NIE-60 PART II: THE SOVIET CIVIL DEFENSE PROGRAM

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• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79R01012A001900030008-2
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
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• Document Page Count: 38
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 20, 2012
• Sequence Number: 8
• Publication Date: March 20, 1952
• Content Type: MEMO

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INFORMA.TION #53992-c
C.]
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
OFFICE OF NATIONAL ESTIMATES
20 March 1952
MEMORANDUM FOR THE BOARD
? SUBJECT: NIE-60 FART II: THE SOVIET CIVIL. DEFENSE PROGRAM
1. This e timate was requested by the State Policy Planning
Staff and is part of the series of three estimates on overall
Soviet air defense capabilities,
2. It represents the first eompreheneive review and analysis
of Soviet civil defense which has ever been undertaken by the US
government0 It relies almost entirely on primary materials and has
utilised all intellig noel sources. Its weaknesses reflect the ?
many gaps in our intelligence about this phase of the Soviet defense
- program.
30 The interested agencies have already commented informally
on a preliminary draft and most of their c.m ents have been taken
into. account? We do not anticipate any major objections an the part
of the IAC agencies.
4. OM is. preparing a chart of the MPVO system for inclusion
in Appendix A.
5. We have adopted a format comprising a brief Estimate and
detailed appendices because the subject did not appear to lend
itself to the normal Conclusions and Discussion treatment,
DOCUMENT NO.
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SECURIT? INFORMATION
NIE-40 PART II: CIVIL DENSE IN' THE USSR
(RoViSed draft for Board consideration)
CONTENTS
#53992-.!ili?
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THEPROBIEM 6000e0e0?0040,00e.e0006.06e00000000*.ovemeeOowen?geo?040 1 ?
ESTIMATE 1
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1
2
The Present Civil Defense Progr 000ssoeutoomootroomoosecromee 3
Civil Defense Training 4.0.10ogteeeesoemoo.oilooevp0eso0me.000v0000 5
-Defense Against Special Weapons Attacks 40?400000000000eoeee0
Other Civil Defense Activities and He ources 00000000000000000 8
soviet Civil Defense Capabilities
'APPENDIX At CIVILDEFENSE ORGANIZATION AND FUNCTIONS?...
9
The miNo
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.MPVQ. OrganisatiOn of 0,City or Rayon 0 a e 4_0 0 0 0.4;e
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Smaller Units of.: the MPV0 ? ? 00000000000000.000000000 eek ? 000000
APPENDIX .B CIVIL DEFENSE TRAINING.
17
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'IMPV0 Staff and Unit Training ?_-060??????.?006?006.00?0000000600
20
Civil Defense Training klorms ?? ? sboeib000000ea*.t0000em00000.000
22
DosAAFTraining e04000000000000em0004e000000e?ee000000000000
DOSWRadio. Clubs ? ?'? ?,,?????????=? ?160?060006066,?????????????00,08r
25
Red Cross 'and Bad Creaseerit Societies ?aaaaci 040000000?0.004,..yeee.e
26
APPENDIX Cs PREPARATIONS AGAINST SPECIAL WEAPONS ATTACKS4.......
28
Defense :against /Italie' Attack,' e44000?000?0400000000000,000000e0
28
Defense against Chmical Attack 0000000000006???0?0e0e00600000
29
Defense against Biological Attack oato 000000 00000
2?
APPENDIX Ds OTHER CIVIL DEFENSE ACTIVITIES AND RESOURCES...
31
Police and
____ih
irfg_ti 45ngoosoemweeeeoo000eceoy00000Tweeke000e60 31
Medical e0000.10001000904e00000000000000040000 go 0 o ? o Ipo
Trapeport e e e0.0 e 0 ? ep 0 0 0 0 0 e e'e 0 0.0 e 4 0 0 ? a e 000 G 0.0.e 0;0 0 0.0.
Stockpiling 00000000000.0000000000e00.004.6e40e.e00000e,00,4.4.4e,e4.0e0,'
Protective ConstructioU..--', ******
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33
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DOCUMENT NO.
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SECURITY INFORMATION
CENTHAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
. OFFICE OF NATIONAL ESTIMATES
29 March 19.5
SUBjECT TE=60 (Part g CIVIL DEFENSE .IN THE USSR
:(Revided draft for Bo .Consideration)
THE PROBLEM
To asSeas the Soviet civil defense program and tavatiMate
its .capabilities.
ESTIMNTE
1, Summary, The USSR has a large, complex, and well-organised
civil defense System, based on the extensive civil defense structure
which it maintained during WorldVil r II.. Civil defense organizations
and auxiliaries designed to meet wartime emergencies probably eilst
in most cities and rayonas,J2 with the most intensive ctivities obably
./The term "civil defense as used in this study includes only those
passive air defense activities designed to (a) minimize the immediate
? effects riOn a civilian population that would be caused through a sudden
attack; (b) deal with the immediate -Kergency conditions crest by any
such attack; and (c) effect emer ncy repairs to, or the ,ergency
restoration of, vital utilities and facilities.
A rayon is an administrative subdivision of an oblastA,vhieh is
M r '
otiErMion f a Union Republic,
NO CH NT
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occurring in large cities and at m e important industrial installations.,
The civil defense system is gradually being brought to an increased state
of readiness and appears capable of rapid expansion in event of emer, ncyo
Howeeer, there is no evidence of any preparations for early hostilities,
and the program is undoubtedly in a pre-operational stag
2, Background. Civil defense training in the USSR probably goes
b ck as far as l927? when the first mass pre-military society
(OSOAVIAMM) was organized, with mass civil defense training as one of
its functions, During World "tar II the Soviet civil defense organizations
played a large and diverse role, Reportedly one 98,000,000 people wore
instructed in at least some phases of passive defense, and a large part of
the population experienced actual air raids, Besides local civil defense
activities in areas under air attack, civil defense units organized the
construction of their awn ground defense structures as *eel as defense
lines for the ted Army and participated in the reconstruction of municipal
economi G. The wartime civil defense organization and progr has nev r
been discontinued, and the present civil defense system appears essentially
the same as that during lhorld Var II.
3.' Hammy, after the war the Soviet population was evidently
apathetic toward civil defense activities, and thes activities declined,
The Soviet government has attempted to overcome this a thy by means of'
propaganda rather than by the compulsion resorted to during the war('
Although all persons of sixteen to sixtiyears of age are subject under
existing decree to participation in the civil defense program, the government
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to date has Omen to keep the program on a 'voluntary' basis (voluntary
in the Soldet sense doubtless including indirect pressures). The Soviet _
civil defense effort has apparently been increasing during the last several
yeare. Since 1948 internal propaganda, disseminated through Communist
perty organs, trade unions, the Young Communist League, and preemilitary
societies, as well as by the press and radio, has been increasingly
stressing the need for civil defense training of the entire population.
4, The Present Civil Defense Syst m. The eiisting Soviet civil
defense program consists primarily of planning and training, designed to
make possible the rapid and effective mcbilization of all available re-
sources in target areas to deal with wartime emergencies. 'While the civil
defens program has top-level centralised supervision, support, and finan-
cial assistance, it appears to be based upon a workable balance between
this centralized control and maximum utilization of local civilian resources
and manpower. The entire program is based upon integration into the civil
defense system of a broad range of existing agencies, groups and enterprises,
whose primary functions are other than civil defense but which would assume
the chief civil defense operational roles in event of war,
5. The core of the Soviet civil defense program, and the mechanism
through which its varicms elements are centrally coordinated and supervised
is the Local Anti-Air Deem) (MNO) system? (see Appendix A), The MN?,
which .is the peraanent Soviet civil defame organization, is under the
Ministry of Internal Affairs (HVD). A section of the MVD Ministry in
Moscow, the Main AdMinistration of Local Anti-Air Defense (QOMWO)9 is
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responsible for central upervision of MPVO activities throughout the USSR,
Under it is an MPV0 service, composed of MVD personnel professionally
qualified in civil defense duties, which is organized in staffs or units
at all administrative levels descending from all-unions to union-'republic,
oblast, city or rayon, down to individual plants (see chart on page ).
6, The MEW service functions as a command and staff organization
which undertakes civil defense planning and supervises and coordinates
the training and activities of the various existing agencies and groups,
The latter provides on a part-time basis, the vast bulk of the local MEV?
personnel. ,The basic civil defense unit is the city or rayon MO, which
may plan for and supervise such services.as camouflage, firefighting, medical,
veterinary, and sanitation, damage restoration, anti-chemical defense, eommu-
nications and reporting security and public order, transportation, shelter
and evacuation, These services are generally performed by such existing
agencies as the local police and firefighting forces, local-health and eani-
tation facilities, Red Cross and Red Crescent 6ociet1es, and others, The
larger city or rayon MTV? units ,have under them sector units with similar
organization, while the mealiest MEVO unit is the "s lf-defense group00
which is formed within apartments, small enterprises, schools, etc, on the
basis of one per 100 persons. There were reportedly in 1948 some /0060,000
boa], civil defense units of all types, These units represent cadres *doh
can be expanded or around which new sub-units, can be formed In event of
national emer noy? in accordance with existing pre-determined plans?
7, Special emphasis ip apparently placed on providing local MO
organizations at important factories and other targets such as railroadd,
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These units are built around services similar to those of the city MFV00 0
Various industrial or economic ministries are apparently responsible for
overseeing civil defense preparations in plants under their jurisdiction.
- 8. Although the MFVO organization is under the MVD, the military
Anti-Air Defense gystem (FVO) apparently also has some overall coordinating
tole involving civil as well as military defense, especially in wartime
situations, The PVO headquarters, a separate top level component of the
War Ministry, is ultimately responsible for the entire Soviet air defense
system, and as such probably monitors passive air defense measures to
insure coordination of overall defense plans. In wartime, when a local
area or city is under attack, the MFVO organization apparently canes under
the operational control of the PVO commander in that area if ouch an officer
has been designated. Furthermore, in an aotive military area the whole area
PV0 organization itself may be subordinated to the area military command.
9. Civil Defenee Training. (See Appendix B). The Soviet civil
defense program encompasses bah specialized training of MFVO personnel
and mass training of large population groups through various mass organiza-
tions. With the aid of such other agencies as the Ministry of Health and
the armed forces, the LTV? organization sets up norms for the training of
the civilian population. Actual training programs are conducted by the
MPVO service itself and by the existing local agencies whose civil defense
activities the MFVO supervises.
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10. :2n addition, mais training of the population in basic civil
defense measures is undertaken as part of their broader funati .by the
Voluntary Society for Assistance to the Amy, Aviation, and Wavy CD0SAAF)0
lAhich is the chief Soviet pre-military society, and by the Red Cross and
Red Cresoent Societies, sports societiee? and other similar groups. The
civil defense program is widely advertised through the Soviet propaganda
machinery and given unity and /surpass:through the agitation and discipline
of the Communist Party and its youth organisations.
11. The scope of mass civil defense training is indicated by
evidence that an estimated 16,0000000 people participate in the activities,
of DOSAAF0 about 15,000,000 in the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies,
and perhaps 20,000,000 in the NPV0 system itself. Moreover, personnel uho
are not officully part of the above group, but who have had some appropri-
ate military .or medical training, must also be considered as part of the
civil defense potential. These include many people trained during World
War II. While there is undoubtedly considerable overlapping in the above
groups since many persona belong to more than one, it in apparent that the
Soviet civil defense potential is much greater in terms both of trained
personnel and of mass popular education than it was t the beginning of the
last war. Moreover, as the present training programs steadily add to the
reserve of trained personnel, this potential wlU gradual/7 increase.
22. The necessity of maintaining MPITO in a state of readiness,
stressing the use of up4o-date techniques, has recently been. emphasized.
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Civil defense confereno CallmibyCAPETO have reviewndymrtim ez-
periences and their application to civil, defense aativities. ThesemAkews
have also been treated eztensfvely.in.prof ailmml.rtiblications. overt as as a result avert...1m experiende?the I4VO vat has reportedly -
adopted now equipment and techniques. One is ftobile command pasta
vehicle with radio eqUipment? a switchboard which can be ted with
. the local telephone system, and amplifiers from which operations * be
directed at the se of the. disaster. Lnother MVO development is
prevision for teebnical'emergency vehicles, having Ibi.le equipment for
rescue and maintenance /murk and serving asmavtAle bladkautproof 'i
chops. Moveable lights apparently have also been developed ,specifically
for civil defense: purposes.
13. :Defense ivakpLa ini WeagatAt... (See A1)701117 C)..
Althou& it is not clear from available evidence what specific prepara.
tions if any, the usall is making for civil defense gainat atomic weapons,
the. gel Soviet civil air defense program would also be a partial defense
against atomic bombizi,g, and the USSR may be preparing against such attacks
under the guise of broader civil defense maestros. Since Soviet .internal
propaganda bas consistently ifeTrikeZed the effects of atomic attacks, there
is probably less popular anxiety over the consequences of atomic
than In. major Western countries. This might be intended to reduce the
element of panic in case of atomic attacks on the USSR.
:4.10
14. The USSR has long placed greet emphasis on defense against
Chemical attack on its evil defense Program. These measures, ParticUlmay
? 7 ?
/PM AMTWit
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the medical and decontamination facilities, are also adaptable to anti
-
atomic defense and such adaptation Dry be planned. Existing Soviet
fttcilities for combatting beams, plant, end animal di s sea also give the
USSR a substantial capability for civil defense againet biological war-
fare attack. However, there are no indications that specific enti-BW
training is underway. Soviet chemical warfare defense facilities would
also be adaptable to BW defense.
15. - P_ther Civil Defense Activitie ane_d Rt_gmege (See Appendix D).
Soviet civil defense capabilities 'will largely depend upon the avail-
ability of such existing resolve as those of the police, firefighting,
public health? commmications? temnsportation, construction, and other
agencies. Soviet civil defense plans provide for the integrated use of
all these resources under HPITO supervisi in event of esnergency. For
example, the highly developed MOB police services wild have extensive
capabilities for maintaining order in event of emergency, while the
firefighting system, which us 'under the MVD, is trained for a major civil
defense role. The large medical and sanitary facilities of the Ministry
of Health are already tied into the HPITO systsa.
36. Although no elements of the extensive Soviet stockpiling
program have been identified as t.ing set aside specifically for civil
defense, nevaerous items Which would be useful in civil defense are kno=
to be kept in reserve. There are also =confirmed reports of a plan for
the emergency decentralization of Sovi t administration on a regional basis.
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17. While present shelter facilities in the USSR consist primarily
of those _remaining from World Tiar II there is evidence of provision for .
shelter facilities in now construction in important tergut arose. Dwell-
ing eonstructi. speeifications in some areas include provisi for
shelters, and seme installations, such as subways and other tunnels, have
appareeitly been constructed with auxiliary shelter needs in mind. Construc-
tion agencies frequently retain ndefense specialiste (probably IPTO
officers) to =attar constructi. plane from the point of view of &fens&
needs, including not only possible kelter-faellities but also proper
siting and dispersal of fteilities.? and possible alternative emergeney
uses, for example the use of schools as emergency barraCks or pitals.
18.? . To the extent that existing dispersal:of pati and industr7
constitutes a defense factor, the USSR a decided advan e 0707 the
TS or tr. Theconcentration of population in urban...areas is smeah less
? in the USSR than in the US for example, while the USSR has no areas of
concentrated popplation comparable to the New Yor# ar
19. .4.21.=_120Smeelemi . In the light of th abo
evidende as to the natUre and extent of the Soviet.ciVii def,. ,,e programs,
we believe that the USSRImmetb giv. an already substantial civil defense
prebably greater than t4at of 'other major countr except
perhaps the . Although the USSR lack certain types of equi t
and facilities need for civil defens particularly against atomic
pens, its present civil defense syste. appears wellpplanned and
organized. It includes a ft11-time civil def e staff arganizatien?
9
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comprehensive plans for the utilization of other existing agencies and
facilities, as well as an extensive training program. In addition.s civil
defense needs are apparently being taken into consideration in new
construction and urban and regional planning, and perhaps also in any
stockpiling and decentralization programs?
20. Nevertheless, although the civil defense system appears capable
of rapid expansion in event of emergency, there is no evidence of prepara-
tions which would indicate an expectation of early'hoetilities, and the
program is undoubtedly in a preoperational stage. Western observer;
in large Soviet cities have seen no evidence of the building of special
air raid shelters, air raid drills, posters giving 'civil defense instruo-.
tions to the populace or other indications of preparation against air
attacks. The "voluntary' nature of the civil defense program also indi7
cates that it is still in a pre-operational stage, and has not been given
so high a priority as to call for compulsory measures?
21. However, the Soviet civil defense potential appears to be
gradually increasing, under the impetus of the extensive planning
and training programs0 We believe that the USSR is placing increased
emphasis on civil defense activities, along with its other efforts to
improve the defenses of the USSR against enemy attacks. The expanding
civil defense program, together with the USSR's incfeasingly effective air
defenses, contributes to a growing Soviet capability for defense against
hostile air attack.
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SECURITY INFORMATION
#5399e-b
Appendix
CIVIL DEFENSE ORGANIZATION AND FUNCTIONS
1. The peacetime Soviet civil defense progr
fir
consists primarily
of planning and training to make possible the tepid and ,effective
mobilization of all available resources of a target area to.deal.with
wartime emergencies. For this purposes the upsft maintains A large and
el borate civil defensegystem in which the primary operational roles are
assigned to existing agencies groups s and enterprises at locals regionals
and national levels, whose primary functions are other than civil defense-.
.2. The core of this system, and the mechanism through which the
civil defense activities of the various agencies and groups are centrally
controlled and supervised s is the Local Anti-Air Defense (MPVO) system.
The MITO system is a responsibility of the Ministry of Internal Affairs
(MVO).
A. section of the MVO headquartera In Moscows the Main A
Inistra-
tion of. Amti:-Air Defense (QUMPV0) is responsible for central super-
,
vision of MIN? activities throughout the USSR. GUMPVO was probahly
organized in 1939 or 1940 to take over from the R-d Army the coordination
and supervision of local civil air defense. Under it is an MO service,
composed of fUll-time NW() personnel specially trained in civil defense
duties, which, like the MVO firefighting services, is organized in units
at all administrative levels descending from all-union to union-republics
cblasts city or rayons to factories or other important facilities. Such a
full-time civil defense career corps has evidently existed for at least
ten years.
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3. The MPVO service functions as a command and staff organization
which undertakes civil defense planning, and supervises and coordinates
at all levels the activities and training of the various other existing
? agencies such as local police and firefighting services, local health
and sanitation facilities; Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, etc0
? which provide, on a part time basis, the vast bulk of local MPV0
?personnel. Through the MFVO system, voluntary or auxiliary groups of
the civilian population can be brought together in a coordinated effort
with existing local police and firefighting units, balance and rescue
units, medical facilities, and the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies,
Moreover, the peacetime MFVO units themselves represent nuclei which can
be expanded or around which new units can be formed in event of war, in
accordance with existing predetermined plans.
4. MTVO Organization of a City or Rayon. The basic MPV0 unit is
the city or rayon MPV0. Local governmental and party organs, economic
enterprises, public organizations, and individuals within a city or rayon
are brought together for the purposes of civil defense under the local
chief of MPVO, usually an MVD officer, and his staff, The chief and his
staff formulate and carry out the plan of action for his city or rayon,
finance and direct acquisition of material and technical operations,
provide for training of staff and public; and supervise the operation of
civil defense forces and facilities of the city or rayon in event of war
disasters. For execution of this course of action, the city or rayon MO
calls upon its supporting services which may vary according to local
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? conditions and the living requirements of a particular city or? region.
Various MPV0 sande s may be oreated within a variety of existing
organizational structures::
a. The Shelter Servic organizes and supervises the registering
of cellars or other areas of possible use as air?raid shelters, It
also plans and constructs shelters, including dugouts and trenches,
and is responsible for providing protection for the population,
especially for the aged, pregnant women, young children, and
invalids. ?
b. The Camouflage Service provides for blackout precautions,
for camouflage with paint or vegetation, and for smoke camouflage.
The latter may be used only with the authority of the NO Car Forc )
commander, since it may affect Otlitary operations. Camouflage measures
are the responsibility of all civilians, with special attention re?
quired in ah home, enterprise, school, and offies.
o. The Evacuation Service is reaPonsible for developing a
plan for evacuation and insuring its Orderly execution in case evacua?
tion becomes necessary. It must register all living space which might
be Used for quartering evacuees.
?d0,...1T114,212ta23.121.zzlim is- designed to provide the
City or rayon with emergency transportation facilities. This Includes
keeping transportation personnel informed abbut traffic rotates, adapt?
ing equipment far special teaks, organizing and training crews of
drivers for civil defense operations, and registering and employing
all farms of transportation.
meNTI n.nnn.c.m
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o, The Service for the Preservation of Order and Security is
built around the regular local police force OMB militia) augmented
by crews of atedliar7 organizations, including the Society for
Assistance to the Police, which are trained by the police? It has
the following basic missions: fighting panic and the spreading of
false rumors during enemy air raids, insuring conformance of local
population with public laws and civil defense rules, isolating
stricken areas 9 and directing tra.ffico
f. The Communication and Reporting Service of the VW? of a
city or rayon is designed to insure communication facilities
required by the commands and staffs of MHO for relaying orders
during an attack and during resotration of damage. It is also
reeponsible for warning the city or rayon of impending air attack.
In this function it cooperates with the warning system of the PVO
system. Facilities and personnel employed include the local
telephone network, the chief of which may be designated as the chief
of the Communications and Reporting Service, and local radio
facilities. To fulfill its purpose the Service must provide for the
restoration and repair of communications in case of domage and for
? the training of civilian groups for e ployment as emergency communication
?crews. ?
go The Anti?Fire Service. The MHO firefighting service employs
the existing local firefighting unit of the IND arid is headed by the
? chief of that existing urdto Its duties include training the
Tnr> RWIRRT
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populace to fight large fires and to deal with incendiary bombs,
developing a fire-signalling system and familiarizing the population
of a city with it, providing for tire-prevention measures and for
ensuring the availability of firefighting equipment. The Firefighting
Service organizes, trains $ and equips auxiliary groups (Volunteer
Firefighting Brigades) to augment the regular units of the MVD and
trains nself-defense groups" in apartments, houses, schools, and other
establishments.
h. Anti-Chemical Defense Service is primarily designed for
decontamination. It trains and directs decontamination crews and
trains the local populace in chemical warfare defense. It is also
? responsible for providing and maintaining decontamination lateriala
and equipment.
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i. %be.4eAs.?Dr,katjan Service has as its primary function
to render engineering and technical assistance to insure the continued
fUnotioning of the city's or rayon's services and enterprises during
and after air raids. It trains restoration brigades frau the civilian
populace, in Cl]. sPecialtieo? including the immediate removal of
debris so that MPV0 crews may have access to stricken areas.
j. TumediealHagatguag asagm, (Iestam) is staffed primaray
by local agencies of the Ministry of Health. It is headed by the
director of the city or rayon health department. In fact, the Ministry
of Health in Moscow maintains a section devoted to MD affairs. The
Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies are also assigned roles inthe
Medical Sanitation ?Service. The basic purpose of this Service is to
render prompt first aid to the victims of an enemy attack. To this
end the MSS has emergency authority to administer all civil medical
institutions within the area and to adapt thi to the needs of MVO,
and to organise statiamary and mobile facilities. Provision is made
for utilization of first aid points, deoontamination points, school
buildings, club houses, theaters, and air-raid shelters. The MSS
if necessary, requisition other resources, such as transportation
facilities and, with permission of the commanding officer, utilize
the medical facilities of local military garrisons.
k.The Ve....leadamis=g1( is organized to render veterinary
help for stricken animals, to evacuate then to safe zones, and to
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insure procurement of food. On account of their medical training,
veterinarians may also administer first aid to humans.
1. Other 22Mcga than those mentioned may be organized in
large cities, for =maple, for the restoration of roads and bridges,
'eater supply and sewage disposals, electric and gas utilities, trade,
food supply, etc.
5. alle Un_Ila of ONO. Subordinate to the city or rayon 14PV0
are sectors (uchastki), and the 14P7Ots of special industrial targets.
Sector units are divisions of the city or rayon MPITO which can operate
semi-independently to meet emergencies within their own area. Below the
sector is the smallest MO vat, the "self-defense group?n.which is formed
within each dwelling unit, enterprise, or institution which comprises 100 or
more people. Where dwellings or enterprises OCEirrige less than 100 people,
thee, are grouped together to form the nselfedefense grow .n These groups
have their own MPV0 chiefs who are subordinate to the IMO sector chief.
The organization of these mem or units is arranged so that duties assigned
to their members do not conflict with duties which thee members may have
with respect to one of the sonde of the city or rayon 141170.
6; Factories and. other establishments of great economic or defense
importance which are likely targets have special MO organizations. The
MO chief at these targets is the director of the enterprise or establish-
ment and, several economic ministries apparently have their own IMO staffs
to supervise MVO preparations in the various installations and factories
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under their control. Operationally, however, the f ctory PIPV0 chief is
subordinate to the chief of the city or rayon MM. The primary mission
of a target MVO is to insult* the uninterrupted and proper continuation
of the activity under attack. This inclades the protection of the labor
force, machines, finished products, and ray =Aerials. Crews of the
MPV0 services mentioned above are organized within the target iviPV0 unit,
ineivIITIg staff, decontamination, disaster restoration, fire protection,
medical, veterinary, aid (when enimals are Present), and order and security.
Several reports indicate that factory workers have been receiving training
in air raid defense.
7. The Soviet rail network, for example, has its own well-organized
air raid defense program which ties into the MVO system. Provision is
made for camouflage and dispersal at stations end other Szportant intalla
Mons, protection of rolling stock from air attack, end dealing with air
raid damage. There is evidence that a railway air defense plan is ready
to go into effect on receipt of coded notification of war. The numerous
well.trained. and organised raiiway repair brigades already used in the USSR
would be of major civil def 8value.
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SECURITY INFORMATION #539924)
APPENDIX
CIVIL DEFENSE TRAINING
1. An important feature of the Soviet civil defense, program is
,the extensive specialized and
training which is elpparently being
carried on at an increasing pace. The Soviet Union appears to recognize
that the effectiveness of civil defense operations in large measure
depends upon the amount of training carried on beforehand. The civil
defense training program is large and complex, including both intensive
specialized training of the MPV0 staffs and units, and mass training
through various other agencies. Inasmuch as civil defense is part of the
total air defense syst m -which is the responsibility of the military Anti
Air Defense system (PV0)? PVC officials monitor civil defense training to
see that it corresponds to overall defense plans. Certain categories of
MN? training supervisors are designated by area FVO commanders.
? 2. Besides the training of members of civil defense units and
services eithin the MPV0 system, mass training in the fundamentals of
civil defense is carried on by such agencies as the Voluntary Society for
Assistance to the Army, Aviation and Navy (DOSAAF) and t Voluntary
Societies of the Red Cross and the Red Crescent as part of their broader
functions. A system of norms has been developed for the standardization
of mass training. In addition, education is provided through propaganda
channels?, press, radio, and publications.
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3. The rapidity with which civil defense groups can be organized
under pressure and with systea tic propaganda is illustrated by the
experience in Moscow early in World Warn. On 1 June 15441 there were
1680 self-defense groups with 402000 participants while on 22 July there
ware 52463 groups with 1202000 participants. During the course of the
war, all people in some measure took part in MFVO activities. Total
participation was achieved through compulsion, as provided by the decree
of 2 July 1941 by the Council of Ministers of the USSR. The decree
required the participation of all men between the ages of 16 and 60 and
women between the ages of 18 to 50 inclusive, except invalids, mothers
? of young children, and pregnant women. Training of laborers and office
workers was to take place at their respective places of work, training
of students at their schools, and training of other civilians at their
places of residence.
4. Although the decree under which wartime civil defense mobiliza-
tion was accomplished is still in effect i) it apparently has not been
used during the. postwar periods even through civil defense activities
declined considerably after the war. Presumably the Soviet government
is attempting to overcome postwar apathy by propaganda and indirect
pressure rather than by the methods of compulsion used during t war.
5. MO Staff and Unit Training. The Soviet civil defense training
program puts special stress on the training of MPVO command staffs, on
the premise that the successful training of MPV0 personnel and the
? organizations and agencies they supervise depends to a large extent upon
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the preparation of the staff echelon, Consequently, the training of
DINO officer personnel occupies an important place in the preparation
of cadres for the entire local defense system, According to Za Uboronu
(For Defense),11 special attention is given to the chiefs of city and
rayon MTV? units by means of courses supervised from the republic level
of MPITO organization. In this training the experience of specialists
mho have worked under combat conditions is utilized, Upon completion of
training, the chief MPVO officers should be able not only to lead their
MPV0 organizations but also to organize them and to direct the training of
the units under their control,
6. In addition to their regular study programs the MPV0 officers are
required to improve their general education and to became familiar with
the economic, geographic, and climatic peculiarities of their region,
including the plans for its development under the five-year plans. This
broad knowledge prepares then to integrate civil defense preparations with
the development of municipal economies, transportation, and industrial
planning?
- 7. City- or rayon-side MEW instruction is conducted under a chief
supervisor, who is the officer responsible for all MO education in his
area. Under him are senior intermediary pa/sonic]. and intermediary
Za Oboronu is a biweekly publication, apparently discontinued, of the
bentral Council of the Union of OSOAVIAKhDI of the USSR and the Main
Administration of Anti-Air Defense (GUMPV0) of the MVD, which was
largely devoted to civil defense.
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personnel, The senior intermediaries instruct the intermediaries who
are then detailed to staffs, crews, services,. and institutions, to
carry on training at a lower echelon,
8. Frequent staff and field exercises are an integral part of
? HMO training. These exercises, which simulate actual conditions
first with maps and then on actual terrain, help to perfect the MO
officergs skill in handling the personnel and facilities of the local
civil defense organization. Critiques of these exercises are employed
to note the accomplishments and shortcomings of the training and to
indicate 'remedial measures,
9. There were reportedly in 1948 some 19060,000 local civil defense
sections under the supervision of the Main Administration of Local Anti?
Air Defense (011111P1/0)0 Since Soviet literature has set the peacetime
size of a training group at 159 18, or 20 parsons, the size of the civil
d fense organization in training at that time, if it nre at full strength
(which it probably was not)? would have ranged from 159000,000 to 20,000,000
people, However, 5,000,000 people reportedly received civil defense train?
ing in 1948, Consequently, at least as many as 20,000,000 people may now
have received or be receiving civil defense training under NM auspices?
Many of these people probably also receive training from other groups
discussed below,
10,, Civil Defense Training Norms? Civil defense training to prepare
persons for participation in WM activities is built around a set of
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training norms called Anti-Air-and-Chemical Defense (PVKhO. PVKhO
requirements can be met through organized study groups, such as those
of DOSAAF, or through self-study. Examinations can be conducted by
D04103 personnel or by personnel of other agencies coordinated through
MPV0 depending upon the type of activity and In wham the candidates
have been trained. Persons meeting the PVKhO requirements receive
certificates and are eligible for inclusion in MO cr!ws or for further
specialized training for more skilled MPVO work.
110 PVKhO examinations require general knowledge of civil defense
problems, including types of attacks likely to occur, identification
of gases, recognition of civil defense alarms, signals, and symbols,
and the general roles of MO cervices. In anti-chemical defense the
candidat must understand the mechanism and use of gas masks, the
structure of gas-proof shelters, how to react in contaminated areas, and
the elements of decontamination. In medical-santtary defense he must be
able to recognize symptoms and provide first aid, including artificial
respiration, hamnorhage control, and transfer of Wured. He must also
show knowledge of fire-control measures, incendiary bombs, and use of
fire extinguishers.
12. There is also a OSO (Ready forTiedical-Sanitary Defense) training
norm which serves as the basis for the taming of lay medical personnel
functioning as part of or along with the SOKKIKP or the MEW medical
services0 junior version of this horn, the Bud-OS00 is employed for
Konsomols0 Pioneers, and other youth organizations. During World War. II
reportedly 23,0000000 people fulfilled OSO norms.
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13.OSA_AFDTEL_Ainin. The Society for Assistanc to the Army,
Aviation, and Navy (DOSAAF) is a mass organization whose principal pur-
poses are to acquaint the population with the various fields of modern
warfare, to provide civilians with pre-military instructions, and to
strengthen the defenses of the country by extensive organization of
public opinion behind the defense program. It is estimated that about
16,000,000 people participate in the activities of DOSAAF. Although
DOSAAF is concerned primarily with pre-military training and other
activities which supplement the armed forces it is also concerned with
training for and propagandizing civil defense preparations to prepare the
population for action during air raidsea/
140 Historically DOSAAF has grown out of the former Union of
Societies for Assistance to the Defense and to Aviation and Chemical
Construction ef the USSR (OSOAVIAMIM) which, according to Soviet
statistics, provided during the last war for the instruction of 98,000,000
persons in passive anti-air defense. Mass civil defense training in the
USSR probably goes back as far as 1927, when OSOAVIAKhIM was first
organized. OSOAVIAMIM was reorganized after the war into three new,
societiess The Voluntary Societies for Assistance to the Army, Navy, and
to Aviation (DOSARM, DOSFLOT, and DOSAV, respectively). In 1951 these
V Patriot Roding, a biweekly newspaper published by DOSAAF, which may
lava repriairla Oborunu, contains details of DOSAAF civil defense
training,
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three organizations were combined into DOSAAP.. Since the last reoz...
ganization, large increases inleembership have been announded. DOSAAF
receives important support from. the Communiet Party, especially the ?
Communist Union of Youth (Komsomol), the. sports societies, and the trade
'unions, whose members are often obliged to participate in DOSAAF
activities.
15.
Primary DOSAAF organizations are formed in factories, institu-
tions, collective and state farms, machine tractor stations and schools*
The primary groups affiliate themselves with the city or rayon, oblast,
and republic societies. _Membership is open to citizens between the ages
of about 15 and 60. Material provision, including equipment, for training
in city or rayon groups is the responsibility of the city or rayon soviet
? (council). Croups in enterprises and institutions are supported by the
? ministry or administration of which they are a part.
16, DOSAAF Radio Clubs. A civil defense role is also apparently
assigned to the numerous radio clubs which are subsidiary to DOSAAF. Mott
of their activities have been conducted in oonjunction with that part of
the organization which was formerly DOSARM. The activities of the radio
_clubs have increased greatly since the war and are currently expanding*
This expansion probably reflects at least in part, Soviet recognition of
the contribution which a large body of persons familiar with radio
techniques can,make_to national defense, including civil 'defense.- In an
areiLunder attack, especially in the case of the Tenure of thetelephone
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systems portable radio communication would be almost indispensable.
Widely scattered amateur radio operators could also form an important
link in the aircraft marning system and, in time of emergency, might be
employed to relieve the overloaded normal communication networks.
170 Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (SOKKIKP). A major civil
defense role is also played by the Volunteer Societies of the Red Cross
and the Red Crescents whose medical, sanitary and first aid activities
affect large masses of the population. Their functions include not only
a well?developed system of training but also forming and managing groups
which perform particular tasks connected with public health and with
sanitary and first aid aspects of military-and civil defense operation.
18. The Societies of the Red Cross and the Red Crescent had an
estimated membership of over 159000,000 in 1948 (comparable to their
highest enrollment in World War II). As in the case of DOSAAF, primary
units (2509000 in 1946) are found throughout the country in such locations
as factories, collective farms and schools. The primary units are
controlled by committees on the rayon level which in turn are under the
jurisdiction of city or oblast committees. Central control of the SOKKIKP
ie assured by its further organization up through Union?Reptiblic and Allo
Union Committees.
19. The wide dispersion of the primary units of the =K' enhances
their effectiveness in many functions concerned with public health and
civil defense. The Societies primary units assist the civil and military
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health authorities in such programs as innoeulation against diseases,
better sanitation and hygiene, and the collection of blood donations.
Also, the primary units comprise first aid stations and teams trained
in decontamination procedwres and in the care and evacuation of the
injured in time of disaster. As partially trained groups, the primary
units form a convenient and important part of the Medical-Sanitary
Service of the MP1/0 systole
20. To maintain its own operating units and to increase interest
in and knowledge of medical and sanitary measures among the population,
the SOKKIKP conducts a large and effective mass education program.
Persons satisfying aso (Ready for Sanitary Defense) standards become
qualified to serve in various types of units under the SOMME' and in the
civil defense system of the IMO. The MATO must then further train such
persona and the units to which they belong to function, efficiently within
the oivil defense system. While medical and sanitation training is also
conducted by the Ministries of Health and, on a popular level, by DOSAAF,
the Societies of the Red Cross and the Red Crescent are the most important
source of mass medical and, sanitary assistance in time of emergency.
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SLUMMY INFOINATION
#53,992 -b
APPENDIX C
PPIPARATION AGAINST SMIAL WFATO.MAT.TALS,
1.12effs_g_n e against Atonic Attack. At the present times there is
no avid ce of any specific preparations within the USSR for civil
defense against atordo weapons. There is no visible attempt to improve
shelter areas and other facilities specifically for atemic defense pur-
poses. On the other band, there have been =confined reports of con-
struction and renovation of underground installations, and investigation
of the capacity of tunnels to withstand explosion. Moreover, there are
various indications that preparations are underway wild& contribute
indirectly to Soviet capabilities for meeting such attacks. Most of the
emergencies conteeplated in Soviet civil defense planning are those result-
ing from air raids, and the preparations being made would be of use in
both atonic and conventional attacks. It is pos ble that the USSR is
preparing for atomic civil defense under the guise of broader civil defense
measures. For example, preparations for civil defense against ahemical
elarilere are somewhat adaptable to atomic attacks particularly the medical
and decontamination fe.ciliti . An Soviet internal propaganda tautly
reiterates statements lithiSTMt zing the effects of atomic attack and there is
probably less popular moiety over the consequences of atonic bombing than
in major Western countries. To a certain extent, this approach may be
intended to ertnirize the possibility of panic caused by fear of the effects
of such an assault.
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2.12,91SDREL-n bOIMELgad4gawit%-.91 It ie koosm Ufa from 1924
through the immediate post4iorld War It period, OSOAVIAKhrts widely' dis-
seminated infornation regarling defense against ChenicalaAtack. The
train:lig:program for defense against chemical and air attack thoroughy
covered the various elenents of civil defense against cheftWlsexters.
Despite the subsequent reorganizations of OSGAVIAKhIll and its successors,
the same program has probably been retained. At least 3.5i minion Soviet
citizens, indlimMegmedical and other specialized personnel, renal:PRAY'
in urban areas, have been trained at same time sincellorli War II in
chemical warfare defense. This group, with a reinielue of re..training,
would provide an effective nucleus for the extension of civilian chemical
earfare defense training In the MM.
3. Soviet milital7 chemical defense equipment is believed to be
adequate; it is conventiaael in quality and design. It is retknonn?
however, to what erten?oviet civil organizations have been supplied
with this equipment, either for training for use in case otattack.. -
4- ahOmmalBELE191--ALWA: The vel-t-develoPed Soviet
research and development activities and emperience in control of natural
diseases of man, livestock, or crops create an existing capabilikr for
defense against .biological warfare (BW) attack of many kinds, since
diseases resulting fran BW are likely to differ only in degree, not in
type, from those of natural origin. This capability is increased by the
availdbility of professional and non-professional. personnel and by the
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apparont linking of a reported Anti-Epidemic Service in the Ministry of
Health with local civil defense plans. 4U:though there is no convincing
evidence that Soviet efforts to improve their central over Immo plant,
and eriewal diseases have been affected either in intensity or dir.ection
by fear of BW, it seems likely that their fight against diseases of what-
ever origin seust have been stimulated and acoelerated by their notorious
fear of sabotage.
5. Although the USSR has made propaganda claims that the Waste=
powers are using BW in Korea, there are no specific indications that
specific Bid training is curroetler underway. The USSR may regale' its
regular medical, veterinary, and plvtopathological modems sufficient
to take care of any BW emergency. Moreover, Soviet civil fes prepa,ra-
flow for defense against chemical warfare also are somewhat adapte.ble
to biological attack, especially the medical and decont,ion facilities.
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SEDIUDITY ITINIVATION
APPEND= D
4 ii:Wr 4 2" _ -VP.141-41?-%,
1. The ultimate effectiveatess of Soviet civil defenses in an
eminency wiLl largely depend, upon the capabilities or limitations of
the reeources at their disposal. These resourcee include the regular
public service agencies, each as health., transportation, firefighting,
police, corminications, construction, and others. The effectiveness
of Soviet. civil defense operation; will also be governed by the country's
economic production capacity, which any limit the supply of equipment
or emergency reserves. Other limitations are imposed by geography and
popular distribution and by the extent to which civil defense needs are
token into account in el*/ regionals, or industrial construction planning.
All of the above factors are apparently taken into account in the Soviet
civil defense pro= end plans for the integisted use of all available
resources in event of emergency* varloubtedly mist.
2. XellstsualtzglightUglaeastm. The highly developed police
services under the Ministry of State Secorlire (MG) foes a oentralieeds,
efficient military organization, whose enifoneed police are nonsally
responsible for law enforcement, regulation of order end public safety,
end protection of while and private property. In an emergency, these
forces would hnte extensive capabilities for enforcing laws, me.intaining
order, and Inaliing the population. The firefighting system, like the
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1WV00 Is part of the MVD. Although proper evidonent: is Often lacking,
orgapizatimaally the eystaa is efficient and would have ektensive cap-
abilities. for meeting wartiMe emergendy needs. The fact that both fire
fighting and MEND are part of the same administrative network provides
for close coordination of the two activities.
3. Me.gcligomm. The large and complex facilities of the?
Ministry of Health, which controls all aspects of medicine and sanitation
in the USSR0 are closely integrated with the HP70 systaa. Although the
quality of its hospitals drag lies, and medical personnel are in-
adequate and sometia even primitive by US standards, the Ministry of
Health has expanded remarkably in recent years, primarily in quantity 6k
personnel and facilities. While these facilities vary fron one locality
tO another, the USSR is 17 no means Impoveriehed of medical facilities,
as can be seen by CORIpariMin of nuabers of hospital beds in the TEM with
those in the US:
Dubber of Hospital Beds Available
CountrttePopulation Year ion-Psychiatric Psythiattic
USSR (1941 population 1941 661,431 beds 100,000 beds
about 200 millicn) 1950 0000 beds (est)
US. (1941 poseation 1948 732,021 beds 691,499 beds
about 140 minim)
In addition, in recent years school ho us suitable for anergency
cone-
version to hospitals have been built in locations which fit civil defense
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planning. Improvement of ambulance services- also has been stressed.
Although the USSR is short of well-qualified M.D. ta? it has' maw sub-
professional medical, personnel (feldshers) who are trained to part=
el Eatery diagnosis and treatizaent and ndnor surgery.
4. Most pharmaceuticals are kept in central supply depots and
distribution is controlled centrally. In case of war, priorities in
favor of military needs would probably lessen reserves available for
civilian defense purposes to such an extent as to make certain drugs un-
obtainable. Increasing production, however, indicates a more favomihle
pharmaceutical situation by 1954. With respect to blood plasma and blood
substitutes, although no stockpiling is evident, the USSR is known, from
its World War II experience, to have a large capacity for obtaining and
processing and distributing whole blood.
5. , Transpcataticmi4mEgs. In recent years, attempts have been
made to improve the inadequate Soviet vehicular facilities, in valtty
well as quantity. Driving is caressed as pert of civil defense training.?
Motorcycles and trucks have reportedly been made,a liable to MPV0 and
DOUAI', although to what extent the supp17 its ,the needs is not knoun.
The Civil iiir-Pleet of the USSR, which is normally loped in the !Demmer-
dial carriage of passengers end goods, also could /tam a part of civil
defense transportation. One of its servi ee is of particular value to
.outlying regions and disaster areas in serving medical needs.
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6. In in post-war years, the USSR has undertaken an.
egtensive stockpiling program, mith special attention to the eonstructi
of storage and maintenance facilities, including underground space (See
BIE-60, Part III). Although no 'stockpiles have been identified as being
speoifically set aside :for civil defense purposes, the following items of
importance to civil defense needs are known to beSubject to reserve/
materials fuels, tools, air defense and pa:nibs:Lir equipment, chemical
equipment, autoMdbiles and trucks, cOmmmications equipment, illuminating
end signal eupplies? sulphur, soda, miners]. oils, vaseline? iodine,
naphthalene, ether, rope, anti-friction compounds, beat Insulation mate?
rials, potash, asphalt; cement:, acids, gelatia?.waxpaper? and tarpaulins..
There are indications 'of static reserve6 of pharmaceuticals and medical
supplies.
7. Protective Construction. Present Shelter facilities in the
USSR consist primarily of those which remain from World War II. The
audible Wartellg systems and designations of shelter areas in large cities
have not been removed, but there is no evidence that these facilities are
being renovated or prepared for use. There are numerous reports, however,
of provision for Shelter facilities in new constructi . Dwelling con-
struction specifications in same areas, such as Stalingrad, include pro-
vision for shelters. Same new shelter areas are also being provided by
new structures and installations which can be used as auxiliary air-raid
shelters or which have be.. caastnictedlefth that as a secondary purpose.
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Auxiliary shelters include subways, railroad and other Ulnae's; mines,
cement bunkers, aqueducts and sewer pipes, cellars, and bridge abutments.
Tunnels dug recently in Moscow for subway expansion and for other vehicular
traffic were protekay built with civil defense needs in mind. Special
bombproof and gasproof Shelters reportedly exist for use of key govern-
ment officials in Moscow.
8. Evid-etly civil def e needs are taken into account Jumada of
the newconstrattion in the USSR. Construction agencies maintain close
liailunk with mil4tery organizations by regularly retaining def e spepial
'lets (prokaaym bers ofMTV0).. The duty of these specialists is to
monitor construction plans from the point of view of defense. Monitoring
.consists of prtyventIngp where possible, the concentration of industrial
plants and railway faciliti , In the planning of schools, the defense
specialist considers their possible use as ergency hospituls or berraCks.
H also tries to, insure the location of hospitals at the edges of towns
:and to prevent the use of geemetrical designs in parks or public areas.
9. Civil defense needs are probably also taken into account in
foviet,long range urban and regionalriumilme_ The develaprapplt of agree-
mente between regions for mutual aid end sharing of equipment in event of
energency is apparently cent lated. Unconfirmed reports also indicate
,the exist.sce of e plan for the esergetapy depentralisati of Soviet,
administration into regional sUbsectiond. In the event of the' loss of
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ear-MUM
communication with theoentral government, these sabsectiont !Could carry
on all necessary central direction of the ar . The fecal points or
these mibsections are probably the 'Union Republic councils of 'ministers
and ether existing local governm tei. In an cierg .cy the bodies would
asuans authority over 'oar industry and supply centers in their areas.
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