdrity in the geological service
have assumed an even greater importance, striking into all areas of
the geological service.
Geology making its way into all the fields of production,
acquires especial significance not only in, but in the
event of hostilities, having become the foundation of the industrial
potential of the country and its eapcatty for defense,
Geologists, in order that they nay work better and more selflessly,
are placed in the category of specialists who are better paid, are
favored by the Soviet regime with all possible eneouragement in the
form of rewards and special titles. Bat the increased importance
of geologists loads to as increased distrust of them, and,thseefore,
they are deliberately placed in a position, where one may not know
what another is doing, and thereby the
seer"y of geological most
is rendered eves greater,
r:s:p~tII
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atY,a
sus
In this manner is attained not only external but interns].
ssonritr.
But n;, matter how oarsfn1] the Soviet Moment I my
tr- to sake
everything seoret$ aadp through the press,, to aonthe*
the picture of the true"state of tneral raw-eupp],y reserves is
the Soviet Union, we are nwerthelAas able to fora a clear
idea of the reserves but thin in ant, the subject.oi
the resent eaa .
?! tIj 11,4!
STAT
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I'1 . Tfl A l
byandix I
Organisational Chart of the Total ftstg of the
ministry of Geolop of the USSR
Central Scientific Research
and Geological Survey Institute
Ministry of Gsologr
USSR
Mies-driii
EquiPment Plants
F sios "RpeteasoI
ute
I --
l?,~s oblast, intsi .krq
aDd asoloaisai branches of
the 1Qaietry- of Geoloq USSR
Gsolo~ioal
Publieding House
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IIaI 1 I [AL
endix 2
Chart of th. Internal Structure otthe
Ministry of Geolog. Us
M V D
----.1
special
section
Central Geological
Archives Section
Persooel
Section
F8oono4o Planning
Section
Minister -~ sct Pmt
ion
State Oological
Central Section
fie`
Iiarer
Central Reserve
fisettea
7
7
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TIAt
Organisational Chart of a Branch of
the Ministry of Gsoloes Ussa
~a,-ja 3oction~
Personnel I
Section
f gal
Archivi+e
L__Ssotiaa
Eoonoado Plamsiaj
E
Technical Equip-
amt Section
Chief of the Geological
Branch
i+eai~nioal
Production
Section
Finance
Section
Garage and
Workebop
-1
Candeoioa for
the Confirmation;'
o. Reserves
laboratorrj
Gsolotieala AalogioUr.asu~o nearing.
"'fie 4~ti+neL~eal partieti
POW% and baiwae.
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Laboratory. Technician
Leader of the
Part)
c? tr DrjijRr._. ..~
Alternate Driller
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