NEW POSSIBILITIES IN THE DOMAIN OF GREEN MANURE UTILIZATION

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00039R000100200009-0
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: R
• Document Page Count: 27
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: March 8, 2012
• Sequence Number: 9
• Content Type: REPORT

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tIESTRICTED
N POSSIBILITIES IN hE DOMAIN OF GREEN MANURE UTILIZATION
11_l addition to producing forage grasses (mostly clover
and alfalfa), the ability of legumes to fix nitrogen from the
atmosphere must also be utilized by growing them as green man-
uses. As such lupine is of the greatest importance for a good
growth of it can accumulate, by the time it is plowed under in
preparation for autumn grain sowing, about 160 ralograims of
nitrogen per hectare, that is, not less than are contained in
30 - 35 tons of man,.ire. It was estimated that in the European;
portion of the USSR alone, (in the fon--chernozen area) green
manure can be utilized yearly on an area of 2,5 million hectares
A wide field for utilization of green manures is also available
an Siberia, where fallow precedes sprang wheat, a nd hence a green
cover crop can be plowed under later than it. is done in prepara.
tion for au tame sowing. Within the sub-tropics, growing of
legumes as green manure is also achieving great importance.
Soring of legumes as green manure results in more rapid.
effect than the sowing of clover and alfalfa (see above). These
rn2 sure s must now be given especially great consideration in the
ref abilitataon of a. ricua_ture in regions devastated by the war so
as to raise soil fertility in spite of manure shortage,
The use of green manures was previously restricted mainly
to sandy soils, but now it should find the widest application, since
it substitutes for manure ? shortage in any soil even in the cherno z,em
belt, if used from autumn on in preparation for spring grain)
But in this we encounter the obstacle of seed shortage
In coinbatng this evil, selection of the plant acquires
s
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great significance, arid preference must be given to legumes
producing sr sesince they require less seed per hec-
tare and provide better opportunity for sowing the nitrogen-
gathering plants in adndxture with other crops, thereby ob-
viating the necessity of allocating a separate field to there
in the spring (they are sowed together with a grain crop)6
Unfortunately, >>p to now, we have grown mostly- narrow-
leaf lupine, which produces large seeds, This makes it neces-
sary to raise the a 'ount of aced used to 160- 200 kilograms
per hectare, 1rGrhich is expended to obtain only one mows ng of
green plants, so that the expenditure must be repeated each
year, Joreover, north oi' L oscow, where the seeds of this lupine
do not ripen, there arises the necessity of meeting further costs
and providing organizati onal measures in connection with she
transportation of seeds,
Therefore it is also necessary, without giving up
development of seed production of the annual lupine, to
utilize the perennial lupine having small seeds in the pro
ciuct'L"n of wiiicji the ratio between the amount of seed and that
of green plant ? teriai obtainable therefrom is 35 to 45 times
more advantageous tlian in the case of the annual lupine. In
the case of the former, one hectare requires about six times
less seed (30 kilo;rams per hectare), whale the period of hay
f1o~Tin gs is about 6 to t3 times longer (sometimes even 10 times) 0
In addition perennial lupine can yield in one summer from two
G
(near eningrad) to three (near Chern?gov) hay harvests, so that
the above-referred to ratio in the case of perennial lupine is
found to be about 100 times more advantageous than that attained
in the case of the annual lupine.
ESTB1CTEiJ
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aES1RiCTE%
Naturally the first year of growth of perennial lupine,
the same a in the case of clover, is not a period. of utilization
s
. ? ~
S the spring g it develops only a leaf cluster, while the bloom,
,.~~vTi. in the
r very early oney appears only on the second year, but despite
~.
this rabl~;~~ of seed su~> ~~c~~ be solved more read, i~ a
is , ?F the p ,.,....,.....,
in1ess : ~, .-'y } ' 1s the oerennia:i lupine, esec~.ai.1.y s~.nce its
_.~ ._
r u ior1 f'ac or is much higher than that of the annual lupine
o sat ---_*------ --~
~ ding to data of the Volokamsk Experimental Station, lupine,
.-~ccor
when ~en sower in v~ride rows and hoed, can be planted at a rate of 4
k' 17 nos of seed per hectare and will yield a crop of
centners, ioe, the propagation factor may reach values
4 to 9
o.C b he order o? 100 (and even 200) , oreove r, its first year
vTrth can be greatly reduced :in its vegettve plod, since
of ro
it i_s possible, even near Leningrad, to sow this lupine not only
in the Spring but also in Julys Furthermore, since its seeds can
be harvested before winter grain, it is entirely feasable, for
instance in southern Belorussia, to sow seeds harvested durum
the same year. in so doing not a single summer is wasted in px'e-
same ye
raration for a lupine hay stand of the following year, and expan-
si.on of acreage cropped to lupine can be accelerated. Also in
the case of this lupine, it is possible to combine seed ha west
as fertilizerby reaping with
hla ,crial utilia~tic;n as _~.
wry.t
sickles the tall flower-bearing stems, extending; high above
the leaves within that portion of the field where seed is harvested,
this is done in July in the; North and June in the South), after
which the plants are mowed grid transferred to the field which is
to be fertilizedo
Since perennial lupine yielas matured seeds as for
earth as rkkangel'sk,,2seed production is possible every-
1 ES TRIO TEO
rh!i ~, 4'G3hwr&'xln hzijA .m Sr, ~at~
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where A
~~S7RIGTEQ
In adda_tion to being a source of seed and of ,,teen plant
material, perennial lupine. can constitute an important soil' ink
provem.ent agent in poor northern areas, Not only a 7 - S year
j:per. iod of growi-ng lupine as a green fallow crop, but even one
of 3 years dur~ab n, substantially increase land fertility, Thus,
at tii.e Sudogodak Experinnental. Field, a sector that had previously
been abandoned because of low fertii.ity, was made to produce for
2~rea.rs lupine crops for use as Teri::i.l zer and therea.ft;er ;gave
a 222 centner yteid of potatoes, In tlt.s instance no additional
fertilizers vrere used. If, however, around phosphate rock and
;potassium salt are applied, then by means ofjerennial lupine,
reclamation can be attained not only of fare areas of podsoli zed
soils (heather barrens J but also o poor sand-~ soils, of which
we have such vast areas, fro the Usand seas' which covers an ex-
tensive region in the north (shenkur.sl~layon) do;Vn to the famous
Aleshkin sands in the soutl-i, By 5tabilizin the l.atterl with
lupine, about 200, 000 hectares of vineyards could be established,
and their fertility sustained by inter-row cultivation of the
same lupine fimila.rly to what is done abroad where they grow
pines in conjunction with lupine on poor sandy soils,
While we are short of perennial lupine seed, its main
u.tilizatioshoul..d be restricted. to cultivatior on adjacent
plots outside the rotation system, as a source of seed and green
plant material as fertilizer for the nearby fields, But when more
seed becomes available, growing of lupine as part of the rotation
system can be adopted, with one-time utilization by plowing under
Lst tIICT
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the lupine fallow during the blooming pe: iod as a fertilizer
for winter rye, the lupine being so'rn i.r the spring of the fore-
going' season under the oats preceding the fallowp This procedure
was successfully t sited at the Sudogodsk Ezperimental Field
CIvanova Oblast 1), In the Northeast, according to results ob--
S
tamed at the olikamsk Experimental station, it is not always
results Thus, in experiments conducted over a three-year period
successful, but west of the Moscow I.eridi,an it produces very good
by agronomist Kondratov in Smolensk Oblast ', yields of ~r on
perennial lupine i~rere higher than with Zia tons of manure, and
approximated those attained with 36 tons a In addition a sub-
stantial after effect vras observed on potatoe .hicb followed
the n rC
These are the average figures for the k:bree Near period
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Winter Rye Potatoes (Aftereffect)
(contners/hectare ) (cent ners/hec tare )
Control' b
Perennial Lupine
~'anure (36 tone)
;inure (iE tons)
l5o0
176.8
15.9
16S.3
12.3
151,6
Even more beneficial results were ol:~tanecl at the Ural
Zonal 'Station (Molotov Oblast t ) where the effect of lupine was
considerable even on the third crop (in centners per hectare);
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Cont:CUi
o '-)
ti. n J I-,
i~;,.lle rleX ppresent i ' irltefSiVe production Uf
t , problem at lupine seed,
To yi'er.~ L.b I i:.A~IE p1"OpCi ~~,h'a,, aG-'d
pe7,~~;rt~a.al.
~.l pio bs in Jl.z:land is uS b 19/ in the North
ctrl. i ec~c,c~. on ,~ra~ , .a~
~1{~ ~r t~y- 1~ , i { C, -.+ 1 ) CGJu`~~ in ~4lltY~;lS'b
(~_V ano~~ f) ~ xiU scow ~ 7
1rrryC~ .i)aJ~.lll(?(,~ t'Ca.b b7.1C1'~:
or September in the l:ubal' region a ,.
new crop of seed (100 -- fold or higher or soVring t, . 5
ki1o;rams in ride roars) in ti..ie early sun~a1Lcr of 1945, and by
~ ?u" i 1 second hio som.' ..rid fruit fUr'run t:i.~r! crpeC'Le(l in
n 1)
S ;Men aH y as 19/,.6 the original supply oC seed
"bi'~e Ull.~b.l.. ~.
the nox~~i:1 could ire increa;ccl 10,000 t7.f1 S (or by
;hipped frCJSIl
one m:l.:l.l.ion ta.ncj, ,~ro ^C 'b0 provide seed in :L LI'~.b 17rior7.yr
rs ..
ft r areas dCj 7rived of livestock durirac; the war ;7e:: iod, C.I.ia tbre e-
t , replace in obher areas as vreil., t r~urifg o fallow,
by lupine, and to use the n raurC for f'er b:Liizr~ta.oli of potatoes
and of other crops,
(Actually this plan wa;s somewhat disrupted by the ex-
tremely ~ dry ing in the south during the autuirn of
weather prevailing
?~ M
1944. The lupine ixzate, and ?~c~rn~.rAatio1~ of the ovred
ci~a not ~e~"m
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lupine 'occured to an appreciable extent only in the spring of
175. Hence no early seed crop was obtained during that year,
In addition to further steps in this direction one must, of
course, develop by all means the production of perennial lupine
seed locally in the northern areas, As an example of successfu
solution of this problem, there can be cited the case of
the
Semenovskiy Rayon of Gor 'kiy Oblast 1.)
It mush be pointed out that introduction o?' lupine culti-
vation on fallow fields throughout the entire Non-Chernozer
a
area may also solve another very important problem; it greatly
facilitates the labor-consun irrg operation of manuring. The fact
is that if lupine (in con junction with phosphates and
potassium
salts) here to fully replace manure, on more distant fields of the
holdings, the manure would need to be used only on
. nearby fields
(primarily for vegetables, but also for cereal
grains), and if
the average distance over which manure must be carted be decreased
only one half, it becomes readily apparent what fuel cost
savings
would be attained in the performance of this laborious orperatican,
..of course lup:Lrre fallow is suitable primarily for sufficiently humid
areas, but the turning under of mowed lupine grown on an i outside
area will not produce the same drying_out effect obtained from
growing the lupine on the field where it is plowed under.
(According to data of the Sudogodsk Experirrrenta S
]. ~tation,
it is necessary to replow the land after turning under the lupine
fallow crop to prevent weed growth in the autumn sawn crop.)
In the future rich sources of perennjal lupine seed? may
be found among timbering areas where pines are grown on sand
Experience in the west has demonstrated quite clearl
r that
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dESTRICThU
inter-row growing of lupine for
5 -
6 years without any addi-
tional care is a good method of promoting tree growth (thus a
20 year-old pine tree attains the size of a 30 year-old one groom
without the use of lupine), while the annual seed harvest derived
from such inter--rows of lupine on young plantations is an addi-
tional source of income for the forestry enterprise, as well as
an important source of supply of lupine seed for agriculture.
Besides the perennial lupine there are, of course, other
nitrogen collecting plants having small seeds, but none of them
can be utilized as widely in the northern half' of our plain 0
Serradilla, for example 'if~en planted in rows, requires as little
as 30 kilograms of seed (if the seed is scattered 45 - 50 kilo-
;rams are needed) . It can be sown with grain crops and yields
in the au.tunn a good mowing of green plant growth suitable for
use as feed and as fertilizer. chile this can be successfully
:practiced in the Gherrigov region and in Belorussia, even in the
vicinity of lVioscovr the autumn season is too short to permit u.tili-
zation of serradilla after the grain crop with which it had 'been
sown has been harvested. However, serradilla should be given due
cons:i.deration within a very vd.de area, and it affords substantial
advantages in rapid growth. Thus, wi erz sovn with cereal crops, it
can be mowed in the autumn (and the remainder plowed under as
fertilizer), while clover and perennial lupine can be mowed only
in the followa.ng year.
According to computations of Ye,.. ; K. Alekseyev, within
Poles?ye and southern Belorussia there are approximately ley
nalJ.ion hectares where 'serradila:a could be utilized (incJ.udin;
~ESraecr~~
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ft,~
Y?N
'k lM1.
U
TEn
sowing in conjunction with grains). Still larger areas within which
growing of serradilla, in one manner or another, is possible are
located between Belorussia and the southern portion of Gor!kiy
Oblast ? . There is no point of estimating their size, however, at
present, since there a. ~ is a huge discrepanc between the required
amount of seed and the quantity available. It is. important to in-
crease this quantity, but here we can see the difference between
annual plants, the growing of which as green manure conflicts with
growing for seed production, and the perennial l.upinek which is
adapted to give a seed harvest and still yield a crop of green
plant growth for use as fertilizer.
Among the other small-seed annual legumes suitable for
sowing with grain crops the following may be of interest: hop-
like alfalfa frequently grown in Germany; crimson clover which is
found growing in 'rance and Switzerland, and the annual variety
of sweet clover developed in the United States. These plants have
been tried in this country to a lesser extent than lupine and
serradilla. We should obtain, however, more seed than has been
possible hitherto, in order to test them on a large scale.
The fact that we are stressing the great importance of
perennial lupine and serradilla does not mean that annual lupine
is not worthy of our attention. It still retains its signifi-
cance and possesses' certain advantageous features which are lack-
ing in perennial lupine, Thus annual lupine can be sown on har-
vested rye fields in southern Belorussia and in he Sherrigov area,
it is also of interest as a seedcrop legume, especially the "sweet~i
lupine which yields valuable nutritive feed. At the same time root
residues remaining after the lupine seed crop has been harvested
1fl
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e rmist point out that it is entirely` inadequate for such
a large country as ours, to have available but one\ western lo-
cated source of lupine and serradilia seeds We must create new
sources in the central portion and in the eastern part of the
country. As such, we believe to be suitable primarily for such
a, purpose the huge area of sandy soils extending southward from
Murom along the right bank of the Oka and the Tsna to Mor.,shansk
and Tambov. Here can be found conditions suitable for the pro-
duction of seeds of not only the blue (narrow lean) lupine, but
also of yellow lupine; from here seed could be supplied to the
northern areas where the seeds do not mature and also the e
treme southt where seed is needed for winter sowing of lupine to
be used as fertilizer, but where it is not war thwh],le to tie up.
valuable land for seed production. Then it is possible that
large amounts of lupine seed would become readily available where
their production on a large scale is found advantageous by
farming communities. An example of such advantageous production
may be found in Earring areas in sandy soil regions, provided it
is based on the tb.ree pillars of lupine, potatoes and hogs
1 had occasion to observe abroad in 192n/ fare ng prac-
tices in sandy soil areas, where hogs were fed on a large scale
exclusively on potatoes and lupine; but in those days lupine
seed had to be steamed and soaked to remove its bitter taste,
while now with trswee't14 lupine, available and serving as a valuable
source of proteins in feeding young pigs this tedious operation
~ ~beera elirr .nated. At the ,same time Lhese two plants (lupine
has
and pota, o) form a very. good combination 1n rotation, since
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si.dered as sonic sort oi' oddity, which has to be disposed of else-
where; it must acquire a local importance as a product; then. it
will be always possible to increase its production for sowing
purposes, accepting it within certain lints in lieu of rye. Un-
fortunately outside of Belorussia this has not taken place up to
now. For example, the Sudogodsk Station could not promote or-
dinary lupine grown for seed in local farming cou nunities of
Ivanov Oblast '; only the sweet lupine attracted. the interest of
collective farm members.
lupine harvested for seed leaves in the soil no less nitrogen than
lupine turned under in bloom (this was ascertained by prior experi-
ments of Kudrin), and, if farming practices also utilize lupine
straw, the total amount of nitrogen put to use excluding the seed,
is greater than that obtained on plowing tinder the lupine while
in blossom, Incidentally, tests at the Sudogorsk Experimental
Field have shown that the'straw of sweet lupine, when cut--up
and treated with boiling water, is readily eaten by livestock.
Since in the vicinity of Tambov and Yoronezh, rye can follow early
potatoes, it is conceivable that on humous, riverside sands the
following intensive four-course system is possible: lupine to
yield a seed crop, potatoes, rye and serradiLLa (to be mowed after
the rye harvest), and spring grain. But individual cases may
~,/
vary What is important is that lupine seed must cease being con-
Let us consider other entirely novel possibilities of green
manure utilization in Central Asia, where conditions have undergone
drastic changes during the war. On the one hand cotton growing
has been deprived of nitrogen fertilizers\ which played the prin-
cipal part in the cotton yield increases, so that yields dropped
ESTfflff'
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sharply reverting to 1930 levels; on the other hand, in 1943
there became apparent unprecedented possibilities for a wide
utilization. of green manures due to substantial alterations
the rotation system. Up to then, farming was surfeited with
o.f
cotton, ' growing of grains on irrigated areas was not permitted at
all. Hence farrns were deprived of straw, and without straw no
means were availab7.e for absorbing liquid excretions of cattle,
which contain all the nitrogen of the digested portion of al-
falfa hay. Therefore there was little manure and it was poor
in nitrogen. Hence the huge demand for mineral nitrogen and
its shortage in cotton growing during the war.
In addition, under the then-prevailing rotation system
in irrigated areas, no use could be made of autumn sown nitrogen
collecting crops. The system of sowing cotton in succession
to cotton for six consecutive years precluded utilization of
this procedure, since cotton occupied the land until December,
when it is too late to sow winter peas, while attempts to sow
peas between rows before cotton harvest time were not successful.
But since 1943, of the 900,000 hectares of irrigated land in
Uzbekistan previously cropped exclusively to cotton, 300,000
hectares were allocated to grain crops and sugar beets, thus
making possible the modest utilization of autumn--sown nitrogen
collecting crops. Since not only grains but sugar beets as
well are harvested much earlier than cotton.
(Partial harvesting of the beet crop must begin on
August 15, since at that time the sugar content of beets planted
in March reaches 17 percent, and it is mulch more advantageous to
put the mij.ls in operation earlier than to process later on in
9arch beets of 10 - 12 percent sugar? content because beets in
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 ~ESTA1~
the south stand storage less well than in the Ukraine.
But the most extensive field for utilization of autumn--
sown nitrogen collecting crops develops on the area vacated by
grain crops. In the case of winter grains it is possible to visual-
ize the attainment of a three--stage sowing and to effect autumn
planting of legumes as the third sowing of the season. Since har-
vesting of winter barley begins around Samarkand about June 1st
and in Tadzhikistan and Turkmeniya in the middle of May, it is
possible t.o have another harvest of a food crop (potatoes, early
varieties of dzhugora, etc , ) and still make passible a sowing of
winter peas in September or October depending on the latitude.
The winter-grain crop can also be sowed together with Persian c1o--
ver and use its summer mowing either as hay or green fodder,
(whicii would yield additional amounts of milk, which is so badly
needed in Central Asian towns) and carry the second stand through
the winter to be plowed under in the spring as a green manure for
cotton. Finally, there are data (Ge1ltser) showing that certain
varieties of peas, if irrigated after grain harvest, continue to
..L
grow and yield again a stand of green plants; thj.s it is possible
to sow in early June peas as a seed crop, leaving the harvest
residues to serve as a fertilizer for cotton through subsequent
plowing under in October - November or in the spring,
L
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Concerning the effectiveness of green manures under
Central Asian conditions, we can cite the results obtained by
Academician Ye. K. Alekseyev near Samarka>7d in 1942. He at-
tamed a doubled yield of beets (384 centners as compared with
182 centners of control) through having peas plowed under as a
fertilizer. In Kazakhstan there were obLai.rmed increases in the
flSTRCTEk)'
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13-
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flESTRtCI E
yield of beets amounting to 140 160 centners due to after
harvest green manures (Zubrilin), (lie do not make reference here
to ;previous experiments in which the green manure crop was sown
in the spring in lieu of cotton; at present only after-harvest
growing and concurrent growing of nitrogen fixing crops are of
interest,) Analogous effect must be produced on cotton by
green manure. The question of the special importance of wide
utilization of autumn-sown nitrogen fixing crops in Central
Asia during the war was raised by me in the sprang of 1943 so
as to allow time for obtaining seeds from the United States.
We were unable to secure these seeds by the autumn of 1943,
but in 19/4 a shipment of 4 thousand tons of winter peas and
other nitrogen fixing plants was received, which were used for
propagation. if by so doing, the supply of these seeds is raised
to 30 ?- 45 thousand tons, this amount, would be sufficient to cover
an area of 200 - 300 thousand hectares, which would constitute an
important factor in raising cotton yields in Uzbekistan.
While my suggestion, made in 1943, relative to the sowing
of nitrogen gathering crops following the harvesting of grains
and beets was limited, in spite of the importance of this m.eas-
ureb to only one out of six fields of cotton, encountered in the
usual rotation systems, as early as 1944 1 raised another question,
namely; would it be possible not to limit this procedure to a
single application, but to find means for utilizing it repeatedly'?
In this connection there appeared the possibility of a' wining
even a 100 percent saturation of the cotton-growing area with
nitrogen fixing crops without decreasing the planting of cotton.
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Es?cP1CiE
reason for bringing up this question is to be found
.fhe
in certain data relative to cottof growing in Eg;jpt. Experience
gained in Egypt nnot, of course, be. applied directly to the
. ca
entire cotton belt, but on due consideration there might be
certain problems which should be studied by
derived therefrom
our own researchers,
The basic problem which interested me is the foLLowing;
In some portions of Eg rpt, especially in the delta of the Nile,
~~
there is practiced the repeated sowing of cotton on the same areas,
cannot be designated as a single crop method because
and yet this
in between the consecutive cotton crops the land is cropped to
4~andria clover which produces several. mowings during the
~~le,~
uvinter period; the last of which is not utilized as hay, but
is plowed under as green manure . The acreage under this clover
in Eg~. )t is about 520 thousand hectares, while cotton occupies
770 thousand hectares, i.e, practically all the cotton is planted
in succession to clover. In pa b there is also cultivated
on the same dual rotation system, another pair of crops,
there,
rarely corn and ,^rheat, but from our standpoint what is import--
rn
ant is the fact that as a ?ule cotton is sown over plowed-,under
clover, which is its main source of nitrogen.
Could we not adopt some similar method in our country'?
Would it not be possible to obtain at least one legume crop
between two sowings of cotton? Flitherto it apl,)eared tl:Lat this
could not be done, since experiments in which winter peas were
grown with cotton did not yield satisfactory results ? however,
we should not give up and consider the problem as being settled;
we must test different nitrogen fixing plants, different methods,
Es*ctuciE9i
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and times of sowing. That a transition is attainable by such
means is apparent from the publications of V. C. Petrov (see
Sov]oye wproizvodstvo, 1944, No 7) concerning the planting of
winter Mith. cotton, which previously also did not produce
good results, but now, according to data presented in the above-
referred-to publication, the problem could be solved satisfactory
ily, if the proper variety (one of the Cxraecum species) were to
be u~~ red, and the he time of sowing changed. The wheat is sower
bet'Neen cotton rows fairly early - in August,
k,
This leadsnto believe that~mong the numerous varieties
constituting the genus of legumes, there con be found annual
species adapted for sowing in conjunction with cotton. l~hereas
Alexandrian clover may be suitable only in Tadzhikistan and
hrkmeniya, in TJzbekistan we must consider, for instance, fenugreek
(Trigonella foenum raecum ) which is grown successfully as a
feed crop in Azerbajdzb,n, where it is called "sharnbola". The
i
growing of this crop is centered in the Nakhichevan' Kray, where
it occupies a fairly prominent position among field crops. The
literature contains but little information on the technical as-.
pects of growing this plant, but we do find the following character-.
istic statement in the article by Surpukhova (V, iJ. Serpuitova.
Fenugreek (Shambola ) ", hasteniyevodstrov SSSR, 1933, Vir Press.
Volume I'I, Pages 457 -476): " , . , due to its very short vegeta-
tive period it can be utilized in intensified rotation systems as
a forage and green-manure after-harvest crop, and is a good
crop for planting immediately before valuable industrial crops
(cotton, tobacco). In France shaanbola is occasionally groom as
an after-harvest, auturnn-sour crop.'
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Obviously, it is of into rest to test this plant in Cen-
tral Asia by growing it together witii cotton as well as an after--
harvest crop.
`g'len there is of possible interest the crimson clover
sown :in South Europe in admixture with winter rye to yield the
ver,,r earliest Feed crop in the spring. Persian clover must be
tested not just as "a clover't but in all its different varieties
found in ;Iran ai?.d.. i ghan Ls tan; there shou;Ld also be tested other
annual varieties of legumes available at botanical gardens (here
and abroad) or growing wild.
In.troductior:~ of n:i.tro;en fixing plants of this type is a
very important measure of substituting for shortages in nitro-
,den fertilizers and manure, and this means is free of certain
shortcomings inherent in manure, vich are. especially prominent
in Central Asia. It provides for imparting to the soil all of
the fertilizer nitrogen without any losses, and in addition ob-
viates transportation. It i.s manure growing on the very field
which requires fertilizer; and it does not need bedding to pro-
duce the fertilizer.
If a legume could be found which could be grown with cotton
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~,y _Y, CT. Petrov 's method, then this procedure could be carried
out s;ystematically, ensuring good yields of cotton even when
iitincral nitrogen fertilizers are temporarily not available.
:Let us assume (to simplify the presentation) that fenugreek is
sucl.~. a nitrogen fixing plant; then the hypothetic rotation system
assumes the fo1iowinr; form, (1) barley and alfalfa; (2) alfalfa
(3) alfalfa; (4) and (5) cotton plus fenugreek; (6) cotton 4
winter grain; (7) winter grain -' summer after-harvest crops
fenugreek; (8) and (q) cotton. fenugreek.
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:Et may be assumed that five sowings of funugreek and
three years of alfalfa, even on taking into account only its
root residues, should supply a sufficient amount of nitrogen
to five cotton crops. One r~'ay o even further in this assump-
tion and suppose teat the nomination of cotton - fenug::reek
can be repeated vrithout harm no':, only for two consecutive years,
but even longer. This would make it possible to increase the
percentage of acreage under cotton without decrEasin its yields;
but to do so, c>pe must have at hand such a nitrogen .Cherie
ler;urne (vfi.ether it be fenugreek, crimson clover, or Alexandrian
clover) which could be successfulsorn in the autumf cn the
cctton_ fieids and which would accumulate bycrin up to 100
rial?
kilagp.... of ni tz?a erg i.n the ~reezr~ plant mate
The more successfully this problem is solved the better
wil:i. we be insured a airist decreases of cotton crop yields at
tunes when there is a shortage of m;_neral feat:i.iizers. But not
only ~vhcn there is a si' orta.ge of mineral fertilizers but later
on as well, when there would be plenty of mineral fertilizers
we must still retain tl:re ~fro~~ri n~ af' riitro~en f~ x:~n~~ winter crops,
the more so, since they can be used not only as green manures
but also as cattle fodder durii the wintery especially for
driiry cattle, the number of which in Central Asia must be in-
creased, and which are in such a need of protein feed. In en-
oral, by means of winter crops (grain, feed and nitrogen fixing)
we can utilize additional sunJ..igh't energy, which in Central Asia
is fairlr well supplied, not only during autumn, but also in the
spring (prior to sowing of cotton), but which can be utilized only
by those plants which have developed during the autumn season
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cj:
their assirnllative parts . Hence;, we should not.. in. general a]-law
during the _winter. (Naturally in
our fields to reli n unso
order to obt e response to the propounded questicobtain a def.~n' ~.t ~
addibiona.l experimental dy is necessary. But a satisfactory
'study
b at the same time, work in this
solution v~rou].d be most clesira, ]~e ,
,tiv~e that it should attract attention
direction is so re~lnera
of Central Asian researchers . )
casus conditions for winter legume crops
In tree Tranacan
are more ropitious . 7~,iitr~in the humid
~:xoWm as fertiliZexs aic even p
occur during wintex?, whereas they are cormnon
subtropics no frosts
inUzbe~~istan. 1, or ear p . ,
casionallyin J., m ]-e even though at Sul>hurni it so W5 oc--
the sr7or melts se rapidly that it does nJanuary r
harm to the roses in bloom.. Also within there areas precipa.tation
high to make irrigation unnecessary. Up to OW
is sufficiently
the south was confined primarily to
the use of ~^een ma,r,,u~^es in t
tea and citrons fruit plantations but at present attenta.ofl has
been ca:tJ.ed to it in connection with extensive corn fields which
remain bare from Sep
ten~ber or October until early in It~ay (lcul-zhinskiy), although tr~~e,x tr could produce during this period from
50 to 100 tons of green plant material per hectare, especially
abed wbh ground phosphate rock and potassium
if they are are
salts, \th good yields, it is entirely possible to use a por-
tion Lion of the plant material as cattle feed and obtain a good yield
the. ren~ainder. It is also passible to
of earn by plowing under
valuable food crap by harvesting the
produce in the spring a
green pads of early peas and ploWLflg under the remaining vines
or using them as ? a feed. In addition to winter peas consider
anon shou seed legumes requiring ng less seed
~.d be given to small
hES1
~JJ 1
:9} -
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as the annual clovers : crimson, Persian and
in sovra.rag such
Alexandriana (Under these conditions it is entirely possible
bavex~ef ex?ro~ to Egyptian rotation system
to utxl.ize the a
gathering crops during the winter and corn
emplaying n~traen
in the surr>rne x .) The acid soil of the Transcancasue, unlike
the carbonate soils of Central Asia, make possible culti~~~atic~n of serrad:i.l.la and lupine ne while the perennial lupine his here
erosion preventive cover crop on steep
also its uses as an
slopes between the terraces of tea and citrous fruit planta-
tiaras.
In addition to the production of green plant material as.
feed and ferta.a_izer, winter crops of nitrogen gathering plants
~.+re a Very important mean. of prey: ntinf; soil erosion in areas
scancasus) where the annual precipitabin reaches
(in the I'a. an
2000 mni1iimeters .
_g.rowing areas can supply their owra needs for seed,
oxn~,
merits'or lupine, serradilla and pea seed for
but the require
citrous fruit plantations must be met by im-
sowing on tea and
ie north so as to avoid tying up valuable land
portation from ti
V~i
,~,.11Ci.1 Ctrl ,,. )used or the r)rodu.ction of southern crops, )C r-,ough Legume seed reserves can be increased to
Even ~ ; ~
s ainifg them from abroad to meet future years
start vr:a.?t}, by obt ~
st forthwith resort to a number of coordinated
req.uix cements ire mu
measures for developnrent of new areas for the production of
the .
seed of valuable nitro~.ger1 .fiDin, plants which will assist us
V~l.ucl
uuture in the north, in sustaining grain and
in expanding agza.c
he Central areas, and, within the subtropics,
potato production in ? ~
ensuring good ' elds of such important industrial and food crops
~
t
SifT
-20-
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,sir
::R~M1 ~ ?r
t
as cotton, tea and ci:trous fruits
In the subtropics the mild climate is favorable to the
growing of nitrogen fixing legumes in conjunction with other
crops; in Siberia, on the other hand, there exist conditions
favoring ~vLc1e uti.]..azation of green manures, namely; avail-
ability of fallow preceding spring wheat. `t'here are also
encountered. difficulties in transportation of manure frequent-
ly caused by the remote location of fields from the homestead
and by the hilly nature of the terrain, especially in Eastern
Siberia. Insofar as selection of green manure crops is con-
cerned the conditions which hinder wider utilization of annual
lupine in the northern portion of European USSR and induce its
replacement by the perennial lupine are the very conditions
v'rhich prevail on a wader scale in Siberia e They include, among
others, the possibility of growing the seed locally and greater
ease of seed transportation. Of course, in Altay and inusinsk
krays the annual lupine can also be grown for seed production
but there is also the fact that 30 kilograms of seed are suffi-
cient in lieu of 180 - 200 ki.:Logratris to effect the sowing may
be the determining factor. h many instances sweet clover will
be found to be useful, since, while unsuited on acid ,soils, it
is better adapted than lupine for solonetz 50?14 and weakly
alkaline soils and may be thus used \ ?th spring-sown grains and.
plovred under the next year as a fallow crop (the fear that
sweet clover will become a weed is unfounded; all that is nec~
essary is to prevent seed formation).
Thus, under most diverse climatic and soil cond.t:7_ons
there is a possibility of utilizing green manures as a means
fix, - ; s' .j;.
.. 2l w
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~41
lEO
of making it possible to introduce rapidly into the agricultural
cycle a huge amount of nitrogen, thereby enhancing yield in-
creases of grain and a number of industrial crops while awaiting
restoration and expansion of clover rov+ Lng areas and rehabili-
tation of animal husbandry. But it must be borne in mind that
under clover reaches 25 percent of the otal
even when acreage
cultivated area within the podsolic belt there still would be
no sense in giving up using green manures for autumn-sown grains,
for they make it possible to use manure obtained from clover feed
as a fertilizer for potatoes, sugar beets, hemp, tobacco and other
valuable crops.
Among sources of nitrogen we must also ni ntion the nec-
essity of making wider use of city" refuse nitrogen and of peat
nitrogen.
The total nitrogen content of human excreta for an
anticipated 230 million population of our union may be assumed
to equal 1100 thousand tons o Triis would constitute a very size-
able item exceeding several times the output of our pre-war
nitrogen industry, if these residues were not so difficult to
collect, In cities they flow into sewers, in rural areas they
are scattered to a considerable extent haphazardly. It is very
difficult to say what portion of them could be utilized in the
future m It is clear, however, that with a general shortage of
fertilizers, one may not ignore the vast possibilities afforded
by this source of nitrogen, especially utilized in conjunction
with peat. Expansion of the method for producing peat--fecal
composts in inhabited locations deprived of sewers is import-
ant not only from the standpoint of nitrogen conservation but
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aEST atciE0
tinre11 ~ Ihere peat is not. available,
from a sanitary one. as
combined with earth to make cnmpos?t~?
excrements should be As ~.
of cad. matter utilization for agricultura
(As a. goad example a.~ fe them
solving the problem of removing,
needs, while at the same time
n cite the f ol:tang in?tance, taking
from populated areas we ca
Central Asia. The .1.nca? ~Uel~.~ctive
place in one small to1!~~of . ~, when
cen the maintenance of city toilets,
farmer. s have undertaken
and trans-w' th refuse, they dig a` new one nearby
the pit IS x.i.~~_ed ~
fer to it the s ,with earth,
uperstructure? The old pit is filled
bed for several months after which
..This compost is left und!StUr
essare carted to the fields.)
the contents, now comp~.etelV odorl ,A method to be preferred over ..that of making a compost.
a procedure which results not only
producing a bul~~ y mate r~.al ~.
in sterilization of the excreta but also in the production of a
in nitrogen and containing an appreM'
valuable car~centrate rich ' ~
s = it consists in chlorination of fEcad.
ciable amount of phosphor s
an a plate drier (S. p. Gusev, (D.
material followed by dr~~.ng
is method is applicable only in those
sert~ a~ n) ? However, th .
casts are not included entirely in the
instancES where fuel
price of the poudrette but are in part defrayed by the city
refuse sterilization ,and disposal).
(as an item elating to
conditions under; which poudrette produc-
There exists hotivevex
of solar heat, This can be done
tioz:, can be effected by means
for example in ntralAsis, where,, as a ruse, ta~1ns do not have a
Ce
? '
sewers, while clL ons render certain the lack of
at1c cond~.ta
nation from the sun tbrotia,ghout the
ra:i.ns and strong therma]. Erna
Production of ammonium sulfate
may be six-month summer period. ,
considered -poss. fluid material from public toilets were
' ?
possible if
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?&ESI' aICT E
to be collected as a shallow layer in flat reservoirs, pro-
vided with a black colored bottom., into which there also would
be discharged acid wastes (for instaxlce, su1:L'uric acid from
scouring shops of cotton processing plants or bisulfate), and
the concentrated solution then passed into tanks shielded from
the sun to permit armnonium sulfate to crystallize. In the same
manner solar heat could be used in the production of poudrettes
from ordinary mixtures of excreta when these are first subjected
to a chlorination process. Thus several results would be at-
tained simultaneously; - conservation of ammonia, sterilization,
and elimination of objectionable odors. But where chemical
means are not available the Central Asian sun makes it possible
to use a number of procedures for partial or complete utiliza-
tion of fecal mass with better results than those attainable
anywhere else. (These include in the first place separate
collection of liquid and solid excrements so that only the
forum are discharged into a pit while the latter are permitted
to dry unadmixed with any other material. A more complete
utilization of both is possible by substituting for pats above-
ground devices providing for continuous addition to the excreta
of loose soil which is very well adapted for fine comminution,
thus making possible a considerable decrease in the amount of
inert material to be added. (B. Ya. Gurov),
,a
L
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Insofar as peat is concerned,, in additioir to its use as
bed rig to increase the quality of manure, while also increasing
its bulk, it is also of importance in ttie pr?e rat, ion of
flC?. . ,
composts containing :r'ious substances other than feces, hike
manure liquor, bird-droppings , weeds, slops (iii' not completely
utilized in feed) with addition of ashes, especially if acidic
peat, pond silt, paid so forth are being useda
In preparing peat. fece,J fertilizers, the nitrogen cone-
tamed in the peat is :i.nclun.ed? At tunes peat as such is used
as fe:rti..lizer, But its should be mentionl drat peat nitrogen
cannot be 51rriply nlech :nica.Jly added to the nitrogen of :fecal
masses, since peat nitrogen is much less readily mineralized,
Hence, it is harday ~Yorth~rhile to compute the amount of pti at
nitrogen that can roe cas silrtiiLa1 Clod, ai., though it can be assumed,
a1)%2O1L.!-ll!d Ie Ly, L./naL } V1i.e com .. ned 4t5e of peat and feca.J., 1nater~ -
a.],s we can prOV?CiC easil, an additional amount o:I' about 500
t~lousar)d tons of readily utilizable n~ i;rogen~
To sum. up, brie conclusion rrmi,7J' be made that 're k ave aVai1a-
bite trerrne radous poterztialitios for t ndertclkinr a radical chan&e
of bLe nitrogen balance of our ar;r :ic X7.1 ur_.. 4~.s well as for an
:i1rficd_i.aL.c ccre~.se; i l t"ie nitrogen deficit T,rt~ich has become ex
ceednly groat under wartime conditions,
CUIJCLUS1:ONS
As i. L~PParellt f'r TTl all of what has been stated
solution of the nitro:c.n problem comprises a combined use of
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T8ICTEU
1
,t'!') r(tF..' )j: : (1) jrlcr"eas:7nthe alroun~ oi' minraIL fertilizers made
To 1...Lf ' O ..~ustrial Crops and . ( 2) utilizing, r to the
ii L:rc) "G.n .i. i):I
r11. ,r() by e:(pending Cultivation of
3,CCUriIUM-
)1;::.111_.: 1 b;, betLer ; an 7c;~ I'it nt cf manure
I n/' 7IIJ trier local resources
j.~ll,ii U ~
r"I~.t,..l,~ r~;,nC~~ I.i .L i .~ ~J.}Orly ib:.1.e ca,ttJ.e a~ncJ. ialanure, A further shift toward manure utili~
nation is :f'QUnd in beet ; rowi.ng. This shit is even more pronounced
in i~1or. therrn :a.~ ricu1Lure w}1C1e grains alternate with clover and
poi;atoes, here a. stron,, trend exists toward a"'super-manure" economy
however,
gut if tea
a. definite siiau_lari ty.
shouic~ st LL be supplied frith mineral fertilizers) a
I.anta.tions in the Soup and dair,r farming in the North
are contr a, s t:i.it~;, tiie,, are both di_:Fferen.t from the steppe agriculture
of tie Ea 3L includinf; the irrigated parts of Kazakhstan, Kirgiziya,
an.c1 pastern Siber:i a., where even Tianure is as yet inadequately uti-
lized as fertilizer4 within the treeless steppe areas, one oi' the
obstac:l.es for such utilization is the consumption of manure as a
fuel_ (' ki.zy a}:"), while in. tAie wooded, hilly regions of ;'astern
Siberia another obstacle is the difficulty of conveying manure to
the tiled plots scattered in the taiga which suggests utilization
y
of green m~anuro. ~ftrti!s sometimes such extremes as continental Siberia
and the humid subtropics can sometimes display in certain respects
Detween tliF; above-referred to. contrasting type, there is
present, of course, a whole gamut of transitions in the establish-
merit of a ?'ert,ilizini system, which is due to the wide variety of
conditions that o>cist within our vast fatherland. When we are
s ~, ;,~..z._7 ....r~,~, o1, :' r?. conte~rapl,a,tled average yield of a crop, or of ~. average
balance of removal and returrr of soil nutrients, we must remember
that these averages are obtained on the basis of most widely ranging
cornpanents;.
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oortant role has come to be perforrai.cd by alfal:f'a which in turn makes