THE WORLD FACTBOOK 1986

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP08-00534R000100170001-4
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 315
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 29, 2012
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: June 1, 1986
• Content Type: REPORT

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Central
Intelligence
Agency
The
World
Factbook
Nineteen Hundred and Eighty-Six
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The
World
Factbook
Nineteen Hundred and Eighty-Six
The World Factbook is produced annually
by the Directorate of Intelligence of the
Central Intelligence Agency. The data are
provided by various components of the
Central Intelligence Agency, the Defense
Intelligence Agency, the Buieau of the
Census, and the US Department of State. In
general, information available as of 1
January 1986 was used in the preparation of
this edition, with the following exceptions:
? Population figures are projected estimates
for 1 July 1986; the average annual
growth rates listed are projected .estimates
for the period mid-1985 to mid-1986.
? Military manpower estimates are as .of 1
January 1986, except the numbers of
males reaching military age, which are
projected averages for the five-year
period 1986-90.
? Major political: developments through 14
April 1986 have been included.
Comments and queries are welcome and
may be addressed to:
Central Intelligence Agency
Attn: Public Affairs
Washington, D.C. 20505
[phone]
For information on how to obtain addi-
tional copies, see the inside of the front
cover.
CR WF 86-001
(Supersedes CR WF 85-001)
June 1986
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Definitions, Abbreviations, and Explanatory Notes
Abu Dhabi (see United Arab Emirates)
Afghanistan
Ajman (see United Arab.Emirates)
Albania
Anguilla (formerly St. Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla) .7
Antigua and Barbuda 8
Argentina 9
Balearic Islands (see Spain)
Belgian Congo (see Zaire)
Belgium 20
Belize (formerly British Honduras) 22
Benin (formerly Dahomey) 23
Bermuda 24
Bioko (see Equatorial Guinea)
Bophuthatswana (see South Africa)
British Honduras (see Belize)
British Indian Ocean Territory 31
British Solomon Islands (see Solomon Islands)
British Virgin Islands 32
Brunei 33
Burkina (formerly Upper Volta)
Cabinda (see Angola)
Cambodia (formerly' Kampuchea)
Cameroon
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Ceylon (see Sri Lanka)` '
Channel Islands (see Guernsey and Jersey),
Chile
China (Taiwan listed at end of table)::_ ? 51
Christmas Island 52
Colombia 53
Djibouti (formerly French Territory of the Afars and Issas) 66
Dominican Republic 68
Dubai (see United Arab Emirates)
E Ecuador 69
Egypt 71
Ellice Islands (see Tuvalu)
El Salvador 73
Equatorial Guinea 74
Ethiopia 76
F Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) 77
Faroe Islands 78
Fernando Po (see Equatorial Guinea)
Fiji 79
French Polynesia
French Territory of the Afars and Issas (see Djibouti)
Fujayrah, al (see United Arab Emirates)
Gabon
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German Democratic Republic
89
Germany, Federal Republic of
?91
Ghana
92
Gibraltar
Gilbert Islands (see Kiribati)
Greece
99
100
103
Guinea-Bissau (formerly Portuguese Guinea)
104
Guyana
105
107
Honduras
108
Hong Kong
110
Hungary
111
112
114
Iran
117
Ireland
120
Israel (West Bank and.Gaza Strip listed at end of table)
122
Italy
124
Ivory Coast
125
Japan
128
Jersey
130
Jordan (West Bank and Gaza Strip listed at end of table)
131
Kampuchea (see Cambodia)
Kenya
132
Kiribati (formerly Gilbert Islands)
133
Korea; North
134
Korea, South
136
i37
Lesotho
142
Liberia
143
144
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Liechtenstein
146
147
Madagascar
Madeira Islands (see Portugal)
Malagasy Republic'(see Madagascar)
Malawi
Malaysia
152
Maldives
155
Mali
156
157
159
160
161
164
165
Mongolia
167
Montserrat
168
Morocco
169
172
174
Nepal
175
Netherlands
176
Netherlands Antilles
178
New Caledonia
179
New Hebrides (see Vanuatu)
New Zealand
180
Nicaragua
181
Northern Rhodesia- (see Zambia)
191
193
Papua New Guinea
194
Paraguay
196
Pemba (see Tanzania)
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198
200
201
Portugal
202
Portuguese . Guinea. (see Guinea-Bissau)
Portuguese Timor (see Indonesia)
Ra's al-Khaymah (see United Arab Emirates)
Reunion
Rhodesia (see Zimbabwe)
Rio Muni (see Equatorial Guinea)
Romania
St. Christopher and Nevis (formerly St. Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla)
209
St. Helena
210
St. Lucia -
211
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
212
San Marino
213
Sao _Tome and Principe
214
Saudi Arabia
215
Senegal
217
Seychelles
Sharjah (see United Arab Emirates)
Sierra Leone
Singapore
221
Solomon Islands (formerly British Solomon Islands)
222
Somalia
223
South Africa
Southern Rhodesia (see Zimbabwe)
South-West Africa (see Namibia)
Soviet Union
Spain
Spanish Sahara (see Western Sahara),
Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon),.
230
Sudan
231
Swaziland
234
Sweden
235
Switzerland
237
Syria
239
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Tanganyika (see Tanzania)
Tanzania
242
243
Trinidad and Tobago
246
248
Turks and Caicos Islands 251
Tuvalu (formerly Ellice Islands) 252
Uganda 253
Umm al-Qaywayn (see United Arab Emirates)
United Arab Emirates (Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai, al Fujayrah, 254
Ra's al-Khaymah, Sharjah, Umm al-Qaywayn)
United Arab Republic (see Egypt)
United Kingdom 255
Upper Volta (see Burkina)
V Vanuatu (formerly New Hebrides) 260
Wallis and Futuna 265
Walvis Bay (see South Africa)
Western Sahara (formerly Spanish Sahara) 265
Western Samoa 266
Yemen Arab Republic (North Yemen) 267
Yemen, People's Democratic Republic of (South Yemen) 268
Yugoslavia . 270
Zambia (formerly Northern Rhodesia) 273
Zanzibar (see Tanzania)
Zimbabwe (formerly Southern Rhodesia) 274
Taiwan (China listed alphabetically) 275
West Bank and Gaza Strip 277
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Page
Appendixes
A. The United Nations System
279
B. Selected UN Organizations
280
C. Selected International Organizations
281
D. Conversion Table
283
E. Country Membership in Selected Organizations
284
I. The World (Guide to Regional Maps II-XIII)
II. North America
III. Central America and the Caribbean
IV. South America
V. Europe
VIII. Soviet Union, East and South Asia.
IX. Southeast Asia
X. Oceania
XI. Arctic Region
XII. Antarctic Region
XIII. Standard Time Zones of the World
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Definitions, Abbreviations,
and Explanatory Notes
Fiscal Year: The abbreviation FY stands for fiscal year; all years are
calendar years unless otherwise indicated.
GDP and GNP: GDP is the total market value of all goods and
services produced within the domestic borders of a country over a
particular time period, normally a year. GNP equals GDP plus the
income accruing to domestic residents arising from investment abroad
less income earned in the domestic market accruing to foreigners
abroad.
Imports, Exports, and Aid: Standard abbreviations used in individual
entries throughout this factbook are c.i.f. (cost, insurance, and freight),
f.o.b. (free on board), ODA (official development assistance), and OOF
(other official flows). ,
Land Utilization: Most of the land utilization percentages are rough
estimates. Figures for "arable" land in some cases reflect the area
under cultivation rather than the total cultivable area.
Maritime Zones: Fishing and economic zones claimed by coastal
states are included only when they differ from territorial sea limits.
Maritime claims do not necessarily represent the position of the
United States Government.
Money: All money figures are in contemporaneous US dollars unless
otherwise indicated.
Oil Terms: Barrel (bbl) and barrels per day (b/d) are used to express
volume of crude oil and refined products; a barrel equals 42.00
gallons, 158.99 liters, 5.61 cubic feet, or 0.16 cubic meters.
Note: Some of the countries and governments included in this
publication are not fully independent, and others are not officially
recognized by the United States Government.
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Afghanistan.,
Land
647,497 km2; about the size of Texas; 75%
desert, waste, or urban; 22% arable (12%
cultivated, 10% pasture); 3% forest
People
Population: 15,425,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.4%; these estimates
include an adjustment for emigration to
Pakistan during recent years but do not take
into account other demographic
consequences of the Soviet intervention in
Afghanistan
Nationality: noun-Afghan(s); adjective-
Afghan
Ethnic divisions:.50% Pashtun, 25% Tajik,
9% Uzbek, 9% Hazara; minor ethnic groups
include Chahar Aimaks, Turkmen, Baluchi,
and others
Religion: 74% Sunni Muslim, 25% Shia
Muslim, 1% other,
Language: 50% Pashtu, 35% Afghan Persian
(Dari), 11 % Turkic languages (primarily
Uzbek and Turkmen), 10% thirty minor lan-
guages (primarily Baluchi and Pashai); much
bilingualism
Life expectancy: men 39.9, women 40.7
Literacy: 12%
Labor force: 4.98 million (1980 est.); 67.8%
agriculture and animal husbandry, 10.2%
industry, 6.3% construction, 5.0%
commerce, 7.7% services and other; current
figures unavailable because of fighting (1986)
Organized labor: government-controlled
unions are being established
Government
Official name: Democratic Republic of Af-
ghanistan
Type: Communist regime backed by multi-
divisional Soviet force
Political subdivisions: 29 provinces with
centrally appointed governors
Legal system: not established; legal educa-
tion at Kabul University; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: Revolutionary Council acts as
legislature and final court of appeal; Presi-
dent of Council acts as chief of state; Cabi-
net and judiciary responsible to Council;
Presidium chosen by Council has full au-
thority when Council not in session; Loya
Jirga (Grand National Assembly) supposed to
convene eventually and approve permanent
constitution
Government leaders: BABRAK Karmal,
President of the Revolutionary Council and
head of the People's Democratic Party of
Afghanistan (since December 1979); Soltan
Ali KESHTMAND, Prime Minister (since
June 1981)
Political parties and leaders: the People's
Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA),
the sole legal political party, has two fac-
tions-the Parchami faction has been in
power since December 1979; members of
the deposed Khalgi faction continue to hold
some important posts; the Sholaye-Jaweid is
a much smaller pro-Beijing group .
Communists: the PDPA claims 120,000
members
Other political or pressure groups: the mili-
tary. and other branches of internal security
are being rebuilt by the Soviets; insurgency
continues throughout the country;
widespread opposition on religious grounds;
widespread anti-Soviet sentiment
Member of. ADB, Colombo Plan, ESCAP,
FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
IDB-Islamic Development Bank, IFAD,
IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, ITU, NAM,
UN; UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO,
WMO, WTO, WSG; suspended from OIC in
January 1980
Economy
GNP: $3.0 billion (1985), $160 per capita
(1984); real growth rate 2.5% (1975-79); cur-
rent growth rate figures not available (1986)
Natural resources: natural gas, oil, coal, cop-
per, talc, barites, sulphur, lead, zinc, iron,
salt, precious and semiprecious stones
Agriculture: subsistence farming and animal
husbandry; main crops-wheat, fruits, nuts,
karakul pelts, wool, mutton; an illegal pro-
ducer of opium poppy and cannabis for the
international drug trade
Major industries: small-scale production of
textiles, soap, furniture, shoes, fertilizer, and
cement for domestic use; handwoven car-
pets for export
Electric power: 472,000 kW capacity (1984);
1.375 billion kWh produced (1985), 93 kWh
per capita
Exports: $778 million (f.o.b., 1985); mostly
fruits and nuts, natural gas, and carpets
Imports: $902 million (c.i.f., 1985); mostly
food supplies and petroleum products
Major trade partners: exports-mostly
USSR and other Eastern bloc countries; im-
ports-mostly USSR and other Eastern bloc
countries
Budget: current expenditure Af22.7 billion,
capital expenditure Af 10.9 billion for FY82
(est.) .
Monetary conversion rate: 50.6
af ghanis= US$1 (official, January 1985)
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Afghanistan (continued)
Communications
Railroads: 9.6 km (single track) 1.524-meter
gauge, spur of Soviet line from Kushka
(USSR) to Towraghondt'and from Termez
(USSR) to Kheyrabad Transhipment Point
(15 km) on south bank Amu Darya (govern-
ment owned)
Highways: 21,000 km total (1984); 2,800 km
hard surface, 1,650 km bituminous treated
gravel and improved earth, 16,550 km un-
improved earth and tracks
Inland-waterways: total navigability 1,200
km; chiefly.Amu Darya, which handles
steamers up to about 500 metric tons
Ports: 3 minor river ports; largest Shir Khan
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 41 total, 34 usable; 12 with
permanent-surface runways; 8 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 16 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: limited telephone,
telegraph, and radiobroadcast services; tele-
vision introduced in 1980; 31,200 telephones
(0.2 per 100 popl.); 5 AM and no FM stations,
1 TV station,1 earth satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches:. Armed Forces, Air and Defense
Forces, border guard forces, Defense of the
Revolution Force, National Police Force,
Government Information Service, People's
Militia, operational battalions
Military manpower: males 15-49, about
3,657,000; 2,030,000 fit for military service;
about 149,000 reach military age (22) annu-
ally
Supply: dependent on foreign sources, al-
most exclusively the USSR
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 20
March 1984, $210 million, about 63% of cen-
tral government budget
Albania
Durres
Sea
Sazan 9e
Ionian See
see regional map V
Land
28,748 km2; slightly larger than Maryland;
43% forest and wood; 21 % arable; -19%
meadows and pasture; 5% permanent crop;"
5% inland water; 7% other
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 15
rim,
People
Population: 3,020,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.0%
Nationality: noun-Albanian(s); adjective-
Albanian
Ethnic divisions: 96% Albanian; remaining
4% are Greeks, Vlachs, Gypsies, Serbs, and
Bulgarians .
Religion: Albania claims to be the world's
first atheist state; prewar est.-70% Muslim,
20% Albanian Orthodox, 10% Roman Cath-
olic; observances prohibited
Language: Albanian (Tosk is official dialect),
Greek
Infant mortality rate: 86.8/1,000 (1971)
Labor force: 584,000 (1978); about 22.% agri-
culture, 40% industry and commerce, 38%
other (1978)
Government.
Official name: People's. Socialist Republic,of
Albania
Type: Communist state
Legal system: based on constitution adopted
in 1976; judicial review of legislative acts
only in the Presidium.of the People's Assem-
bly, which is not a true.court; legal education
at University of Tirane; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Liberation Day, 29 No-
vember
vember
Branches: legislature (People's Assembly),
Council of.Ministers, judiciary.,
Government leaders: Ramiz ALIA, Chair-
man, Presidium of the People's Assembly
(chief of state; since:November.1982); Adil
OAROANI, Chairman, Council of Ministers
(premier; since. November 1982) . .
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age
18.
Elections: national elections held every four
years; last elections 12 November 1982;
100% of electorate; voted (with one dissent-
ing vote) .. , ..
Political parties and leaders; Albanian
Workers Party only; First Secretary, Ramiz,
Alia (since April 1985)
Communists: 122,600 party members (No-
vember 1981); 4.5% of,population
Member of: CEMA, FAO; IAEA,.IPU, ITU,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO,
WMO; has not participated in CEMA since
rift with USSR in 1961; officially withdrew
from Warsaw Pact 13 September 1968
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Economy
GNP: $2.6-2.8 billion (1985); approximately
$900 per-capita (1984),
Agriculture: main crops-corn, wheat, pota-
toes, tobacco, sugar beets, cotton
Major industries: agricultural products and
processing, textiles and clothing, lumber,
and extractive industries (chrome and oil)
Shortages: spare parts, machinery and
equipment, some food products and con-
sumer goods
Electric power: 1,540,000 kW capacity
(1985); 4.7 billion kWh produced (1985),
1,584 kWh per capita
Exports: $290 million (1983 est.); asphalt,
bitumen, petroleum products, metals and
metallic ores, electricity, oil, vegetables,
fruits, and tobacco
Imports: $280 million (1983); machinery,
machine tools, iron and steel products, tex=
tiles, chemicals, pharmaceuticals
Major trade partners::exports-Yugoslavia,
Czechoslovakia, Romania, Italy, Poland,
Austria; imports-Yugoslavia, Czechoslova-
kia, FRG, Romania, Poland, Italy, Greece,
France
Budget: (1984 prov.) revenue $1.29 billion,
expenditure $1.28 billion; state investment
$709.7 billion (1984 planned)
Monetary conversion rate: 7.1328
leks=US$1(February 1984)
Fiscal year: same as calendar year; economic
data reported for calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 228 km 1.435-meter standard
gauge, single track, government owned
(1980 est.); claims over 400 km (1983); line
connecting Titograd, Yugoslavia, and
Shkodev, Albania, to be completed in 1986
Highways: 4,989 km total; 1,287km paved,
1,609 km crushed stone and/or gravel, 2,093
km improved or unimproved earth (1975)
Inland waterways: 43 km plus Albanian
sections of Lake Scutari, Lake Ohrid, and
Lake.Prespa (1979)
Pipelines: crude oil, 117 km; refined prod-
ucts, 65 km; natural gas, 64 km
Freight carried: rail-2.8 million metric
tons, 180 million metric ton/km (1971);
highways 39 million metric tons, 900 million
metric ton/km (1971) -
Ports: 1 major (Durres), 3 minor (1979)
Defense Forces
Branches: Albanian People's-Army, Frontier
Troops, Interior Troops, Albanian Coastal
Defense Command, Air and Air Defense
Force - -
Military manpower: males 15-49, 806,000;
667,000 fit for military service; 32,000 reach
military age (19) annually
Military budget: announced for"fiscal'year
ending 31 December 1985, 1 billion leks;
10.9% of total budget
Algeria
Mediterranean Sea .
9r i
O ~1 EiatERB GO~nstantine
Land
2,381,471 km2; more than three times the
size of Texas; 80% desert, waste, or urban;
16% pasture and meadows; 3% cultivated;
1% forest
Land boundaries: 6,260 km
Water -
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm
People
Population. 22;817,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 3.2%
Nationality: noun-Algerian(s); adjective-
Algerian
Ethnic divisions: 99'% Arab'-Berbers, less
than 1 % Europeans ?
Religion: 99% Sunni Muslim (state religion);
1% Christian and Jewish -.
Language: Arabic (official), French, Berber
dialects-..,,
Infant. mortality rate: 106/1,000 (1984),
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Algeria (continued)
Labor force: 3.7 million (1984); 40% industry
and commerce, 30% agriculture, 17% gov-
ernment, 10% services; at least 11 % of urban
labor unemployed
Political parties and leaders: National Lib-
eration Front (FLN), Secretary General
Chadli Bendiedid
Monetary conversion rate: 5.1 Algerian
dinars=US$1(August 1984)
Organized labor: 16-19% of labor force
claimed; General Union of Algerian Work-
ers (UGTA) is the only labor organization
and is subordinate to the National Libera-
tion Front
Government
Official name: Democratic and Popular Re-
public of Algeria
Political subdivisions: 31 wilayas (depart-
ments or provinces); 160 dairat (administra=
tive districts); 691 communes
Legal system: based on French and Islamic
law, with socialist principles; new constitu-
tion adopted by referendum November
1976; judicial review of legislative acts in ad
hoc Constitutional Council composed of
various public officials, including several
Supreme Court justices; Supreme Court di-
vided into four chambers; legal education at
Universities of Algiers, Oran, and Constan-
tine; has not accepted compulsory ICJ juris-
diction
National holiday: Anniversary of the Revo-
lution, 1 November
Branches: executive; unicameral legislature
(National People's Assembly); judiciary
Government leaders: Col. Chadli BENDJE-
DID, President (since February 1979);
Abdelhamid BRAHIMI, Prime Minister
(since January 1984)
Suffrage: universal adult at age 18
Elections: presidential, 12 January 1984;
departmental assemblies, 2 June 1974; local
assemblies, 30 March 1975; legislative, 5
March 1982
Communists: 400 (est.); Communist Party
illegal (banned 1962)'
Member of: AfDB, AIOEC, Arab League,
ASSIMER, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto),
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB-Islamic
Development Bank, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, International Lead and Zinc
Study Group, INTERPOL, IOOC, ITU,
NAM, OAPEC, OAU, OIC, OPEC, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $51.9 billion (1984 est.), $2,430 per
capita; 5.0% real growth in 1985
Natural resources: crude oil, natural gas,
iron ore, phosphates, uranium, lead, zinc,
mercury
Agriculture: main crops-wheat, barley,
oats, grapes, olives, citrus fruits, dates, vege-
tables, sheep, cattle, industrial crops
Major industries: petroleum, light indus-
tries, natural gas, mining, petrochemical,
electrical, automotive plants (under con-
struction), and food processing
Crude steel: 842,000. metric tons produced
(1982)
Electric power: 3,142,300 kW capacity
(1985);11.148 billion kWh produced (1985),
506 kWh per capita
Exports:.$12.6 billion (f.o.b., 1984); petro-.
leum and'gas account for 98.0% of exports;.
US 39.0%, France 23.0% (1984)
Imports: $10.0 billion (f.o.b., 1984); major
items=capital'goods 35.0%, semifinished
goods 25.0%, foodstuffs 18.0%; France
25.7%, US 6:0%
Major 'trade partners: US, FRG, France,
Italy, Belgium, Netherlands,'Canada
Budget: $20 billion 'revenue, $20 billion ex-
penditure (1984)
Communications
Railroads: 3,950 km total; 2,690 km stand=
and gauge (1.435 nn), 1,140 km 1.055-meter
gauge, 120 km 1.000-meter gauge; 320 km
electrified; 198 km double track
Highways: 78,410 km total; 45,070 km con-
crete or bituminous, 33,340 km gravel,
crushed stone, unimproved earth
Pipelines: crude oil, 6,612 km; refined prod-
ucts, 298 km; natural gas, 2,948 km
Airfields: 155 total, 149 usable; 56 with
permanent-surface runways; 28 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m; 73 with runways
1,220-2,439 in
Defense Forces
Branches: Armed Forces, Army, Navy, Air
Force, National Gendarmerie
Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,892,000;
3,024,000 fit for military service; 248,000
reach military age (19) annually
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Legal system: based on French and Spanish
civil codes; Plan of Reform adopted 1866
serves as constitution; no judicial. review of
legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory
-ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: legislative (General Council of the
Valleys) consisting of 28 members; execu-
tive-syndic (manager) and a deputy
subsyndic chosen by General Council; judi
ciary chosen by Co-princes who appoint two
civil judges, a judge of appeals, and two
batlles (court prosecutors); final appeal to the
Supreme Court of Andorra at Perpignan,
France, or to the Ecclesiastical Court of the
Bishop of Seo de Urgel, Spain
Agriculture: sheep raising; small quantities
of tobacco, rye, wheat, barley, oats, and
some vegetables (less than 4% of land is ara-
ble)
Major industries: tourism (.particularly ski-
ing), sheep, timber, tobacco, and smuggling
Electric power: 35,000'kW capacity (1985);
141 million kWh, produced (1985), 3,000
kWh per capita; power is mainly exported to
Spain and France
Major trade partners: Spain, France
Land
466 km2; half the size of New York City
People
Population: 49,000 (July 1986), average an-
nual growth rate 5.1 %
Nationality: noun-Andorran(s);'
adjective-Andorran
Ethnic divisions: Catalan stock; 61% Span-
ish, 30% Andorran, 6% French, 3% other
Religion: virtually all Roman Catholic
Language: Catalan (official); many also
speak some French and Castilian
Government
Official name: Principality of Andorra
Type: unique co-principality under formal
sovereigntyof President of France and
Spanish Bishop of Seo de Urgel, who are rep-
resented locally by officials called verguers
Capital: Andorra la Vella
Government leaders: head of state-Fran-'
cois MITTERRAND (President of France;
since 1981) and Juan Marti ALANIS (Bishop
of Seo de Urge], Spain; since 1971),
Co-Princes; Syndic-Francesc
CERQUEDA Pasquet (since 1982); Subsyn-
dic=Josep Maria MAS Pons (since 1982);
head of government-Josep PINTAT (Chief
Executive; since 1986)
Suffrage: those of 21 or over who are third-
generation Andorrans can vote for General
Council members
Elections: General Council chosen every
four years; last election December 1981
Political parties and leaders: political par-
ties not yet legally recognized; traditionally
no political parties but partisans for particu-
lar independent candidates for the General
Council on the basis of competence, person-
ality, and orientation toward Spain or
France; various small pressure groups devel-
oped in 1972; first formal political party,
Andorran Democratic Association, was
formed in 1976 and reorganized in 1979 as
Andorran Democratic Party
Communists: negligible
Member of. UNESCO
Economy
Natural resources: hydroelectric power,
mineral water
Monetary conversion rate: 9.375 French
francs= US$1 (October 1984); 169.96 Span-
ish pesetas=US$1(October 1984)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: about 96 km
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: none
Telecommunications: international landline
circuits to Spain and France; 1 AM station;
about 12,800 telephones (43.5 per 100 pop].)
(1982)
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of Spain and
France
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 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/29: CIA-RDP08-00534R000100170001-4
Angola
South
Atlantic
Ocean
Land
1,246,700 km2; larger than California and
Texas combined; 44% forest; 22% meadow
and pasture; 1% cultivated; 33% other (in-
cluding fallow)
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 20
nm (fishing 200 nm)
People
Population: 8,164,000, including Cabinda
(July 1986), average annual growth rate
2.7%; Cabinda, 133,372 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 3.2%
Nationality: noun-Angolan(s); adjective-
Angolan
Ethnic divisions: 37% Ovimbundu, 25%
Kimbundu, 13% Bakongo, 2% Mestico, 1%
European
Religion: 68% Roman Catholic, 20% Protes-
tant, about 10% indigenous beliefs
Language: Portuguese (official); various
Bantu dialects
Infant mortality rate: 148/1,000 (1983)
Labor force: 2,783,000 economically active
(mid-1985 est.); 85% agriculture, 15% indus-
try
Organized labor: approx. 450,695 (1980)
Government
Official name: People's Republic of Angola
Type: Marxist people's republic
Capital: Luanda
Political subdivisions: 18 provinces includ-
ing the coastal exclave of Cabinda
Legal system: formerly based on Portuguese
civil law system and customary law; being
modified along "socialist" model
National holiday: Independence Day, 11
November
Branches: the official party is the supreme
political institution; legislative-National
People's Assembly
Government leader: Jose Eduardo dos
SANTOS, President (since September 1979)
Political parties and leaders: Popular Move-
ment for the Liberation of Angola-Labor
Party (MPLA-Labor Party), led by dos
Santos, is the only legal party; National
Union for the Total Independence of Angola
(UNITA), lost to the MPLA in immediate
postindependence struggle, now carrying
out insurgency
Member of: AfDB, FAO, G-77, GATT (de
facto), ICAO, IFAD, ILO, IMO,
INTELSAT, ITU, NAM, OAU, SADCC,
UN, UNESCO, UNICEF, UPU, WFTU,
WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $4.0 billion (1985 est.), $500 per cap-
ita, 0% real growth (1985)
Natural resources: petroleum, diamonds,
iron, phosphates, copper, feldspar, gold,
bauxite, uranium
Agriculture: cash crops-coffee, sisal, corn,
cotton, sugar, manioc, and tobacco; food .
crops-cassava, corn, vegetables, plantains,
bananas, and other local foodstuffs; drought
and disruptions caused by civil war require
food imports ?
Fishing: catch 112,000 metric tons (1982)
Major industries: mining (oil, diamonds),
fish processing, brewing, tobacco, sugar
processing, textiles, cement, food processing
plants, building construction .
Electric power: (including Cabinda) 630,000
kW capacity (1985); 1.655 billion kWh pro-
duced (1985), 208 kWh per capita
Exports: est. $2.0 billion (f.o.b:, 1985); oil,
coffee, diamonds, sisal, fish and fish prod-
ucts, iron ore, timber, and cotton
Imports-'est. $1.7 billion (f.o.b., 1985); capi-
tal equipment (machinery and electrical
equipment), wines, bulk iron and ironwork,
steel and metals, vehicles and spare parts,
textiles and clothing, medicines, food; sub-
stantial military deliveries
Major trade partners: Cuba, USSR, Portu-
gal, and US
Budget: (1981) est. revenues $2.0 billion; est.
total expenditures $3.5 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 30.214
kwanza=US$1(December 1985)
Communications
Railroads: 3,189 km total; 2,879 km 1.067-
meter gauge, 310 km 0.600-meter gauge
Highways: 73,828 km total; 8,577 km
bituminous-surface treatment, 29,350 km
crushed stone, gravel, or improved earth,
remainder unimproved earth
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Ports: 3 major (Luanda, Lobito, Namibe) 5.
minor
Airfields: 351 total, 263 usable; 25 with
permanent-surface runways;1 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 12 with runways 2,440-.
3,659 m, 69 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair system of wire,
radio-relay, and troposcatter routes;,high
frequency used extensively for military/
Cuban links; 2 Atlantic Ocean satellite sta-
tions; 40,300 telephones (0.7 per 100 popl.);
16 AM, 13 FM, and 2 TV stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force/Air De-,
fense; paramilitary forces-People's Police
Corps, People's Defense Organization and
Territorial Troops, Frontier Guard
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,973,000;
993,000 fit for military service; 83,000 reach
military age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31.
December 1983, $587 million; 25% of cen-
tral government budget
Anguilla
Government leaders: Allistair BAILLE,
Governor (since February 1984); Emile
GUMBS, Chief Minister (since March 1984)
Caribbean
Sea
Prickly Pear Cays0
Scrub Island..
0
L "'Blowing Point
Anguilla
Land
Anguilla, 91 km2; about one-half the size of
Washington, D. C.; Sombrero,.5 km2,
People.
Population: 6,680 (1984)
Nationality: noun-Anguillan(s); adjec-
tive-Anguillan
Ethnic divisions: mainly of African Negro
descent
Religion: Anglican and Methodist
Language: English (official)
Literacy: 80%
Labor force: 2,000 Anguillans living overseas
send remittances home; 26.4% unemployed
(1984)
Government
Official name: Anguilla
Legal system: based on English common
law; constitution came into effect on 1 April
1982
Branches: 11-member House of Assembly;
seven-member Executive Council
Suffrage: native born; resident before sepa-
ration from St. Christopher and Nevis; 15
years residence for "belonger" status
Political parties and leaders: Anguilla
National Alliance (ANA), Emile Gumbs;
Anguillan People's Party (APP); Ronald
Webster
Voting strength: ANA, 6 seats; APP, ,O seats;
I independent
Economy
GDP: $6 million (1983 est.), $6,000 per cap-
ita (1983 est.) .
Agriculture: pigeon peas, corn, sweet pota-.
toes; sheep, goats, pigs, cattle, poultry
Major industries: tourism, lobster exports,
salt, fishing
Electric power: 1,500,000 kW capacity
(1984); 2 million kWh produced (1984), 285
kWh per capita
Budget: revenue, $3.7 million (1983); ex-
penditure,, $3.9 million (1983)
Monetary conversion rate: 2.70 East Carib-
bean dollars=$US1 (December 1985)
Fiscal year: probably calendar
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: approximately 60 km surfaced
Inland waterways: none
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Anguilla (continued)
Ports: 1'major (Road Bay), I minor (Blowing
Point)
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfield: 1 with permanent-surface runways
of 1,100 m at Wallblake Airport
Telecommunications: modern internal tele-
phone system; 890 telephones (13.6 per 100
popl.); 1 FM and 2 AM stations; radio-relay
link to St. Martin's Island
Defense Forces
External defense is the responsibility of UK
Antigua and Barbuda
Caribbean Sea
Land
280 km2; less than two-thirds the size of New
York City; 54% arable; 18% waste and built
on; 14% forest; 9% unused but potentially
productive; 5% pasture; the islands of Re-
donda (less than 2.6 km and uninhabited)
and Barbuda (161 km) are dependencies
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
People
Population: 82,000 (July 1986), average an-
nual growth rate 2.6%
Nationality: noun-Antiguan(s); adjective-
Antiguan
Ethnic divisions: almost entirely of black
African origin; some of British, Portuguese,
Lebanese, and Syrian origin
Religion: Anglican (predominant), other
Protestant sects, some Roman Catholic
Language: English (official), local dialects
Infant mortality rate: 31.5/1,000 (1985)
Life expectancy: 70
Literacy: about 90%
Labor force: 30,000 (1983); 20% unemploy-
ment (1983); agriculture 11 %, industry 7%,
and commerce and services 82%
Government
Official name:, Antigua and. Barbuda
Type: independent state recognizing Eliza-
beth II as Chief of State
Capital: St. John's on the island of Antigua
Political subdivisions: 6 parishes, 2 de-
pendencies (Barbuda, Redonda) .
Legal system: based on English common
law; British Caribbean Court of Appeal,
which has exclusive original jurisdiction and .
an appellate jurisdiction, consists of Chief
Justice and five justices
Branches: bicameral legislative, 17-member
popularly elected House of Representatives.
and 17-member Senate; executive, Prime
Minister and Cabinet; judiciary, Court of
Appeals
Government leaders: Vere Cornwall BIRD,
Sr., Prime Minister (since 1976); Lester
BIRD, Deputy Prime Minister (since 1976);
Sir Wilfred Ebenezer JACOBS, Governor
General (since 1967)
Elections: every five years; last general elec-,
tion 17 April1984
Political parties and leaders: Antigua Labor
Party (ALP), Vere C. Bird, Sr., Lester Bird;
United People's Movement (UPM), George
Herbert Walter;. National Democratic Party.
(NDP), Dr. Ivor Heath
Voting strength: (1984 election) House. of .
Representatives-ALP, 16. seats; inde-.
pendent, 1 seat
Communists: negligible .. .
Other political;or pressure groups: Antigua
Caribbean Liberation Movement (ACLM), a
small leftist nationalist. group led by
Leonard "Tim" Hector
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Member of. CARICOM, Commonwealth,
FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMF, ISO,
OAS, UN, UNESCO, WHO; WMO
Economy
GDP: $158 million (1984), $1,990 per capita
Natural resources: negligible
Agriculture: cotton (main crop), sugar, live-
stock
Major industries: tourism 15.2%, construc-
tion 7.7%, manufacturing 0.5% %
Electric power: 27,000 kW capacity (1985);
60.5 million kWh produced (1985), 756 kWh
per capita
Exports: $41 million (1984 prelim.); cloth-
ing, rum, lobsters,
Imports: $146.9 million (c.i.f.; 1984 prelim.);
fuel, food, machinery
Major trade partners: exports-47% Trin-
idad and Tobago, 8% Barbados, 1 % US
(1983); imports-49% US, 13% UK, 4% Ja-
maica, 2% Trinidad and Tobago (1983)
Aid: economic-bilateral commitments,
ODA and OOF (1970-80) from Western
(non-US) countries, $20 million; no military
aid
Budget: (current) revenues, $40 million
(1984); expenditures, $44 million (1984)
Monetary conversion rate: 2.70 East Carib-
bean (EC) dollars=US$1 (February 1984)
Communications
Railroads: 64 km 0.760-meter narrow gauge,
13 km 0.610-meter gauge, employed almost
exclusively for handling cane -
Civil air: 10 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 2 total, 1 usable;1 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 in
Telecommunications: good automatic tele-
phone system; 6,700 telephones (9.2 per 100
popl.); tropospheric scatter links with Saba
and Guadeloupe; 6 AM and 2 FM stations; 1
TV station; 1 coaxial submarine cable;1 sat-
ellite ground station
Defense Forces
Branches: Antigua and Barbuda Defense
Force, Royal Antigua and Barbuda Police
Force
Major ground units: Defense Force
Argentina
A nary reprvsc, on
Ushuaia e~\ a col n~ ccssa~~ly Tu "horila
See regional map IV V
Land
2,766,889 km'; four times the size of Texas;
57% agricultural (46% natural meadow, 11 %
crop, improved pasture, and fallow); 25%
forest; 18% mountain, urban, or waste
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200
nm (continental shelf, including sovereignty
over superjacent waters); overflight and nav-
igation permitted beyond 12 nm
People
Population: 31,186,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 1.5%
Nationality: noun-Argentine(s); adjec-
tive-Argentine
Ethnic divisions: approximately 85% white,
15% mestizo, Indian, or other nonwhite
groups
Religion: 90% nominally, Roman Catholic
(less than 20% practicing), 2% Protestant, 2%
Jewish, 6% other
Language: Spanish (official), English, Italian,
German, French
Infant mortality rate: 36/1,000 (1983)
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Argentina (continued)
Literacy: 94%
Labor force: 16.8 million (1984 prelim.);
15.9% agriculture, 24.3% manufacturing,
13.2% commerce, 11.5% transport and com-
munications, 7.7% finance and banking,
4.4% utilities, 3.6% `construction, 2.7% min-
ing, 16.8% services and other; 4.6% unem-
ployment (1984)
Organized labor: 3 million; about 33% of
labor force (est.) .
Government
Official name: Argentine Republic
Type: republic'
Capital: Buenos Aires
Political subdivisions: 22 provinces, 1 dis-
trict (Federal Capital), and 1 territory
Legal system: mixture of US and West Eu-
ropean legal systems; constitution adopted
1853 is in effect; legal education at Univer-
sity of Buenos Aires and other public and
private universities; has not accepted com-
pulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 25
Branches: executive (President, Vice Presi-
dent, Cabinet); legislative (National Con--
gress-Senate, Chamber of Deputies); na-
tional judiciary
Government leaders: Raul ALFONSIN,
President (since December 1983); Victor
MARTINEZ, Vice President (since Decem-
ber 1983)
Elections: general elections held 30 October
1983; Senate elections scheduled for 1986
Political parties: operate under statute
passed in 1983 that sets out criteria for par-
ticipation in national elections; Radical
Civic Union (UCR)-moderately left of cen-
ter; Justicialist Party (JP)-Peronist
umbrella political organization; Movement
for Industrial Development (MID); Intransi-
gent Party (PI); several provincial parties
Communists: some 70,000 members in vari-
ous party organizations, including a small
nucleus of activists
Other political or pressure groups: Peronist-
dominated labor movement, General Con-
federation of Labor (Peronist-leaning associ-
ation of small businessmen), Argentine In-
dustrial Union (manufacturers' association),
Argentine Rural Society (large landowners'
association), business organizations, students,
the Catholic Church
Member of. FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IDB-
Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD,
IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IOOC, ISO, ITU, IWC-Inter-
national Whaling Commission, IWC-In-
ternational Wheat Council, LAIA, NAM,
OAS, PAHO, SELA; UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO, WSG
Economy
GDP: $74.4 billion (1984), $2,470 per capita;
80% consumption, 15% investment; 5% net
exports; 2.0% real GDP growth rate (1984)
Natural resources: pampas, lead, zinc, tin,
copper, iron, manganese, oil, uranium
Agriculture: main products-cereals, oil-
seed, livestock products; major world ex-
porter of temperate zone foodstuffs
Fishing: catch 290,000 metric tons (1984);
exports $139.7 million (1984)
Major industries: food processing (espe-
cially meat packing), motor vehicles, con-
sumer durables, textiles, chemicals, printing,
and metallurgy
Steel: 2.6 million metric tons produced
(1984)
Electric power: 15,210,000 kW capacity
(1985); 40.5 billion kWh produced (1985),
1,319 kWh per capita
Exports: $8.1 billion (f.o.b., 1984); wheat,
corn, oilseed, hidesi wool
Imports: $4.1 billion (f.o.b., 1984); chemical
products, machinery, metallurgical prod-
ucts, fuel and lubricants
Major trade partners: (1984) exports-15%
USSR, 11% Netherlands, 11% US, 6% Brazil,
5% Italy, 4% FRG, 3% Japan; imports-20%
US, 19% Brazil, 12% FRG, 9% Bolivia, 8%
Japan, 5% France
Budget: (1984) general government reve-
nues $16.9 billion; expenditures $21.7 billion
at official exchange rate
Monetary` conversion rate: 0.8
australes=US$1(December 1985); Argen-
tina introduced a new currency, the austral,
in June 1985; new currency to be exchanged
for the peso argentino at 1,000 pesos to the
austral
Communications
Railroads: 35,476 km total; 3,086 km 1.435-
meter standard gauge, 22,788 km 1.676-
meter broad gauge, 13,461 km 1.000-meter
gauge, 403 km 0.750-meter gauge; of total in
country, 142 km are electrified
Highways: 208,100 km total, of which
47,550 km paved, 39,500 km gravel, 101,000
km improved earth, 20,300 km unimproved
earth
Inland waterways: 11,000 km navigable
Pipelines: 4,090 km crude oil; 2,200 km re-
fined products; 9,918 km natural gas
Ports: 7 major, 30 minor
Civil air: 54 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1,827 total, 1,663 usable; 125 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways over 3,695 in, 32 with runways
2,440-3,659 in, 327 with runways 1,220-
2,439 in
Telecommunications: extensive modern
system; 3.23 million telephones (10.3 per 100
popl.), radio relay widely used; 2 satellite
stations with 3 Atlantic Ocean antennas; 163
AM and 190 TV stations; 30-station domestic
satellite network
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Defense Forces
Branches: Argentine Army, Navy of the
Argentine Republic, Argentine Air Force,
National Gendarmerie, Argentine Naval.
Prefecture, National Aeronautical Police
Military manpower: males 15-49, 7,719,000;
6,264,000 fit for military service; 255,000
reach military age (20) annually
Military budget: revised defense budget for
fiscal year ending 31 December 1985, $1.0
billion; 7% of central government budget,
Land
193 km2; larger than Washington, D.C.
People
Population: 67,014 (1986 est.)
Nationality: noun-Aruban(s); adjective-
Aruban
Ethnic divisions: 85% mixed African; re-
mainder Carib Indian, European, Latin, and
Oriental
Religion: 82% Roman Catholic, 8% Protes-
tant; also small Hindu, Muslim, Confucian,
and Jewish minority
Language: Dutch (official), Papiamento (a
Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, English dia-
lect), English (widely spoken), Spanish
Labor force: 30% oil refining;'10% unem-
ployment
Government
Official name: Aruba
Type: self-governing until complete inde-
pendence from the Netherlands is granted in
1996
Legal system: based on Dutch civil law sys-
tem, with some English common law influ-,
ence
Government leader: Felipe TROMP, Gov-
ernor (since January,1986); Henny EMAN,,
Prime Minister (since January 1986)
Political parties and leaders: People's Elec-
toral Movement (MEP), G. F. "Betico"
Croes; Aruban Patriotic Party (PPA), Benny
Nisbet; Aruban People's Party (AVP), He-
nny Eman; Democratic Party of Aruba
(PDA), Dr. Leo Berlinski; National Demo-
cratic Action Party (ADN), John Booi
Economy
Agriculture: little production
Major industries: petrochemicals, oil re-
fining, petroleum transshipment facilities,
tourism, light manufacturing
Communications.. ..
Ports: 2 (Oranjestad,.Sint Nicolaas)
Airfield: government-owned airport east of
Oranjestad . -
Telecommunications: facilities, which in-
clude extensive interisland radio-relay links,
are generally adequate; 49,600 telephones.
'f i
Defense
Defense is the responsibility of the Nether-
lands until 1996
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Tasman
sea
1000 km
Land
7,686,848 km2; almost as large as the conti-.
nental US; 58% pasture; 6% arable; 2% for-
est; 34% other
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(fishing 200 nm)
People
Population: 15,793,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 1.0%
Nationality: noun-Australian(s); adjec-
tive-Australian
Ethnic divisions: 99% Caucasian, 1% Asian
and Aboriginal
Religion: 26.1% Anglican, 26.0% Roman
Catholic, 24.3% other Christian
Language: English, native languages
Infant mortality rate: 10/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: men 71.2, women 78.2
Literacy: 98.5%
Labor force: 7.2 million (March 1985); 30.6%
industry, 6.5% agriculture; 7.8% unemploy-
ment (December 1985)
Organized labor: 55% of total employees
(December 1983)
Government
Official name: Commonwealth of Australia
Type: federal parliamentary state recogniz-
ing Elizabeth II as sovereign or head of state
Capital: Canberra
Political subdivisions: 6 states and 2 territo-
ries
Legal system: based on English common
law; constitution adopted 1900; High Court
has jurisdiction over cases involving inter-
pretation of the constitution; accepts com-
pulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Australia Day, 26 January
Branches: bicameral legislature (Federal
Parliament-Senate and House of Repre-
sentatives); Prime Minister and Cabinet re-
sponsible to House; independent judiciary
Government leaders: Sir Ninian STEPHEN,
Governor General (since July 1982); Robert
HAWKE, Prime Minister (since March
1983)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age
18
Elections: held at three-year intervals or
sooner if Parliament is dissolved by Prime
Minister; last election 1 December 1984
Political parties and leaders: government-
Australian Labor Party (Robert Hawke);
opposition-Liberal Party (John Howard),
National Party (Ian Sinclair), Australian
Democratic Party (Donald L. Chipp), Nu-
clear Disarmament Party (Michael
Denborough)
Voting strength: (1984 parliamentary elec-
tion) House of Representatives-Labor
Party 82 seats, Liberal-National coalition 66
seats; Senate-Labor Party 34 seats, Liberal-
National coalition 33 seats, Australian Dem-
ocratic Party 7 seats, Nuclear Disarmament
Party 1 seat, independents 1 seat
Communists: 4,000 members (est.)
Other political or pressure groups: Austra-
lian Democratic Labor Party (anti-
Communist Labor Party splinter group)
Member of. ADB, AIOEC, ANZUS, CIPEC
(associate), Colombo Plan, Commonwealth,
DAC, ELDO, ESCAP, FAO, GATT, IAEA,
IATP, IBA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO; International
Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU, IRC,
ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC-International Whal-
ing Commission, IWC-International
Wheat Council, OECD, SPF, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WSG
Economy
GDP: $173.6 billion (1984), $11,172 per cap-
ita; 60% private consumption, 22% invest-
ment, 17.1% government expenditure; 2.8%
real average annual growth (1978-84)
Natural resources: bauxite, coal, iron ore,
copper, tin, silver, uranium, nickel, tung-
sten, mineral sands, lead, zinc, diamonds,
natural gas, oil
Agriculture: large areas devoted to grazing;
60% of area used for crops is planted in
wheat; major products-wool, lamb, beef,
wheat, fruits, sugarcane; self-sufficient in
food
Major industries: mining, industrial and
transportation equipment, food processing,
chemicals
Crude steel: 5.6 million metric tons pro-
duced (1983)
Electric power: 30,000,000 kW capacity
(1985); 110 billion kWh produced (1985),
7,040 kWh per capita
Exports: $24.0 billion (f.o.b., 1984); principal
products-coal, wool, iron ore, lamb, other
meat, dairy products
Imports: $26.0 billion (f.o.b., 1984); princi-
pal products-manufactured raw materials,
capital equipment, consumer goods
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Major trade partners: (1983-84) exports-
26% Japan, 11% US, 6% New Zealand, 4%
North Korea, 4% Singapore, 3% USSR; im-
ports-22% US, 22% Japan, 7% UK, 6%
FRG, 4% New Zealand
Aid: donor-ODA and OOF economic aid
commitments (1970-83), $6.3 billion
Budget: (FY85-86 prof.) expenditures, $48
billion; receipts, $51.5 billion; deficit, $3.5
billion
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Australian Air Force, Royal
Australian Navy, Australian Army.
Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,194,000;
3,542,000 fit for military service; 140,000
reach military age (17) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30
June 1986,,$4.4 billion; about 9.5% of total
central government budget
Monetarsy conversion rate: 1.44 Australian.
dollar=US$1(6 February 1986)
Communications
Railroads: 42,855 km total (1980); 9,689 km
1.600-meter gauge, 15,783 km 1.435-meter
standard gauge, 17,383 km 1.067-meter
gauge; 900 km electrified (June 1979); gov-
ernment owned (except for a few hundred
kilometers of privately owned track)
Highways: 837,872 km total (1980); 243,750
km paved, 228,396 km gravel, crushed
stone, or stabilized soil surface, 365,726 km
unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 8,368 km; mainly by
small, shallow-draft craft
Pipelines: crude oil, 2,400 km; refined prod-
ucts, 500 km; natural gas, 5,600 km
Ports: 12 major, numerous minor
Civil air: around 150 major transport air-
craft
Airfields: 1,052 total; 1,009 usable; 221 with
permanent-surface runways, 2 with run-
ways over 3,659 m; 18 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 498 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: very good interna-
tional and domestic service; 7.4 million tele-
phones (52 per 100 pop1.); 223 AM, 5 FM,
and 111 TV stations; 3 earth satellite sta-
tions; submarine cables to New Zealand,
Papua New Guinea, Singapore, Malaysia,
Hong Kong, and Guam
Land
83,835 km2; slightly smaller than Maine;
38% forest; 26% meadow and pasture; 20%
cultivated; 15% waste or urban; 1 % inland
water
Land boundaries: 2,582 km
People
Population: 7,546,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 0%
Nationality: noun-Austrian(s); adjective-
Austrian
Ethnic divisions: 99.4% German, 0.3%
Croatian, 0.2% Slovene, 0.1% other
Religion: 88% Roman Catholic, 6% Protes-
tant, 6% none or other
Language: German
Infant mortality rate: 16/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: 73
Literacy: 98%
Labor force: 2.9 million (1984); 41.10% in-
dustry and crafts, 57.55% services, 1.35%
agriculture and forestry; 4.5% unemployed
(average 1984); an estimated 200,000 Austri-
ans are employed in other European coun-
tries; foreign laborers in Austria number
138,700, about 5.4% of labor force (1984)
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Austria (continued)
Organized, labor: 1,672,820 members of
Austrian Trade Union Federation (1984)
Voting strength: (1983 election) parliamen-
tary-SPO 47.65%, OVP 43.22%, FPO
4.98%, VGO 1.93%, ALO 1.36%, KPO 0.66%
equipment, lumber, textiles, paper products,
chemicals
Government
official name: Republic of Austria
Type: federal republic
Capital: Vienna
Political subdivions: 9 states (lender) in-
cluding the capital
is
Legal system: civil law system with-Roman
law origin; constitution adopted 1920, re-
promulgated 1945; judicial review of legisla-
tive acts by a Constitutional Court; separate
administrative and civil/penal supreme
courts; legal education at Universities of
Vienna, Graz, Innsbruck, Salzburg, and
Linz; has not accepted compulsory ICJ juris-
diction
National 'holiday: 26 October
Branches: bicameral legislature (Federal
Assembly-Federal Council, National
Council), directly elected President whose
functions are largely representational, hide-
Pend e'ntfederaljudiciary
Government leaders: Rudolf
KIRCHSCHLAGER, President (since July
1974); Fred SINOWATZ, Chancellor (since
May 1983),.leads a Socialist/Freedom Party
of Austria coalition
Suffrage: universal over age 19; compulsory
for presidential elections
Elections: presidential, every six years (next
1986); parliamentary, every four years (next
1987)
Political parties and leaders: Socialist Party
of Austria (SPO), Fred Sinowatz, chairman;
Austrian People's Party (OVP), Alois Mock,
chairman; Liberal Party (FPO), Norbert
Steger, chairman; Communist Party (KPO),
Franz Muhri, chairman; Alternative List
Austria (ALO), no leader; United Greens
(VGO), Josef Buchner, leader
Communists: membership 15,000 est.; ac-
tivists 7,000-8,000
Other political or pressure groups: Federal
Chamber of Commerce and Industry; Aus-
trian Trade Union Federation (primarily
Socialist); three composite leagues of the
Austrian People's Party (OVP) representing
business, labor, and farmers; OVP-oriented
League of Austrian Industrialists; Roman
Catholic Church, including its chief lay or-
ganization, Catholic Action
Member of. ADB, Council of Europe, DAC,
ECE, EFTA, EMA, ESRO (observer), FAO,
GATT, IAEA, IDB-Inter-American Devel-
opment Bank, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA,
IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, International Lead
and Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, IWC-In-
ternational Wheat Council, OECD, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO;
WMO, WTO, WSG
Economy
GNP: $64.21 billion (1984), $8,500 per cap-
ita; 57% private consumption, 22% invest-
ment, 19% public consumption; 1984 real
GNP growth rate, 2.2%
Natural resources: iron ore, petroleum, tim-
ber, magnesite, aluminum, coal, lignite, ce-
ment, copper
Agriculture: livestock, forest products, cere-
als, potatoes, sugar beets; 84% self-sufficient
Major industries: foods, iron and steel, ma-
chinery, textiles, chemicals, electrical, paper
and pulp
Crude steel: 5.3 million metric tons pro-
duced (1984)
Electric power: 14,711,000 kW capacity
(1985); 45.11 billion kWh produced (1985),
5,983 kWh per capita
Exports: $15.72 billion (f.o.b., 1984); iron
and steel products, machinery and
14
Imports: $19.59 billion (c.i.f., 1984); machin-
ery and.equipment, chemicals, textiles and
clothing, petroleum, foodstuffs, vehicles,
office machines, pharmaceuticals
Major trade partners: (1984) imports-
39.9% FRG, 8.6% Italy, 6.6% East Europe
(excluding USSR), 5:0% USSR, 4.4% Switzer-
land, 3.5% US, exports-29.6% FRG, 9.4%
Italy, 7.6% East Europe (excluding USSR),
6.9% Switzerland, 6.4% OPEC, 4.1% US
Aid: donor-ODA and OOF economic aid
commitments (1970-83), $1.3 billion
Budget: expenditures, $23.2 billion; reve-
nues, $18.5 billion; deficit, $4.7 billion (1985)
Monetary conversion rate: 20.01
schillings=US$1(1984 average); 22.28
schillings=US$1(first half 1985)
Communications
Railroads: 6,497 km total; 5.857 km govern-
ment owned; 5,403 km 1.435-meter stand-
ard gauge of which 3,017 km electrified and
1,520 km double tracked; 454 km 0.760-
meter narrow gauge of which 91 km electri-
fied; 640 km privately owned 1.435- and
1.000-meter gauge
Highways: 95,412 km total; 34,612 km are
the classified network (including 1,012 km of
autobahn, 10,400 km of federal, and 23,200
km of provincial roads); of this number, ap-
proximately 21,812 km are paved and
12,800 km are unpaved; additionally, there
are 60,800 km of communal roads (mostly
gravel, crushed stone, earth)
Ports: 2 major river (Vienna, Linz)
Pipelines: 554 km crude oil; 2,611 km natu-
ral gas; 171 km refined products
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Airfields: 56 total, 54 usable; 18 with
permanent-surface runways; 5 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 5 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: highly developed and
efficient; extensive TV and radiobroadcast
systems with 9 AM, 669 FM, and 988 TV
stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT sta-
tion; 3.47 million telephones (45.9 per 100
Pop].)
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Flying Division
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,946,000;
1,647,000 fit for military service; 65,000
reach military age (19) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1984, $849 million; about 3.9% of
the proposed federal budget
The Bahamas
NA$$AU,
North
Great Abaco Atlantic
Ocean
Eleuthera
,Cat Island
CaySal Andro
Island
North
Atlantic
Ocean
Land
13,934 km2; about the size of Connecticut;
an archipelago of some 700 islands and keys;
29% forest; 1% cultivated; 70% built on,
wasteland, and other
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 3,542 km (New Providence
Island, 76 km)
People
Population: 235,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 1.8%
Nationality: noun-Bahamian(s); adjec-
tive-Bahamian
Ethnic divisions: 85% black, 15% white
Religion: Baptist 29%, Anglican 23%,
Roman Catholic 22%, smaller groups of
other Protestants, Greek Orthodox, and Jews
Language: English; some Creole among
Haitian immigrants
Infant mortality rate: 20.20/1,000 (1984)
Life expectancy: men 64, women 70
Literacy: 89%
Labor force: 82,000 (1982); 30% govern-
ment, 25% hotels and restaurants, 10% -
L ong Island
Exuma \
business services, 6% agriculture; 30% unem-
ployment (1983)
Organized labor: 25% organized
Government
Official name: The Commonwealth o'f The
Bahamas
Type: independent commonwealth recog-
nizing Elizabeth II as Chief of State
Capital: Nassau on New Providence Island
Legal system: based on English common
law
National holiday: Independence Day, 10
July
Branches: bicameral legislature
(Parliament-l6-member appointed Senate,
43-member elected House of Assembly);
executive (Prime Minister and Cabinet);
judiciary
Government leaders: Sir Lynden Oscar
PINDLING, Prime Minister (since 1969);,Sir
Gerald C. CASH, Governor General (since
1979)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: House of Assembly (June 1982);
next election constitutionally due in five
years
Political parties and leaders: Progressive
Liberal Party (PLP), Sir Lynden O. Pindling;
Free National Movement (FNM), Kendal
Isaacs, Cecil Wallace-Whitfield
Voting strength: 73,309 registered voters
(July 1977); (1982 election) House of Assem-
bly-PLP (55%) 32 seats, FNM (45%) 11
seats, others (3%) 0 seats
Communists: none known
Other political or pressure groups: Van-
guard Nationalist and Socialist Party
(VNSP), a small leftist party headed by
Lionel Carey; Trade Union Congress (TUC),
headed by Leonard Archer
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The Bahamas (continued)
Member of: CARICOM, CDB, Common-
wealth, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD,
ICAO, IDB-Inter-American Development
Bank, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, ITU,
NAM, OAS, PAHO, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $1.8 billion (1984), $7,950 per capita;
real growth rate 2% (1984)
Natural resources: salt, aragonite, timber
Agriculture: food importer; main crops fish,
fruits, vegetables
Major industries: banking, tourism, cement,
oil refining and transshipment, lumber, salt
production, rum, aragonite, pharmaceuti-
cals, spiral weld, and steel pipe
Electric power: 348,000 kW capacity (1985);
880 million kWh produced (1985), 3,793
kWh per capita
Exports: $2.3 billion (f.o.b., 1984); pharma-
ceuticals, cement, rum, crayfish
Imports: $3.0 billion (c.i.f., 1984); foodstuffs,
manufactured goods, mineral fuels
Major trade partners: exports-US 90%,
UK 10%; imports-Iran 30%, Nigeria 20%,
US 10%, EC 10%, Gabon 10% (1981)
Aid: economic-US economic
commitments, including Ex-Im (1970-80),
from US, $42 million; ODA and OOF eco-
nomic commitments (1970-83), $140 mil-
lion;.no military aid
Budget: (1984 prelim.) revenues, $347 mil-
lion; expenditures, $363 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Bahamian
dollar=US$1 (September 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 2,400 km total; 1,350 km paved,
1,050 km gravel
Ports: 2 major (Freeport, Nassau), 9 minor
Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 61 total, 56 usable; 29 with
permanent-surface runways; 3 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 23 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: telecom facilities
highly developed, including 84,000 tele-
phones (37.9 per 100 popl.) in totally auto-
matic system; tropospheric scatter and cable
links with Florida; 3 AM and 2 FM stations;
1 TV station; 3 coaxial submarine cables;
satellite ground station under construction
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Bahamas Defense Force (a
coast guard element only), Royal Bahamas
Police Force
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1982 $9.2 million, about 2.5% of
the total budget
Gulf of
Bahrain
Al Muharra
MANAMA
Land
676 km2 plus group of 32 smaller islands;
smaller than New York City; 5% cultivated,
negligible forest; remainder desert, waste, or
urban
Water
Limits of .territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
People
Population: 422,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 3.5%
Nationality: noun-Bahraini(s); adjective-
Bahraini
Ethnic divisions: 63% Bahraini, 13% Asian,
10% other Arab, 8% Iranian, 6% other
Religion: Muslim (70% Shia, 30% Sunni)
Language: Arabic (official); English also
widely spoken; Farsi, Urdu
Literacy: 40%
Labor force: 140,000 (1982); 42% of labor
force is Bahraini; 85% industry and com-
merce; 5% agriculture, 5% services, 3% gov-
ernment
Government -
Official name: State'of Bahrain
Type: traditional monarchy; independent
since 1971
r
Haeulr Islands are .
disputed between
Bahrain and Qatar.
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Legal system:-based`on Islamic law and
English common law; constitution went into
effect in December 1973
National holiday: 16 December
Branches: Amir rules with help of a Cabinet
led by Prime Minister; Amir dissolved the
National Assembly in August 1975 and sus-
pended the constitutional provision for elec-
tion of the Assembly; independent judiciary
Government leader: Isa bin Sulman Al
KHALIFA, Amir (since November 1-961)
Suffrage: none
Political parties and pressure groups: politi-
cal parties prohibited; several small, clandes-
tine leftist and. Shia fundamentalist groups
are active
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77,
GATT (de facto), GCC, IBRD, ICAO,
IDB-Islamic Development Bank, ILO,
IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM,
OAPEC, OIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO
Economy
GDP: $4.0 billion at current prices (1982
est), $10,000 per capita; real growth rate 9%
(1981)
Natural resources: oil, associated and nonas-
sociated natural gas, fish
Agriculture: not self-sufficient in food pro-
duction; produces some fruit and vegetables;
engages in dairy and poultry farming and in
shrimping and fishing
Major industries: petroleum processing and
refining, aluminum smelting, offshore bank-
ing, ship repairing
Electric power: 1,407,800 kW capacity
(1985); 6.166 billion kWh produced (1985),
14,440 kWh per capita
Exports: $3.1 billion (f.o.b., 1984); nonoil
exports $400 million (1984); oil exports $2.7
billion (1984)
Imports: $3.5 billion (c.i.f., 1984);tnonoil
imports $1.9 billion (1984); oil imports $1.6
billion (1984)
Major trade partners: Japan, UK; US, Saudi
Arabia
Budget: (1985) $967 million current expend-
iture, $556 million capital
Monetary conversion rate::0.38 Bahrain
dinar=.US$1 (October 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 225 km bituminous surfaced;
undetermined kilometers of natural surface
tracks; 25 km bridge-causeway to Saudi
Arabia is under construction with comple-
tion scheduled for January 1986
Ports: 1 major (Mina' Sulman), 1 minor
(Mina' al Manamah), 1 petroleum, oil, and
lubricant terminal (Sitrah)
Pipelines: crude oil, 56 km; refined prod-
ucts, 16 km; natural gas, 32 km
Airfields: 3 total, 2 usable; 2 with
permanent-surface runways;1 with run-
ways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: excellent interna-
tional telecommunications; adequate do-
mestic services; 98,000 telephones (25.4 per
100 pop].); 2 AM, 1 FM, and 2 TV stations; 1
Atlantic Ocean, 1 Indian Ocean, and 1 Arab
satellite station; tropospheric scatter and
microwave to Qatar, United Arab Emirates,
Saudi Arabia; submarine cable to Qatar and
United Arab Emirates
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Naval Wing, Air Wing
Military manpower: males 15-49, 125,000;
73,000 fit for military service
Supply: from several West European coun-
tries, especially France and UK
Bangladesh
Boundary rep- entat,o, is
not n c arily authoritacae
Land .
143,998 km2; slightly smaller_than Wiscon-
sin; 66% arable (including cultivated and
fallow), 18% uncultivated (not available), 16% forest
Land boundaries: 2,535 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone) .
People
Population: 104,205,000 (July 1986), aver-
age annual growth rate 2.7%
Nationality: noun-Bangladeshi(s); adjec-
tive-Bangladesh
Ethnic divisions: 98% Bengali; 250,000
"Biharis" and fewer than one million tribals
Religion: 83% Muslim, about 16% Hindu,
less than I% Buddhist, Christian, and other
Language: Bangla (official), English widely
used
Infant mortality rate: 119.4/1,000 (1984)
Life expectancy: 53
Literacy: 29%
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Bangladesh (continued)
Labor force: 35.1 million (FY86); extensive
export of labor to Saudi Arabia, UAE,
Oman, and Kuwait; 74% of labor force is in
agriculture, 15% services, 11% industry and
commerce (FY81/82); unemployment and
underemployment 40% (est.)
Government
Official name: People's Republic of
Bangladesh
Type: republic; under martial law since 24
March 1982
Political parties and leaders: Bangladesh
Nationalist Party, -Begum Ziaur Rahman;
Awami League, Sheikh Hasina Wazed;
United People's Party, Kazi Zafar Ahmed;
Democratic League, Khondakar Mushtaque
Ahmed; Muslim League, Khan A. Sabur;
Jatiya Samaitantrik Dal (National Socialist'
Party), M. A. Jalil; Bangladesh Communist
Party (pro-Soviet), Mohammad Farhad; nu-
merous small parties; political activity
banned following March 1982 coup; ban
lifted in March 1984, reimposed in March
1985, and lifted again in January 1986
Major trade partners: exports-Middle East
29%, US 13%, Italy 8.6%, Japan 7.5%; im-
ports-Middle East 17%, Western Europe
12%, Japan 11%, US 11% (FY84)
Budget: (FY86) current expenditures, $1.2
billion; capital expenditures, $1.4 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 32.15
takas=US$1(October 1985)
Political subdivisions: 4 divisions, 21 re-
gions, 64 districts, 495 thanas (rural town-
ships consisting of 4,472 unions or village
groupings)
Legal system: martial law currently prevails
and civilian legal system suspended; tradi-
tionally based on English common law; con-
stitution adopted December 1972, amended
January 1975 to more authoritarian presi-
dential system; and changed by'proclama-
tion in April 1977 to reflect Islamic charac-
ter of nation; further change, by proclama-
tion in December 1978, provided for the
appointment of the Prime Minister, Deputy
Prime Minister, and other Cabinet-rank
ministers and defined the powers of the
President
National holiday: National Day, 26 March;
Victory Day, 16 December
Branches: constitution (currently suspended)
provides for unicameral legislature (Parlia
ment), strong President; independent judi-
ciary; President has substantial control over
the judiciary
Government leaders: Lt. Gen. Hussain
Mohammad ERSHAD, President (sinceDe-
cember 1983) and Chief Martial Law Ad-
ministrator (since March 1982)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: some local elections held in De-
cember 1983; higher local elections held in
May 1985; presidential and parliamentary
elections may be held in 1986
Communists: 2,500 members (est.)
Member of: ADB, Afro-Asian People's Soli-
darity Organization, Colombo Plan, Com-
monwealth, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB-Islamic
Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IRC,
ITU, NAM, OIC, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UPU,-WHO, WFTU, WMO,
WTO
Economy
GNP: $11.6 billion (FY83, current prices),
$130 per capita; 3.8% real growth (FY85)
Agriculture: large-scale subsistence farming,
heavily dependent on monsoon rainfall;
main crops are jute, tea, and rice; grain, cot-
ton, and oilseed shortages
Fishing: production 751,000 metric tons
(1984)
Major industries: jute manufactures, food
processing, and cotton textiles
Electric power: 1,118,000 kW capacity
(1985); 4.21 billion kWh produced (1985), 42
kWh: per capita
Exports: $811 million (f.o.b., FY84); raw and
manufactured jute, leather, tea
Imports: $2.3'billion (c.i.f:, FY84); food-
grains, fuels, raw cotton, fertilizer, manufac-
tured products
Communications
Railroads: 4,085 km total (1985); 1,912 km.
1.000-meter gauge, 978 km 1.676-meter
broad gauge; government owned
Highways: 45,633 km total (1985); 4,076 km
paved, 2,693 km gravel, 38,864 km earth
Inland waterways: 7,000 km; river steamers
navigate main waterways
Ports: 2 sea (Chittagong; Chalna), 7 inland
Pipelines: 650 km natural gas
Civil air: 15 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 18 total, 13 usable;'14 with
permanent-surface runways; 4 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 in, 7 with runways
1,220-2,439 in
Telecommunications: adequate interna-
tional radio communications and landline
service; fair domestic wire and microwave
service; fair broadcast service; 100,000 (est.)
telephones (0.1 per 100 popl.); 9 AM, 6 FM, 8'
TV stations, and 1 ground satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force;--paramili-
tary forces-Bangladesh Rifles, Bangladesh
Ansars, Armed Police Reserve, Coastal Po-
lice
Military manpower: males 15-49,
24,622,000; 15,144,000 fit for military ser-
vice
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30
June 1986, $285 million; about 15% of cen-
tral government budget
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North
Atlantic
Ocean
htstnwn
Bathsheba
communications, and finanacialinstitutions;
8.1 % agriculture; and 2.1 % utilities
Organized labor: 32%
Government.
Official name: Barbados
Type: independent sovereign state within
the Commonwealth recognizing Elizabeth II
as Chief of State
Caribbean
Sea
See regional map 111
Land
430 km'; about half the size of New York
City; 60% crop; 30% unused, built on, or
waste; 10% meadow
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
People
Population: 253,000 (July 1986), average. .
annual growth rate 0.5%
Nationality: noun-Barbadian(s); adjec=
tive-Barbadian
Ethnic divisions: 80% African, 16% mixed,
4% European .
Religion: 70% Anglican; 9% Methodist, 4%
Roman Catholic, 17% other, including
Moravian
Language: English
Infantmortality rate: 26.3/1,000 (1984)
Life expectancy: 70.8
Literacy: 99%,
Labor force: 112,300 (1985 est.); 36.8% ser-
vices and government; 22.4% commerce;.
21.8% manufacturing and construction;
9.3% transportation, storage,
Political subdivisions:, 11 parishes and city
of Bridgetown
Legal system: English common law;.consti-
tution came into effect upon independence
in 1966; no judicial review of legislative acts;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdic-
tion
National holiday:. Independence Day, 30
November
Branches: bicameral legislature
(Parliament-21-member appointed Senate
and 27-member elected House of Assembly);
Cabinet headed by Prime Minister
Government leaders: H. Bernard ST.
JOHN, Prime Minister (since March 1985);
Sir Hugh SPRINGER, Governor General
(since 1984)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: House of Assembly members
have terms no longer than five years; last
general election held 18 June 1981
Political parties and leaders:-Barbados La-
bor Party (BLP; leader not yet named
[former leader was Prime Minister Tom
Adams, who died in March 1985] ); Demo-
cratic Labor Party (DLP), Errol Barrow
Voting strength: (1981 election) BLP,
52.4%; DLP, 46.8%; independent, negligi-
ble; House of Assembly seats-BLP 17, DLP
10. .
Other political or pressure groups: People's
Progressive Movement, Bobby Clarke;
People's Pressure Movement, Eric Sealy;
Workers' Party of Barbados, Dr. George Bell
Member of. CARICOM, Commonwealth,
FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IBRD, ICAO,
IDB-Inter-American Development Bank,
IFAD, IFC, ILO; IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, ISO, ITU, IWC-Interna-
tional Wheat Council, NAM, OAS, PAHO,
SELA, UN; UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $1,151.7 million (1984), $4,560 per
capita; real GDP growth rate 0% (1984)
Natural resources: negligible
Agriculture: main products-sugarcane,
subsistence foods
Major industries: tourism, sugar milling,
light manufacturing, component assembly
for export
Electric power: 145,000 kW capacity (1985);
360 million kWh produced (1985), 1,429
kWh per capita
Exports: $390 million (f.o.b., 1984); sugar
and sugarcane byproducts, electrical parts,
clothing
Imports: $656.2 million (f.o.b., 1984); food-
stuffs, consumer durables, machinery, fuels
Major trade partners: exports-42% US,
22% CARICOM, 7% UK; imports-48% US,
12% CARICOM, 8% UK, 6% Canada (1984
prelim.) . .
Aid: economic-US economic
commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-84),
$14 million; ODA and OOF commitments
from other Western countries (1970-83),
$107 million; no military aid
Budget: (FY84 prelim.) revenues, $288 mil-
lion; expenditures, $323 million
Monetary conversion rate: 2.0113 Barbados
dollars=US$1(September 1985)
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Barbados (continued)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 1,570 km total; 1,475 km paved,
95 km gravel and earth
Ports: 1 major (Bridgetown), 2 minor
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1 with permanent-surface run-
ways 2,440-3,659 in
Telecommunications: islandwide automatic
telephone system with 75,000 telephones
(30.0 per 100 pop!.); tropospheric scatter link
to Trinidad and St. Lucia; 2 AM stations, 1
FM station, 1 TV station; 1 Atlantic Ocean
satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Barbados Defense Force, Royal
Barbados Police Force
Major ground units: Defense Force
Military manpower: rriales 15-49, 67,000;
48,000 fit for military service; no conscrip-
tion
Military budget: for fiscal year 1985, $10.1
million; 3% of central government budget
Belgium
Land
30,540 km2; slightly larger than Maryland;
28% cultivated; 24% meadow and pasture;
20% forest; 28% waste, urban, or other
Land boundaries: 1,377 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(200 nm fishing zone, with equidistant lines
between neighboring countries)
People
Population: 9,868,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 0.1 %
Nationality: noun-Belgian(s); adjective-
Belgian
Ethnic divisions: 55% Fleming, 33% Wal-
loon, 12% mixed. or other
Religion: 75% Roman Catholic, remainder
Protestant, none, or other
Language: 56% Flemish (Dutch), 32%
French, 1 % German; 11% legally bilingual;
divided along ethnic lines
Infant mortality rate: 11.15/1,000(1979)
Life expectancy: men 68.6, women 75.1
Literacy: 98%
Labor force: 4 million (1985); 59% services,
37% industry, 5% agriculture; 13.6% unem-
ployed (1985)
Organized labor: 70% of labor force
Government
Official name: Kingdom of Belgium
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Brussels
Political subdivisions: nine provinces; as of 1
October 1980, Wallonia and Flanders have
regional "subgovernments" with elected
regional councils and executive officials;
those regional authorities have limited pow-
ers over revenues and certain areas of eco-
nomic, urban, environmental, and housing
policy; Wallonia also has a separate Walloon
Cultural Council
Legal system: civil law system influenced by
English constitutional theory; constitution
adopted 1831, since amended; judicial re-
view of legislative acts; legal education at
four law schools; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: National Day, 21 July
Branches: executive branch consists of King
and Cabinet; Cabinet responsible to bicam-
eral parliament (Senate and Chamber of
Representatives); independent judiciary;
coalition governments are usual
Government leaders: BAUDOUIN I, King
(since August 1950); Wilfried MARTENS,
Prime Minister (since 1979, with a nine-
month interruption in 1981)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: held at least once every four
years; last held 13 October 1985
Political parties and leaders: Flemish Social
Christian (CVP), Frank Swaelen, president;
Walloon Social Christian (PSC), Gerard
Deprez, president; Flemish Socialist (SP),
Karel van Miert, president; Walloon Social-
ist (PS), Guy Spitaels, president; Flemish
Liberal (PVV); Annemie Neyts, interim
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president; Walloon Liberal (PRL), Louis
Agriculture: livestock production predomi-
1.000-meter gauge, government owned and
Michel, President; Francophone Democratic
nates; main crops-grains, sugar-beets, flax,
electrified -
Front (FDF), Georges Clerfayt, president;
potatoes, other vegetables, fruits
Volksunie (VU), Vic Anciaux, president;
Highways: 103,396 km total; approximately
Communist Party (PCB), Louis van Geyt,
Fishing: catch 40,580 metric.tons (1983);
1,317 km limited access, divided autoroute;
president; Walloon Rally'(RW), Fernand
exports $29,991 million; imports $25,787 -
11,717 km national highway; 1,362 km pro-
Massart; Ecologist Party (ECOLO-
million -
vincial road; approximately 38,000 km other
AGALEV), loosely organized with no presi-
paved; approximately 51,000 km unpaved
dent; Anti-Tax Party (UDRT-RAD), Robert
Major industries: engineering and metal
rural
Hendrick and Thomas Delahaye, presidents;
products, processed food and beverages,
Vlaams Blok (VB), president unknown
chemicals, basic metals, textiles;. glass, petro-
Inland waterways: 2,043 km, of which 1,528
leum
km are in regular use by commercial trans-
Voting strength: (1985 election) 212-seat
port
Chamber.of Representatives-CVP 49 seats,
Crude steel: 17.9 million metric tons capac-.
PS 35 seats, PVV 22 seats, SP 32 seats, PRL
ity (December 1981); 11.3 million metric
24 seats, VU 16 seats, PSC20 seats, FDF 3,
tons produced, 1,147 kg per capita (1984)
ECOLO-AGALEV 9 seats, UDRT-RAD 1
Pipelines: refined products, 1,115 km;
seat, VB 1
Electric power: 15,911, 000 ,k W capacity
crude, 161 km; natural gas, 3,218 km "
(1985); 55.885 billion kWh produced (1985),
Communists: under 5,000 members (est.,
5,669 kWh per-capita
Civil air: 47 major transport aircraft
December 1985)
Exports: (Belgium-Luxembourg Economic
Airfields: 44 total, 43 usable; 25 with -
Other political or pressure groups: Christian
Union) $51.4 billion (f.ob.,1984); iron and
permanent-surface runways; 14 with run-
and Socialist Trade Unions; Federation of
steel products (cars), petroleum products,
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 3 with runways
Belgian Industries; numerous other associa-
chemicals
1,220-2,439 m
tions representing bankers, manufacturers,
middle-class artisans, and the'legal and med-
Imports: (Belgium-Luxembourg Economic
Telecommunications: excellent domestic
ical professions; various organizations repre-
Union) $54.7-billion (c.i.f., ?1984); fuels, food-
and international telephone and telegraph
sent the cultural interests of Flanders and
stuffs, chemicals
facilities; 4.11 million telephones (41.7.per
Wallonia; various peace groups such as
100 pop].); 7 AM? 37 FM, 32 TV stations; 6
Flemish Action Committee Against Nuclear
Major trade,partners:
submarine cables; 2 Atlantic Ocean
Weapons and Pax Christi
(Belgium-Luxembourg, Economic Union;
INTELSAT stations
1984) exports-69.1% EC'(19.5% FRG,
Member of: ADB, Benelux, BLEU, Council
14.3% Netherlands,: 14.0% France, 9.8%
Defense Forces
of Europe, DAC, EC, ECE, ECOSOC, EIB,
UK), 6.1 % US, 2.6%.Communist; imports-
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
ELDO, EMS, ESRO, FAO, GATT, IAEA,
67.3% EC (20!0% FRG,.19.0% Netherlands,
IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA,
14.8% France, 8.8% UK),:6.1% US, 4.4%
Military manpower: males 15-49,2,506,000;
IDB-Inter-}American Development Bank,
Communist
2,115,000 fit for military service; 80,000
IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, International Lead
reach military age (19) annually
and Zinc-Study Group, IMF, IMO,
Aid: donor-ODA and OOF economic aid
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU, ITC,
commitments (1970-83'),`$3.6 billion
Military budget: for-fiscal-year-ending 31
ITU, NATO, OAS (observer), OECD, UN,
December'1,984, $2.5 billion; 8.2% of the
UNESCO, UPU, WEU, WHO, WIPO,
Budget: (1984) revenues,' $23.1 billion; ex-
central government budget
WMO, WSG
penditures, $28.5 billion; deficit, .$5.4 billion
Economy
Monetary conversion rate: 51:6'Belgian
GNP: $76.3 billion (1984), $7,870 per capita;
francs=US$1 (December 1985)
66% consumption, 16% investment, 18%
government consumption, 0.0% net foreign
balance (1983); 2.2% real growth rate in
1984
Communications
Railroads: Belgian National Railways
(SNCB) operates 3,471 km 1.435-meter stand-
ard gauge, government owned; 2,563 km
double track; 1,907 km electrified; 191 km
21
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Belize
(formerly British Honduras)
Sea
Land
22,963 km2; slightly larger than Massachu-
setts; 46% exploitable forest, 38% agricul-
tural (5% cultivated); 16% urban, waste, wa-
ter; offshore islands; or other
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: 386 km
People
Population: 168,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.2%
Nationality: noun-Belizean(s); adjective-
Belizean
Ethnic divisions:'51% black, 22% mestizo,
19% Amerindian, 8% other
Religion: 50% Roman Catholic; Anglican,
Seventh-Day Adventist, Methodist,``Baptist,
Jehovah's Witnesses,.Mennonite
Language: English (official), Spanish Maya,
Carib
Infant mortality rate: 56/1,000 (1984)
Life expectancy: 66
Literacy: about 90%
Labor force: 51,500 (1984); 30.0% agricul-
ture, 16.0% services,. 15.4% government,'
11.2% commerce, 10.3% manufacturing;
shortage of skilled labor and all types of
technical personnel; over 14% are unem-
ployed
Organized labor: 15% of labor force
Government
Official name: Belize
Type: parliamentary; independent state; a
member of the Commonwealth
Capital: Belmopan
Political subdivisions: 6 districts
Legal system: English law
Branches: bicameral legislature (National
Assembly-electoral redistricting in Octo-
ber 1984 expanded House of Representa-
tives from 18 to 28 seats; eight-member ap-
pointed Senate; either house may choose its
speaker or president, respectively, from out-
side its membership); Cabinet; judiciary
Government leaders: Manuel A.
ESQUIVEL, Prime Minister (since Decem-
ber 1984); Dr. Elmira Minita GORDON,
Governor General (since December 1981)
Elections: parliamentary elections held De-
cember 1984
Political parties and leaders: United Demo-
cratic Party (UDP), Manuel Esquivel, Curl
Thompson, Dean Lindo; People's United `
Party (PUP), George Price
Voting strength: (December 1984) National
Assembly-UDP 21 seats (25,785-54.1%),
PUP 7 seats (20,971-44.0%); before redis-
tricting, PUP held 13 seats, UDP 4 seats, and
independents 1 seat
Other political or pressure groups: United
Workers Union, which is connected with
PUP
Befl a City
.,Caribbean
Member of. CARICOM, CDB, Common-
wealth, FAO, GATT, IBRD, IDA, IFAD,
IFC, ILO, IMF, G-77, ISO, ITU, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $193 million (1985), $1,200 per capita
(1985); real growth rate 1.5% (1983)
Agriculture: main products-sugarcane,
citrus fruits, corn, molasses, rice, beans, ba-
nanas, livestock products, honey; netim-
porter of food; an illegal producer of canna-
bis for the international drug trade
Fishing: catch 1;349 metric tons'(1980)
Major industries: sugar refining, garments,
timber and forest products, furniture, rum,
soap, beverages, cigarettes
Electric power: 23,000 kW capacity (1985);
56 million kWh produced (1985), 340 kWh
per capita
Exports: $93 million (f.o.b., 1984 est.); sugar,
garments, seafood, molasses, citrus fruits,
wood and wood products
Imports: $126 million (c.i.f., 1984 est.); ma-
chinery and transportation equipment, food,
manufactured goods, fuels, chemicals, phar-
maceuticals
Major trade partners: exports-US 36%,
UK 22%, Trinidad and Tobago 11%, Canada
10%; imports-US 55%, UK 17%, Nether-
lands Antilles 8%; Mexico 7% (1983)
Aid: US economic commitments, including
Ex-Im (FY70-84), $3.0 million; ODA and
OOF commitments from Western (non-US)
countries (1970-83), $160 million
Budget: revenues, $49 million; expendi-
tures, $90 million (budget for 1984/85)
Monetary conversion rate: 2 Belize
dollars=US$1 (December 1985)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
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Communications
Railroads: none
Benin
(formerly Dahomey)
Highways: 2,575 km total; 340 km paved,
1,190 km gravel, 735 km improved earth,
and 310 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 825 km river network
used by shallow-draft craft; seasonally navi-
gable
Ports: 2 major (Belize City, Belize City
Southwest), 5 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 41 total, 36 usable; 4 with
permanent-surface runways; 3 with run-
ways 1,220-2,439 in
Telecommunications: 8,650 telephones; (4.5
per 100 pop].); above average system based
on radio-relay; 5 AM and 5 FM stations; 1
Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT station
Defense Forces
Branches: British Forces Belize, Belize De-
fense Force, Police Department
Military manpower: males 15-49, 41,000;
25,000 fit for military service; 1,800 reach
military age (18) annually; the nucleus of the
Belize Defense Force (BDF) is the former
Special Force of the Belize Police, which,
was transferred intact to the new organiza-
tion; the bulk of the early recruits were
drawn from the Belize Volunteer Guard, a
home guard force that had previously acted
as a police reserve; the BDF currently con-
sists of full-time soldiers known as the
"Regulars" and an essentially reserve group,
which has maintained the "Volunteer
Guard" name; recruitment is voluntary and
the terms of service vary
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
March 1986, $3.5 million; 3.3% of central
government budget
Bight of Benin
See regional map VII
Land
112,622 km2; slightly smaller than Pennsyl-
vania; southern third of country is most fer-
tile; 80% arable land (11 % actually culti-
vated); 19% forest and game.preserves; 1%
nonarable
Land boundaries: 1,963 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200
nm
People
Population: 4,141,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 3.1 %
Nationality: noun-Beninese (sing., pl.);
adjective-Beninese
Ethnic divisions: 99% African (42 ethnic
groups, most important being Fon, Adja,
Yoruba, Bariba); 5,500 Europeans
Religion: 70% indigenous beliefs, 15% Mus-
lim, 15% Christian
Language: French (official); Fon and Yoruba
most common vernaculars in south; at least
six major tribal languages in north
Infant mortality rate: 45/1,000 (1984)
Life expectancy: 46.9
Labor force: 1.5 million (1982); 70% of labor
force employed in agriculture; less than 2%
of the labor force work in the industrial sec-
tor, and the remainder are. employed in
transport, commerce, and public services
Organized labor: approximately 75% of
wage earners, divided among two major and
several minor unions
Government
Official name: People's Republic of Benin
Type: Soviet-modeled civilian government
Capital: Porto-Novo (official), Cotonou (de
facto)
Political subdivisions: 6 provinces, 84 dis-
tricts
Legal system: based on French civil law and;.,,
customary law; legal education generally
obtained in France; has.not accepted com-
pulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 30 November
Branches: Revolutionary National Assem-
bly, National Executive Council
Government leader: Brig. Gen. Mathieu
KEREKOU, President and Chief of State-
(since 1972)
Elections: National Assembly elections were
held in November 1979; Assembly then for-s
mally elected KerekouPresident in Febru-
ary 1980
Political parties: People's Revolutionary
Party 'of Benin (PRPB) is sole party
Communists: PRPB espouses Marxism-
Leninism
Member of. AfDB, CEAO, EAMA, ECA,
ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, G-77, GATT,
IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, ILO, IMF,
IMO, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, Niger River,
Commission, OAU, OCAM, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
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Benin (continued)
Economy
GNP: $974.2 million (1984,est.), $270 per
capita (1983); 1.6% growth during 1984
Natural resources: small offshore oil depos-
its; no other known minerals in commercial
quantity
Agriculture: major cash crop is oil palms;
peanuts, cotton, coffee, sheanuts, and to-
bacco also produced commercially; main
food crops-corn, cassava, yams, rice, sor-
ghum, millet; livestock, fish
Major industries: palm oil and palm kernel
oil processing, textiles, beverages
Electric power: 21,000 kW capacity (1985);
27 million kWh produced (1985), 7 kWh per
capita
Exports: $172.5 million (f.o.b., 1984 est.);
palm products, cotton, other agricultural
products
Imports: $225.4 million (f.o.b. 1984 est.);
thread, cloth, clothing and other consumer
goods, construction materials, iron, steel,
fuels, foodstuffs, machinery, and transport
equipment
Major trade partners: France, EC, franc
zone; preferential tariffs to EC and franc
zone countries
Budget: (1985 est.) revenues $119 million;
expenditures, $119 million
Monetary conversion rate: 475 Commu-
naute Financiere Africaine (CFA)
francs=US$1(1985)
Communications
Railroads: 580 km, all 1.000-meter gauge
Highways: 8,550 km total; 828 km paved,
5,722 km improved earth
Inland waterways: small sections, only im-
portant locally
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 9 total, 8 usable; 1 with
permanent-surface runways; 4 with run-
ways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair system of open
wire and radio relay; 16,200 telephones (0.5
per 100 popl.); 2 AM, 2 FM stations; 1 TV
station; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite ground
station
Defense Forces'
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: eligible 15-49,
1,814,000; of the 894,000 males 15-49,
453,000 are fit for military service; of the.
920,000 females 15-49, 465,000 are fit for
military service; about 41,000 males and
42,000 females reach military age (18),annu
ally; both sexes are liable for military service
Land .1 1..
53.3 km2; about one-third the size of Wash-
ington, D. C.; consists of ;about 360 small
coral islands; 60% forest; 21% built on, waste.
land; and other; 11 % leased for air and naval
bases; 8% arable
Water. .
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(fishing 200 nm)
People ,
Population: 59,000 (July 1986), average an-
nual growth rate 0.6%
Nationality: noun-Bermudian(s); adjec-
tive-Bermudian .
Ethnic divisions: 61% black, 39% white and.,
other
Religion: 37% Anglican, 21% other Protes-
tant, 14% Roman Catholic, 28% Black Mus-
lim and other
Infant mortality rate: 7:1/1,000 (1985)
Life expectancy: men 69, women 76
Literacy: 98%"
Labor force:'32,000 employed (1984); 25%
clerical, 22% services, 21% laborers, 13% .
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professional and technical, 10% administra-
tive and managerial, 7% sales, 2% agricul-
ture and fishing
Organized labor: 8,700 members; largest.
union is Bermuda Industrial Union
Government
Official name: Bermuda .
(1983-84); average inflation rate 3.8%
(1984-85)
Natural resources: limestone (used pri-
marily for building)
Agriculture: main products-bananas, vege-
tables, Easter lilies, dairy products, citrus
fruits
Major industries: tourism (33%), finance,
structural concrete products, paints, per-
fumes, furniture
Telecommunications: modern telecom sys-
tem, includes fully automatic telephone sys-
tem with 46,290 sets (84.6 per 100 pop].); 4,
AM, 3 FM, 2 TV stations; 3 submarine ca-
bles; 2 Atlantic Ocean satellite antennas
Type: British dependent territory
Capital: Hamilton
Political subdivisions: 9 parishes
Branches: Executive Council (cabinet) ap-
pointed'by governor, led by government
leader; bicameral legislature with an ap-
pointed Senate and a 40-member directly
elected House of Assembly; Supreme Court
Government leaders: Viscount
DUNROSSIL, Governor (since 1983); John
William David SWAN, Premier (since 1982)
Elections: at least once every five years; last
general election October 1985
Political parties and leaders: United Ber-
muda Party (UBP), John W. D. Swan; Pro-
gressive Labor Party (PLP), Frederick
Wade; National Liberal Party, Gilbert
Darrell; PLP Members for Change (infor-
mal)
Voting strength: 1985 elections-UBP 31
House of Assembly seats; PLP, 7; National
Liberal Party, 2
Other political or pressure groups:
Bermuda Industrial Union (BIU), headed by
Ottiwell Simmons
Economy
GDP: $1,003 million(1983-84), $18,040 per
capita (1983-84); real growth rate 1.1%
Electric power: 110,000 kW capacity (1985);
350 million kWh produced (1985), 6,034
kWh per capita
Exports: $40.5 million (1984); semitropical
produce, light manufactures
Imports: $411.094 million (1984); fuel, food-
stuffs, machinery
Major trade partners: 57% US, 9% Carib-
bean countries, 8% UK, 6% Canada, 20%
other; tourists, 90% US
Aid: economic-bilateral commitments,
including Ex-Im (FY70-81), from US $34
million; from Western (non-US) countries,
ODA and OOF (1970-82), $252 million; no
military aid
Budget: revenues, $159 million; expendi-
tures, $143 million (FY82/83)
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Bermuda
dollar=US$1(September 1985)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 210 km public roads, all paved
(approximately 400 km of private roads)
Ports: 3 major (Hamilton, St. George)
Civil air: 16 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1 with permanent-surface run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of United King-
dom
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 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/29: CIA-RDP08-00534R000100170001-4
Bhutan
Type: monarchy; special treaty relationship,
with India
Major industries: cement, chemical prod-
ucts, mining, distilling, food processing,
handicrafts
THMPH:U
?Pam Dzong j
Pbunchholin9
Land
46,620 km2; the size of Vermont and New
Hampshire combined; 70% forest; 15% agri-
cultural; 15% desert; waste, urban
Land boundaries: about 870 km
People
Population: 1,446,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.0%
Nationality: noun-Bhutanese (sing., pl.);
adjective-Bhutanese
Ethnic divisions: 60% Bhote, 25% ethnic
Nepalese, 15% indigenous or migrant tribes
Religion: 75% Lamaistic Buddhism, 25%
Indian- and Nepalese-influenced Hinduism
Language:.Bhotes speak.various Tibetan
dialects-most widely spoken dialect is
Dzongkha (official); Nepalese speak various
Nepalese dialects
Infant mortality rate: 162/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: 43
Literacy: 5%
Labor force: 95% agriculture, 1% industry
and commerce (1983); massive lack of skilled
labor
Government
Official name: Kingdom of Bhutan
Capital: Thimphu; Paro (administrative
capital)
Political'subdivisions: 4 regions (east, cen-
tral, west, south), further divided into 18
districts
Legal system: based on Indian law and
English common law; in 1907 the monarch
assumed full power-no written constitution
or bill of rights; in 1968-69 a. separate judi-
ciary that provided for local, district, and
national courts with appellate jurisdiction
was established; has not accepted compul-
sory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 17 December
Branches: appointed ministers; 150-member
indirectly elected National Assembly con-
sisting of 110 village elders or heads of fam-
ily, 10 monastic representatives; and 30 se-
nior government administrators
Government leader: Jigme Singye
WANGCHUCK, King (since 1974),
Suffrage: each family has one vote .
Elections: popular elections on village level
held every three years
Political parties: no legal parties
Communists: no overt Communist presence
Other political or pressure groups: Buddhist
clergy, Indian merchant community, ethnic
Nepalese organizations
Member of. ADB, Colombo Plan, ESCAP,
FAO, G-77, IBRD, IDA, IFAD; IMF, NAM,
SAARC, UNESCO, UPU, UN, WHO
Economy
GDP: $300 million (FY84/85), $250 per cap-
ita; 6.7% real GDP growth in FY84/85
Natural resources: timber, hydroelectric
power
Agriculture: rice, corn, barley, wheat, pota-
toes, fruit, spices
26
Electric power: 15,720 kW capacity (1985);
9 million kWh produced (1985), 6 kWh per
capita
Exports: $15.1 million (FY84/85); agricul-
tural and forestry products, coal
Imports: total imports $69.4 million
(FY84/85); imports from India $61.0 million
(FY84/85); textiles, cereals, vehicles, fuels,
machinery
Budget: total receipts, $59.168 million; ex-
penditures, $66.861 million (FY85/86 est.)
Monetary conversion rate: both ngultrums
and Indian rupees are legal tender; 12.882
ngultrums=12.882 Indian rupees=US$1
(October 1985)
Communications
Highways: 1,304 km total; 418 km surfaced,
515 km improved, 371 km unimproved
earth
Civil air: no major transport aircraft; in Feb-
ruary 1983 Druk Air began direct flights
between Paro and Calcutta
Airfields: 2 total; 2 usable; 2 with
permanent-surf ace runways; 1 with run-
ways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: facilities inadequate;
1,300 telephones (0.1 per 100 popl.); 11,000
est. radio sets; no TV sets; 20 AM stations; no
TV stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Bhutan Army
Military manpower: males 15-49, 357,000;
192,000 fit for military service; about 17,000
reach military age.(18) annually
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Land
1,098,581 km2; the size of Texas and Califor-
nia combined; 45% urban, desert, waste, or
other; 40% forest; 11% pasture and meadow;
2% cultivated and fallow; 2% inland water
Bolivian Woerkers' Centraf(COB) labor
federation
Government
Official name: Republic of Bolivia
Type: republic
Capital: La Paz (seat of government); Sucre
(legal capital and seat of judiciary).
Political subdivisions: nine departments-
Legal system: based on Spanish law and
Code Napoleon; constitution adopted 1967;
constitution in force.except where contrary
to dispositions dictated by governments
since 1969; legal education at University of
San Andres and several others; has not ac-
cepted compulsory ICJ, jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 6 Au-
gust
tactical alliance; MNR, Victor Paz
Estenssoro; ADN, Hugo Banzer; Movement
of the Revolutionary Left (MIR), Jaime Paz
Zamora; Nationalist Revolutionary Move-
ment of the Left (MNRI), Heenan Siles
Zuazo; Bolivian Socialist. Falange (FSB),
Mario Gutierrez; Authentic Revolutionary
Party (PRA), Walter Guevara; Christian
Democratic Party (PDC), Benjamin Miguel;
Nationalist Revolutionary Party of the Left,
Juan Lechin Oquendo.
Voting strength: (1985 election) ADN
28.11%, MNR 26.66%; MIR 8.86%
Member of: FAO, G-77; IADB, IAEA,
IATP, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB-Inter-
American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC,
ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ISO,-'
ITC, ITU, IWC-International Wheat
Council, LAIA and Andean Sub-Regional
Group (created in May 1969 within LAIA,
formerly LAFTA), NAM, OAS, PAHO,
SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO,
WTO
People
Population: 6,358,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.6%
Nationality: noun-Bolivian(s); adjective
Bolivian
Ethnic divisions: 30% Quechua, 25%
Aymara, 25-30% mixed, 5-15% European
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic; active Prot-
estant minority, especially Methodist
Language: Spanish, Quechua, and Aymara
(all official)
Infant mortality rate: 142/1,000 (1983)
Labor force: 1.7 million (1983); 50% agricul-
ture, 26% services and utilities, 10% manu-
facturing, 4% mining, 10% other
Organized labor: 150,000-200,000, concen-
trated in mining, industry, construction, and
transportation; mostly organized under
Branches: executive; bicameral legislature
(National Congress-Senate and Chamber
of Deputies); Congress began meeting again
in October 1982; judiciary
Government leader:'Victor PAZ Estenssoro,
President (since August 1985)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age
18 if married, 21 if single .
Elections: presidential elections-on 14 July.
1985 did not produce: the -required majority
for any of the three leading candidates;
Victor Paz Estenssoro, center-left leader of
the Nationalist Revolutionary Movement
(MNR); placed second in the popular vote to
center-right Hugo Banzer, head of the Na-
tionalist Democratic Action (ADN); how-
ever, the MNR won 94 congressional seats
compared to the ADN's 51; as a result, the
Bolivian Congress on 5 August chose Paz
Estenssoro to head the government; he was
inaugurated on 6 August
Political parties and. leaders: the two parties
which garnered the most votesin. the 1985 elections, the Nationalist Revolutionary
Movement (MNR) and the Nationalist Dem-
ocratic Action (ADN), continue to have a
Economy
GNP: $4 billion (1985 est.), $400 per capita;
94% private consumption, 9% public con-
sumption, 7% gross domestic investment;
-10.0% current account balance (1983);
real growth rate -4% (1984)
Natural resources: tin, natural gas, petro-
leum; zinc, tungsten, antimony, silver, iron
ore
Agriculture: main crops-potatoes, corn,
rice, sugarcane, yucca, bananas, coffee; im-
ports significant quantities of wheat; an ille-
gal producer of coca for the international`
drug trade
Major industries: mining, smelting, petro-
leum refining, food processing, textiles, and
clothing
Electric power: 490,000 kW capacity (1985);
2 billion kWh,produced (1985), 323 kWh per
capita
Exports: $730 million (f.o.b., 1984 est.);, tin, .
natural gas, silver, tungsten, zinc, antimony,
lead, bismuth, gold, coffee, sugar, cotton
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Bolivia (continued)
Imports: $477 million (c.i.f., 1984 est.); food-
stuffs, chemicals, capital goods, pharmaceu-
ticals, transportation
Major trade partners: exports-Argentina
44%, US 24%, EC 19%, FRG 6%, UK 4%;
imports-Brazil 22%, US 16%, EC 16%, Ar-
gentina 14%, Japan 13%, FRG 4% (1984)
Budget: $257 million revenues, $1,856 mil-
lion expenditures (1984 est.)
Monetary conversion rate: 75,000
pesos=US$1 (August 1985)
Communications
Railroads: 3,675 km total; 3,538 km 1.000-
meter gauge and 32 km 0.760-meter gauge,
all government owned, single track; 105 km
1,000-meter gauge, privately owned
Highways: 38,830 km total; 1,300 km paved,
6,700 km gravel, 30,836 km improved and
unimproved earth
Inland waterways: officially estimated to be
10,000 km of commercially navigable wa-
terways
Pipelines: crude oil, 1,670 km; refined prod-
ucts, 1,495 km; natural gas, 580 km
Ports: none (Bolivian cargo moved through
'Arica and Antofagasta, Chile, and Matarani,
Peru)
Airfields: 592 total, 527 usable; 9 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 8 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 128 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: radio-relay system
being expanded; improved international
services; 144,300 telephones (2.6 per 100
popl.); 160 AM, 29 FM, 42 TV stations;1
Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT station
Defense Forces
Branches: Bolivian Army, Bolivian Navy,
Bolivian Air Force (literally, the Army of the
Nation, the Navy of the Nation, the Air
Force of the Nation)
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,416,000;
927,000 fit for military service; 65,000 reach
military age (19) annually
Military budget: estimated for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1984, $273.0 million;
22.8% of central government budget
VTshabong Bo-car, irp~csemaifoa is
ooi accessa,ny auiho,nalrvc.
Land
600,372 km2; slightly smaller than Texas;
about 6% arable; less than 1% cultivated;
mostly desert
People
Population: 1,104,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 3.3%
Nationality: noun-Motswana (sing.),
Botswana (pl.); adjective-Botswana
Ethnic divisions: 95% Batswana; about 4%
Kalanga, Basarwa, and Kgalagadi; about 1%
white
Religion: 50% indigenous beliefs, 50% Chris-
tian
Infant mortality rate: about 68.4/1,000
(1981)
Literacy: about 24% in English; about 35%
in Tswana; less than 1% secondary school
graduates
Labor force: about 400,000 total; 110,000
formal sector employees (1984); most others
are engaged in cattle raising and subsistence
agriculture; 40,000 formal sector employees
spend at least six to nine months per year as
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wage earners in South Africa (1980); 17%
unemployment (1983)
Communists: no known Communist organi-
zation; Koma of BNF has long history of
Communist contacts
improved earth and 3,037 km unimproved
earth
Organized labor: 16 trade unions organized,
Government
Official name: Republic of Botswana
Type: parliamentary republic; independent
member of Commonwealth
Political subdivisions: 10 administrative
districts
Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law
and local customary law; constitution came
into effect 1966; judicial review limited to
matters of interpretation; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Botswana Day, 30 Sep-
tember
Branches: executive-President appoints
and presides over the Cabinet, which is re-
sponsible to National Assembly; bicameral
legislature (National Assembly with 34 pop-
ularly elected members and four members
elected by the 34 representatives; House of
Chiefs with deliberative powers only); judi-
cial-local courts administer customary law,
High Court and subordinate courts have
criminal jurisdiction over all residents,
Court of Appeal has appellate jurisdiction
Government leader: Dr. Quett K. J.
MASIRE, President (since July 1980)
Elections: general elections held 8 Septem-
ber 1984
Political parties and leaders: Botswana
Democratic Party (BDP), Quett Masire;
Botswana National Front (BNF), Kenneth
Koma; Botswana People's Party (BPP);
Botswana Independence Party (BIP),
Motsamai Mpho
Voting strength: (September 1984 election)
Legislative Assembly-BDP, 28 seats; BNF,
5 seats; BPP, 1 seat
Member of. AfDB, Commonwealth, FAO,
G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, ITU,
NAM, OAU, SADCC, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $905 million (1984); average annual
real growth, 9.7% during 1976-84, 2% in
FY83/84
Natural resources: diamonds, copper,
nickel, salt, soda ash, potash, coal
Agriculture: principal crops are corn, sor-
ghum, millet, cowpeas; livestock raised and
exported; heavy dependence on imported
food
Major industries: livestock processing; min-
ing of diamonds, copper, nickel, coal, salt,
soda ash, potash; tourism
Electric power: 105,000 kW capacity (1985);
505 million kWh produced (1985), 472 kWh
per capita
Exports: $670 million (f.o.b. 1984);
diamonds, cattle, animal products, copper,
nickel
Imports: $690 million (c.i.f., 1984); food-
stuffs, vehicles, textiles, petroleum products
Major trade partners: Switzerland, US, UK,
other EC members of Southern African Cus-
toms Union
Budget: (FY84/85 est.) revenues $433 mil-
lion, expenditures $351 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1.88 pula=US$1
(24 January 1985)
Communications
Railroads: 726 km 1.0 67-meter gauge
Highways: 11,500 km total; 1,600 km paved;
1,700 km crushed stone or gravel; 5,177 km
Airfields: 103 total, 95 usable; 9 with
permanent-surface' runways; 2 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 24 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: the small system is a
combination of open-wire lines, radio-relay
links, and a few radiocommunication sta-
tions; 17,900 telephones (1.8 per 100 pop].); 3
AM, 2 FM, 2 TV stations; 1 Indian Ocean
satellite ground station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Air Wing, Botswana Police
Military manpower: males 15-49, 211,000;
112,000 fit for military service; 12,000 reach
military age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
March 1984, $26.6 million; 7% of central
government budget
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$alvado
BgASIi[A
I oy {ort "once
46 'de Janeiro
South Atlantic
Ocean
Land
8,512,100 k2m.; larger than contiguous. US;
60% forest; 23% built-on area, waste, and
other; 13% pasture; 4% cultivated
Land boundaries: 1.3,076 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): -200?
nm
People .
Population: 143,277,000 (July 1986), aver-
age annual growth rate 2.5%
Nationality: noun-Brazilian(s); adjective-
Brazilian
Ethnic divisions: Portuguese, Italian, Ger-
man, Japanese, black, Amerindian; 55%
white, 38% mixed, 6% black, I% other
Religion: (1980) 89% Roman Catholic (nomi-
nal)
Language: Portuguese (official), English
Infant mortality rate: 92/1,000 (1981)
Life expectancy: 62.8
Literacy: 76%
Labor force: 50 million in 1984; 40%,ser-
vices, 35% agriculture, 25% industry
Organized,labor: about:6 million (1984) ? . .
Government
Official name: Federative Republic of Brazil
Type: federal republic; democratically
elected president since March 1985
Capital: Brasilia
Political subdivisions: 22 states, 4 territories,
1 federal district (Brasilia)
Legal system: based on Latin codes; dual
system of courts, state and federal; constitu-
tion adopted in 1967 and extensively
amended in 1969; has not accepted compul,
sory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 7
September
Branches: strong executive with very broad
powers; bicameral legislature (National Con-
gress-Senate, Chamber of Deputies; pow-
ers of the two bodies are growing); 11-man
Supreme Court
Government leader: Jose SARNEY Costa,
President (since April 1985)
Suffrage: compulsory overage 18
Elections: Taincredo Neves indirectly
elected by an electoral college composed of
members of congress and delegates from the
state legislatures, ending 20 years of military
rule; died before assuming office; municipal
elections held November 1985; congres-
sional and gubernatorial elections scheduled
for November 1986
Political parties and leaders: Brazilian
Democratic Movement Party (PMDB),
Ulysses Guimaraes, president; Liberal Front
Party of President Sarney's government coa-
lition, Jorge Bornhausen, president; other
parties-Workers Party (PT), Brazilian La-
bor Party (PTB), Democratic Labor Party
(PDT), and Democratic Social Party (PDS);
Communist parties legalized in March
1985-Brazilian Communist Party (PCB)
and Communist Party of Brazil (PCdoB)
Voting strength: (November 1982 federal
and state elections) 37% then progovern-
ment PDS; 63% divided among four opposi-
tion parties (PMDB, PT, PTB, and PDT)
Communists: 6,000, less than 1,000 mili-
tants
Other political or pressure groups: left wing
of the Catholic Church and labor unions
allied to leftist Worker's Party were critical
of military government's social and eco-
nomic policies
Member of. FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
IDB-Inter-American Development Bank,
IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, IPU, IRC, ISO, ITU, IWC-
International Wheat Council, OAS, PAHO,
SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $321.4 billion, $1,610 per capita (1984
est.); 83% consumption, 16% gross invest-
ment, 2% net foreign balance (1984 est.); real
growth rate 8.3% (1985)
Natural resources: iron ore, manganese,
bauxite, nickel, uranium, tin, gemstones,
hydroelectric power
Agriculture: main products-coffee, rice,
corn, sugarcane, cocoa, soybeans, cotton,
manioc, oranges; nearly self-sufficient ex-
cept for wheat; an illegal producer of coca
and cannabis for the international drug
trade
Fishing: catch 828,900 metric tons (1982);
exports, $162 million (f.o.b., 1982); imports,
$80 million (f.o.b., ?1982)
Major industries: textiles and other con-
sumer goods, chemicals, cement, lumber,
iron ore, steel, motor vehicles, other metal-
working industries, capital goods, tin
Crude steel: 20.0 million metric tons capac-
ity; 18.4 million metric tons produced (1984)
Electric power: 42,000,000 kW capacity
(1985); 167 billion kWh produced (1985),
1,195 kWh per capita
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Exports: $25.1 billion (f.o.b., 1985);
soybeans, coffee, transport equipment, iron
ore, steel products, chemicals, machinery,
orange juice, shoes, sugar
Imports: $12.7 billion (f.o.b., 1985); petro-
leum, machinery, chemicals, fertilizers,
wheat, copper
Major trade partners: exports-29% US,
23% EC, 11% Latin America, 6% Japan, 31%
other (1984); imports-36% oil exportors,
17% US, 16% Latin America, 12% EC, 4%
Japan, 15% other (1984)
Budget: (1984) public sector; revenue 64,235
billion cruzeiros; current expenditure,
59,997 billion curezeros; capital expendi-
ture, 18,111 billion cruzeiros
Monetary conversion rate: 8,900,
cruzeiros=US$1(November 1985), with an
inflation rate of 230% per year at the end of
1985; new currency introduced in March
1986; 13.8 cruzados=US$1(March 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 29,300 km total; 25,500 km 1.000-
meter gauge, 3,500 km 1.600-meter gauge,
200 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 2,400
km 0.760-meter gauge; 879 km electrified
Highways: 1,498,000 km total; 48,000 km
paved, 1,400,000 km gravel'or earth
Ports: 8 major, 23 significant minor
Pipelines: crude oil, 2,000 km; refined prod-
ucts, 465 km; natural gas, 257 km
Civil air: 176 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 4,188 total, 3,163 usable; 306 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways over 3,659 m; 23 with runways
2,440-3,659 m; 449 with runways
1,220-2,439 in
Telecommunications: good telecom system;
extensive radio relay facilities; 2 Atlantic
Ocean INTELSAT stations with total of 3
antennas; 64 domestic satellite stations; 9.86
million telephones (7.3 per 100 popl.); 1,500
AM, 200 TV stations; 3 coaxial submarine
cables
Defense Forces'
Branches: Brazilian Army, Navy of Brazil,
Brazilian Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49,
35,989,000; 24,344,000 fit for military ser
vice; 1,527,000 reach military age (18) annu
ally
Military budget: estimated for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1986, $3.0 billion; 6.5%
of central government budget-
British Indian Ocean Territory
Chagos
Archipelago
Eagle Islands
Diego Garcia
Land
60 km2; one-third the size of Washington,
D. C.; 2,300 islands of the Chagos Archipel-
ago, including the coral atolls Diego Garcia
(36 km2), Peros Banhos (29 islands), Salomon
(11 islands), Eagle, and Egmont
Water
Coastline: ranges from less than 1 km to ap-
proximately 100 km around atoll of Diego
Garcia
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(200 nm fishing)
People
Population: no permanent civilian popula-
tion; formerly about 3,000 islanders
Ethnic divisions: original inhabitants,
known as the Ibis, evacuated to Mauritius
before construction of US and UK defense
facilities
Government
Official name: British Indian Ocean Terri-
tory
Type: colony administered by United King-
dom; control disputed by Mauritius
Government leader: William N. WENBEN-
SMITH, Commissioner (since 1982; resident
in UK); D. H. DOBLE, administrator (since
1985; resident in UK)
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British Indian Ocean Territory
(continued)
Economy
Electric power: provided by US military
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: short stretch of paved road be-
tween port and airfield on Diego Garcia
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 1 major (Diego Garcia)
Airfields: 1 usable with permanent-surface
runways over 3,659 m on Diego Garcia
Telecommunications: minimal telecommu-
nications facilities; US Navy operates 1 AM,
1 FM, and 1 TV station
Defense Forces
United States and United Kingdom defense
facilities
British Virgin Islands
North
Atlantic
Ocean
lzzzzrx~N
Anegada
Land
153 km2; about the size of Wahington, D. C.;
consists of more than 40 islands; main islands
are Tortola, Anegada, Virgin Gorda, and Jost
Van Dyke
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(200 nm fishing)
People
Population: 12,000 (July 1986), average an-
nual growth rate 1.0%
Nationality: noun-Virgin Islander(s); ad-
jective-Virgin Islander
Ethnic divisions: over 90% black, remainder
of white and Asian origin
Religion: majority Methodist; others include
Anglican, Church of God, Seventh-day
Adventist, Baptist, and Roman Catholic
Language: English (official)
Literacy: 98.3%
Work force: 4,911 (1980)
Government
Official name: British Virgin Islands
Type: British dependent territory
Legal system: English law; justice is admin-
istered by the Eastern Caribbean Supreme
Court; there is a resident puisne judge on the
islands ..
Branches: Executive Council (cabinet) con-
sists of the governor as chairman, four minis-
ters of the legislature, and an ex officio mem-
ber who is the attorney general; Legislative
Council consists of the Speaker (elected from
outside the Council), nine elected -members,
and an ex officio member who is the attorney
general
Government leaders: David Robert
BARWICK, Governor (since 1982); Cyril B.
ROMNEY, Chief Minister (since November
1983)
Elections: at least once every five years; last
general election held November 1983
Political parties and leaders: United Party
(UP), Conrad Madero; Virgin Islands Party
(VIP), H. Lavity.Stoutt; Independent, C. B.
Romney
Voting strength: 1983 elections-UP 4
seats; VIP 4 seats; Independents 1 seat
Communists: probably none
Member of.- Commonwealth
Economy
GDP: $77.1 million (1983)
Agriculture: limited-livestock (including
poultry), fish, fruit, and vegetables
Fishing: 293 metric tons fish, 25 metric tons
crustaceans(1975)
Major industries: tourism (over 45%), con-
struction, rum, concrete block
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Electric power: 5,000 kW capacity (1985);
22 million kWh produced (1985), 1,833 kWh
per capita:(1985)
Exports: $2.0 million (1981); fresh fish,
gravel, sand, fruits; and vegetables.
Imports: $49.8 million (1981); building ma?
terials, automobiles, foodstuffs, machinery
Major trade partners: mostly with neighbor-
ing US Virgin Islands .
Budget: (1984 est.) revenue, $19.79 million;
expenditures, $19.0 million
Monetary conversion rater US currency
used; 1 pound sterling=US$1.443 (October
1985)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 106 km motorable roads (1983)
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 1 major (Road Town)
Airfields: 3 total; 3 usable; 2'with
permanent-surface runways'
Telecommunications: 3,000 telephones-
worldwide external telephone service and
cable communication-links;1 AM and 1 TV
station
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of the United
Kingdom
'`Bd
ne; Ba y
Land
5,788 km2; slightly larger than Delaware;.
75% forest; 22% industry, waste, urban, or
other; 3% cultivable, of which only 10% is
cultivated
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm fishing zone or median line)
People
Population: 240,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 3.7%
Nationality: noun-Bruneian(s); adjective-
Bruneian
Ethnic divisions: 64% Malay, 20% Chinese,
16% other
Religion: 60% Muslim (official); 8% Chris-
tian; 32% Buddhist and indigenous beliefs
Language: Malay (official), English, and
Chinese
Labor force: 68,128 (includes members of
the Army); 50.4% production of oil, natural
gas, and construction; 47.6% trade, services,
and other; 2.0% agriculture, forestry, and.
fishing (1984)
Government
Official name: State of`Biunei Darussalam;
Type: became independent on 1 January
1984; constitutional sultanate
National holiday: National Day, 23 Febru-
ary
Political subdivisions: four administrative
districts
Legal system: based on Islamic law; consti-
tution promulgated by the Sultan in 1959
Branches: chief of state is Sultan (advised by
appointed Privy Council), who appoints Ex-
ecutive Council and Legislative Council
Government leader: Sir HASSANAL
Bolkiah, Sultan and Prime Minister (since
August 1968)
Suffrage: universal at 21; three-tiered sys-
tem of indirect elections; popular vote cast
for lowest level (district councilors)
Elections: last elections-March 1965; fur-
ther elections postponed indefinitely
Political parties and leaders: Brunei Na-
tional Democratic Party (the first legal polit-
ical party; it was established on 18 Septem-
ber 1985), Abdul Latif bin Abdul Hamid,
Chairman; Brunei National United Party
(established on 4 February 1986), Anak
Hasanuddin, chairman
Member of. ASEAN, ESCAP (associate
member), IMO, INTERPOL, OIC, UN
Economy
GDP: $1.7 billion (1984), $7,300 per capita
(1984)
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Brunei (continued)
Agr'i'culture: main crops-rice, pepper; must
import most food
Major industry: crude petroleum, liquefied
natural gas, construction
Electric power: 153,000 kW capacity (1985);
470 million kWh produced (1985), 2,026
kWh per capita
Exports: $3.26 billion (19.83); 98-99% crude
oil', liquefied natural gas, and petroleum
products
Imports: $701 million (1983); includes ma-
chinery and transport equipment, manufac-
tured goods, food, beverages, tobacco, and
other; most consumer goods imported
Major trade partners: exports-(crude pe-
troleum and liquefied natural gas) Japan
68.4%; imports-Japan 30%, US 24%, UK
15%, Singapore 9%
Budget: (1984) revenues $3,497 million, ex-
penditures $1,970 million; surplus $1,528
million; 11% defense
Monetary conversion rate: 2.119 Brunei
dollars=US$ 1, (December 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 13 km 0.610-meter narrow-gauge
private line
Highways: 1,090 km total; 370 km paved
(bituminous treated) and another 52 km un-
der construction, 720 km gravel or unim-
proved
Inland waterways: 209 km; navigable by
craft drawing less than 1.2 meters
Pipelines: crude oil, 135 km; refined prod-
ucts, 418 km; natural gas, 920 km
Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable;1 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways
1,220-2,439 in
Telecommunications: service throughout
country is adequate for present needs; inter-
national service good to adjacent Sabah and
Sarawak; radiobroadcast coverage good;
17,930 telephones (8.0 per 100 popl.); Radio
Brunei broadcasts from 6 AM/FM stations
and 1 TV station; 32,000 radio receivers; 1
satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Brunei Armed Forces, in-
cluding air wing, navy, and ground forces;
British Gurkha Battalion; Royal Brunei Po-
lice; Gurkha Reserve Unit
Military manpower: males 15-49, 61,000;
37,000 fit for military service; about 3,300
reach military'age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1985, $160.1 million; about 1.7%
of central government budget
Bulgaria
Land
110,912 km2; slightly larger than Ohio; 41 %
arable; 33% forest; 15% other; 11% agricul-
tural
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm
Coastline: 354 kni
People
Population: 8,990,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 0.2%
Nationality: noun-Bulgarian(s); adjec-
tive-Bulgarian
Ethnic divisions: 85.3% Bulgarian, 8.5%
Turk, 2.6% Gypsy, 2.5% Macedonian, 0.3%
Armenian, 0.2% Russian, 0.6% other
Religion: regime promotes atheism; reli-
gious background of population is 85% Bul-
garian Orthodox; 13% Muslim, 0.8% Jewish,
0.7% Roman Catholic, 0.5% Protestant,
Gregorian-Armenian, and other
Language: Bulgarian;secondary languages
closely correspond to ethnic breakdown
Infant mortality rate: 20.2/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy:' men 69, women 74
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Labor force: 4,113,546 (1983); 34% industry,
22% agriculture, 46% other
Peace, Union of Fighters Against Fascism
and Capitalism, Committee of Bulgarian
Women, All-National Committee for
Bulgarian-Soviet Friendship
Major trade partners: 57% Soviet Union,
18.5% other Communist countries, 24.5%.
non-Communist countries
Government
Official name: People's Republic of Bulgaria
Type: Communist state
Capital: Sofia
Political subdivisions: 27 okrugs (districts);
capital city of Sofia has equivalent status
Legal system: based on civil law system,
with Soviet law influences new constitution
adopted in 1971; judicial review of legisla-
tive acts in the State Council; legal education
at University of Sofia; has accepted compul-
sory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: National Liberation Day,
9 September
Branches: legislative (National Assembly);
judiciary, Supreme Court
Government leaders: Todor Khristov
ZHIVKOV, Chairman, State Council (Presi-
dent and Chief of State; since July 1971);
Georgi Ivanov ATANASOV, Chairman,
Council of Ministers (Premier; since March
1986)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age
18
Elections: held every five years for National
Assembly; last election held on 7 June 1981;
99.96% of the electorate voted
Political parties and leaders: Bulgarian
Communist Party, Todor Zhivkov, General_
Secretary; Bulgarian National Agrarian
Union, a puppet party,.Petur Tanchev, sec-
retary of Permanent Board
Communists: 825,811 party members (April
1981)
Mass organizations and front groups:
Fatherland Front, Dimitrov Communist
Youth Union, Central Council of Trade
Unions, National Committee for Defense of
Member of. CEMA, FAO, IAEA, ICAO,
ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study
Group, IMO, IPU, ITC, ITU, IWC-Inter-
national Wheat Council, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO;
Warsaw Pact, International Organization of
Journalists, International Medical Associa-
tion, International Radio and Television
Organization
Economy
GNP: $56.4 billion, 1984 (1984 dollars),
$6,295 per capita; 1984 real growth rate,
3.1%
Natural resources: bauxite, copper, lead,
zinc, coal, lignite, lumber
Agriculture: mainly self-sufficient; main
crops-grain, tobacco, fruits, vegetables,
sheep, hogs, poultry, cheese, sunflower seeds
Major industries: food processing, machine
and metal building, electronics, chemicals
Shortages: some raw materials; scattered
energy and food shortages in 1985
Crude steel: 2.9 million metric tons pro-
duced (1984), 324 kg per capita
Electric power: 10,200,000 kW capacity
(1985); 45.8 billion kWh produced (1985),
5,100 kWh per capita
Exports: $12.2 billion (f.o.b., 1984); 48% ma-
chinery and equipment; 18% agricultural
products; 11% fuels, mineral raw materials,
and metals; 10% manufactured consumer
goods; 13% other
Imports: $12.0 billion (f.o.b., 1984); 47%
fuels and minerals, 34% machinery and
equipment, 5% chemicals, 4% manufac-
tured consumer goods, 10% other (1982)
Monetary conversion rate: 1.016 leva=
US$1 (September 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar. year
Communications
Railroads: 4,278 km total; all government
owned (1983); about 4,033 km 1.435-meter
standard gauge, 245 km narrow gauge; 770
km double track; 1,994 km electrified
Highways: 36,292 km total; 2,923 km trunk
roads, 3,740 km class I concrete, asphalt,
stone block; 5,915 km class II asphalt
treated, gravel, crushed stone; 20,064 km
class III earth; 3,650 km other (1983)
Inland waterways: 471 km (1981)
Pipelines: crude, 193 km; refined product,
418 km; natural gas, 1,120 km
Freight carried: rail-83.4 million metric
tons, 18.1 billion metric ton/km (1985);
highway-900 million metric tons, 16.9 bil-
lion metric ton/km (1985); waterway-4.9
million metric tons, 2.6 billion metric
ton/km (excluding international transit
traffic; 1985)
Ports: 3 major (Varna, Varna West, Burgas),
6 minor (1981); principal river ports are
Ruse and Lom (1984)
Defense Forces
Branches: Bulgarian People's Army, Fron-
tier Troops, Air and Air Defense Forces,
Bulgarian Navy
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,172,000;
1,822,000 fit for military service;?65,000
reach military age (19) annually
Military budget: est. for fiscal year ending
31 December 1985, 1.2 billion leva; 6.2% of
total budget
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Burkina
(formerly Upper Volta)
Organized labor: four principal trade union
groups represent less than 1% of population
Economy
GDP: $66 million (1984), $160 per capita
(1984); real growth, - 1.3% (1983)
8ounda y,ep,e enlal-on is
not necessarily authoritative
Land
240,200 km2; the size of Colorado; 50% pas-
ture, 21% fallow, 10% cultivated, 9% forest
andscrub, 10% waste and other
Land boundaries: 3,307 km
People
Population: 7,094,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.7%
Nationality: noun-Burkinabe; adjective-
Burkinan
Ethnic divisions: more than 50 tribes; prin-
cipal tribe is Mossi (about 2.5 million); other
important groups are Gurunsi, Senufo, Lobi,
Bobo, Mande, and Fulani
Religion: 65% indigenous beliefs, about 25%
Muslim, 10% Christian (mainly Catholic)
Language: French (official); tribal languages
belong to Sudanic family, spoken by 50% of
the population
Infant mortality rate: 182/1,000 (1984)
Life expectancy: 42
Literacy: 7%
Labor force: 90% agriculture; 10% industry,
commerce, services, and government; about
30,000 are wage earners; about 20% of male
labor force migrates annually to neighboring
countries for seasonal-employment
Government
Ofcial name: Burkina Faso
Type: military; established by'coup on 4
August 1983
Capital: Ouagadougou
Political subdivisions: 30 provinces, 250
departments
Legal system: based on French civil law
system and customary law
National holiday: Independence Day, 4
August
Branches: President is an army officer; mili-
tary council of unknown number; .
21-member military and civilian Cabinet;
judiciary
Government leaders: Cdr. Thomas
SANKARA, President (since August 1983)
Suffrage: universal for adults
Elections: political process suspended; no
talk of returning.to constitutional rule
Political parties and leaders: all political,
parties banned following November 1980
coup
Other political or pressure groups: commit-
tees for the defense of. the revolution,
watchdog/ political action groups
established .by,current regime throughout .
the country in both organizations and com=
munities
Member of. AfDB, CEAO, EAMA, ECA,
EIB.(associate), Entente, FAO, GATT, G-77,
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB-Islamic Develop-
ment Bank, IFAD; IFC, ILO, IMF,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITU,
NAM; Niger River Commission, OAU,
OCAM, OIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WCL,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Natural resources: manganese, limestone,
marble,, gold, antimony, copper, nickel,
bauxite, lead, phosphates
Agriculture: cash crops-peanuts, shea nuts,
sesame, cotton; food crops-sorghum, mil-
let, corn, rice; livestock; food deficiency
Fishing: catch 7,000 metric tons (1983 est.)
Major industries: agricultural processing
plants, brewery,. bottling, and brick plants; a
few other light industries
Electric power: 55,000 kW capacity (1985);
134 million kWh produced (1985), 19 kWh
per capita
Exports: $110 million (f.o.b., 1983); livestock
(on the hoof), peanuts, shea nut products,
cotton, sesame
Imports: $230 million (f.o.b., 1983); textiles,
food, and other consumer goods, transport
equipment, machinery, fuels
Major trade partners: Ivory Coast and
Ghana; overseas trade mainly with France
and other EC countries; preferential tariff to
EC and franc zone countries
Aid: economic commitments-Western
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF
(1970-83), $1.6 billion; US authorized in-
cluding Ex-Im (FY70-84) $196 million,
Communist countries (1970-84), $62 million;
OPEC ODA commitments (1974-83), $100
million
Budget: (1983) revenue $220 million, cur-
rent expenditures $148 million, develop-
ment expenditures $161 million .
Monetary conversion rate: about 475 Com-
munaute Financiere Africaine (CFA)
francs=US$1(1985)
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Communications
Railroads: 1,173 kin Ouagadougou to
Abidjan (Ivory Coast line); 516 km 1.000-
meter gauge, single track in Burkina
Highways: 16;500 km total; 967 km paved,
7,733 km improved, 7,800 km unimproved
Civil air 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 55 total, 51 usable; 2 with
permanent-surf ace runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 in, 4 with runways
1,220-2,439 in
Telecommunications: all services only fair;
radio relay, wire, radio communication sta-
tions in use; 8,600 telephones (under 0.14 per
100 popl.); 2 AM, 2 FM, 2 TV stations; 1 At-
lantic Ocean INTELSAT station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1;582,000;
797,000 fit for military service; no conscrip-
tion
Supply: mainly dependent on France, FRG,
and UK
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1984, $26.9 million; about 18.1%
of central government budget
A
Labor force: 14.7 million (1984/85); 63.6%
agriculture, 12.0% government, 9.5% trade,
9.4% industry, 5.5% other
Atkandalm
sittwe
Bay of
Bengal
Land
676,552 km2; nearly as large as Texas; 62%
forest; 28% arable, of which 12% is culti-
vated; 10% urban and other
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (24 nm security zone and 200 nm eco-
nomic zone, including fishing)
Coastline: 3,060 km
People
Population: 37,651,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.0%
Nationality: noun-Burmese; adjective-
Burmese
Ethnic divisions: 72% Burman, 7% Karen,
6% Shan, 6% Indian, 3% Chinese, 2%
Kachin, 2% Chin, 2% other
Religion: 85% Buddhist; 15% indigenous
beliefs, Christian, or other
Language: Burmese; minority ethnic groups
have their own languages
Infant mortality rate: 93.2/1,000 (1984 est.)
Life expectancy: 57
Literacy: 78%
Organized labor: Workers' Asiayone or
"association" (1.8.million members) and
Peasants' Asiayone (7.6 million members)
integrated into the country's sole political
party
Government
Official name: Socialist Republic of the
Union of Burma
Political subdivisions: seven divisions (pre-
dominantly Burman population) and seven
states (based on ethnic minorities), subdi-
vided into townships, village-tracts (rural),
and wards (urban)
Legal system: People's justice system and
People's Courts instituted under 1974 consti-
tution; legal education at Universities of
Rangoon and Mandalay; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 4
January
Branches: Council of State rules through a
Council of Ministers; National Assembly
(Pyithu Hluttaw or People's Congress) has
legislative power
Government leader: U SAN YU, President
and Chairman of Council of State (since
November 1981)
Elections: National Assembly and local
People's Councils elected in 1985
Political parties and leaders: government-
sponsored Burma Socialist Program Party
only legal party; U Ne Win, party chairman
Communists: est. 15,000,(primarily as an
insurgent group on the northeast frontier)
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Burma (continued)
Other political or pressure groups: Kachin
Independence Army; Karen, Nationalist
Union, several Shan factions.(all insurgent
groups)
Member of. ADB, Colombo Plan, ESCAP,
FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
IDA, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,,
INTERPOL, IRC, ITU, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $6.5 billion (FY84/85, in current
prices), $180 per capita; real growth rate
4.5% (FY84/85)
Natural resources: oil, copper, asbestos,
some marble, limestone; possibly chromium,
gypsum
Agriculture: accounts for 64% of total em-
ployment and about 29% of GDP; main
crops-paddy, pulses, sugarcane, beans,
peanuts; almost 100% self-sufficient; most
rice grown in deltaic land; an illegal pro-
ducer of opium poppy and cannabis for the
international drug trade
Major industries: agricultural processing;
textiles and footwear; wood and wood prod-
ucts; petroleum refining; mining of copper,
tin, tungsten, iron
Electric power: 818,000 kW capacity (1985);
1.73 billion kWh produced (1985), 48 kWh
per capita
Exports: $349.3 million (f.o.b., FY84/85);
teak, rice, pulses, beans, base metals, ores
Imports: $672.3 million (f.o.b., FY84/85);
machinery and transportation equipment,
building materials, oil industry equipment
Major trade partners: exports-Singapore,
Western Europe, China, UK, Japan; im-
ports-Japan, Western Europe, Singapore,
UK
Budget: (FY84/85) $826.5 million est. reve-
nue, $954 million est. expenditure
Monetary, conversion rate: 8.5586
kyats=US$1(FY84/85)
Communications
Railroads: 4,353 km total; all government
owned; 3,878 km 1.000-meter gauge, 113
km narrow-gauge industrial lines; 362 km
double track
Highways: 27,000 km total; 3,200 km bitu-
minous, 17,700 k,m improved earth or
gravel, 6,100 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 12,800 km; 3,200 km
navigable by large commercial vessels
Pipelines: crude, 660 km; natural gas, 11 km
Ports: 4 major, 6 minor
Civil air: 17 major transport aircraft (includ-
ing 3 helicopters)
Airfields: 89 total, 83 usable; 29 with
permanent-surface runways; 3 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 37 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: meets minimum re-
quirements for local and intercity service;
international service is good; radiobroadcast
coverage is limited to the most populous
areas; 49,597 telephones (1982/83; 1 per
1,000 popl.); 1 AM station, no FM stations, 2
TV stations (December 1982); 1 ground sat-
ellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: eligible 15-49,
17,410,000; of the 8,684,000 males 15-49,
4,806,000 are fit. for military service; of the
8,726,000 females 15-49, 4,816,000 are fit
for military service; about 411,000 males
and 401,000 females reach military age (18)
annually; both sexes are liable for military
service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31,
March 1986, $228.29 million; about 22.2% of
central government budget
Land
27,834 km2; the size of Maryland; about 37%
arable (about 66% cultivated); 23% pasture;
10% scrub and forest; 30% other
People
Population: 4,807,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.8%
Nationality: noun-Burundian(s); adjec-
tive-Burundi
Ethnic divisions: Africans-85% Hutu
(Bantu), 14% Tutsi (Hamitic), I% Twa
(Pygmy); other Africans include around
70,000 refugees, mostly Rwandans and Zair-
ians; non-Africans include about 3,000 Euro-
peans and 2,000 South Asians
Religion: about 67% Christian (62% Roman,
Catholic, 5% Protestant), 32% indigenous
beliefs, 1% Muslim
Language: Kirundi and French (official);
Swahili (along Lake Tanganyika and in the
Bujumbura area)
Infant mortality rate: 121/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: 42.3
Literacy: 25%
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Labor force: about 1.9 million (1983); 93.0%
agriculture, 4.0% government, 1.5% indus-
try and commerce, 1.5% services
Organized labor: sole group is the Union of
Burundi Workers (UTB); by charter, mem-
bership is extended to all Burundiworkers
(informally); figures denoting "active
membership" unobtainable
Government'
Official name: Republic of Burun'd
Political subdivisions: 15 provinces, subdi-
vided into arrondissements and communes
according to a 1982 redistricting
Legal system: based on German and French
civil codes and customary law; has not ac-
cepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction'
National holiday: Independence Day, 1 July
Branches: executive (President and Cabi-
net); judicial; legislature (National Assembly)-
reestablished in 1982 .
Government leader: Col. Jean-Baptiste
BAGAZA, President and Head of State
(since 1976)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: new constitution approved by
national referendum in November 1981;
election to National Assembly held in Octo-
ber 1982
Political parties and leaders: National Party
of Unity and Progress (UPRONA), a
Tutsi-led party, declared sole legitimate
party in 1966; second national party con-
gress held in 1984; Col. Jean-Baptiste Bagaza
confirmed as party president for five-year,
term
Member o
IFC of. AfDB, EAMA, ECA, FAO,
G-77, GATT,
IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, ITU,
NAM, OAU, UN, UNE SCO, UPU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $963 million (1984 est.), $250 per cap-
ita; 3% real growth rate (1983)
Natural resources: nickel, uranium, rare
earth oxide, peat, cobalt, copper, platinum
(not yet exploited)
Agriculture: major cash crops-coffee, cot-
ton, tea; main food crops-manioc, yams,
peas, corn, sorghum, bananas, haricot beans
Major industries: light consumer goods such
as blankets, shoes, soap; assembly of imports;
public works construction; food processing
Electric power: 20,000 kW capacity (1985);
26 million kWh produced (1985), 5 kWh per
capita
Exports: $83.5 million (1984); coffee (87%),
tea, cotton, hides and skins
Imports: $158 million (1984); textiles, food-
stuffs, transport equipment, petroleum
products
Major trade partners: US, EC countries
Budget: (1983) revenue $121.4 million, ex-
penditure $146.4 million
Monetary conversion rate: 120 Burundi
francs=US$ 1(October 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 5,900 km total; 400 km paved,
2,500 km gravel or laterite, 3,000 km im-
proved or unimproved earth
Inland waterways: Lake Tanganyika;1 lake
port, at Bujumbura, connects to transporta-
tion systems of Zaire and Tanzania
Airfields: 8 total, 7 usable; `1 with
permanent-surface runways; I with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 in
Telecommunications: sparse system of wire
and low-capacity radio-relay links; about
6,000 telephones (0.1 per 100 popl. ); 2 AM, 2
FM, no TV stations; 1 Indian Ocean satellite
ground station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army (including naval and air
units); paramilitary Gendarmerie
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,095,000;
569,000 fit for military service; 53,000 reach
military age (16) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1985, $33.8 million; about 18% of
central government budget
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
39
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 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/29: CIA-RDP08-00534R000100170001-4
Cambodia
(formerly Kampuchea)
Land
181,035 km2; the size of Missouri; 74% for-
est; 16% cultivated; 10% built on, waste, and
other
ao, "day ,,.p,
Cambodia (PRK; Pro-Vietnamese, in Phnom
Penh)
Type: CGDK is nationalist coalition of one
Communist and two non-Communist fac-
tions; PRK is Communist
Legal system: Judicial Committee chosen by
People's Representative Assembly in Demo-
cratic Cambodia; no information for PRK
WHO, WMO, WTO for CGDK; none for
PRK
Economy
Natural resources: timber, gemstones, some.
iron ore, manganese, phosphates, hydroelec-
tric power (potential)
Agriculture: mainly subsistence except for
rubber plantations; main crops-rice, rub-
ber, corn; food shortages-rice, meat, vege-
tables, dairy, products, sugar, flour
Major industries: rice milling, fishing, wood
and wood products
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone).
Coastline: about 443 km
People
Population: 6,388,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.2%
Nationality: noun-Cambodian(s); adjec-
tive-Cambodian
Ethnic divisions: 90% Khmer (Cambodian),
5% Chinese, 5% other. minorities.
Religion: 95% Theravada Buddhism, 5%
other
Language: Khmer (official), French
Life expectancy: men 42, women 44.9
Literacy: 48%
Government
Official name: Coalition Government of
Democratic Cambodia (CGDK; composed
of three'resistance groups deployed along
the Thai border); People's Republic of
National holiday: 17 April for both regimes
Branches: Cabinet, State Presidium, and
some form of People's Representative As-
sembly in Democratic Cambodia; People's
Revolutionary Council, various ministries,
and a "National Congress" held in early
1979 and a second held in September 1979
in PRK
Government leaders: CGDK-Prince .
NORODOM SIHANOUK, President (since
July 1982); SON SANN, Prime Minister
(since July 1982); KHIEU SAMPHAN, Vice
President (since July 1982); PRK-HENG.
SAMRIN, President (since January 1979);
HUN SEN, Foreign Minister (since January
1979)
Political parties and leaders: CGDK-an
umbrella organization for three resistance
groups including Democratic Kampuchea
under Son Sen, Khmer People's National
Liberation Front (KPNLF) under Son Sann,
and National United Front for an Independ-
ent, Neutral, Peaceful, and Cooperative
Cambodia under Prince Norodom
Sihanouk; PRK-Cambodian Peoples Revo-
lutionary Party, the Communist party in-
stalled by Vietnam in 1979, and Cambodian
United Front for National Construction and
Defense (KUFNCD)
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, ESCAP,
FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, IDA, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL,
IRC, ITU, Mekong Committee (inactive),
NAM, UN, UNE SCO, UPU, WFTU,
Electric power: 123,500 kW capacity (1985);
141 million kWh produced (1985), 23 kWh
per capita
Exports: probably less than $10 million
(1983 est.); natural rubber, rice, pepper,
wood
Imports: probably less than $30 million
(1983); international food aid; Soviet bloc
economic development aid (post-1979)
Aid: economic commitments-US (FY70-
84), $714 million; other Western (1970-83),
$254 million; military (FY70-82)-US, $1.2
billion; Communist data not available
Monetary conversion rate: 4 riels=US$1
(1984)
Communications
Railroads: 612 km 1.000-meter gauge; gov-
ernment owned
Highways: 13,351 km total; 2,622 km bitu-
minous, 7,105 km crushed stone, gravel, or
improved earth; and 3,624 km unimproved
earth; some roads in disrepair
Inland waterways: 3,700 km navigable all
year to craft drawing 0.6 meters; 282 km
navigable to craft drawing 1.8 meters
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Airfields: 33 total, 14 usable; 8 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 in, 5 with runways
1,220-2,439 in
Telecommunications: service barely ade-
quate for government requirements and
virtually nonexistent for general public; in-
ternational service limited to Vietnam and
other adjacent countries; radiobroadcasts
limited to 1 station; 1 TV station
Defense Forces
Branches: CGDK consists of National Army
of Democratic Cambodia, Khmer Peoples
National Liberation Front, and Sihanoukist
National Army; PRK-People's Republic of
Cambodia Armed Forces
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,749,000;
939,000 fit for military service; about 82,000
reach military age (18) annually
Land
475,439 km2; somewhat larger than Califor-
nia; 50% forest; 18% meadow; 13% fallow;
4% cultivated; 15% other
Land boundaries: 4,554 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 50
nm
Coastline: 402 km
People
Population: 10,009,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.8%
Nationality: noun-Cameroonian(s); adjec-
tive-Cameroonian
Ethnic divisions: over 200 tribes of widely
differing background; 31 % Cameroon High-
landers, 19% Equatorial Bantu, 11 % Kirdi,
10% Fulani, 8% Northwestern Bantu, 7%
Eastern Nigritic, 13% other African, less
than 1% non-African
Religion: 51 % indigenous beliefs, 33% Chris-
tian, 16% Muslim
Language: English and French (official), 24
major African language groups
Infant mortality rate: 113/1,000 (1985)
Life expectancy: 47
Labor force: (1983) 74.4% agriculture, 11.4%
industry and transport, 9.7% other services
Organized labor: under 45% of wage labor' force
Government
Official name: Republic of Cameroon
Type: unitary republic; one-party presiden-
tial regime
Political subdivisions: 10 provinces divided
into departments, arrondissements, districts
Legal system: based on French civil law
system, with common law influence; unitary
constitution adopted 1972; judicial review
by Supreme Court, when a question of con-
stitutionality is referred to it by the Presi-
dent; has not accepted compulsory ICJ juris-
diction
Branches: executive (President), legislative
(National Assembly), and judicial (Supreme
Court)
Government leader: Paul BIYA, President
(since November 1982)
Elections: parliamentary elections held May
1983; presidential elections held January
1984
Political parties and leaders: Cameroon
People's Democratic Movement (known as
the Cameroon People's National Union dur-
ing 1966-85), Paul Biya, president
Communists: no Communist party or signif-
icant number of sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups:
Cameroon People's Union (UPC), remains
an illegal group with its factional leaders in
exile
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Cameroon (continued)
Member of: AfBD, EAMA, ECA; EIB (asso-
ciate), FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB-Islamic De-
velopment Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ISQ
ITU, Lake Chad Basin Commission, NAM;
Niger River Commission, OAU, OIC,
UDEAC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WI
PO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $7.3 billion (1983-84), about $800 per
capita; average annual growth rate, 6.5%
(1984); average inflation rate, 15% (1984)
Natural resources: oil, natural gas, bauxite,
iron ore, timber
Agriculture: commercial and food crops-
coffee, cocoa, timber, cotton, rubber, ba-
nanas, peanuts; palm oil and palm kernels;
root starches, livestock, millet, sorghum, and
rice
Fishing: 23,000 metric tons (1982/83)
Major industries: crude oil production,
small aluminum plant, food processing, light
consumer goods industries; sawmills
Electric power: 586,600 kW capacity (1985);
2.241 billion kWh produced (1985), 229
kWh per capita
Exports: $855.2 million (f.o.b., 1984); crude
oil, cocoa, coffee,1 timber, aluminum, cotton,
natural rubber, bananas, peanuts, tobacco,
tea, mineral products, food; alcohol, metal
and metal products, textiles, wood products
Imports: $1.101 billion (f.o.b.,, 1984); con-
sumer goods, machinery, transport equip-
ment, alumina for refining, petroleum prod-
ucts, food, beverages, electrical equipment,
chemical products
Major trade partners: most trade with
France, other EC countries, and the US
Budget: (1984 est.) revenues $1,777 million,
current expenditures $1,696 million
Monetary conversion rate: 417.4 Commu-
naute Financiere African'e francs=US$1
(October 1983)
Communications
Railroads: 1,173 km total; 858 km 1.000-
meter gauge, 145 km 0.600-meter gauge
Highways: approximately 65,000 km total,
including 2,682 km bituminous, 30,000 km
unimproved earth, 32,318 km gravel, earth,
and improved earth
Inland waterways: 2,090 km; of decreasing
importance
Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 62 total, 57 usable; 7 with
permanent-surface runways; 4 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 in, 24 with runways
1,220-2,439 in
Telecommunications: good system of open
wire and radio relay; 47,200 telephones (0.5
per 100 popl.); 10 AM, 1 FM, no TV stations;
1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station; planned
TV network
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force; paramili-
tary,Gendarmerie
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,223,000;
1,119,000 fit for military service; about
92,000 reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30
June 1985, $130 million; 9.1% of central gov-
ernment budget
0
Land
9,970,610 km'; slightly larger than the US;
44% forest; 42% waste or urban; 8% inland
water; 4% cultivated; 2% meadow and pas-
ture
Land boundaries: 9,010 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 58,808 km coastline, 243,791 km
including all islands
People
Population: 25,644,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 1.0%
Nationality: noun-Canadian(s);
adjective-Canadian
Ethnic divisions: 45% British Isles origin,
29% French origin, 23% other European,
1.5% indigenous Indian and Eskimo
Religion: 46% Roman Catholic, 16% United
Church, 10% Anglican
Language: English and French (official)
Infant mortality rate: 9.1/1,000 (1982)
Life expectancy: men 71.9, women 79
Literacy: 99%
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Labor force: 12.6 million (1985 average);
68% services (37% government, 23% trade
and finance, 8% transportation),, 18% manu-
facturing, 6% construction, 3.8% agriculture,
5% other; 10.6% unemployment (1985 aver-
age); 10.2% unemployment (November
1985)
Voting strength: (1984 election) Progressive
Conservative, 50%; Liberal, 28%; New
Democratic Party, 19%; parliamentary seats
as of December 1984-Progressive Conser-
vative (211), Liberal,(40), New Democratic,
Party (30), independent (1)
Exports: $86.244 billion (f.o.b., 1984); prin-
cipal items-transportation equipment,
wood and wood products including paper,
ferrous and nonferrous ores, crude petro-
leum, wheat;Canada is a major food ex-
porter
Organized labor: 30.6% of labor force;
39.6% of nonagricultural paid workers
Government
Official name: Canada
Type: federal state recognizing Elizabeth II
as sovereign
Political subdivisions: 10 provinces and 2
territories
Legal system: based on English common '
law, except in Quebec, where civil law sys-
tem based on French law prevails; constitu-
tion as of 1982 (formerly British North
America Act of 1867 and various amend-
ments); accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction,
with reservations
National holiday: Canada Day,1 July
Branches: federal executive power vested in
cabinet collectively responsible to House of
Commons and headed by Prime Minister;.
federal legislative authority resides inParlia-
ment (282 seats) consisting of Queen repre-
sented by Governor General, Senate, and
House of Commons; judges appointed by
Governor General on the advice of the gov-
ernment; Supreme Court is highest tribunal
Government leaders: Brian MULRONEY,
Prime Minister (since September 1984);
Jeanne SAUVE, Governor General (since
May 1984)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: legal limit of five years but in
practice usually held within four years; last
election September 1984; 75% voter turnout
Political parties and leaders: Liberal, John
Turner; Progressive Conservative, Brian
Mulroney; New Democratic, Edward
Broadbent
Communists: approx. 2,000
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, Common-
wealth, DAC, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICES, ICO, ICRC, IDA, IDB-Inter-
American Development Bank, IEA, IFAD;
IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and -
Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC-
International Whaling Commission, IWC-
International Wheat Council; NATO, OAS
(observer), OECD, PAHO, UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WSG .. . .
Economy
GNP: $334.1 billion (1984), $12,940 per cap-
ita (1984); 61.4% consumption, 19.7% invest-
ment, 17.2% government, 0.8% net foreign
trade; 0.4% change in inventories; real
growth rate 4.7% (1984-85) . .
Natural resources: nickel, zinc, copper,
gold, lead, molybdenum, potash, silver; fish;
forests, wildlife
Agriculture: main products-livestock,
grains (principally wheat), dairy. products,
feedgrains, oilseeds, tobacco; food shorts
ages-fresh fruits and vegetables . ?.
Fishing: catch 1.34 million metric tons
(1983).
Major industries: processed and unproc-
essed minerals, food products, wood and
paper products, transportation equipment,
chemicals, fish products, petroleum and nat-
ural gas
Shortages: rubber, rolled steel, fruits, preci-
sion instruments
Crude steel: 14.7 million metric tons pro-
duced (1984)
Electric power: 95,600,000 kW capacity
(1985); 437.885 billion kWh produced
(1985), 17,240 kWh per capita
Imports:.$70.346 billion (f.o.b., 1984); prin-
cipal items-transportation equipment, ma-
chinery, crude petroleum, communication
equipment, textiles, steel, fabricated metals,
office machines, fruits and vegetables
Major trade partners: imports-71.5% US,
5.9% Japan, 2.4% UK; exports-75.6% US,
5.1% Japan, 2.2% UK, 1.9% USSR (1984)
Aid: economic-(received US, $1.8 billion
Ex-Im Bank, FY70781); ODA and OOF eco-
nomic aid commitments (1970-83), $15.8
billion
Budget: total revenues $58.78 billion; cur-
rent expenditures $80.50 billion; budget def-
icit $22.8 billion (1984)
Monetary conversion rate: 1.402 C$=US$1
(2 January 1986)
Fiscal year:1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: 81,607 km total; 80,258 km 1.435-
meter standard .gauge, 129 km electrified;
1,171 km 1.067-meter. gauge (in New-
foundland);178 km 0.914-meter gauge
Highways: 884,272 km total; 712,936 km
surfaced (250,023 km paved), 171,336 km
earth
Inland waterways: 3,0001m
Pipelines: oil, 23,564 km total crude and
refined; natural gas, 74,980 km
Ports: 25 deep. water, numerous minor
Civil air: 636 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1,472 total; 1,252 usable; 408 with
permanent-surf ace runways; 4 with run-
ways over 3,659 in, 31 with runways
2,440-3,659 in, 324 with runways 1,220-
2,439 in
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Canada (continued)
Telecommunications: excellent service pro-
vided by modern telecom media; 16.6 mil-
lion telephones (66.4 per 100 pop1.); country-
wide AM, FM, and TV coverage, including
900 AM, 80 FM, 1,100 TV stations; 6 coaxial
submarine cables; 3 satellite stations with a
total of 5 antennas and 100 domestic satellite
stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Mobile Command, Maritime
Command, Air Command, Communica-
tions Command, Canadian Forces Europe,
Training Command
Military manpower: males 15-49, 6,961,000;
6,072,000 fit for military service; 199,000
reach military age (17) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
March 1985, $6.6 billion; about 10.0% of
central government budget
Cape Verde
Santo Antio
' : 'Zanta O6,
Sio Luz,a ,,~ .ate
Vicente
Ilhas do Sotavento
>.
ofogo
Brava
See regional map V11
QSe/
Land
4,040 km?, divided among 10 islands and
several islets; slightly larger than Rhode
Island
Water
Limits of territorial waters: 12 nm (200 nm
exclusive economic zone); maritime limits
measured from claimed "archipelagic
baselines" that generally connect the outer-
most points of outer islands or drying reefs
People
Population: 318,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 1.9%
Nationality: noun-Cape Verdean(s); adjec-
tive-Cape Verdean
Ethnic divisions: about 71% Creole
(mulatto), 28% African, 1% European
Religion: Catholicism fused with local
superstitions
Language: Portuguese and Crioulo, a blend
of Portuguese and West African words
Infant mortality rate: 60/1,000(1983)
Life expectancy: 61
Literacy: 37%
Labor force: bulk of population engaged in
subsistence agriculture
Government
Official name: Republic of Cape Verde
Political subdivisions: 14 administrative
districts
National holiday: Independence Day, 5 July
Branches: 56-member National People's
Assembly; the official party is the supreme
political organization
Government leaders: Aristides PEREIRA,
President (since July 1975); Pedro PIRES,
Prime Minister (since July 1975)
Elections: National Assembly election held
December 1985, the second since inde-
pendence
Political parties and leaders: only legal
party, African Party for Independence of
Cape Verde (PAICV), led by Aristides Per-
eira, secretary general; PAICV established
in January 1981 to replace the former ruling
party in both Cape Verde and Guinea=
Bissau, the African Party for the Indepen-
dence of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde
(PAIGC), in protest of the November 1980
coup in Guinea-Bissau
Communists: a few Communists and some
sympathizers
Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto),
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO,
IPU, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GNP: $106 million (1982 prov.); $350 per
capita GNP (1982); 0% growth rate (1978)
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Natural resources: salt, basalt rock, pozzo-
lana, limestone, kaolin
Agriculture: main crops-corn, beans, man-
ioc, sweet potatoes; barely self-sufficient in
food
Fishing: catch 13,205 metric tons (1983);
largely undeveloped but provides major
source of export earnings
Electric power: 14,174 kW capacity (1985);
16 million kWh produced (1985); 50 kWh
per capita
Exports: $1.6 million (f.o.b., 1983); fish, ba-
nanas, salt, flour
Imports: $68.1 million (c.i.f., 1983); petro-
leum products, corn, rice, machinery, tex-
tiles
Major trade partners: Portugal, UK, Japan,
African neighbors
Budget: $20.4 million public revenue, $26.7
million current expenditures (1984)
Monetary conversion rate: 89.27
escudos=US$1 (November 1984)
Communications
Ports: 2 major (Mindelo and Praia), 2 minor'
Airfields: 6 total, 6 usable; 4 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 4 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: interisland radio-
relay system, high frequency radio to main-
land Portugal and Guinea-Bissau, about
1,740 telephones (0.6 per 100 pop].); 2 FM 2
AM, stations; 1 small TV station; 2 coaxial
submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite
ground station
Defense Forces
Branches: People's Revolutionary Armed
Forces (FARP); Army, Navy, and Air Force
are separate components of FARP
Military manpower: males 15-49, 87,000;
50,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1980, $15 million; about 5% of
central government budget
Cayman Islands
Caribbean Sea
Land
260 km2; about one-third the size of New
York City; consists of three low-lying islands
formed of calcareous rock, with maximum
elevations of 12 m (Little Cayman); 18 m
(Grand Cayman), and 42.7 m (Cayman
Brac); about two-thirds of land consists of
mangrove swamps
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
People
Population: 22,000 (July 1986), average an-
nual growth rate 2.8%
Nationality: noun-Caymanian(s); adjec-
tive-Caymanian
Ethnic divisions: 40% mixed, 20% white,
20% black, 20% expatriates of various ethnic
groups
Religion: United Church (Presbyterian and
Congregational), Anglican, Baptist, Roman
Catholic, Church of God, and other Protes=
tant denominations
Language: English
Literacy: 97.5%
Labor force.: 8,061; 18.7% service workers,
18.6% clerical, 12.5% construction, 6.7%
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Cayman Islands (continued)
Finance and investment, 5.9% directors and
business managers (1979)
Organized labor: Global Seaman's Union;
Cayman All Trade Union
Government
official name: Cayman Islands
Type: British dependent territory
Capital: George Town, on the island of
Grand Cayman
Political subdivisions: 6 electoral districts
Legal system: British common law and local
statutes
National holiday: Constitution Day; 8 July
Branches: executive-Governor and Execu-
tive Council (3 appointed"official
members" and 4 elected "members" chosen
by the Legislative Assembly from its elected
members); legislative-unicameral Legisla-
tive Assembly (12 elected members and 3
appointed by Governor); judicial-Sum-
mary Court, Grand Court, Cayman Islands
Court of Appeal, Her Majesty's Privy Coun-
cil
Government leader:?George Peter LLOYD,
Governor (since 1982); also serves as presi-
dent of the Legislative Assembly
Suffrage: universal adult over age 18
Political parties and leaders: no formal po-
litical parties
Communists: none
Member of: Commonwealth
Economy
GNP: $8,333 per capita (1983 est.)
Agriculture: minor production of vegetables
and livestock, turtle farming
Major industries: tourism, banking, insur-
ance and finance, real estate and construc-
tion
Electric power: 29,000 kW capacity (1985);
96n(illi6n kWh produced (1985), 4,110 kWh
per capita
Exports: $2.4 million (1983); turtle products
Imports: $140.4 million (1983)
Major trade partners: exports-mostly US;
imports-US, Trinidad and Tobago, UK,
Netherlands -Antilles
Budget: current revenue $41.6 million; cur-
rent expenditure $31 million (1983)
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Cayman
dollar=US$1.20 (1985 est.)
Fiscal yehr: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 160 km of main roads
Ports: 1 major (George Town), 1 minor
Airfields: 3 total; 3 usable; 2 with
permanent-surface runways 1220-2439 m
Telecommunications: telephone system
links islands and to worldwide services via
submarine coaxial cable and new satellite
ground station; 2 AM and 2 FM radio sta-
tions
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of the United
Kingdom
Central African Republic
Land
622,984 km2; slightly smaller than Texas;
80-85% meadow, fallow, vacant arable land,
urban, or waste; 10-15% cultivated; 5%
dense forest
People -
Population: 2,744,000 (July 1986), average
annual growthrate 3.0%
Nationality: noun-Central African(s); ad-
jective-Central African ` - ,
Ethnic divisions: approximately 80 ethnic
groups, the majority of which have related
ethnic and linguistic characteristics; 34%
Baya, 28% Banda, 10% Sara, 9% Mandiia,
9% Mboum, 7% M'Baka; 6,500 Europeans,
of whom 3,600 are French
Religion: 25% Protestant, 25%, 116 Cath-
olic, 24% indigenous beliefs; 10%-Muslim;
animistic beliefs and practices strongly in-
fluence the Christian majority . i
Language: French (official); Sango'is the
lingua franca and the national language
Infant mortality rate: 142/1,000 (1985)
Life expectancy: 47 -
Literacy: est. 33%
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Labor force: 1,320,000 (1983); 90% agricul-
ture, 4% industry and commerce, 4% ser-
vices, 4% government; approximately
64,000 salaried workers
Organized labor: 1% of labor force
Government
Official name: Central African Republic
Type: republic; under military rule since
September 1981; the president shuffled the
government in September 1985 and dis-
solved the Military Committee for National
Recovery; the president now rules through
the Provisional Organization of Public
Powers
Member of. AfDB, Conference of East and
Central African States,. EAMA, ECA, FAO,
G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
IFAD, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
ITU, NAM, OAU,.OCAM, UDEAC, UEAC,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $764 million (1984), $280 per capita,
8.7% real growth (1984)
Natural resources: diamonds, uranium, tim-
ber
Agriculture: commercial-cotton, coffee,
peanuts, sesame, wood; main food crops
manioc, corn, peanuts, rice, potatoes ,
Major industries: sawmills, brewery, dia-
mond mining and splitting
Inland waterways: 800. km; traditional trade
carried on by means of shallow-draft dug-
outs
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft,
Airfields: 67 total, 59 usable; 4 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 in, 21 with runways
1,220-2,439 m, .
Telecommunications: facilities are meager;
network is composed of low-capacity, low-
powered radiocommunication stations and
radio-relay links;. 6,000 telephones (0.2 per
100 popl.); 1 AM station, 1 FM station, 1 TV
station; 1 Atlantic. Ocean satellite ground.
station
Political subdivisions: 14 prefectures, 47
subprefectures
Legal system: based on French law; consti-
tution, which was approved in February
1981 referendum, was suspended after Sep-
tember 1981 military takeover; judiciary,
Supreme Court, court of appeals, criminal
court, and numerous lower courts
National holiday: Independence Day, 13
August; National Day, 1 December
Branches: Gen. Andre-Dieudonne Kolingba
is Chief of State and President of the Provi-
sional Organization of Public Powers, which
replaced the Council of Ministers; no legisla-
ture; separate judiciary
Government leader: Gen. Andre-
Dieudonne KOLINGBA, Chief of State and
President of the Provisional Organization of
Public Powers.(since September 1985; head
of government since September 1981)
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: none scheduled
Political parties and leaders: political par-
ties banned in September 1981
Communists: no Communist party; small
number of Communist sympathizers
Electric power: 46,000 kW capacity (1985);
80 million kWh produced (1985), 29 kWh
per capita
Exports: $114.6 million (f.o.b., 1984); cotton;
coffee, diamonds, timber
Imports: $139.6 million (f.o.b., 1984 est.);
textiles, petroleum products, machinery, .
electrical equipment, motor vehicles, chem-
icals, pharmaceuticals
Major trade partners: exports-France,
Belgium, Japan, US; imports-France and
other EC countries, Japan, Algeria, Yugosla-,
via
Budget: (1984) revenues $93.3 million; cur
rent expenditures $90.8 million; official for-
eign debt $223 million (1984) .
Monetary conversion rate: 475 Commu-
naute Financiere Africaine (CFA)
francs=US$1(1985)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 20,800 km total; 454 km bitumi-
nous, 7,656 km improved earth, 12,690 km
unimproved earth
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49,,603,000;..
312,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1983; $12.2 million; about 14.5%
of central government budget
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Labor force: 85% agriculture (engaged in
unpaid subsistence farming, herding, and
fishing)
to be hampered by prolonged tribal and re-
gional antagonisms; ex-President Goukouni
Weddeye heads a rebel government, with
Libyan backing, that occupies the northern
third of Chad
Member of. AfDB, CEAO, Conference of
East and Central African States, EAMA,
ECA, EC (associate), FAO, G-77, GATT,
IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IDB-Islamic
Development Bank, IFAD, ILO, IMF,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, Lake Chad
Basin Commission, NAM, OAU, OCAM,
OIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO
Economy
During the last decade droughts and plagues
of locusts have caused widespread food .
shortages, and years of civil war have devas-
tated the economy
Land
1,284,634 km2; about the size of Texas, Okla-
homa, and New Mexico combined; 35% pas-
ture; 17% arable; 2% forest and scrub; 46%
other use and waste
People
Population: 5,231,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 3.8%
Nationality: noun-Chadian(s); adjective-
Chadian
Ethnic divisions: some 200 distinct ethnic
groups, most of whom are Muslims (Arabs,
Toubou, Fulbe, Kotoko, Hausa, Kanembou,
Baguirmi, Boulala, and Maba) in the north
and center and non-Muslims (Sara,
Ngambaye, Mbaye, Goulaye, Moudang,
Moussei, Massa) in the south; some 150,000
noniridigenous, of whom 1,000 are French
Religion: 52% Muslim, 43% indigenous be-
liefs, 5% Christian
Language: French and Arabic (official); Sara
and Sango in south; more than 100 different
languages and dialects are spoken
Infant mortality rate: 142/1,000 (1983)
Organized labor: about 20% of wage labor
force
Government
Official name: Republic of Chad
Political subdivisions: 14 prefectures, 54
subprefectures, 27 administrative posts, 9
municipalities
Legal system: based on French civil law. .
system and Chadian customary law; consti-
tution adopted in 1962; constitution sus-
pended and National Assembly dissolved in
April 1975; Fundamental Act, a quasi-
constitution decreed in October 1982, pro-
vides juridical framework whereby decrees
are promulgated by the president; judicial
review of legislative acts in theory a power
of the Supreme Court; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 11
August
Branches: presidency; Council of Ministers;
National Consultative Council, Supreme
Court and several lower courts
Government leaders: Hissein HABRE, Pres-
ident (since June 1982)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: none planned
Political parties and leaders: National
Union for Independence and Revolution
(UNIR) established June 1984 with Habre as
president; numerous dissident groups
Communists: no front organizations or un-
derground party; probably a few Commu-
nists and some sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: the de-
velopment of a stable government continues
GDP: $360 million (1984 est.), $88 per capita
(1984 est.); real annual growth rate -2.8%
(1960-82 est.)
Natural resources: petroleum (unexploited
but exploration beginning), uranium, na-
tron, kaolin
Agriculture: commercial-cotton, gum ara-
bic, livestock, peanuts, fish; food crops-
millet, sorghum, rice, sweet potatoes, yams,
cassava, dates; imports food
Fishing: catch 110,000 metric tons (1983
est.)
Major industries: agricultural and livestock
processing plants (cotton textile mills,
slaughterhouses, brewery), natron
Electric power: 25,000 kW capacity (1985);
32 million kWh produced (1985), 6 kWh per
capita
Exports: $113.15 million (f.o.b., 1984); cot-
ton (80%), meat, fish, animal products
Imports: $114.38 million (f.o.b., 1984); ce-
ment, petroleum, flour, sugar, tea, machin-
ery, textiles, motor vehicles
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Major trade partners: France and Central
African Customs and Economic Union
countries
Budget: (1978 est.) total revenue $34.1 mil-
lion, total expenditures $36.6 million
Monetary conversion rate: 475 Commu-
naute Financiere Africaine (CFA)
francs=US$Y (1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 31,300 km. total; 28 km bitumi-
nous, 7,300 km gravel and laterite, remain-
der Unimproved
Inland waterways: approximately 2,000 km
navigable
Airfields: 80 total, 70 usable; 5 with
permanent-surface runways; l with run-
ways over 3,659-m, 2 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 26 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair system of
radiocommunication stations for intercity
links; 51000 telephones (0.1 per 100 popl.);1
FM, 3 AM stations; many facilities, includ-
ing satellite ground station, inoperative
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Air Force, paramilitary
Gendarmerie, Presidential Guard
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,194,000;
616,000 fit for military service; about 49,000
reach military age (20) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1984, $8.7 million; about 25% of
total budget
South
Pacific
Ocean
Boundaryy representation is
not nece sa0y authoritarine
Land - -
756,945 km2; larger than Texas; 47% barren
mountain, desert, and urban; 29% forest;
15% permanent pasture, meadow; 7% other
arable; 2% cultivated
Land boundaries: 6,325 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
People
Population: 12,261,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 1.8%
Nationality: noun-Chilean(s); adjective-
Chilean
Ethnic divisions: 95% European and
European-Indian, 3% Indian, 2% other
Religion: 89% Roman Catholic, 11% Protes-
tant
Language: Spanish
Infant mortality rate: 27.2/1,000 (1981)
Life expectancy: men 63.8, women 70.4
Literacy: 90%
Labor force: 3.0 million total employment
(1982); 33% industry and commerce; 31 %
services; 9% agriculture, forestry, and
fishing; 9% mining; 5% construction
Organized labor: 12% of labor force orga-
nized into labor unions (1982)
Government
Official name:'Republic of Chile
Political subdivisions: 12 regions plus one
metropolitan district, 41 provincial' subdivi-
sions
Legal system: based on Code 1857 derived
from Spanish law and subsequent codes in-
fluenced by French and Austrian law; cur-
rent constitution came into effect in March
1981; the constitution provides for contin-
ued direct rule until 1989, with a phased
return to full civilian rule by 1997; judicial
review of legislative acts in the Supreme
Court; legal education at University of
Chile, Catholic University, and several
others; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 18
September
Branches: four-man Military junta, which
exercises constituent and legislative powers
and has delegated executive powers to Presi-
dent; the President has announced a plan for
transition from military to civilian rule pur-
suant to Constitution; state of siege lifted
June 1985; National Congress (Senate, House
of Representatives) dissolved; civilian judi-
ciary remains
Government leaders: Gen. Augusto
PINOCHET Ugarte, President (since Sep-
tember 1973); Adm. Jose Toribio MERINO
Castro (since September 1973), Air Force '
Gen. Fernando MATTHEI Aube] (since July
1978), Army Lt. Gen. Julio CANESSA
Roberts (since December 1985), Gen.
Rodolfo STANGE Oelkers (since August
1985), junta members
Suffrage: none
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Chile (continued)
Elections: prohibited by decree; all electoral
registers were destroyed in 1974
Political parties and leaders: all political
parties are officially recessed or outlawed
but have been allowed to function on a very.
limited basis since 1982; National Party
(PN), Patricio Philips; Independent Demo-
cratic Union (UDI), Sergio Fernandez; Na-
tional Unity Movement (MUN), Andres
Allaniand; Movement of National Action
(MAN), Federico Willoughby; Radical Party
(PR), Enrique Silva Cimma; Social Demo-
cratic Party (PSD), Luis Bossay;.Christian
Democratic Party (PDC), Gabriel Valdes;
Republican Right, Hugo Zepeda; Socialist
Party, Ramon Silva Ulloa and Julio Stuardo
(the PR, PSD, PDC, Republican Right, and
some elements of the Socialist Party form
the Democratic Alliance [AD] ); Movement
of Unitary. Popular Action (MAPU); Move-
ment of Unitary Popular Action-Workers/
Peasants (MAPU-OC), Blas Tomie and Oscar
Garret6n Purcell; Christian Left (IC), Luis
Maira; Communist Party of Chile (PCCh),
Luis Corvalan Lepe (in exile); Socialist
Party-Almeyda faction (PSCh/Alm),
Clodomiro Almeyda (in exile); Socialist
Party-Altamirano faction (PSCh/Alt),
Carlos Altamirano (in exile); Movement of
the Revolutionary Left (MIR), Andres Pascal
Allende (in exile); the MIR, PSCh/Alm, and
PCCh form the leftist Popular Democratic
Movement (MDP)
Voting strength: (1970 presidential election)
36.6% Popular Unity coalition, 35.3% con-
servative independent, 28.1 % Christian
Democrat; (1973 congressional election) 56%
Democratic Confederation (PDC and PN),
44% Popular Unity coalition
Communists: 120,000 when PCCh was legal
in 1973; active militants now estimated at
about 20,000-50,000
Other political or pressure groups: revital-
ized university student federations at all
major universities dominated by political
groups; labor-National Workers Command
(CNT) includes trade unionists from the
country's five largest labor confederations;
Roman Catholic Church
Member of: CIPEC, ECOSOC, FAO, G-77,
GATT, IADB, IAEA,;IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
IDB-Inter-American Development Bank,
IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, LAIA,
OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
Economy
GDP: $19.2 billion (1984), $1,590 per capita;
71% private consumption, 15% government
consumption; 14% gross investment. (1984);
real growth rate 6.3% (1984)
Natural resources: copper, timber, iron ore,
nitrates, precious metals, molybdenum
Agriculture: main crops-wheat, potatoes,.
corn, sugar beets, onions, beans, fruits; net.
agricultural importer
Fishing: catch 4 million metric ton s.(1983);
exports $275.5 million (1984)
Major industries: copper, other minerals,
foodstuffs, fish processing, iron and steel,
pulp, paper, and forestry products
Crude steel: 765,000 metric tons capacity .
(1980); 700,000 metric tons produced (1980);
683,000 metric tons produced (1984)
Electric power: 3,300,000 kW capacity
(1985); 13 billion kWh produced (1985),
1,094 kWh per capita
Exports: $3.7 billion (f.o.b., 1984); copper, .
molybdenum, iron ore, paper products, steel
products, fishmeal, fruits, wood products
Imports: $3.4 billion (f.o.b., 1984); petro-
leum, sugar, wheat, capital goods, vehicles
Major trade partners: exports-26% US,
11% Japan, 10% FRG, 6.2% Brazil, 5.4% UK
(1984); imports-21.5% US, 9% Japan, 8.5%
Brazil, 7.2% Venezuela, 6.2% FRG (1983)
Budget: revenues, $6.5 billion; expenditures,
$7.2 billion (1984)
Monetary conversion rate: 178 pesos=US$1
(November 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 8,478 km total; 4,257 km 1.676-
meter gauge,. 135 km 1.435-meter standard
gauge, 4,221 km 1.000-meter gauge; electri-
fication,1,578 km, 1.676-meter gauge, 76
km 1.000-meter gauge
Highways: 78,025 km total; 9,365 km paved,
37,700 km gravel, 32,000 km improved and
unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 725 km'
Pipelines: crude oil, 7551m; refined prod-
ucts, 785 km; natural gas, 320 km
Ports: 10 major, 13 minor
Civil air: 22 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 375 total, 339 usable; 50 with
permanent-surface runways; 13 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 53 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: modern telephone
system based on extensive radio-relay facili-
ties; 629,000 telephones (5.4 per 100 popl.); 2
Atlantic Ocean satellite. antennas; 3 domes-
tic satellite stations; 153 AM, 126 TV stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Army of the Nation, National
Navy, Air Force of the Nation, Carabineros
of Chile
Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,249,000;
2,445,000 fit for military service; about.
123,000 reach military age (19) annually
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China
(Taiwan listed
at end of table)
Boundary repre ei, ion is
not necessarily authoritative.
Land
9.6 million km2; slightly larger than US;
74.3% desert, waste, or urban (32% of this
area consists largely of denuded wasteland,
plains, rolling hills, and basins from which
about 3% could be reclaimed); 11.0% cults-
vated (sown area extended by multicrop-
ping); 12.7% forest and woodland; 2.0% in-
land water
Land boundaries: 24,000 km
Language: Standard Chinese (Putonghua) or
Mandarin (based on the Beijing dialect); also
Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghais ese),
Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-
Taiwanese), Xiang, Can, Hakka'dialects,
and minority languages (see ethnic` divisions)
Life expectancy: 68
Literacy: over 75%'
Labor force: est. 460 million (December
1983); 74.4% agriculture, 15.0% industry
and commerce, 10.6% other
Organized labor: All-China Federation of
Trade Unions (ACFTU) follows the leader-
ship of the Chinese Communist Party; mem-
bership about 77'million
Government
Official name: People's Republic of China
Type: Communist state; real authority lies
with Communist Party's Politburo; the Na-
tional People's Congress, in theory the high-
est organ of government, usually ratifiesthe -
party's programs; the State Council actually
directs the government
Branches: control is exercised by Chinese
Communist Party, through State Council,
which supervises ministries, commissions,
bureaus, etc., all technically under the
Standing Committee of the National
People's Congress
Government leaders: ZHAO Ziyang, Pre-
mier of State Council (since September
1980); LI Xiannian, President (since June
1983); PENG Zhen, Chairman of NPC
Standing Committee (since June 1983)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: elections held for People's Con-
gress representatives at county level
Political parties and leaders: Chinese Com-
munist Party (CCP), headed by Hu Yaobang
as General Secretary of Central Committee
Communists: about 42 million party mem-
bers in 1984
Other political or pressure groups: such op-
position as exists consists of loose coalitions
that vary by issue rather than organized
groups
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed-):"I 2
nm
People
Population: 1,045,537,000 (July 1986), aver-
age annual growth rate 0.8% -
Nationality: noun-Chinese (sing., pl.); ad-
jective-Chinese
Ethnic divisions: 93.3% Han Chinese; 6.7%
Zhuang, Uygur, Hui, Yi, Tibetan, Miao,
Manchu, Mongol, Buyi, Korean, and numer-
ous lesser nationalities
Religion: officially atheist; since even before
1949 most people have been pragmatic,
eclectic, and not seriously religious; most
important elements of religion are Confu-
cianism, Taoism, Buddhism, ancestor wor-
ship; about 2-3% Muslim, 1% Christian
Political subdivisions: 22 provinces, 3 cen-
trally governed municipalities, 5 autono-
mous regions
Legal system: a complex amalgam of cus-
tom and statute, largely criminal; little os-
tensible development of uniform code of
administrative and civil law; .highest judicial
organ is Supreme People's Court, which re-
views lower court decisions; laws and legal
procedure subordinate to priorities of party
policy; regime has attempted to write civil
and Communist codes; new legal codes in
effect since 1 January 1980; party and state
constitutions revised in September and No-
vember 1982, respectively; continuing ef-
forts are being made to improvecivil and
commercial law
National holiday:National Day, 1 October
Member of. ESCAP, FAO, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, IDA, IFAD; IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF,
IMO, INTELSAT, ITU, Multifiber Arrange-
ment, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO
Economy
GNP: $343 billion (1985 est.), $330 per cap-
ita
Natural resources: coal, iron, petroleum,
mercury, tin, tungsten, antimony, manga-
nese, molybdenum, vanadium, magnetite,
aluminum, lead, zinc, uranium, hydroelec-
tric power (world's largest potential)
Agriculture: main crops-rice, wheat, other
grains, oilseed, cotton; agriculture mainly
subsistence; grain imports 9.8 million metric
tons in 1984; grain exports (mostly corn) 3.4
million metric tons (1984)
Major industries: iron, steel, coal, machine
building, armaments, textiles, petroleum
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China (continued)
Shortages: complex machinery and equip-
ment, highly skilled scientists and techni-
cians, energy, and transport
Crude steel: 43.4 million metric tons pro-
duced, 42 kg per capita (1984)
Electric power: 86,220,000 kW capacity
(1985); 406 billion kWh produced (1985),
389 kWh per capita
Exports: $27.4 billion (f.o.b., 1984); manu-
factured goods, agricultural products, oil,
minerals
Imports: $25.1 billion (f.o.b., 1984); grain,
chemical fertilizer, steel, industrial raw ma-
terials, machinery, equipment
Major trade partners: Japan, Hong Kong,
US, FRG, Jordan, Canada, Brazil, Singapore
(1984)
Monetary conversion rate: 3.06 renminbi
yuan=US$1(October 1985)
Communications
Railroads: networks total about 52,500 route
km common carrier lines; about 600 km
1.000-meter gauge; rest 1.435-meter stand-
ard gauge; all single track except approxi-
mately-9,500 km double track on standard
gauge lines; approximately 4,200 km electri-
fied; about 10,000 km industrial lines (gauges
range from 0.762? to 1.067 meters)
Highways: about 950,000 km all types roads;
about 240,000 km'unimproved natural earth
roads and tracks, 540,000 km improved
earth roads, 150,000 km paved roads
Inland waterways: 138,600 km; about
108,900 km navigable
Pipelines: crude, 6,500 kin; refined prod-
ucts, 1,100 km; natural gas, 4,200 km
Airfields: 325 total; 266 with permanent-
surface runways; 11 with runways 3,500 m
and over; 80 with runways 2,500 to 3,499 m;
203 with runways 1,200 to 2,499 m; 28 with
runways less than 1,200 m; 2 seaplane sta-
tions; 4 heliports, 5 airfields under construe-
tion
Telecommunications: domestic and inter-
national services exist primarily for official
purposes; unevenly distributed internal sys-
tem serves principal cities, industrial cen-
ters, and most townships; services in interior
and border regions limited; nearly 3 million
equipped telephone exchange lines, includ-
ing 30,000 long-distance telephone exchange
lines with direct, automatic service to 24
cities; 5.2 million telephones (3-5 telephones
per 100 popl. in large cities, 1 telephone per
200 popl. national average); 50,000 post and
telegraph offices with about 700 main tele-
graph centers capable of general message
service at the county level and above;'sub-
scriber teleprinter exchange (telex) services
available in 25 main metropolitan areas;
unknown number of facsimile and data in-
formation transfer points; domestic audio
radio broadcast coverage provided by 122
main AM centers and about 525 transmitter
relay stations; unknown number of FM ra-
dio and wired rebroadcast stations with 215
million receivers; at least 52 TV centers;
about 400 local and network TV relay trans-
mitter stations; 7,000 supplementary video
recorder and redistribution facilities; 40 mil-
lion monochrome and color TV receiver sets;
2 major international switching centers; sat-
ellite communications, long-haul point-to-
point radio circuits, regional cable and wire
landlines, directional radio-relay, and sea-
bed coaxial telephone cable (damaged) per-
mit linkage with most countries; direct voice
and message communications with 46 coun-
tries and regions; TV exchange to major cit-
ies on 5 continents through INTELSAT Pa-
cific and Indian Ocean earth satellite; AM
radio broadcasts in 38 languages to 140
countries and regions
Defense Forces
Branches: Chinese People's Liberation
Army (CPLA), CPLA Navy (including ma-
rines), CPLA Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49,
291,558,000; 162,738,000 fit for military
service; 13,270,000 reach military age (18)
annually
Christmas Island
Land
135 km2; slightly smaller than Washington,
D. C.; mostly tropical rain forest
Water:
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(200 nm fishing)
People
Population: 2,965 (as of June 1983), average
annual growth rate 0.6%
Nationality: noun-Christmas Islander(s),
adjective-Christmas Island
Ethnic divisions: 61% Chinese, 25% Malay,
11% European, 3% other; no indigenous
population
Language: English
Labor force: all workers are employees of
the Phosphate Mining Company of Christ-
mas Island, Ltd.
Government
Official name: Territory of Christmas Island
Type: Australian territory
Capital: settlement on Flying Fish Cove
(principal settlement)
Legal system: Australian territory since 10'
October 1958; administrator appointed by
Governor General of Australia; Supreme
Court; legislative, judicial, and administra-
tive system regulated by the Christmas Is-
land Act of 1958
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Branches: Advisory Council advises
appointed administrator
Government leader: T. F. PATERSON, Ad-
ministrator
Economy
National resources: phosphates
Major industries: phosphate extraction
(near depletion)
Electric power: 11,000 kW capacity (1985);
38 million kWh produced (1985), 12,900
kWh per capita
Exports: about 1.2 million metric tons of
phosphate exported to Australia, New
Zealand, and` other Asian ii tioris
Major trade partners: Australia, New
Zealand
Monetarsy conversion rate: 1.44 Australian
dollar=US$1 (6 February 1986)
Communications
Railroads: none
Airfields: 1 usable with permanent-surface
runway 1,220-2,439
Telecommunications: 4,000 radio receivers
(1982)
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of Australia
Land
1,138,914 km2; about the size of Texas and
New Mexico combined; 72% unsettled
(mostly forest and savannah); 28% settled
(consisting of 5% crop and.fallow;14% pas-
ture, 6% forest, swamp, and water; 3% urban
and other)
Land boundaries: 6,035 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
People
Population: 29,956,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.1%
Nationality: noun-Colombian(s); adjec-
tive-Colombian
Ethnic divisions: 58% mestizo, 20% white,
14% mulatto, 4% black, 3% mixed black-
Indian, 1% Indian
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic
Language: Spanish
Infant mortality rate: 65/1,000 (1982)
Life expectancy: 62
Literacy: 80%
Labor force: 9 million (1982); 53% services,
26% agriculture, 21% industry (1981); 14%
official unemployment (1985)
Organized labor: 1,418,321 members (1982)
Government
Official name: Republic of Colombia
Type: republic; executive branch dominates
government structure
Political subdivisions: 22 departments, 5
intendancies, 5 commissariats, Bogota Spe-
cial District
Legal system: based on Spanish law; reli-
gious courts regulate marriage and divorce;
constitution decreed in 1886, with amend-
ments codified in 1946 and 1968; judicial
review of legislative acts in the Supreme
Court; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction,
with reservations
National holiday: Independence Day, 20
July
Branches: President, bicameral legislature
(Parliament-Senate, House of Representa-
tives), judiciary
Government leader: Belisario BETANCUR
Cuartas, President (since August 1982); term
ends 10 August 1986
Elections: every fourth year; presidential
election held May 1986; congressional elec-
tion held March 1986; municipal and de-
partmental elections every two years, last
held 1986
Political parties and leaders: Liberal Party,
Virgilio Barco; main dissident faction is
headed by Luis Carlos Galan; Conservative
Party-Alvaro Gomez Hurtado and Misael
Pastrana Borrero head the two principal
wings united behind current President
Belisario Betancur, who leads a small fac-
tion; Communist Party (PCC), Gilberto
Vieira White; Communist Party/Marxist-
Leninist (PCC/ML), Maoist orientation
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 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/29: CIA-RDP08-00534R000100170001-4
Colombia (continued)
Voting strength: (1982 presidential election)
Belisario Betancur46.8%; Alfonso Lopez
Michelsen 40.7%, Luis Carlos.Galan 11.1 %,
Gerardo Molina 1.2%, other 1.2%; 49%
abstention
Communists: 18,000 members est., includ-
ing Communist Party Youth Organization
(JUCO)
Other political or pressure groups: Commu-
nist Party (PCC), Gilberto Vieira White;
PCC/ML, Chinese Line Communist Party;
Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia's
Patriotic Union Party (FARC-UP)
Exports: $3.5 billion (f.o.b., 1984); coffee,
coal, fuel oil, cotton, tobacco, sugar, textiles,
cattle and hides, bananas, fresh cut flowers
Imports: $4.5 billion,(c.i.f., 1984); transpor-
tation equipment, machinery, industrial
metals and raw materials, chemicals and
pharmaceuticals, fuels, fertilizers, paper and
paper products, foodstuffs, beverages
Major trade partners: exports-34% US,
15% FRG, 6% Venezuela, 4% Netherlands,
4% Japan, 3% Italy; imports-35% US, 10%
Japan, 8% FRG, 7% Venezuela, 4% Brazil,
4% Netherland Antilles, 3% France, 3%
Ecuador (1984)
Defense Forces
Branches: Army of Colombia, Colombian
Air Force, National Navy
Military manpower: males 15-49, 7,763,000;
5,504,000 fit for military service; about
361,000 reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 1986,
$310.6 million; 7% of the central govern-
ment budget
Member of. FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO,ICO, IDA,
IDB-Inter-American Development Bank,
IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC; ISO, ITU,
LAIA and Andean Sub-Regional Group,
NAM, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO,
UPEB, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WSG, WTO
Economy
GNP: $29 billion (1985 est).; $1,430 per cap-
ita (1984); 73% private consumption, 19%
gross investment, 12% public consumption
(1983); growth rate 2%(1985)
Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas,
coal, iron ore, nickel, gold, copper, emeralds
Agriculture: main crops-coffee; rice, corn,
sugarcane, plantains, bananas, cotton, to-
bacco;an illegal producer of coca and can-
nabis for the international drug trade
Major industries: textiles, food processing,
clothing and footwear, beverages, chemicals,
metal products, cement; mining-gold, coal,
emeralds, iron, nickel
Crude steel: 300,000 metric tons produced
(1984);.10 kg per capita .
Electric power: 7,160,000 kW capacity
(1985); 25.5 billion kWh produced (1985),
864 kWh per capita
Budget: (1985 est.) revenues, $4.1 billion;
expenditures, $4.8 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 164.58 pesos=
US$1 (November 1985)
Communications
Railroads: 3,563 km, all 0.914-meter gauge,
single track
Highways: 75,450 km total; 9,350 km paved,
66,100 km earth and gravel surfaces
Inland waterways: 14,300 km, navigable by
river boats
Pipelines: crude oil, 3,585 km; refined prod-
ucts, 1,350 km; natural gas, 830 km; natural
gas liquids, 125 km
Ports: 6 major (Barranquilla, Buenaventura,
Cartagena, San Andres, Santa Marta,
Tumaco)
Airfields: 634 total, 618 usable; 65 with
permanent-surface runways;1 with run-
ways over 3,660 m;'10 with runways 2,440
3,659 m, 96 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: nationwide radio-
relay system;1 Atlantic Ocean satellite sta-
tion with 2 antennas and 11 domestic satel-
lite stations;1.89 million telephones (6.5 per.
100 pop].); 404 AM and 85 TV stations . .
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 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/29: CIA-RDP08-00534R000100170001-4
50 km
Indian Ocean
MORONI
\Grande Comore,
Moheli
Mutsamudu
Anjouen
omboni
Mozambique
Channel
Me yotte
Administered by France
claimed by Comoros
Land
2,171 km2; half the size of Delaware; 4 main
islands; 48% cultivated, 29% uncultivated,
16% forest, 7% pasture
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
People
Population: 420,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.9%
Nationality: noun-Comoran(s);
adjective-Comoran
Ethnic divisions: Antalote, Cafre, Makoa,
Oimatsaha, Sakalava
Religion: 86% Sunni Muslim, 14% Roman
Catholic
Language: Shaafi Islam (a Swahili dialect),
Malagasy, French
Infant mortality rate: 92.3/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: 48.8
Literacy: 15%
Labo' force: 140,000 (1982); 80% agricul-
ture, 3% government; significant unemploy-
ment
Government
official name: Federal Islamic Republic of
the Comoros
Type: three.of,the four islands compose an independent republic, following local
government's unilateral declaration of inde-
pendence from France in July,1975; the
other island, Mayotte, disallowed declara-
tion and is now a French territorial commu-
nity but is claimed by the Comoros
Capital: Moroni
Political subdivisions: the three main islands
are organized into seven regions,
Legal system: French and Muslim law in a
new consolidated code
Branches: presidency; 38-member legisla-
ture (Federal Assembly)
Government leader: Ahmed ABDALLAH
ABDEREMANE, President (since October
1978)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: Abdallah Abderemane won 1984
presidential election with 99% majority;
Federal Assembly elected in March 1982
Political party: sole legal political party is'
Comoran Union for Progress (UCP)
Voting strength: UCP holds 37 seats in the
Federal Assembly
Member of. AfDB, FAO, G-77, IBRD, IDA,
IDB-Islamic Development Bank, IFAD,
ILO, IMF, ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GNP: $92 million (1984 prov.), about $250
per capita
Agriculture: food crops-rice, manioc,
maize, fruits, vegetables, coconuts, cinna-
mon, yams; export crops-essential oils for
perfumes (mainly ylang-ylang), vanilla,
copra, cloves
Major industry: perfume distillation
Electric power: 5,500 kW capacity (1985); 9
million kWh produced (1985),22 kWh per
capita
Exports: $16 million (f.o.b., 1984 prov.); per-
fume oils, vanilla, copra, cloves.
Imports: $27 million (f.o.b., 1984 prov.); rice
and other foodstuffs, cement, fuels, chemi-,
cals, textiles
Major trade partners: exports-France,
FRG, US; imports-France, Kenya,
Reunion
Budget: (1984) domestic revenue, $11 mil
lion; external grants, $29 million; current
expenditures, $14 million; capital expendi-
tures, $7 million; extrabudgetary expendi-
tures, $44 million
Monetary conversion rate: 475 Commu-
naute Financiere Africaine (CFA)
francs=US$1(1985)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 1,110 km total; approximately;
400 km bituminous, remainder crushed
stone or gravel
Ports: 1 major (Mutsamudu on Anjouan
Island); 2 minor
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 4 total, 4 usable; 4 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 in, 3 with runways
1,220-2,439 in
Telecommunications: sparse system of
radio-relay and high frequency radio com-
munication stations for interisland and ex-
ternal communications to Madagascar and
Reunion; 1,800 telephones (0.4 per 100
pop].); 2 AM stations, 1 FM station, no TV
stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Presidential Guard,
Gendarmerie
Military manpower: males 15-49; 93,000;
55,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1981, $2.9 million; about 16% of
the central government budget
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 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/29: CIA-RDP08-00534R000100170001-4
Congo
Guinea 't'Pointe-
Noire
See regional map V11
Land
342,000 km2; slightly smaller than Montana;
63% dense forest or wood, 31 % meadow, 4%
urban or waste, 2% cultivated (est.)
Labor force: about 40% of population eco-
nomically active (1983); 75% agriculture,
25% commerce, industry, government;
79,100 wage earners; 40,000-60,000 unem-
ployed
Organized labor: 20% of total labor force
(1979 est.)
Government
Official name: People's Republic of the
Congo
Type: people's republic
Capital: Brazzaville
Political subdivisions: nine regions divided
into districts
Other political or pressure groups: Union of
Congolese Socialist Youth (UJSC), Congolese
Trade Union Congress (CSC), Revolutionary
Union of Congolese Women (URFC), Gen-
eral Union of Congolese Pupils and Students
(UGEEC)
Member of. AfDB, Conference of East and
Central African States, EAMA, ECA, EIB.
(associate), FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD,
ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM,.
OAU, UDEAC, UEAC,.UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
Economy .
GDP: about.$1.8 billion (1984), $1,140 per.
capita; real.growth.rate 2.5% per year
(1984); 80% of economy is.private sector,
predominantly French owned and operated
Natural resources: petroleum, wood, potash,.
lead, zinc, uranium, phosphates, natural gas
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200
nm
People
Population: 1,853,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 3.0%
Nationality: noun-Congolese (sing., pl.);
adjective-Congolese or Congo
Ethnic divisions: about 15 ethnic groups
divided into some 75 tribes, almost all
Bantu; most important ethnic groups are
Kongo (48%) in the south, Sangha (20%) and
M'Bochi (12%) in the north, Teke (17%) in
the center; about 8,500 Europeans, mostly
French
Religion: 48% animist, 47% Christian, 2%
Muslim
Language: French (official); many African
languages with Lingala and Kikongo most
widely used
Legal system: based on French civil law
system and customary law; constitution
adopted 1973
National holiday: National Day, 15 August
Branches: presidential executive, Council of
State; judiciary; all policy made by Congo-
lese Labor Party Central Committee and
Politburo
Government leaders: Col. Denis SASSOU-
NGUESSO, President and party chairman
(since 1979); Ange Edouard POUNGUI,
Prime Minister (since July 1984)
Elections: elections for local and regional
organs and the National Assembly were held
in July 1979-the first elections since. June...
1973
Political parties and leaders: Congolese La-
bor Party (PCT) is.the only legal party; Party
Congress held in July 1984-Sassou unani-
mously elected to another 5-year term as.
president and party chairman
Communists: unknown number of Commu-
nists and sympathizers
Agriculture: cash crops-sugarcane, wood,
coffee, cocoa, palm kernels; peanuts,
tobacco; food crops-root crops, rice, corn,
bananas, manioc, fish :
Major industries: crude oil, cement, saw-
mills, brewery, cigarettes, sugar mill, soap
Electric power: 175,000 kW capacity (1985);,
306 million kWh.produced (1985),170 kWh
per capita
Exports: $1.3 billion (f.o.b..,. 1984); oil (90%),
lumber, tobacco, veneer, plywood, coffee,
cocoa
Imports: $618 million (f.o.b., 1984); machin-
ery, transport equipment, manufactured
consumer goods, iron and steel,, foodstuffs,
chemical products, sugar
Major trade partners: France, other EC
countries, US
Budget: (1984) revenues, $721 million; cur-
rent expenditures, $508 million; develop-
ment expenditures, 1$241 million
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Monetary conversion rate: 475 Comniu-
Haute Financiere Africaine (CFA)
francs=US$1(1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 727 krn, 1.067-meter gauge,
single track -
Highways: 11,970 km total; 555 km bitumi-
nous surface treated; 848 km gravel, laterite,
5,347 km improved earth, and 5,220 km
unimproved roads
Inland waterways: the Congo and Ubangi'
Rivers provide 1,120 km of commercially
navigable water transport; the remainder of
the inland waterways are used for local
traffic only
Pipelines: crude oil 25 km
Ports: 1 major (Pointe-Noire)
Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 55 total, 51 usable; 4 with
permanent-surface runways; l with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 21 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: services adequate for
government use; primary network is com-
posed of radio-relay routes and coaxial
cables; key centers are Brazzaville, Pointe-
Noire, and Loubomo; 18,100 telephones (1.1
per 100 pop].); 3 AM, 1 FM, 4 TV stations; l
Atlantic Ocean satellite station -
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramili-
tary National People's Militia
Military manpower: males 15-49, 410,000;
206,000 fit for military service; about 19,000
reach military age (20) annually
Rakahanga
Manihiki
Nassau
Island
Suwarrow
South Pacific Ocean
Palmerston
Land
About 240 km2
Water
Limits of territorial waters: 12 nm (200 nm
exclusive economic zone)
People
Population: 17,738 (July 1986), average an-
nual growth rate -1.0%
Nationality: noun-Cook Islander(s); adjec-
tive-Cook Islander
Ethnic divisions: 81.3% Polynesian (full
blood), 7.7% Polynesian and European, 7.7%
Polynesian and other, 2.4% European, 0.9%
other
Religion: Christian, majority of populace
members of Cook Islands Christian Church
Government
Official name: Cook Islands
Type: self-governing in "free association"
with New Zealand; Cook Islands Govern-
ment fully responsible for internal affairs
and has the right at any time to move to full
independence by unilateral action; New
Zealand retains responsibility for external
affairs, in consultation with the Cook Islands
Government
Aituteki Manuae
Mitiaro
Tekutea'
Mauke
Rarotong;-*AVAR UA
Branches: New Zealand Governor General
appoints Representative to Cook Islands,
who represents the Queen and the New
Zealand Government; Representative ap-
points the Prime Minister; popularly elected
24-member Parliament; 15-member House
of Arikis (chiefs), appointed by Representa-
tive, is an advisory body only
Government leader: Sir Thomas DAVIS,
Prime Minister (since July 1978)
Elections: every five years, latest in Novem-
ber 1983
Political parties and leaders: Democratic
Party, Sir Thomas Davis; Cook Islands
Party, Geoffrey Henry
Voting strength: (1983) Parliament-Dem-
ocratic Party, 13 seats; Cook Islands Party,
11 seats
Member of: ADB, IDA, IFC, IMF, SPF,
SPEC, ESCAP (associate member)
Economy
GDP: $15.4 million (1977), $860 per capita
(1978)
Agriculture: export crops include copra,
citrus fruits, pineapples, tomatoes, and ba-`
nanas, with subsistence crops of yams and
taro
Electric power: 4,750 kW capacity (1985);
15 million kWh produced (1985), 840 kWh
per capita -
Exports: $3.0 million (1977); copra, fresh
and canned fruit
Imports: $16.8 million (1977); foodstuffs,
textiles, fuels
Major trade partners: (1970) exports-98%
New Zealand; imports-76% New Zealand,
7% Japan
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 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/29: CIA-RDP08-00534R000100170001-4
Cook Islands (continued)
Aid: Australia (1980-83), $2.0 million; Aus
tralia and New Zealand (1977), $6.5 million
Government budget: $121 million (1977)
Monetary conversion rate: 1.88 New
Zealand$=US$1(5 February 1986)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 187 km total (1980); 35 km
paved, 35 km gravel, 84 km improved.earth,'
33 km unimproved earth .
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 2 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 7 total, 6 usable; 1 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: 6 AM, no FM, no TV
stations; 7,000 radio receivers; 1,186 tele-
phones (1.3 per 100 popl.)
See regional map III
Land....
50,700,km2 .; smaller than.West Virginia;
60% forest; 30% agricultural (22% meadow.
and pasture, 8% cultivated); 10% waste, u'r
ban, and other
Land boundaries: 670 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone),
Coastline: 1,290 km
People
Population: 2,714,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.6%
Nationality: noun-Costa Rican(s); adjec-
tive-Costa Rican
Ethnic divisions: 96% white (including mes-
tizo), 3% black, 1% Indian - ,
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic
Language: Spanish (official), with Jamaican
dialect of English spoken around Puerto
Limon
Infant mortality rate: 18.8/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: men 67.5, women 71.9
Literacy: 93%
Labor force: 868,300 (1985 est.); 34% indus-
try and commerce, 27% agriculture, 21%
government and services, 8% other; 6% un-
employment (1985 official); 10% unemploy-
ment (1985 unofficial)
Organized labor: about 15.1% of labor force
Government
Official name: Republic of Costa Rica
Type: democratic republic
Capital: San Jose
Political subdivisions: 7 provinces divided
into 80 cantons and districts
Legal system: based on Spanish civil law
system; constitution adopted in 1949; judi-
cial review of legislative acts in the Supreme
Court; legal education at University of Costa
Rica; has not accepted compulsory ICJ juris-
diction
National holiday: Independence Day, 15
September
Branches: executive-President (head of
government and chief of state), elected for a
single four-year term; two vice presidents;
legislative-57-delegate unicameral Legisla-
tive Assembly elected at four-year intervals;
judiciary-Supreme Court of Justice (17
magistrates elected by Legislative Assembly
at eight-year intervals)
Government leader: Oscar Arias
SANCHEZ, President-elect (to be inaugu-
rated May 1986)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory age 18
and over
Elections: every four years; last held in Feb-
ruary 1986
Political parties and leaders: National Lib-
eration Party (PLN),. Luis Alberto Monge,
Daniel Oduber, Jose "Pepe" Figueres, Oscar
Arias Sanchez; the new United Social Chris-
tian Party (PUSC) comprises the four Unity
Coalition (UNIDAD) parties-Republican
Calderonista Party (PRC), Rafael Angel
Calderon Fournier; Democratic Renovation
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 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/29: CIA-RDP08-00534R000100170001-4
Party (PRD), leader unknown; Christian
Democratic Party (PDC), Rafael Grillo.
Rivera; Popular Union Party (PUP), Chris-
tian Tallenbach Iglesias; the Popular Alli-
ance (PA) is a coalition comprising two
parties-Marxist Popular Vanguard Party
(PVP), Humberto Vargas Carbonell, and
Leftist Broad Democratic Front (FAD),
Rodrigo Gutierrez; the United People (PU) is
a leftist coalition comprising four parties-
New Republic Movement (MNR), Sergio
Erick Ardon; Socialist Party (PS), Alvaro
Montero Mejia; People's Party of Costa Rica
(PPC), Manuel Mora Valverde; and Radical
Democratic Party (PRD), Juan Jose
Echeverria Brealey
Voting strength: (1986 election) PLN, 29
seats; UNIDAD, 25 seats; PVP, 1 seat; PPC,
1 seat; other, 1 seat
Communists: 7,500 members and sympa-
thizers
Agriculture: main products-coffee, ba '
nanas, sugarcane, rice, corn, cocoa, livestock
products; an illegal producer of cannabis for
the international drug trade
Fishing: catch 10,902 metric tons,(1982)
Major industr'ies:food processing, textiles
and clothing, construction materials; fertil-
izer.
Electric power: 820,000 kW capacity (1985);
2.8 billion kWh produced (1985),.1,055 kWh
per capita
Exports: $956-million (f.o.b., 1984); coffee,
bananas, beef, sugar, cocoa
Imports: $1,101 million (c.i.f., 1984); manu
facturedproducts, machinery, transporta-
tion equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs,
fertilizer
Pipelines: refined products; 95 km
Ports: 1 major (Limon), 4 secondary
(Caldera, Golfito, Moin;'Puntarenas)
Civil air: 9major transport aircraft
Airfields: 221 total, 212 usable; 28 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with.run
ways 2,440-3,659 m; 9 with runways
1,220-2,439 in
Telecommunications: very good domestic
telephone service; 292,000 telephones (11.8
per 100 popl.); connection into Central
American microwave net; 62 AM stations,
17 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite
station
Defense Forces.
Branches: Civil Guard, Rural Assistance
Guard
Other political or pressure groups: Costa
Rican Confederation of Democratic Work-
ers (CCTD; Liberation Party affiliate), Con-
federated Union of Workers (CUT; Commu-
nist Party affiliate), Authentic Confederation
of Democratic Workers (CATD; Communist
Party affiliate), Chamber of Coffee Growers,
National Association for Economic Develop-
ment (ANFE), Free Costa Rica Movement
(MCRL; rightwing militants), National Asso-
ciation of Educators (ANDE)
Member of. CACM, Central American
Democratic Community, FAO, G-77,
IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO; ICO, IDA,
IDB-Inter-American Development Bank,
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, IWC-Interna-
tional Wheat Council, OAS, ODECA,
PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPEB, UPU,
WHO, WMO, WTO,
Economy
GDP: $3.4 billion (1984 est.), $1;280 per cap-
ita; 62% private consumption, 16% public
consumption, 23% gross domestic invest-
ment, -1% net foreign balance; 6% real
growth rate (1984) ,
Natural resources: hydroelectric power
Major trade partners: exports-47% US,
18% CACM, 9% FRG; imports-40% US,
12% Japan, 11% CACM, 4% FRG (1983)
Aid: economic bilateral commitments-US
authorized (FY70-84), including Ex-Im,
$603 million, other Western countries ODA
and OOF (1970-83), $333 million, Commu-
nist countries (1971-84), $27 million; mili-
tary commitments-US (FY70-84), $21 mil-: "
lion
Budget: consolidated public sector (1983)
$1,009 million total revenues; total expendi-
tures including debt amortization, $1,058
million .
Monetary conversion rate: 54.
colones= US$1 (December 1985)
Communications
Railroads: 800 km total, all 1.067-meter
gauge; 243 km electrified
Highways: 15,400 km total; 7,030 km paved,
7,010'km gravel, 1,360 km unimproved
earth
Inland waterways:about 730 km, seasonally
navigable
Military manpower: males.15-49, 727,000;.
494,000 fit for military service; about 33,000
reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1985, $17.0 million for Ministry
of Public Security, including the Civil
Guard; about 3.0% of total central govern-
ment budget; $19.5 million for Ministry of
Government and Police; 3.4% of total cen-
tral government budget
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Straits
of Florida
HAVAN
Pinar ggrt#a~
del Rio t-'""cam G,la[s
Isla de la
Juventud
North Atlantic
Ocean
Land
114,471 km2; nearly as large as Pennsylva-
nia; 35% cultivated; 30% meadow and pas-
ture; 20% waste, urban, or other; 15% forest
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
People
Population: 10,221,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 1.1%
Nationality: noun-Cuban(s); adjective-
Cuban
Ethnic divisions: 51 % mulatto, 37% white,
11 % black, 1 % Chinese
Religion: at least 85% nominally Roman
Catholic before Castro assumed power
Language: Spanish
Infant mortality rate: 15/1,000 (1985)
Life expectancy: 74
Literacy: 96%
Labor force: 3.0 million in 1982; 47% indus-
try and commerce, 28% services and govern-
ment, 25% agriculture
Government
Official name: Republic of Cuba
Political subdivisions: 14 provinces and 169
municipalities.
Legal system: based on Spanish and Ameri-
can law, with large elements of Communist
legal theory; Fundamental Law of 1959 re-
placed constitution of 1940; a new constitu-
tion was approved at the Cuban Communist
Party's First Party Congress in December
1975 and by a popular referendum, which
took place on 15 February 1976; portions of
the new constitution were put into effect on
24 February 1976, by means of a Constitu-
tional Transition Law, and the entire consti-
tution became effective on 2 December
1976; legal education at the Universities of
Havana, Oriente, and Las Villas; does not
accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Anniversary of the Revo-
lution, 1 January
Branches: executive; legislature (National
Assembly of the People's Power); controlled
judiciary
Government leader: Fidel CASTRO Ruz,
President (since January 1959)
Suffrage: universal but not compulsory over
age 16
Elections: National People's Assembly (indi-
rect election) every five years; last election
held November 1981
Political parties and leaders: Cuban Com-
munist Party (PCC), First Secretary Fidel
Castro Ruz, Second Secretary Raul Castro
Ruz
Communists: approx. 400,000 party mem-
bers
Member of. CEMA, ECLA, FAO, G-77,
GATT, IADB (nonparticipant), IAEA,
ICAO, IFAD, ICO, IHO, ILO, IMO, IRC,
ISO, ITU, IWC-International Wheat
Council, NAM, OAS (nonparticipant);
PAHO, Permanent Court of Arbitration,
Postal Union of the Americas and Spain,
SELA, UN, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO;WMO, WSG, WTO
Economy
GNP: $14.9 billion in 1974 dollars (1982
est.); $1,530 per capita in 1974 dollars (1982
est.); real growth rate 1.4% (1982 est.)
Natural resources: cobalt, nickel, iron, cop-
per, manganese, salt, forests
Agriculture: main crops-sugar, tobacco,
rice, potatoes, tubers, citrus fruits, coffee
Fishing: catch 198,400 metric tons (1984);
exports $102 million (1984 est.)
Major industries: sugar milling, petroleum
refining, food and tobacco processing, tex-
tiles, chemicals, paper and wood products,
metals, cement
Shortages: spare parts for transportation and
industrial machinery, consumer goods
Crude steel: 338,200 metric tons produced
(1984); 34 kg per capita
Electric power: 3,461,000 kW capacity
(1985); 12.915 billion kWh produced (1985),
1,278 kWh per capita
Exports: $6.2 billion (f.o.b., 1984); sugar,
nickel, shellfish, tobacco, coffee, citrus
Imports: $8.1 billion (c.i.f., 1984); capital
goods, industrial raw materials, food, petro-
leum
Major trade partners: exports-72% USSR,
17%-other Communist countries; imports-
66% USSR, 18% other Communist countries
(1984)
Aid: from US (FY46-61), $41.5 million (loans
$37.5 million, grants $4.0 million); economic
aid from USSR (1961-84), $10.6 billion in
economic credit and $27.0 billion in subsi-
dies; military assistance from the USSR
(1959-78), $1.6 billion .
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Monetary conversion rate: 0.9346
peso= US$1 (30 March 1985)
Communications
Railroads: 14,925 km total; Cuban National
Railways operates 5,295 km of 1.435-meter
gauge track; 199 km electrified; 9,630 km of
sugar plantation lines of 0.914-1.435-meter
gauge
Highways: approximately 21,000 km total;
9,000 km paved, 12,000 km gravel and earth
surfaced
Ports: 7 major (including US Naval Base at
Guantanamo), 40 minor
Airfields: 203 total, 191 usable; 65 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways over 3,659 in, 11, with runways
2,440-3,659 in, 19 with runways 1,220-2,439
Defense Forces
Branches: Revolutionary Armed Forces,
Ground Forces, Revolutionary Navy, Air
and Air Defense Force, Ministry of Interior
Special Troops, Border Guard Troops, Terri-
torial Militia Troops, Youth Labor Army
Military manpower: eligible 15-49,.
5,519,000; of the 2,896,000 males 15-49,
1,818,000 are fit for military service; of the
2,823,000 females 15-49, 1,772,000 are fit
for military service; 117,000 males and
115,000 females reach military age (17) an-
nually
Cyprus
Episkopi- Limassol
Land
9,251 km2; smaller than Connecticut; 60%
arable (including permanent crop); 25%
waste, urban areas, and other; 15% forest
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm
People
Population: 673,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 1.2%
Nationality: noun-Cypriot(s); adjective-
Cypriot
Ethnic divisions: 78% Greek; 18% Turkish;
4% Armenian, Maronite, and other
Religion: 78% Greek Orthodox; 18% Mus-
lim; 4% Maronite, Armenian, Apostolic, and
other
Language: Greek, Turkish, English
Infant mortality rate: 17/1,000 (1984)
Life expectancy: men 72.3, women 76.0
Literacy: about 89%
Greek Sector labor force: 240,900 (1982);
42% services, 33% industry, 22% agriculture;
3.1 % unemployed
Government
Official name: Republic of Cyprus
Type: republic; a disaggregation of the two
ethnic communities inhabiting the island
began after the outbreak of communal strife
in 1963; this separation was further solidified
following the Turkish invasion of the island
in July 1974, which gave the Turkish Cypri-
ots de facto control over the northern 37 per-
cent of the republic; Greek Cypriots control
the only internationally recognized govern-
ment; on 15 November 1983 Turkish Cyp-
riot "President" Rauf Denktash declared
independence and the formation of a "Turk-
ish Republic of Northern Cyprus," which
has been recognized only by Turkey; both
sides publicly call for the resolution of inter-
communal differences and creation of a new
federal system of government
Political subdivisions: 6 administrative dis-
tricts
Legal system: based on common law, with
civil law modifications; negotiations to cre-
ate the basis for a new or revised constitution
to govern the island and relations between
Greek and Turkish Cypriots have been held
intermittently
National holiday: Independence Day,
1 October
Branches: currently the Government of
Cyprus has effective authority over only the
Greek Cypriot community; headed by Presi-
dent of the Republic and comprising Coun-
cil of Ministers, House of Representatives,
and Supreme Court; Turkish Cypriots de-
clared their own "constitution" and govern-
ing bodies within the "Turkish Federated
State of Cyprus" in 1975; "state" renamed
"Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" in
1983; new "constitution" for the Turkish
sector passed by referendum in May 1985
Government leaders: Spyros KYPRIANOU,
President (since 1977); Turkish Sector-
Rauf DENKTASH, "President" (since 1975)
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Cyprus (continued)
Elections: officially every five years (last
presidential election held in February 1983);
parliamentary elections held in December
1985; Turkish sector "presidential" elections
ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, "
IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU; WHO,
WMO, WTO; Turkish Federated State of
Cyprus OTC (observer)
Budget: (1983) revenues, $587.2 million;
expenditures, $697.3 million; deficit, $110.1
million
last held in June 1985; "assembly" elections
Political parties and leaders: Greek"Cyp- '
riot-Progressive Party of the Working Peo-
ple (AKEL; CommunistParty),"Ezekias
Papaioannou; Democratic Rally (DESY),
Glafkos Clerides; Democratic Party
(DEKO), Spyros Kyprianou; United Demo=cratic Union of the Center (EDEK), Vassos
Lyssarides; Turkish sector-National Unity
Party (NU,P), Dervis Eroglu; Communal
Liberation Party (CLP), Ismail Bozkurt; Re-
publican Turkish Party (RTP), Ozker Ozgur;
New Birth Party (NBP), Aytae Besheshler
Voting strength: in the 1983 presidential-
election, incumbent Spyros .Kyprianou re-
tained his position by winning 56% of the
vote; in the 1981 parliamentary election, the
pr'o-Western' Democratic Rally received 19
of the 56 seats; Kyprianou's center-right
Democratic Party won 16 seats; Communist
AKEL secured 15 seats; and socialist EDEK
won six seats; in 1985 "presidential" elec-
tions in the Turkish Cypriot sector, Rauf
Denktash won with 70 percent of the vote;
in the 1985 "assembly" elections the conser-
vative National Unity Party won 24 of 50
seats; the Communist.Republican.Turkish
Party received 12 seats; center-"right Com-
munal Liberation Party secured 10 seats;
and the rightwing New Birth Party received
4 seats
Communists: about 12,000.
Other political or pressure groups: United
Democratic Youth Organization (EDON;
Communist controlled); Union of.Cyprus
Farmers (EKA; Communist controlled);
Cyprus Farmers Union (PEK pro-West);
Pan-Cyprian Labor Federation (PEO;Corn=
munist controlled); Confederation of Cyj -
riot Workers (SEK; pro-West); Federationof
Turkish Cypriot Labor Unions (Turk-Sen);.
Confederation of. Revolutionary Labor
Unions (Dev-Is)
Member of Commonwealth, Council of
Europe, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
Economy
GDP: $2.1'billion (1"983), $3,210 per capita;
1983 est. real growth rate 2.6%
Turkish Sector GDP: $205.9 million (1983),
$1,344 per capita
Natural resources: copper, pyrites, asbestos,
gypsum; lumber,. salt, marble, clay earth
pigment
Agriculture: main crops-potatoes and
other vegetables, grapes, citrus fruit, wheat,
carob beans, olives
Major"industries: mining (iron pyrites, gyp-
sum, asbestos), manufactures principally for
local consumption=beverages, footwear,.
clothing, cement'
Electric power: 620;000 kW capacity (1985);
1.468 billion kWh produced (1985), 2,210
kWh per capita
Exports: $482.8 million (f.o..b., 1984); princi-
pal items-food and beverages, including
citrus, raisins, potatoes, wine; also.cement
and clothing
Turkish Sector exports.-, $46.8 million (f.o.b.
1984); principal items-citrus fruits, pota-
toes, metal pipes, pyrites
Imports: $1,195 million (c.i.f., 1984); princi-
pal items manufactured. goods, machinery
and transport equipment, fuels, food
Turkish Sector imports: $170 million (c.i.f.,
1984); principal items-foodstuffs, raw ma-
terials fuels: machinery
Major trade partners: imports (1984)-
12.1% UK, 12% Japan,10.5% Italy, 8.3%
FRG,5.2%_Iraq; exports (1984)-17% UK,
14:1% Lebanon, 1'1:4%Libya, 7.5% Saudi
Arabia, 3.4% USSR
Turkish.Sector major trade partners: im-
ports (1984)-46% Turkey, 36% EC, 17%
Arab countries; exports (1984)-61 % EC,
22% Turkey, 16% Arab countries
Turkish Sector budget: (1982) revenues,
$82.3 million; expenditures, $72.2 million;
deficit, $14.7 million
Monetary conversion rate:.63 Cyprus
pound US$1(October 1984)
Turkish Sector monetary conversion rate:
225.46 Turkish liras=US$1 (1983 average)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 10,778 km total; 5,169 km bitu-
minous surface treated; 5,609 km gravel,
crushed stone, and earth
Ports: 3 major (Famagusta, Larnaca, Limas-
sol), 2 secondary (Vasilikos, Kyrenia) under
development, 6 minor; Famagusta and
Kyrenia under Turkish Cypriot control
Airfields: 14 total, 13 usable; 11 with
permanent-surface runways; 6 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: moderately good
telecommunication system in both Greek
and Turkish sectors; 164,000 telephones (25
per 100 popl.); 10 AM, 6 FM, and 29 TV sta-
tions; tropospheric scatter circuits to Greece
and Turkey; 3 submarine coaxial cables; 1
Atlantic Ocean satellite antenna and 1 In-
dian Ocean antenna
Defense Forces
Branches: Cyprus National Guard; Turkish
sector-Turkish Cypriot Security Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 182,000;
127,000 fit for military service; about 5,000
reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1984, $60 million; 11.6% of cen-
tral government budget
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Land
127,870 km2; the size of New York; 53%
agricultural, 36% forest, 11 % other
People
Population: 15,542,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 0.3%
Nationality: noun-Czechoslovak(s); adjec-
tive-Czechoslovak
Ethnic divisions: 64.3% Czech, 30.5% Slo-
vak, 3.8% Hungarian, 0.4% German, 0.4%
Polish, 0.3% Ukrainian, 0.1% Russian, 0.2%
other (Jewish, Gypsy)
Religion: 77% Roman Catholic, 20% Protes-
tant, 2% Orthodox, 1% other
Language: Czech and Slovak (official), Hun-
garian
Infant mortality rate: 16/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: 70
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 7.51 million (1984); 38.1% in-
dustry; 12.5% agriculture; 49.4% construc-
tion, communications, and other (1982)
Government
Official name: Czechoslovak Socialist Re-
public (CSSR)
Political subdivisions: 2.ostensibly separate
and nominally autonomous republics (Czech
Socialist Republic and Slovak Socialist: Re-
public);.7 regions (kraj) in Czechlands, 3
regions in Slovakia; republic capitals of
Prague and Bratislava have regional status
Legal system: civil law system based on
Austro-Hungarian codes, modified by Com-
munist legal theory; revised constitution
adopted 1960, and amended in 1968 and
1970; no judicial review of legislative acts;
legal education at Charles University School
of Law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: Liberation Day; 9 May,,,
Branches: executive-President (elected by
Federal Assembly), Cabinet (appointed by
President); legislative (Federal Assembly;
elected directly-Chamber of Nations,
Chamber of the People), Czech and Slovak
National Councils (also elected directly) leg-
islate on limited area of regional matters;
judiciary; Supreme Court (elected by Fed-
eral Assembly); entire governmental strut.
ture dominated by Communist Party
Government leaders: Gustav HUSAK, Presi-
dent (since 1975); Lubomir STROUGAL,
Premier.(since 1970) '
Suffrage: universal over age 18.
Elections: governmental bodies and presi-'
dent every five years; last election June 1981
Dominant political party and leader: Com-
munist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSC),Gus-
tav Husak, General Secretary (since 1969);
Communist Party of Slovakia.(KSS) has sta-
tus of,provincial KSC "organization
Voting strength: (1981 election) 99.96% for
Communist-sponsored single slate
Communists: 1.6 million party. members,
(August 1984)
Other: political groups: puppet parties-
Czechoslovak Socialist Party, Czechoslovak
People's Party, Slovak Freedom Party, Slo-
yak Revival Party
Member of: CEMA, FAO, GATT, IAEA,
ICAO, ICO; ILO, International Lead and
Zinc Study Group; IMO; IPU, ISO, ITC,
ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, Warsaw Pact,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
Economy
GNP: $127.9 billion in 1984 (in 1984 dollars),
$8,280 per capita; 1984 real growth rate
2.3%
Natural resources: coal, coke, timber, lig-
nite, uranium, magnesite
Agriculture: diversified agriculture; main
crops-wheat, rye, oats, corn, barley, pota-
toes, sugar beets, hogs, cattle, horses; net
food importer-meat, wheat, vegetable oils,
fresh fruits and vegetables
Major industries: iron and steel, machinery
and equipment, cement, sheet glass, motor
vehicles, armaments, chemicals, ceramics,
wood, paper products
Shortages: ores, crude oil
Crude steel: 14.8. million metric tons pro-
duced (1984), 960 kg per capita
Electric power: 20,330,000 kW capacity
(1985); 79.5 billion kWh produced (1985),
5,128 kWh per capita
Exports: $17.398 billion (f.o.b., 1984); 54.8%
machinery and equipment; 16.2% manufac-
tured consumer goods; 14.2% fuels, miner-
als, and metals; 6.7% agricultural and for-
estry products, 8.1 % other products (1984
prelim.)
Imports: $17.585 billion (f.o.b., 1984); 41.1%
fuels, minerals, and metals; 33.2% machin-
ery and equipment; 12.1 % agricultural and
forestry products; 5.7% manufactured con-
sumer goods; 7.9% other products (1984)
Major trade partners: USSR, GDR, Poland,
Hungary, FRG, Yugoslavia, Austria, Bul-
garia, Romania; $32,484 million (1982); 71 %
with Communist countries, 29% with non-
Communist countries (1984)
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Czechoslovakia (continued)
Monetary conversion rate: 6.65 koronas=
US$1(1983 average)
NOTE: foreign trade figures were converted
at the rate of 6.9 koronas=US$1,(January
1982)
Communications
Railroads: 13,141 km total; 12,883 km 1.435-
meter standard gauge, 102 km 1.524-meter
broad gauge, 156 km 0.750- and 0.760-
meter narrow gauge; 2,866 km double track;
3,221 km electrified; government owned
(1983)
Highways: 74,064 km total; 60,765 km con-
crete, asphalt, stone block; 13,299 km gravel,
crushed stone (1983)
Inland waterways: 475 km (1983)
Pipelines: crude oil, 1,448 km; refined prod-
ucts, 1,500 km; natural gas, 7,500 km
Freight carried: rail-298.8 million metric
tons (1984); highway 1,376 million metric
tons, 20.3 billion metric ton/km (1983);
waterway 11.40 million metric tons (1984),
3.9 billion metric ton/km (excluding inter-
national transit traffic) (1983)
Ports: no maritime ports; outlets are Gdynia,
Gdansk, and Szczecin in Poland; Rijeka and
Koper in Yugoslavia; Hamburg, FRG; Ros-
tock, GDR; principal river ports are Prague,
D66in, Komarno, Bratislava (1979)
Defense Forces
Branches: Czechoslovak People's Army,
Frontier Guard, Air and Air Defense Forces
Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,798,000;
2,924,000 fit for military service; 110,000
.reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: announced for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1985, 25.7 billion
koronas, 7.5% of total budget
-Skagen'
99,
Land
43,076 km2 (exclusive of Greenland and
Faroe Islands); the size of Massachusetts and
New Hampshire combined; 64% arable,
11% forest, 8% meadow and pasture, 17%
other
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(200 nm fishing zone or to median line)
People
Population: 5,097,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate -0.1% .
Nationality: noun-Dane(s); adjective-
Danish
Ethnic divisions: Scandinavian, Eskimo,
Faroese, German
Religion: 97% Evangelical Lutheran, 2%
other Protestant and Roman Catholic, 1%
other
Language: Danish, Faroese, Greenlandic
(an Eskimo dialect); small German-speaking
minority
Infant mortality rate: 7.7/1,000 (1983)
Labor force: 2,713,000 (1984); 33.2% govern-
ment; 20.7% manufacturing; 13.2% com-
merce; 2.0% agriculture, forestry, and-
fishing; 5.9% construction; 7.8% banking and
business services; 7.5% transportation; 10.3%
unemployment rate
Government
Official name: Kingdom of -Denmark
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital:.Copenhagen
Political subdivisions: 14 counties, 275 com-
munes (88 towns are included in communes)
Legal system: civil law system; constitution
adopted 1953; judicial review of legislative.
acts; legal education at Universities of
Copenhagen and Arhus; accepts compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: birthday of the Queen, 16
April
Branches: legislative authority rests jointly
with Crown and parliament (Folketing);
executive power-vested in Crown but exer-
cised by Cabinet responsible to parliament;
Supreme Court, 2 superior courts, 106-lower
courts
Government leaders: MARGRETHE II,
Queen (since January 1972); Poul
SCHLUTER, Prime Minister (since Septem-
ber 1982)
Elections: on call of prime minister but at
least every four years; last election 10 Janu-
ary 1984
Political parties and,leaders: Social Demo-
cratic, Anker Jorgensen; Liberal, Uffe.. .
Ellemann-Jensen; Conservative,.Poul Schl-
ter; Radical Liberal, Niels Helveg Petersen;
Socialist People's, Gert Petersen; Commu-
nist, Jorgen Jensen; Left Socialist; Preben
Wilnjelm; Center Democratic, Erhard
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Jakobsen; Christian People's, Christian
Christensen; Justice, Poul Gerhard Kristian-
sen; Trade and, Industry. Party, Asger.J.
Lindinger; Free Democratic Party, Mogens
Glistrup; Socialist Workers Party, no chair-
man; Communist Workers' Party (KAP),
Benito Scocozza.
Voting strength: (1984 election) 31.6% So-
cial Democratic, 23.4% Conservative, 12.1%
Liberal, 11.5% Socialist People's, 5.5% Radi-
cal Liberal, 4.6% Center Democratic, 3.6%
Progress, 2..7% Christian People's, 2.6% Left
Socialist, 1.5% Justice, 0.7% Communist,
0.2% others
Electric power: 9,493,000 kW capacity
(1985); 27.464 billion kWh produced (1985),
5,380 kWh per capita
Exports: $15.9 billion (f.o.b., 1984); principal
items-meat, dairy products, industrial ma-
chinery and equipment, textiles and cloth-
ing, chemical products, transport equip-
ment, fish, furs, furniture
Imports: $16.581 billion (c.i.f., 1984); princi-
pal items-industrial machinery, transport
equipment, petroleum, textile fibers and
yarns, iron and steel products, chemicals,
grain and feedstuffs, wood and paper
Airfields: 131 total, 116 usable; 25 with
permanent-surface runways; 9 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 7 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: excellent telephone,
telegraph, and broadcast services; 3.67 mil-
lion telephones (71.8 per 100 pop].); 2 AM,
46 FM, 34 TV stations; 13 submarine coaxial
cables; 7 satellite earth stations for domestic
service
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Danish Army, Royal Dan-
ish Navy, Royal Danish Air Force
Member of. ADB, Council of Europe, DAC,
EC, ELDO (observer), EMS, ESRO, FAO,
GATT, IAEA, IBRD; ICAC, ICAO, ICES,
ICO, IDA, IDB, Inter-American Develop-
ment Bank, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO,
International Lead and Zinc Study Group,
IMF, IMO, INTELSAT; INTERPOL, IPU,
ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC-International Wheat
Council, NATO, Nordic Council, OECD,
UN, UNESCO, UPU; WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WSG
Economy
GNP: $52.4 billion (1984), $10,250 per cap-
ita; 54% private consumption, 18% private
investment, 26% government consumption,
investment; l % ,net exports of goods and ser-
vices; 1% increase in stocks; 1984 growth
rate, 3.9%
Agriculture: highly intensive, specializes in
dairying and animal husbandry; main
crops-cereals, root crops; food imports-
oilseed, grain, animal feedstuffs
Fishing: catch 1.86 million metric tons
(1983); exports $756. million,: imports $317
million (1984)
Major industries: food processing, machin-
ery and equipment, textiles and clothing,
chemical products,. electronics, construction,
Major trade partners: 1984 exports-44.3%
EC, 18% FRG, 12.7% Sweden, 10.7% UK,
7.2% US, 5.3% Norway
Aid: donor-ODA and OOF economic aid
commitments (1970-83) $3.3 billion
Budget: (1984) expenditures, $24.8 billion;
revenues, $18.5 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 9.03 kroner=
Fiscal year: calendar year, beginning 1 Janu-
ary
Communications
Railroads: 2,770 km 1.435-meter standard
gauge; Danish State Railways (DSB) operate
2,120'km (1,999 km rail line and 121 km rail
ferry services); 97 km electrified, 730 km
double tracked; 650 km of standard-gauge
lines are privately owned and operated
Highways: approximately 66,482 km total;
64,551 km concrete, bitumen, or stone
block; 1,931 km gravel, crushed stone, im-
proved earth
Inland waterways: 417 km
Pipelines: crude oil, 110 km; refined prod-
ucts, 418 km; natural gas, 549 km
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,312,000;
1,105,000 fit for military service; 41,000
reach military age (20) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1985, $1.4 billion; 6.7% of central
government budget 00; 1,105,000 fit for mil-
itary service; 41,000 reach military age (20)
annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1985, $1.4 billion; 6.7% of central
government budget 00; 1,105,000 fit for mil-
itary service; 41,000 reach military age (20)
annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1985, $1.4 billion; 6.7% of central
government budget
furniture, and other wood products ' Ports: 10 major, 50 minor
Crude steel: 0.6 million metric tons pro- Civil air: 58 major transport aircraft
duced (1984); 110 kg per capita
65
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Djibouti
Land
22,000 km2; about the size of New Hamp-
shire; 89% desert waste, 10% permanent
pasture, less than I%. cultivated
Land boundaries: 517 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
People
Population: 304,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.5%
Nationality: noun-Djiboutian(s); adjec-
tive-Djiboutian
Ethnic divisions: 60% Somali (Issa); 35%
Afar, 5% French, Arab, Ethiopian, and Ital-
ian'
Language: French (official); Somali and Afar
widely used
Infant mortality rate: 140/1,000 (1985)
'Life expectancy: 50
Literacy: 17%
Labor force: a small number of semiskilled
laborers at port
Organized labor: 3,000 railway workers or-
ganized
Government
Official name: Republic of Djibouti
National holiday: 27 June
Type: republic
Capital: Djibouti
Political subdivisions: 5 cercles (districts)
Legal system: based on French civil law
system, traditional practices, and Islamic
law; partial constitution ratified January
1981 by National Assembly
Branches: legislative-65-member parlia-
ment (National Assembly), executive, judi-
ciary
Government leader: Hassan GOULED
Aptidon, President (since June 1977)
Suffrage: universal adult
Political party and leader: Peoples Progress
Assembly (RPP), Hassan Gouled Aptidon;
sole legal party
Member of: AfDB, Arab League, FAO,
G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB-Islamic
Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
IMO, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC,
UN, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $369 million (1983); per capita income
$1,168 (1983)
Natural resources: none
Agriculture: livestock; limited commercial
crops, including fruit and vegetables
Major industries: transit trade, port, rail-
way, services; live cattle and sheep exports to
Saudi Arabia; secondary services to French
military
Electric power: 80,100 kW capacity (1985);
140 million kWh produced (1985), 471 kWh
per capita
Exports: $88 million (f.o.b., 1984 prelim.);
hides and skins and transit of coffee; a large
portion consists of reexports to foreign resi-
dents of Djibouti
Imports: $200 million (f.o.b., 1984 prelim.);
almost all domestically needed goods-
foods, machinery, transport equipment
Budget: (1983) revenues, $118 million;
grants, $27 million; current expenditures,
$120 million; development expenditures,
$32 million; extrabudgetary expenditures,
$21 million
Monetary conversion rate: 177.67 Djibouti
francs=US$1(October 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar, year
Communications
Railroads: the Ethiopian-Djibouti railroad
extends for 97 km through Djibouti
Highways: 2,800 km total; 279 km bitumi-
nous surface, 229 km improved earth, 2,292
km unimproved earth
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 12 total, 10 usable;1 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3;659 m, 4 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair system of urban
facilities in Djibouti and radio-relay stations
at outlying places; 7,200 telephones (2.0 per
100 popl.); 2 AM stations, 1 FM station, 2 TV
stations; 1 Indian Ocean satellite ground
station, 1 Arab satellite station, 1 submarine
cable to Saudi Arabia under construction
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force; paramili-
tary National Security Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, about
66,000; about 39,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 .
December 1984, $27.8 million; about 22% of
central government budget
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Organized labor: 25% of the labor force
Economy
GNP: $85.4 million (prelim.), $1,034 per
capita; 1984 real growth rate 4.3% (1984)
Natural resources: timber
Marigot
Caribbean ` . Caribbean
Sea - '_...... Sea
Land
752.7 km2; about one-fourth the size of
Rhode Island; 67% forest; 24% arable; 2%
pasture; 7% other
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
People
Population: 74,000 (July 1986), average an-
Dual growth rate 0.4%
Nationality: noun-Dominican(s); adjec-
tive-Dominican
Ethnic divisions: mostly black; some Carib-
Indians
Religion: 80% Roman Catholic; Anglican,
Methodist
Language: English (official); French patois
widely spoken
Infant mortality rate: 24.1/1,000 (1981)
Life expectancy: men 56.97, women 59.18
Labor force: 25,000; 40% agriculture, 32%
industry and commerce, 28% services; 15-
20% unemployment (1984)
Government
Official name: Commonwealth of Dominica
Type: independent state within Common-
wealth
Political subdivisions: 21 districts
Legal system: based on English common
law; three local magistrate courts and the
British Caribbean Court of Appeals
Branches: legislative, 51-member bicameral
House of Assembly (1 ex-officio member, 9
appointed members, and 21 members popu-
larly elected members; executive, Cabinet
headed by Prime Minister; judicial,
magistrate's courts and regional court of
appeals
Government leader: (Mary) Eugenia
CHARLES, Prime Minister (since July
1980); Sir Clarence SEIGNORET, President
(since December 1983)
Suffrage: universal adult suffrage at age 18
Elections: every five years; last held 2 July
1985
Political parties and leaders: Labor Party of
Dominica (LPD, a leftist front group),
Michael Douglas; Dominica Freedom Party
(DFP), (Mary) Eugenia Charles
Voting strength: (1985 election) House of
Assembly seats-DFP 15, LPD 5, inde-
pendent.1
Communists: negligible
Other political or pressure groups: Domin-
ica Liberation Movement (DLM), a small
leftist group
Member of. CARICOM, Commonwealth,
FAO, GATT (de facto), G-77, IBRD, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL,
OAS, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
Agriculture: bananas, citrus, coconuts, co-
coa, essential oils
Major industries: agricultural processing,
tourism, soap and other coconut-based prod-
ucts, cigars
Electric power: 7,000 kW capacity (1985);
16 million kWh produced (1985),2i6 kWh
per capita
Exports: $25.6 million (f.o.b., 1984 prelim.);
bananas, coconuts, lime juice and oil, cocoa;
reexports
Imports: $55.8 million (c.i.f., 1984 prelim.);
machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, man-
ufactured articles, cement
Major trade partners: (1984) exports-46%
UK, 16% Jamaica, 15% Trinidad and To-
bago, 2% US, 0.3% other EC; imports-27%
US, 13% UK, 8% Trinidad and Tobago, 6%
other EC
Aid: economic-bilateral ODA and OOF
(1970-80), from Western (non-US) countries,
$22.6 million; no military aid
Budget: revenues, $33.4 million; expendi-
tures, $38.5 million (FY84)
Monetary conversion rate: 2.70 East Carib-
bean dollars=US$1 (February 1984)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 750 km total;;370 km paved, 380
km gravel and earth
Ports: 1 major (Roseau), 1 minor
(Portsmouth)
Civil air: unknown number of major trans-
port aircraft
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Dominica (continued)
Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: 4,600 telephones in
fully automatic network (5.6 per 100 popl.);
VHF and UHF link to St. Lucia; new SHF
links to Martinique and Guadeloupe; 3 AM
stations, 1 FM station, 1 cable TV station
Defense Forces
Branches: Commonwealth of Dominica Po-
lice Force
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year
1986, $2.9 million; 4.6% of the central gov-
ernment budget
Dominican Republic
Organized labor: 150,000 (1984); 12% of
labor force
EIIas Pica
ri to Ertr:qu
Land
48,734 km2; the size of New Hampshire and
Vermont combined; 45% forest, 20% built
on or waste, 17%.meadow and pasture, 14%
cultivated, 4% fallow
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm
(200 nm exclusive economic zone)
People
Population: 6,785,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.5%
Nationality: noun-Dominican(s); adjec-
tive-Dominican
Ethnic divisions: 73% mixed, 16% white,
11 % black
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic
Language: Spanish
Infant mortality rate: 63/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: 60
Literacy: 68%
Labor force: 1.7 million (1984); 45% agricul-
ture, 34% industry, 16% services, 3% other
Government
Official name: Dominican Republic
Type: republic
Capital: Santo Domingo
Political subdivisions: 26 provinces and the
the
National District
Legal system: based on French civil codes;
1966 constitution
National holiday: Independence Day, 27
February
Branches: President popularly elected for a
four-year term; bicameral legislature (Na-
tional Congress-27-seat Senate and 120-
seat Chamber of Deputies elected for four-
year terms); Supreme Court
Government leader: Salvador JORGE
Blanco, President (since May 1982)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory, over
age 18 or married, except members of the
armed forces and police, who cannot vote
Elections: last national election May 1982;
next election May 1986
Political parties and leaders: Dominican
Revolutionary Party (PRD), Jacobo Mailuta
and Jose Francisco Pena G6mez; Reformist
Social Christian Party (PRSC), Joaquin
Balaguer (formed in 1984 by merger of Re-
formist Party and Revolutionary Social
Christian Party); Dominican Liberation
Party (PLD), Juan Bosch; Democratic
Quisqueyan Party (PQD), Elias Wessin y
Wessin; Antireelection Movement of Demo-
cratic Integration (MIDA), Francisco
Augusto Lora; National Civic Union (UCN),
Guillermo Delmonte Urraca; Dominican
Communist Party (PCD), Narciso Isa Conde,
Anti-Imperialist Patriotic Union (UPA), Ivan
Rodriguez;. in 1983 several leftist parties,
including the Communists, joined to form
the Dominican Leftist Front (FID); how-
ever, they still retain individual party struc-
tures
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Voting strength: (1982 election) 7(4 % voter
turnout; 46.76% PRD, 39.14% PR, 9.69%.
PLD; 4.41% minor parties
Monetary conversion rate: 3 pesos=US$1
(September 1985)
Ecuador
Communists: an estimated 8,000 to 10,000
members in several legal and illegal factions;
effectiveness limited by ideological differ-
ences and organizational inadequacies
Member of. FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB,
IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA; IDB-
Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD,
IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IOOC, IRC, ISO, ITU, OAS,
PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO,.UPU,
WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $11.0 billion (1984 prelim.), $1,090
per capita; real GDP growth 1.0% (1984)
Natural resources: nickel, bauxite, gold,
silver
Agriculture: main crops-sugarcane, coffee,
cocoa, tobacco, rice, corn
Major industries: tourism, sugar processing,
nickel mining, gold mining, textiles, cement
Electric power: 1,439,000 kW capacity
(1985); 3.286 billion kWh produced (1985),
497 kWh per capita
Exports: $866 million (f.o.b., 1984); sugar,
nickel, coffee, tobacco, cocoa, gold, silver
Imports: $1.4 billion (f.o.b., 1984); food-
stuffs, petroleum, industrial raw materials,
capital equipment
Major trade partners: exports-77% US,
including Puerto Rico (1984 prelim.); im-
ports-45% US, including Puerto Rico
(1980)
Aid: economic-US economic
commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-84),
from US, $598 million; ODA and OOF from
other Western countries (1970-83), $289 mil-
lion; military authorized from US (1970-84),
$40 million
Budget: revenues, $1.2 billion; expenditures,
$1.3 million (1984)
Communications
Railroads: 375 km total of 1.435-meter
gauge, privately owned
Highways: 12,000 km total; 5,800 km paved,
5,600 km gravel and improved earth, 600
km unimproved
Pipelines: crude.oil, 96 km; refined prod-
ucts, 8 km
Go//o Islands not shown in true
^ de geographical position:
Ports: 4 major (Santo Domingo, Haina, San
Pedro de Macoris, Puerto Plata), 17 minor
Airfields: 47 total, 34 usable; 14 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 in, 9 with runways
1,220-2,439 in
Galapagos Islands
Land
283,561 km? (including Galapagos islands);
the size of Colorado; 55% forest; 11 % culti-
vated; 8% meadow and pasture; 26% waste,
urban, or other (excludes the Oriente and
the Galapagos Islands, for which informa-
tion is not available)
Telecommunications: relatively efficient
domestic system based on islandwide radio-
relay network; 190,000 telephones (3 per 100
popl.); 126 AM, 18 TV stations; 1 coaxial
submarine cable; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite
station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,686,000;
1,112,000 fit for military service; 84,000
reach military age (18) annually
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200
nm
Coastline: 2,237 km (includes Galapagos
Islands)
People
Population: 9,647,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.8%
Nationality: noun-Ecuadorea,n(s); adjec-
tive-Ecuadorean
Ethnic divisions: 55% mestizo.(mixed Indian
and Spanish), 25% Indian, 10% Spanish, 10%
black
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic (majority
nonpracticing)
Language: Spanish (official); Indian lan-
guages, especially Quechua
Infant mortality rate: 76.3/1,000 (1978)
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Ecuador (continued)
Literacy: 84%
Labor force: (1983) 2.8 million; 52% agricul-
ture, 13% manufacturing, 7% commerce, 4%
construction, 4% public administration, 16%
other services and activities
Organized labor: less than 15% of labor
force
Government
Official name: Republic of Ecuador
National holiday: Independence Day, 10
August
Type: republic
Capital: Quito
Political subdivisions: 20 provinces includ-
ing Galapagos Islands
Legal system. based on civil law system;
progressive new constitution passed in Janu-
ary 1978 referendum; came into effect fol-
lowing the installation of a new civilian gov-
ernment in August 1979; legal education at
four state and two private universities; has
not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive; unicameral legislature
(Chamber of Representatives); independent
judiciary
Government leader: Leon FEBRES-
CORDERO Ribadeneyra, President (since
August 1984)
Suffrage: universal over age 18; compulsory
for literates
Elections: parliamentary and presidential
elections held January 1984; second-stage
presidential election held May 1984; govern-
ment and legislature took office in August
1984; an amendment to the constitution in
August 1983 changed the term of office for
the president from 5 to 4 years; the 59 depu-
ties elected by the provinces serve for 2
years; the 12 at-large deputies serve for 4
years; next presidential election scheduled
for 1988
Political parties and, leaders: Social Chris-
tian Party (PSC, the party of President Leon
Febres-Cordero), center-right; Popular De-
mocracy (DP), Osvaldo Hurtado; Christian
Democratic, Julio Cesar Trujillo; Demo-
cratic Left (ID), Xavier Ledesma; Social
Democratic, Rodrigo Borja; Radical Alfarist
Front (FRA), Cecilia Calderon de Castro,
populist; Democratic Party (PD), Francisco
Huerta, center-left; Radical Liberal Party,
Eudoro Loor Rivadeneira, center-right;
Conservative Party, Jose Teran, center-
right; Concentration of Popular Forces
(CFP), Averroes Bucaram, populist; People,
Change, and Democracy (PCD), Aquiles
Rigail Santistevan, center-left; Democratic
Popular Movement (MPD), Jaime Hurtado,
Communist; Revolutionary Nationalist
Party (PNR), Carlos Julio Arosemena,
center-right; Broad Leftist Front (FADI),
Rene Mauge, pro-Moscow Communist
Voting strength:. results of May 1984 presi-
dential runoff election-Leon Febres-
Cordero of the Social Christian Party, who
headed the coalition National Reconstruc-
tion Front, 52.2%; Rodrigo Borja of the
Democratic Left, 47.8%
Communists: Communist Party of Ecuador
(PCE, pro-Moscow, Rene Mauge-secretary
general), 6,000 members; Communist Party
of Ecuador/Marxist Leninist (PCMLE, in-
dependent), 6,000 members; Revolutionary
Socialist Party of Ecuador (PSRE, pro-
Cuba), 100 members plus an estimated 5,000
sympathizers
Member of: Andean Pact, ECOSOC, FAO,
G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,,ICO,
IDA, IDB-Inter-American Development
Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC, ITU, LAIA,
NAM, OAS, OPEC, PAHO, SELA, UN,
UNESCO, UPEB, UPU, WFTU, WHO,
WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $9.9 billion (1984), $1,165 per capita;
60% private consumption, 21 % gross invest-
ment, 12% public consumption, 7% foreign
(1984); average annual growth rate 2.7%
(1978-84)
Natural resources: petroleum, fish, timber
Agriculture: main crops-bananas, coffee,
cocoa, sugarcane, corn, potatoes, rice; an
illegal producer of coca for the international
drug trade
Fishing: catch 307,300 metric tons (1983);
exports $219.3 million (1984), imports negli-
gible
Major industries: food processing, textiles,
chemicals, fishing, petroleum
Electric power: 1,700,000 kW capacity
(1985); 3.575 billion kWh produced (1985),
380 kWh per capita
Exports: $2.6 billion (f.o.b., 1984); petro-
leum, fish products, coffee, bananas, cocoa
Imports: $1.6 billion (f.o.b., 1984); agricul-
tural and industrial machinery, industrial
raw materials, building supplies, chemical
products, transportation and communica-
tion equipment
Major trade partners: exports (1984)-64%
US, 13% Latin America and Caribbean, 3%
EC, 1% Japan; imports (1984)-36% US,
22% Latin America and Caribbean, 21% EC,
7% Japan (1984)
Aid: economic-Western (non-US) ODA
and OOF commitments (1970-83), $589 mil-
lion; US economic (FY70-84), $279; Com-
munist countries (1970-84), $51 million; mil-
itary-US (FY70-84) $64 million
Budget: (1984) revenues, $1,088 million;
expenditures, $1,140 million
Monetary conversion rate: 110 sucres=
US$1(31. January 1986)
Communications
Railroads: 965 km total; all 1.067-meter
gauge single track
Highways: 28,000 km total; 3,600 km paved,
17,400 km gravel and improved earth, 7,000
km unimproved earth
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Inland waterways: 1,500 km
Pipelines: crude oil, 800 km; refined prod-
ucts, 1,358 km
Ports: 4 major (Guayaquil, Manta, Puerto
Bolivar, Esmeraldas), 6 minor
Civil air: 44 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 177 total, 174 usable; 29 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways over 3,659 in, 6 with runways 2,440-
3,659 in, 21 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: domestic facilities
generally adequate; 1 Atlantic Ocean satel-
lite station; 318,000 telephones (3.9 per 100
popl.); 285 AM, 24 TV..stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Ecuadorean Army, Ecuadorean
Air Force, Ecuadorean Navy
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,203,000;
1,497,000 fit for military service; 101,000
reach military age (20) annually
Military budget: estimated for the fiscal.
year ending 31 December 1986, $345 mil-
lion; about 10.9% of the central government
budget
Egypt
and
Land
1,001,449 km2; the size of Texas and Oregon
combined; 96.5% desert; waste, or urban;
2.8% cultivated,(of which about 70% is mul-
tiple crop); 0.7% inland-water
Land boundaries: approximately 2,580 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Ethnic divisions: 90% Eastern Hamitic
stock; 10% Greek, Italian, Syro-Lebanese
Religion: (official estimate) 94% Muslim
(mostly Sunni), 6% Coptic Christian and
other
Coastline: 2,450 km (1967)
People
Population: 50,525,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.8%
Nationality: noun-Egyptian(s); adjective-
Egyptian
Language: Arabic (official); English and
French widely understood by educated
classes
Infant mortality rate: 69/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: 57
Literacy: 40%
Labor force: 12.5 million (official estimate);
40-45% agriculture, 36% government (local
and national), public sector enterprises, and
armed forces; 20% privately owned service
and'mariufacturing enterprises; shortage of
skilled labor; unemployment about 7%; esti-
mated 2.5 million Egyptians work abroad,
mostly in Iraq and the Gulf Arab'states
Organized labor: about 2.5 million
Government
Official name: Arab Republic of Egypt
Type: republic
Capital: Cairo
Political subdivisions: 26 governorates
Legal system: based on English common
law, Islamic law, and Napoleonic codes; per-
manent constitution written in 1971; judicial
review of limited naturein Supreme Court,
also in Council of State, which oversees v'a
lidity of administrative decisions; legal edu-
cation at Cairo University; accepts compul-
sory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: executive power vested in Presi-
dent, who appoints Cabinet; People's Assem-
bly is principal legislative body, with Shura
Council having consultative role; inde-
pendent judiciary administered by Minister
of Justice
Government leaders: Mohammed Hosni
MUBARAK, President (since 1981); `Ali
Lotfy Mahmoud LOTFY, Prime Minister
(since September 1985)
Suffrage: universal,over age'18
Elections: regular elections to People's As-
sembly every five years (most recent May
1984); two-thirds of Shura Council is elected
for six-year term (first elections were in Sep-
tember 1980) with remaining members ap-
pointed by President; presidential election
every six years; last held October 1981
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Egypt (continued),
Political parties and leaders: formation of
political parties must be approved by gov-
ernment; National Democratic Party, led by
Mubarak, is the dominant party; legal oppo-
sition parties are Socialist Liberal Party,
Kamal Murad; Socialist Labor Party,
Ibrahim Shukri; National Progressive
Unionist Grouping, Khalid Muhyi-al-Din;
Umma Party, Ahmad al-Sabahi; and New
Wafd Party, Fu'ad Siraj al-Din
Exports: $3.7 billion (f.o.b., 1985 est.); crude
petroleum, raw cotton, cotton yarn and fab-
ric
Imports: $10.1 billion (c.i.f., 1985 est.); food-
stuffs, machinery and equipment, fertilizers,
woods ,
Major trade partners: US, EC countries
Telecommunications-'system is large but
still inadequate for needs; principal centers
are Alexandria, Cairo, Al Manlurah,
Ismailia, and Tanta; intercity connections by
coaxial cable and microwave; extensive up-
grading in progress; est. 600,000 telephones
(1.3 per 100 pop].); 25 AM, 5 FM, 47 TV sta-
tions; 1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean
satellite station; 3 submarine coaxial cables;
tropospheric scatter to Sudan; radio-relay to
Libya
Communists: approximately 500 party
members
Other political or pressure groups: Islamic
groups are illegal, but the largest one, the
Muslim Brotherhood, is tolerated by the gov-
ernment; trade unions and professional asso-
ciations are officially sanctioned
Member of. AAPSO, AfDB, FAO, G-77,
GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA,
IDB-Islamic Development Bank, IFAD,
IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU, IRC, ITU, IWC-
International Wheat Council, NAM, OAU,
OIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WPC, WSG, WTO; Egypt
suspended from Arab League and OAPEC
in April 1979
Economy
GNP: $39.7 billion (1984; based on flexible
bank exchange rate of 1.23 Egyptian
pounds=US$1), $466 per capita; 5% real
growth (1984)
Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas,
iron ore, phosphates, manganese, limestone,
gypsum, talc, asbestos, lead, zinc
Agriculture: main cash crop-cotton; other
crops-rice, onions, beans, citrus fruit,
wheat, corn, barley; not self-sufficient in
food
Major industries: textiles, food processing,
chemicals, petroleum, construction, cement
Electric power: 6,836,000 kW capacity
(1984); 35.931 billion kWh produced (1984),
730 kWh per capita
Monetary conversion rate: official rate 0.70
Egyptian pound=US$1; flexible "bank" rate
2.35 Egyptian pounds=US$1; parallel or
"own" exchange market rate 1.80 Egyptian
pounds=US$1(December 1985)
Communications
Railroads: 4,857 km total; 951 km double
track; 25 km electrified; 4,510 km 1,435-
meter standard gauge, 347 km 0.750-meter
gauge
Highways: 28,500 km total; 15,000 km sur-
faced, 13,500 km unsurfaced
Inland waterways: 3,360 km (including the
Nile River, Lake Nasser, Alexandria-Cairo
Waterway, the Ismailia Canal, and numer-
ous smaller canals in the Delta);.Suez Canal,
195 km long, used by. oceangoing vessels
drawing up to 16.1 meters of water
Freight carried: Suez Canal (1984) 260 mil-
lion metric tons, of which 98 million metric
tons were petroleums, oils, and lubricants
Pipelines: crude oil, 930 km; refined prod-
ucts, 596 km; natural gas, 460 km
Ports: 4 major (Alexandria, Port Said, Suez,
Bur Safajah);15 minor; 8 petroleum, oil, and
lubricant terminals
Airfields: 97 total, 80 usable; 64 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 44 with runways
2,440-3,659 in, 22 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Air De-
fense Command
Military manpower: males 15-49,
12,588,000; 8,209,000 fit for military service;
about 518,000 reach military age (20) annu-
ally
Military budget: operating expenditures for
fiscal year ending 30 June 1985, $3.4 billion;:
13% of central government budget
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Boundary representation is
not necessarily authoritative.
Labor force: 1.7 million (est. 1982); 40% agri-
culture, 16% manufacturing, 16%
commerce, 13% government, 9% financial
services, 6% transportation (1984 est.); short-
age of skilled labor and large pool of
unskilled labor, but manpower training pro-
grams improving situation; significant un-
employment and underemployment
Political parties and leaders: Christian
Democratic Party (PDC), Jose Antonio
Morales Erlich; National Conciliation Party
(PCN), Hugo Carrillo; Democratic Action
(AD), Ricardo Gonzalez Camacho; Salva-
doran Popular Party (PPS), Francisco
Quinonez; National Republican Alliance
(ARENA), Alfredo Cristiani; Salvadoran
Authentic Institutional Party (PAISA),
Roberto Escobar Garcia; Social Democratic
Party (PSD), Mario Rene Roldan; Patria
Libre, Hugo Barrera
Land
21,041 km2; the size of Massachusetts; 32%
crop (9% corn, 7% coffee, 5% cotton, 11 %
other), 31% nonagricultural, 26% meadow
and pasture, 11% forest
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200
nm (overflight and navigation permitted
beyond 12 nautical miles)
People
Population: 5,105,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.5%
Nationality: noun-Salvadoran(s); adjec-
tive-Salvadoran
Ethnic divisions: 89% mestizo, 10% Indian,
1% white
Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic
(probably 97-98%), with activity by Protes-
tant groups throughout the country
Language: Spanish, Nahua (among some
Indians)
Infant mortality rate: 41/1,000 (1984)
Life expectancy: men 62.6, women 66.3
Literacy: 65%
Organized labor: 8% total labor force; 10%
agricultural labor force; 7% urban labor
force (1982)
Government
Official name: Republic of El Salvador
Type: republic
Capital: San Salvador
Political subdivisions: 14 departments
Legal system: based on Spanish law, with
traces of common law; new constitution en-
acted in December 1983; judicial review of
legislative acts in the Supreme Court; legal
education at University of El Salvador; ac-
cepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with res-
ervations
National holiday: Independence Day, 15
September
Branches: Legislative Assembly (60 seats),
Executive, Supreme Court
Government leaders: Jose Napoleon
DUARTE, President (since June 1984);
Rodolfo CASTILLO Claramount, Vice
President (since June 1984); Abraham
RODRIGUEZ, First Presidential Designate
(since September 1984); Rene FORTIN,
Magana, Second Presidential Designate
(since September 1984)
Elections: Legislative Assembly (formerly
Constituent Assembly), 28 March 1982; pres-
idential election, 25 March 1984; presiden-
tial runoff election, 6 May 1984 (next sched-
uled for 1989); Legislative Assembly elec-
tion, 31 March 1985
Voting strength: Legislative Assembly-
PDC, 33 seats; ARENA, 13 seats; PAISA, 1
seat; PCN, 12 seats; Independent, 1 seat
Other political or pressure groups: leftist.
revolutionary movement-Unified Revolu-
tionary Directorate (DRU) and Farabundo
Marti National Liberation Front (FMLN),
leadership bodies of the insurgency; Popular
Liberation Forces (FPL), Armed Forces of
National Resistance (FARN), People's Revo-
lutionary Army (ERP), Salvadoran Commu-
nist Party/Armed Forces of Liberation
(PCES/FAL), and Central American
Workers' Revolutionary Party (PRTC)/
Popular Liberation Revolutionary Armed
Forces (FARLP); militant front organiza-
tions-Revolutionary Coordinator of Masses
(CRM; alliance of front groups), Popular
Revolutionary Bloc (BPR), Unified Popular
Action Front (FAPU), Popular Leagues of 28
February (LP-28), National Democratic
Union (UDN), and Popular Liberation
Movement (MLP); Revolutionary Demo-
cratic Front (FDR), coalition of CRM and
Democratic Front (FD), controlled by DRU;
FD consists of moderate leftist groups-
Independent Movement of Professionals and
Technicians of El Salvador (MIPTES), Na-
tional Revolutionary Movement (MNR), and.
Popular Social Christian Movement (MPSC);
extreme rightist vigilante organizations or
death squads-Secret Anti-Communist
Army (ESA); Maximiliano Hernandez Bri-
gade; Organization for Liberation From
Communism (OLC)
Labor organizations: Federation of Con-.
struction and Transport Workers Unions
(FESINCONSTRANS), independent; Salva-
doran Communal Union (UCS), peasant as-
sociation; Unitary Federation of Salvadoran
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El Salvador (continued)
Unions (FUSS), leftist; National. Federation
of Salvadoran Workers (FENASTRAS), left
ist; Democratic Workers Central (CTD),
moderate; General Confederation of Work-
ers (CGT), moderate; Popular Democratic
Unity (UPD), moderate labor coalition
which includes FESINCONSTR.ANS, and
other democratic labor organizations
Business organizations: National Associa-
tion of Private Enterprise (ANEP), conserva-
tive; Productive Alliance (AP), conservative;
National Federation of Salvadoran Small
Businessmen (FENAPES), conservative
Member of. CACM, FAO, G-77, IADB,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
IDB-Inter-American Development Bank,
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, ITU, IWC-International
Wheat Council, OAS, ODECA, PAHO,
SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU,. WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $4.36 billion (1985 est.), $880 per cap-
ita
Natural resources: hydroelectric and geo-
thermal power
Agriculture: main crops-coffee, cotton,.
corn, sugar, beans, rice, sorghum, wheat
Fishing: catch 10,500 metric tons (1984 pre-
lim.)
Major industries: food processing, textiles,
clothing, petroleum products
Electric power: 700,000 kW capacity (1985);
1.5 billion kWh produced (1985), 300 kWh
per capita
Exports: $760.8 million (f.o.b., 1984); coffee,
cotton, sugar, shrimp
Imports: $892 million (c.i.f., 1983); machin-
ery, intermediate goods, petroleum, con-
struction materials, fertilizers, foodstuffs
Major trade partners: exports-33% US,
15% FRG, 12% Guatemala; imports-, 39%
US, 18% Guatemala, 9% Mexico
Aid: economic-authorized from US, in-
cluding Ex-Im (FY70-84), $907 million;
ODA and OOF commitments by other
Western countries (1970-83), $138 million;
military-from US (FY70-84), $412 million
Budget: (1983) government revenues, $502
million; expenditures, $582 million
Monetary conversion rate: 2.5 colones=
US$1(February 1984)1
Communications
Railroads: 602 km 0.914-meter gauge, single
track
Highways: 10,000 km total; 1,500 km paved,
4,100 km gravel, 4,400 km improved and
unimproved earth
Inland waterways: Lempa River partially
navigable
Airfields: 166 total, 138 usable; 6 with
permanent-surface runways;1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m; 6 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: nationwide trunk
radio-relay system; connection into Central
American microwave net; 116,000
telephones (2.3 per 100 popl.); 75 AM, 5 TV
stations;1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, National
Guard, National Police, Treasury Police
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,162,000;
738,000 fit for military service; 60,000 reach
military age (18) annually
Military budget: estimated for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1986, $153.6 million;
about 28.3% of the central government bud-
get
Equatorial Guinea
,ALABO
Island not
shown in true
geographical
position.
E1
Annobon
;' ;
and nonfood agricultural products,chemi-
cals and pharmaceuticals, transportation
equipment, machinery, construction materi-
als, clothing, petroleum
Major trade partners: exports-41 % EC,
13% US, 8% CACM, 24% Japan, 7% CEMA,.
7% other; imports-10% Mexico, 14% US,
9% CALM, 21% EC, 32% CEMA, 14% other
(1984)
Aid: economic commitments-US, includ-
ing Ex-Im'(FY70-82), $290 million; Western
(non-US) countries; ODA and OOF
(1970-83), $540,million; Communist coun-
tries (1970-84), $760 million; military-US
commitments (FY70-79), $20 million, Com-
munist countries (1970-84) $515 million .
Budget: 1984 expenditures, $1.1 billion; rev-
enues, $0.7 billion; converted at 50
cordobas=US$1, at highest official exchange
rate ,
Monetary conversion rate: multiple
exchange Policy; official rates vary from
10-50 cordobas=US$1(January 1986); free
market 1,200 cordobas=US$1 (January
1986)
Communications
Railroads: 344 km 1.067-meter gauge, gov-
ernment owned; majority of system not op-
erating; 3 km 1.435-meter gauge line at
Puerto Cabezas (does not connect with
mainline)
Highways: 23,585 km total; 1,655 km paved,
2,170 km gravel or crushed stone, 5,425 km
earth or graded earth, 14,335 km
unimproved
Inland waterways: 2,220 km, including 2
large lakes
Pipelines: crude oil,56'km
Ports: 1 major (Corinto), 7 minor
Airfields: 296 total, 261 usable; 8 with '
Permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways2,440-3,659 m, 11 with runways
1,220-2,439 in
Telecommunications: low-capacity radio
relay and wire system being expanded; con-
nection into Central American microwave
net; Atlantic Ocean satellite station; 60,000
telephones (2.2 per 100 pop].); 42 AM, 6 TV
stations; Intersputnik communications satel-
lite facility planned
Defense Forces
Branches: Sandinista People's Army, Sandi-
nista Navy, Sandinista Air Force/Air De-
fense, Sandinista People's Militia
Military manpower: males 15-49, 678,000;
419,000 fit for military service; 33,000 reach
military age (18) annually
Military budget: estimated for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1985, $1.4 billion; 50%
of central government budget (includes both
defense and security expenditures)
Niger
Land
1,267,000 km2; almost three times the size of
California; 7.6% permanent meadow and
pasture, 2.6% arable, 2.3% forest and wood-
land,.02% inland water, 87% other
People
Population: 6,715,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 3.4%
Nationality: noun-Nigerien(s) adjective-
Nigerien .
Ethnic divisions: 56% Hausa; 22% Djerma;
8.5% Fula; 8% Tuareg; 4.3% Beri Beri
(Kanouri); 1.2% Arab; Toubou, and
Gourmantche; about 4,000 French expatri
ates
Religion: 80% Muslim, remainder indige-
nous beliefs and Christians
Language: French (official); Hausa, Djerma
Infant mortality rate: 136/1,000 (1984)
Life expectancy: 45
Literacy: 10%
Labor force: 2.5 million (1982) wage earners;
90% agriculture, 6% industry and
commerce, 4% government
Organized labor: negligible
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Niger (continued)
Government
Official name: Republic of Niger
Type: republic; military regime in power
since April 1974
River Commission, NAM, OAU, OCAM,
OIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO
Economy
GDP: $1.2 billion (1985 est.), $240 per capita
(1985); annual real growth rate -3.1% (1985
est.)
Highways: 36,500 km total; 2,800 km bitu-
minous, 10,700 km gravel and laterite,
23,000 km tracks
Inland waterways: Niger River navigable
300 km from Niamey to Gaya on the Benin
frontier from mid-December through
March.
Political subdivisions: 7 departments, 32
arrondissements
Legal system: based on French civil law
system and customary law; constitution
adopted 1960, suspended 1974; committee
appointed January 1984 to "reflect" on a
new national charter; has not accepted com-
pulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holidays: Independence Day, 3
August; Republic Day, 18 December
Branches: executive authority exercised by
President Seyni Kountche in the name of the
Supreme Military Council (SMC), which is
composed of army officers; office of prime
minister created January 1983; since No-
vember 1983, civilians have held all cabinet
portfolios except Defense and Interior,
which are held by President Kountche
Government leader: Brig. Gen. Seyni
KOUNTCHE, President of Supreme Mili-
tary Council, Chief of State (since 1974);
Hamid ALGABID, Prime Minister (since
November 1983)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: popular elections currently al-
lowed only for choosing representatives for
village Development Councils, which advise
on local economic development
Political parties and leaders: political par-
ties banned
Communists: no Communist party; some
sympathizers in outlawed Sawaba party
Member o,`.: AfDB, APC, CEAO, EAMA,
ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, G-77,
GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB-
Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC,
ILO, IMF, INTELSAT; INTERPOL, IPU,
ITU, Lake Chad Basin Commission, Niger
Natural resources: uranium, coal, iron, tin,
phosphates
Agriculture: commercial-cowpeas, groun-
dnuts, cotton; main food crops-millet,
sorghum, rice
Major industries: cement plant, brick fac-
tory, rice mill, small cotton gins, oil presses,
slaughterhouse, and a few other small light
industries; uranium production began in
1971
Electric power: 101,700 kW capacity (1985);
133 million kWh produced (1985), 20 kWh
per capita
Exports: $319.1 million (1985 est.);. uranium,
livestock, cowpeas, onions, hides, skins; ex-
ports understated because much regional
trade not recorded
Imports: $351.9 million (1982 est.); petro-
leum products, primary materials, machin-
ery, vehicles and parts, electronic equip-
ment, pharmaceuticals, chemical products,
cereals, foodstuffs
Major trade partners: France (about half),
other EC countries, Nigeria, UDEAC coun-
tries; US (3.8%, 1981); preferential tariff to
EC and franc zone countries
Budget: (1986 est.) revenue $173 million,
(1986 est.) $364.6 million expenditures
Monetary conversion rate: 475 Commun-
aute Financiere Africaine (CFA) francs=
US$1 (1985)
Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September
Communications
Railroads: none
Civil air: .3 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 63 total, 58 usable; 7 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 in, 18 with runways
1,220-2,439 in
Telecommunications: small system of wire,
and radio-relay links concentrated in south-
western area; 9,800 telephones (0.2 per 100
popl.); 9 AM, 2 FM, 12 TV stations; 2 Atlan-
tic Ocean satellite stations, 4 domestic ante'n-
nas
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Air Force, paramilitary
Gendarmerie, paramilitary Republican
Guard, paramilitary Presidential Guard,
paramilitary National Police
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,456,000;
785,000 fit for military service; about 66,000
reach military age (18) annually
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Nigeria
Life expectancy: men 45.9, women 49.2
~Ilortn _;
a Qgboremoaho
Gulf of Guinea
See regional map V11
Land
923,768 km2; more than twice the size of
California; 35% forest; 24% arable (13% of
total land area under cultivation); 41%
desert, waste, urban, or other
Land boundaries: 4,034 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 30
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
People
Population: 105,448,000 (July 1986), aver-
age annual growth rate 2.6%
Nationality: noun-Nigerian(s); adjective-
Nigerian
Ethnic divisions: of the more than 250 tribal
groups, the Hausa and Fulani of the north,
the Yoruba of the southwest, and the Ibos of
the southeast comprise 65% of the popula-
tion; about 27,000 non-Africans
Religion: no exact figures on religious break-
down, but about 50% Muslim, 30% Chris-
tian, and 20% indigenous beliefs
Language: English (official); Hausa, Yoruba,
Ibo, Fulani, and several other languages also
widely used.
Infant mortality rate: 157/1,000 (1981)
Labor force: est. 35-40 million (1984); 56%
agriculture; 17% industry, commerce, and
services; 15% government
Organized labor: 3.52 million wage earners
belong to one of 42 recognized trade unions,
which are under a single national labor fed-
eration, the Nigerian Labor Congress (NLC)
Government
Official name: Federal Republic of Nigeria
Type: military government since 31 Decem-
ber 1983
Political subdivisions: 19 states, headed by
appointed military governors
Legal system: based on English common
law and Islamic and tribal law
National holiday: Independence Day, 1 Oc-
tober
Branches: Armed Forces Ruling Council;
National Council of Ministers and National
Council of States; judiciary headed by Su-
preme Court
Government leader: Ibrahim BABAN-
GIDA, President and Commander in Chief
of Armed Forces (since August 1985)
Elections: last national elections under civil-
ian rule held August-September 1983
Political parties and leaders: all political
parties banned after 31 December 1983
Communists: the pro-Communist under-
ground comprises a fraction of the small
Nigerian left; leftist leaders are prominent in
the country's central labor organization but
have little influence on government
Member of. AfDB, APC, Commonwealth,
ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO,
IMO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC,
ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC-International Wheat
Council, Lake Chad Basin Commission,
Niger River Commission, NAM, OAU,
OPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO,
WTO
Economy
GDP: $63 billion (1984), $630 per capita;
-0.6% growth rate (1984 est.); 40% inflation
rate (August 1985)
Natural resources: petroleum, tin, colum-
bite, iron ore, coal, limestone, lead, zinc
Agriculture: main crops-peanuts, cotton;
cocoa, rubber, yams, cassava, sorghum, palm
kernels, millet, corn, rice; livestock; an ille-
gal producer of cannabis for the interna-
tional drug trade
Fishing:.catch 512,000 metric tons (1982);
imports nonprocessed and processed fish -
Major industries: mining-crude oil, natu-
ral gas, coal, tin, columbite; processing in-
dustries-oil palm, peanut, cotton, rubber,
petroleum, wood, hides, skins; manufactur-
ing industries-textiles, cement, building
materials, food products, footwear, chemi-
cal, printing, ceramics
Electric power: 3,732,900 kW capacity
(1985); 8.175 billion kWh produced (1985),
80 kWh per capita
Exports: $11.2 billion (f.o.b., 1984); oil (98%),
cocoa, palm products, rubber, timber, tin
Imports: $9.5 billion (f.o.b., 1984); machin-
ery and transport equipment, manufactured
goods, chemicals, wheat
Major trade partners: UK, EC, US
Budget: (1985) revenues, $12.3 billion; cur-
rent expenditures, $6.0 billion; capital ex-
penditure $6.4 billion
Monetary conversion rate:.98 naira=US$1
(December 1985)
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Nigeria (continued)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 3,505 km 1.0677meter gauge
Highways: 107,990 km total 30,019 km
paved (mostly bituminous surface treat-
ment); 25,411 km laterite, gravel,. crushed
stone, improved earth; 52,560.km unim-
proved
Inland waterways: 8,575 km consisting of
Niger and Benue rivers and smaller rivers
and creeks
Pipelines: 2,042 km crude oil; 120 km natu-
ral gas; 3,000 km refined products
Ports: 6 major (Lagos, Port Harcourt, Cala-
bar, Warri, Onne, Sapele), 9 minor
Airfields: 89 total, 85 usable; 30 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 14 with runways 2,440-.
3,659 m, 22 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: above-average sys-
tem limited by poor maintenance; major
expansion in progress; radio-relay and cable
routes; 155,000 telephones (0.2 per 100
pop].); 37 AM, 9 FM, 34 TV stations; satellite
station with Atlantic and Indian Ocean an-
tennas, domestic satellite.system with 19
stations;1 coaxial submarine cable
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramili-
tary Police Force
Military manpower: males 15-49; n ; .
22,607,000; 12,999,000 fit for military ser-
vice; 1,081,000 reach military age'(18) annu-
ally .
South
Pacific
Ocean
Land
259 km2; about twice the size of Washing-
ton, D. C.; 20% forest
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
People
Population: 2,672 (July 1986), average an-
nual growth rate -4.4%
Nationality: noun-Niuean(s); adjective-
Niuean
Ethnic divisions: Polynesian, with some 200
Europeans, Samoans, and Tongans
Religion: 75% Ekalesia Nieue (Niuean
Church)-a Christian Protestant church
closely related to the London Missionary
Society, 10% Morman, 5% Roman Catholic,
Jehovah's Witnesses, Seventh, day Adventist
Language: Polynesian tongue closely related
to Tongan and Samoan; English
Literacy: education compulsory between 5
and 14 years of age
Labor force: approx. 1,000 (1981); most
Niueans work on family plantations; paid
work exists only in government service,
small industry, and the Niue Development
Board
Government
Official name:nO. Niue
Type: (since 1974) self-governing territory
"in free association with-New Zealand";
Niueans retain New Zealand citizenship
Capital: Aloft
Political subdivisions: 14 village councils
Legal system: English common law
Branches: Executive consists of a Cabinet of
four members-the Premier (elected by the
Assembly) and three ministers (chosen by the
Premier from among Assembly members);
Legislative Assembly consists of 20 members
(14 village representatives and 6 elected on a
common roll); if requested by, the Assembly,
New Zealand will also legislate for the island
Government. leaders: Sir Robert R.,REX;.,
Premier (since early 1950s),; John
SPRINGFORD, New Zealand Representa-
tive (since 1974), .
Suffrage: universal adult .
Elections: every three years; last election
held March 1984 ;, . .
Member of: ESCAP (associate member),
SPF
Economy
GNP: $3 million (1984), per capita GDP
$1,080 (1984)
Agriculture:,coconuts, passion fruit, honey, .
limes; subsistence crops-taro, yams, cassava
(tapioca), sweet potatoes; pigs, poultry, beef
cattle
Fishing: 930,000 metric tons (1982)
Major industries: small tourist industry
Electric power: network completed in 1977,
with all villages linked to service
Exports: $301,224 (f.o.b. 1983); canned co-
conut cream, copra, honey, passion fruit
products, pawpaw, root crops, limes, foot-
balls, handicrafts
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Imports: $1,504,180 (c.i.f. 1983); food and
live animals, manufactured goods, machin-
ery, fuels, lubricants, chemicals, drugs
Major trade partners: exports-New Ze-
aland, Fiji, Cook Islands, Australia;
imports-New Zealand, Fiji, Japan, West-
ern Samoa, Australia, US
Budget: revenues (including New Zealand
subsidy of $2.3 million) $3.2 million; expen-
ditures, $3.8 million (FY83/84 est.)`
Monetary conversion rate: uses New Ze-
aland currency; NZ$1.88=US$1(5 February
1986)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 123 km all-weather roads; 106
km access and plantation roads
Ports: no harbor; open roadstead offers an-
chorage offshore from Alofi, from where
servicing is by small boat
Airfields: 1 with permanent-surface runway
of 1,650 m capable of taking intermediate-
size jet aircraft
Telecommunications: single-line telephone
system connects all villages on island; est.
1,000 radio receivers in use (1983); 1 radio
station; no TV service
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of New Zealand
South
Pacific
Ocean
Capital: Kingston (administrative center),
Burnt Pine (commercial center)
Political subdivisions: external territory,of
Australia
Legal system: wide legislative and executive
responsibility under the Norfolk Island Act
of 1979; Supreme Court
National holiday: Pitcairners Arrival Day
Anniversary; 8 June
Land
34.5 km2; less than one-third the size of
Washington, D. C.; consists of Norfolk, Ne-
pean, and Philip Island (the last two are un-
inhabited); 400 hectares arable land
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(200 nm fishing zone)
People
Population: 2,473 (July 1986), average an-
nual growth rate 2.6%
Nationality: noun-Norfolk Islander(s); ad-
jective-Norfolk Islander
Ethnic divisions: descendants of the
"Bounty" mutiny families; more recently,
Australian and New Zealand settlers
Religion: Church of England, Roman Cath-
olic Church, Uniting Church in Australia,'
and Seventh-day Adventists
Language: English (official); "Norfolk"-a
mixture of 18th Century English and an-
cient Tahitian
Government
Official name: Territory of Norfolk Island
Branches: 9-member elected Legislative
Assembly; chief executive is Australian ad-
ministrator named by governor general'
.
Government leader: David E. BUFFETT,
Chief Minister of Norfolk Island (since 1983)
Suffrage: proportional representation; all
persons born on the island are Australian
citizens
Elections: last held 18 May 1983; every
three years .
Economy
Agriculture: Kentia palm seed, cereals, veg-
etables, fruit
Major industries: tourism ($10 million)
Electric power: 7,000 k W.capacity (1985); 8
million kWh produced (1985), 3,300 kWh
per capita
Exports: $2.9 billion (1982-83); seed of the
Norfolk -Island pine; Kentia palm seeds,
small quantities of avocados
Imports: $15.1 million (1982-83)
Major trade partners:.imports-Australia
and Pacific Islands, New Zealand, Asia, Eu-
rope; exports-Australia and Pacific Islands,
New Zealand, Asia, and Europe
Budget: revenue, $2.7 million; expenditure,
$3.3 million (1983); main source of income is
sale of postage stamps and customs duties;
expenses-administrative $1.2 million, edu-
cation $0.5 million, health $0.5 million, wel-
fare $0.2 million; maintenance $0.4 million
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Norfolk Island (continued)
Monetary conversion rate: 1.44 Australian
dollars=US$1 (5 February 1986)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 80 km of roads, including 53 km
of sealed roads; remainder are earth formed
or coral surfaced
Inland waterways: no water on Neapean
and Philip
Ports: none; loading jetties at Kingston and
Cascade
Airfields: 1(Australian-owned airport) with
runway 1,220-2,429 m
Telecommunications: 1,500 radio receivers
(1982); radio link service between island and
Sydney; 987 telephones (1982)
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of Australia
Norway
Bergen,
r OSLO
Jan Mayen and Svalbard
are not shown.
Labor force: 2.031 million (1984); 30.9%
services; 19.6% mining and manufacturing;
16.7% commerce; 8.8% transportation; 7.6%
construction; 7.2% agriculture, forestry,
fishing; 5.7% banking and financial services
(1983); 3.9% unemployed (1984) .
Organized labor: 66% of labor force (1985)
See regional map V
Land
Continental Norway, 324,219 km2; slightly
larger than New Mexico; Svalbard, 62,160
km2; Jan Mayen, 373 km2; 21% forest; 3%
arable, 2% meadow and pasture; 74% other
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 4 nm
(200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: mainland 3,419 km; islands 2,413
km (excludes long fjords and numerous small
islands and minor indentations, which total
as much as 16,093 km overall)
People
Population: 4,165,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 0.3%
Nationality: noun-Norwegian(s); adjec-
tive-Norwegian
Ethnic divisions: Germanic (Nordic, Alpine,
Baltic) and racial-cultural minority of
20,000 Lapps
Religion: 94% Evangelical Lutheran (state
church), 4% other Protestant and Roman
Catholic, 2% other
Language: Norwegian (official); small
Lapp- and Finnish-speaking minorities
Government
Official name: Kingdom of Norway
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Oslo
Political subdivisions: 19 counties, 407 com-
munes, 47 towns
Legal system: mixture of customary-law,
civil law system, and common law tradi-
tions; constitution adopted in 1814 and mod-
ified in 1884; Supreme Court renders advi-
sory opinions to legislature when asked; legal
education at University of Oslo; accepts
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reserva-
tions
National holiday: Constitution Day, 17 May
Branches: legislative authority rests jointly
with Crown and parliament (Storting-
Lagting, upper house; Odelsting, lower
house); executive power vested in Crown but
exercised by Cabinet responsible to parlia-
ment; Supreme Court, 5 superior courts, 104
lower courts
Government leaders: OLAV V, King (since
1957); Kare WILLOCH, Prime Minister
(since September 1981)
Suffrage: universal at age 18 but not compul-
sory
Elections: held every four years (next in
1989)
Political parties and leaders: Labor, Gro
Harlem Brundtland; Conservative, Rolf
Presthus (in April 1986); Center, Johan J.
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Jakobsen; Christian People's, Kjell Magne
Bondevik; Liberal, Odd Einar Dorum; So-
cialist Left, Theo Koritzinsky; Norwegian
Communist, Hans I. Kleven; Progressive,
Carl I. Hagen
Voting strength: (1985 election) Labor,
40.8%; Conservative, 30.4%; Christian
People's, 8.3%; Center, 6.6%; Socialist Left
(Socialist Electoral Alliance); 5.5%; Progres-
sive, 3.7%; Liberal, 3.1%; Red Electoral Alli-
ance, 0.6%; Liberal People's Party (antitax),
0.5%; Norwegian Communist, 0.2%; other
0.4%
Communists: 15,500 est.; 5,500 Norwegian
Communist Party (NKP); 10,000 Workers
Communist Party Marxist-Leninist (AKP-
ML, pro-Chinese)
Member of. ADB, Council of Europe, DAC,
EC (Free Trade Agreement), EFTA, ESRO
(observer), FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IEA (associ-
ate member), IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF,
IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, Interna-
tional Lead and Zinc Study Group, IPU,
ITU, IWC-International Whaling Com-
mission, IWC-International Wheat Coun-
cil, NATO, Nordic Council, OECD, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WSG
Major industries: oil and gas, food process-
ing, shipbuilding, wood pulp, paper prod-
ucts, metals, chemicals
Shortages: most raw materials except tim-
ber, petroleum, iron, copper, and ilmenite
ore; dairy products and fish
Crude petroleum: 35.0 million metric tons
produced (1984), exports $6.3 billion (1984)
Crude steel: 915,000 metric tons produced
(1984), 228 kg per capita
Electric power: 23,035,000 kW capacity
(1985); 119.082 billion kWh produced
(1985), 28,626 kWh per capita
Exports: $18.9 billion (f.o.b., 1984); principal
items-oil, natural gas, metals, chemicals,
machinery, fish and fish products, pulp and
paper, ships
Imports: $13.9 million (c.i.f., 1984); princi-
pal items-machinery, fuels and lubricants,
transport equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs,
clothing, ships
Major trade partners: 59.4% EC (25.3% UK,
16.2% FRG, 12.9% Sweden), 6.7% US (1984)
Aid: donor-ODA and OOF economic com-
mitments (1970-83), $2.1 billion
Inland waterways: 1;577 km; 1.5-2.4 m
draft vessels maximum
Pipelines: refined products, 53 km
Ports: 9 major, 69 minor
Civil air: 62 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 96 total, 95 usable; 54 with
permanent-surface runways; 12 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 14 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: high-quality domes-
tic and international telephone, telegraph,
and telex services; 2.39 million telephones
(57.9 per 100 pop].); 8 AM, 843 FM, 1,744
TV stations; 4 coaxial submarine cables; 6
domestic satellite stations
Economy
GNP: $53.15 billion in 1984, $12,838 per
capita; 48.0% private consumption; 19.4%
government consumption; 26.4% gross fixed
investment; -0.7% change in stockbuilding;
net exports of goods and services 10.0%;
1984 growth rate 3.8%, in 1980 prices
Natural resources: oil, copper, gas, pyrites,
nickel, iron, zinc, lead, fish, timber, hydro-
electric power
Agriculture: animal husbandry predomi-
nates; main crops-feed grains, potatoes,
fruits, vegetables; 40% self-sufficient; food
shortages-food grains, sugar
Fishing:, catch 2.48 million metric tons
(1984); exports $766 million (1984)
Budget: revenues, $29.0 billion; expendi-
tures, $25.7 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 7.69 kroner=
US$1 (23 December 1985)
Communications
Railroads: 4,257 km 1.435-meter standard
gauge; Norwegian State Railways (NSB) op-
erates 4,242 km (2,443 km electrified and 94
km double track); 16 km privately owned
and electrified
Highways: 78,116 km total; 17,699 km con-
crete and bitumen; 19,277 km bituminous
treated; 41,140 km gravel, crushed stone,
and earth
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Norwegian Army, Royal
Norwegian Navy, Royal Norwegian Air
Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,049,000;
852,000 fit for military service; 33,000 reach
military age (20) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1984, $1.6 billion; 10.6% of cen-
tral government budget
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Oman
Boundary representation is
not necessanly authoritatiee
Government
Official name: Sultanate of Oman
Type: absolute monarchy; independent,
with strong residual UK influence
Capital: Muscat
Political subdivisions: 1 province (Dhofar), 2
governorates (Musandam and Muscat), and
numerous districts (wilayats)
Legal system: based on English common -
law and Islamic law; no constitution; ulti-
mate appeal to the Sultan; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Electric power: 950,900 kW capacity (1985);
2.082 billion kWh produced (1985),1,695
kWh per capita
Exports: $4.5 billion (f.o.b., 1984), mostly
petroleum; nonoil consist mostly of
re-exports, processed copper, and some agri-
cultural goods
Imports: $2.7 billion (c.i.f., 1984), machin-
ery, transportation equipment, manufac-
tured goods, food, livestock, lubricants
Major trade partners: exports-52% Japan,
30% Europe, 8% US (1983); imports-21.3%
Japan, 16.6% UK, 17.8% UAE, 7.6% US
(1984)
Land
About 212,380 km2; about the size of New
Mexico; negligible amount forested; remain-
der desert, waste, or urban
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
People
Population: 1,271,000 (July 1986), average.
annual growth rate 3.4%;. .
Nationality: noun-Omani(s); adjective--
Omani .
Ethnic divisions: almost entirely Arab,,with
small Baluchi; Zanzibari; and Indian groups
Religion: 75% Ibadhi Muslim; remainder
Sunni Muslim, Shia Muslim, some Hindu
Language: Arabic (official); English,
Baluchi, Urdu, Indian dialects
Infant mortality rate: 121/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: men 51, women 54'
Literacy: 20%
Labor force: 500,000; 50% are non-Omani;
est. 60% agriculture
Branches: executive-Sultan, who appoints
45-member State Consultative Assembly to
advise him; legislative-none; judicial-
traditional Islamic judges and a nascent civil
court system
National holiday: National Day, 18-19 No-
vember .
Government leader: QABOOS bin Said,
Sultan (since July 1970)
Other political or pressure groups: outlawed
Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman
(PFLO), based in South Yemen
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, GCC,
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB-Islamic Develop-
ment Bank, IFAD, IFC, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OIC,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GNP: $7.7 billion (1984), $6,300 per capita
(est.)
Natural resources: oil, copper, asbestos,
some marble, limestone, chromium, gypsum
Agriculture: based on subsistence farming
(fruits, dates, cereals, cattle, camels), fishing
Major industries: crude petroleum produc-
tion in 1984, 415,000 b/d
Budget: (1984) revenues, $5.1 billion; expen-
ditures, $6.1 billion
Monetary conversion rate:.3454 rial=US$1
(October 1985)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 16,900 km total; 2,200 km bitu-
minous surface, 14,700 km motorable track
Pipelines: crude oil 1,300 km; natural gas
1,030 km
Ports: 2 major (Mina' Qabus, Mina'
Raysut), 5 minor
Civil air: 26 major transport aircraft, includ-
ing multinationally owned Gulf Air Fleet
Airfields: 125 total, 119 usable; 6 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways over 3,659 in, 4 with runways 2,440-
3,659 in, 58 with runways 1,220-2,439 in
Telecommunications: fair system of open-
wire, radio-relay, and radio communications
stations; 23,000 telephones (2.2 per 100
popl.); 3 AM, 3 FM, 11 TV stations; 1 Indian
Ocean satellite station, 8 domestic satellite
stations, 1 Arab satellite station
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Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Royal
Oman Police
Military manpower: males 15-49, 285,000;
162,000 fit for military service
.Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1985, $2.075 billion; 37.4% of
central government budget '
Boundarys repro entalion is
not n ce warily authoritative.
Arabian Sea
See regional map Vlll
Land
803,943 km2 (excludes Northern Areas and
Azad Kashmir, the Pakistani-controlled
parts of the former state of Jammu and
Kashmir); larger than Texas; 40% arable,
including 24% cultivated; 34% probably,
mostly waste; 23% unsuitable for cultivation;
3% forested
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
People
Population: 101,855,000, excluding
Junagadh, Manavadar, Gilgit,.Baltistan, and
the disputed area of Jammu and Kashmir
(July 1986); average annual growth rate 2.6%
Nationality: noun-Pakistani(s); adjective-
Pakistani
Ethnic divisions: Punjabi, Sindhi, Pushtan
(Pathan), Baluchi
Religion: 97% Muslim, 3% Christian, Hindu,
and other
Language: Urdu and English (official); total
spoken languages-64% Punjabi, 12%Si'-'
ndhi, 8% Pushtu, 7% Urdu, 9% Baluchi and
other; English is lingua franca
Infant'm.ortality rate: 119/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: men 51, women 49
Labor force: 25.24 million (1982 est.); exten-
sive export of labor; 52% agriculture, 21 %
industry, 8%. services, 19% other
Organized labor: negligible
Government
Official name: Islamic Republic of Pakistan
Type' parliamentary with strong executive,
federal republic; military seized power 5
July 1977; President Mohammed Zia-ul-
Haq lifted martial law and restored 1973
Constitution on 30'December 1985 but re-
tained his positionas?Army Chief of Staff;
parliament, elected in February 1985, serves
5-year term
Political subdivisions: four provinces
(Baluchistan, North-West Frontier; Punjab,
Sind), 1 territory (Federally Administered
Tribal Areas)
Legal system: based on English common
law but gradually being transformed to cor-
respond to Koranic injunction; accepts com-
pulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations;
President Zia's government has established
Islamic Sharia courts paralleling the secular
courts and has introduced Koranic punish-
ments for criminal offenses; martial law
courts abolished 30 December 1985, and all
cases, including those concerning national
security;:now require?due process
National holiday: Pakistan Day, 23 March
Government leader: Gen: Mohammed ZIA-
UL-HAQ, President and Army Chief of
Staff (since July 1977); confirmed as Presi-
dent through March 1990 in special referen-
dum in December 1984; Prime Minister
Mohammed Khan JUNEJO (since March
1985)
Suffrage: universal from age 18
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Pakistan (continued)
Elections: opposition agitation against rig-
ging elections in March 1977 led to military
coup; military promised to hold new na-
tional and provincial assembly elections in
October 1977 but postponed them indefi-
nitely; elections for municipal bodies were
held in 1979 and 1983; nonparty national
elections were held in February 1985; many
outlawed political parties boycotted polling
Political parties and leaders: relegalized in
December 1985 under legislation requiring
parties to register and open books for inspec-
tion;. government still has wide authority
under civil code to restrict political activity;
law requires disqualification of any parlia-
mentary delegate who changes party affili-
ation; majority party in parliament'is Paki-
stan Muslim League (PML), Mohammed
Khan Junejo; principle opposition party is
secular socialist; Pakistan People's Party
(PPP), Benazir Bhutto (major leader); others
include Tehrik-i-Istiglal, Asghar Khan; Na-
tional Democratic Party (NDP), Sherbaz
Mazari (formed in 1975 by members of out-
lawed National Awami Party-NAP-of
Abdul Wali Khan, who is de facto NDP
leader); all the aforementioned are in the
Movement for Restoration of.Democracy
(MRD), formed in February 1981; Pakistan
National Party (PNP), Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo
(Baluch elements of the former NAP);
Jamiat-ul-Ulema-i-Islam (JUI),. Fazlur Rah-
man
Economy
GNP: figures reflect impact of rupee devalu-
ation in 1982; $31 billion (FY85 est.); $300
per capita (FY85); real growth 8.4% (FY85)
Natural resources: land, extensive natural
gas, limited petroleum, poor quality coal,
iron ore.
Agriculture: extensive irrigation; main
crops-wheat, rice, sugarcane, cotton; an
illegal producer of opium poppy and canna-
bis for the international drug trade
Fishing: catch 343,400 metric tons (1983)
Major industries: cotton textiles, steel, food
processing, tobacco, engineering, chemicals,
natural gas
Electric power: 5,187,000 kW capacity
(1985); 20.42 billion kWh produced (1985),
206 kWh per capita
Exports: $2.5 billion (f.o.b., FY85); primarily
rice, cotton, and textiles
Imports: $5.9 billion (f.o.b., FY85); petro-
leum (crude and products), cooking oil, and
defense equipment
Major trade partners: FY85 exports-Japan
12%, US 10%, Saudi Arabia 7%, UK 7%, Iran
2%; imports-Japan 13%, US 12%, Saudi
Arabia 11%, UK 6%, Malaysia 6%, China
3%, Iran 1%
Highways: 98,000 km total (1984); 40,000'
km paved, 23,000 km gravel, 29,000 im-
proved earth, and unimproved earth road
sand tracks
Inland waterways: negligible
Pipelines: 250 km crude oil; 2,269 km natu-
ral gas; 750 km refined products
Airfields: 117 total, 98 usable; 69 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways over 3,659 in, 29 with runways 2,440-
3,659 in, 41 with runways 1,200-2,439 in
Telecommunications: good international
radiocommunication service over micro-
wave and INTELSAT satellite; domestic
radio communications poor; broadcast ser-
vice good; 314,000 telephones (0.3 per 100
popl.); 27 AM, no FM,16.TV stations;1
ground satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Air Force, Navy, Civil
Armed Forces, National Guards
Military manpower: males 15-49,
24,519,000; 16,686,000 fit for military ser-
vice; 1,234,000 reach military age (17) annu-
ally
Communists: party membership very small;
sympathizers estimated at several thousand;
party is outlawed
Other political or pressure groups: military
remains dominant political force; Ulema
(clergy), industrialists, and small merchants
also influential
Member of. ADB, Colombo Plan, ESCAP,
FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC,
ICAO, IDA, IDB-Islamic Development ' ,
Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF,'IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITU,
IWC-International Wheat Council, NAM,
OIC, Economic Cooperation Organization,
SAARC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WFTU, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
Budget: FY85-current expenditures, $4.9
billion; development expenditures, $1.3 bil-
lion (reflects impact of rupee devaluation)
Monetary conversion rate: 15.89
rupees= US$1 (FY85 average); in January
1982, the rupee was delinked from the US
dollar and floated
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: (1984) 8,822 km 1.676-meter
broad gauge, 535 km 1.000-meter gauge,
and 610 km 0.762-meter narrow gauge;
1,037 km broad gauge double track and 286
km electrified; government owned
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30
June 1986, $2.19 billion; about 26% of cen-
tral government budget s, National Guards
Military manpower: males 15-49,
24,519,000; 16,686,000 fit for military ser-
vice; 1,234,000 reach -military age (17) annu-
ally
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30
June 1986, $2.19 billion; about 26% of cen-
tral government budget
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Land
77,080 km2; slightly larger than West Vir-
ginia; 24% agriculturalland (11% pasture,
9% fallow, 4% crop); 20% exploitable forest;
56% other forest, urban or waste
Water '
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200
nm
Coastline: 2,490 km
People
Population: 2,227,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.1%
Nationality: noun-Panamanian(s); adjec-
tive-Panamanian
Ethnic divisions: 70% mestizo, 14% West
Indian, 10% white, 6% Indian
Religion: over 93% Roman Catholic, 6%
Protestant
Labor force: est. 680,471 (1984); 45% com-
merce; finance, and services; 29% agricul-
ture, hunting, and fishing; 10% manufactur-
ing and mining; 5% construction; 5% trans-
portation and communications; 4% Canal
Zone; 1.2% utilities; 2% other; unemployed
estimated at 20% (January 1985); shortage of
skilled labor but an oversupply of unskilled
labor
Organized labor: approximately 15% of la-
bor force (1982)
Government
Official name: Republic of Panama
Type: centralized republic
Capital: -Panama
Political subdivisions: 9 provinces, l inten-
dancy
Legal system: based on civil law system;
constitution adopted in 1972, but major re-
forms adopted in April 1983; judicial review
of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; le-
gal education at University of Panama; ac-
cepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with res-
ervations
National holiday: Independence Day, 3 No-
vember
Branches: under April 1983 reforms, a Presi-
dent, two Vice Presidents, and a 67-member
Legislative Assembly are elected by popular
vote for 5-year terms; nine Supreme Court
Justices and nine alternates serve 10-year
terms; two justices and their alternates are
replaced every other December by presi-
dential nomination and legislative confirma-
tion
May 1984 ballot with the president and
other winners decided by simple pluralities;
mayoral and municipal elections were held
in June 1984
Political parties and.leaders: (registered for
1984 presidential and legislative elections)
National Democratic. Union (UNADE; gov-'
ernment coalition)-Democratic Revolu-
tionary Party (PRD; official government
party), Romulo Escobar Bethancourt, Carlos
Ozores Typaldos; Republican Party (PR),
Eric Arturo Devalle Henriquez; Liberal
Party (PL), Roderick Lorenzo Esquivel; La-
bor Party (PALA), Ramon Sieiro Mungas
and Carlos Eleta Almaran; Panamenista
Party (PP), Luis Suarez; Popular Broad.
Front Party (FRAMPO), Alvaro Arosemena;
Democratic Opposition Alliance (ADO, op-
position)-Christian Democratic Party
(PDC), Ricardo Arias Calderon; Authentic
Panamenista Party (PPA), Arnulfo Arias
Madrid; Nationalist Republican Liberal
Movement (MOLIRENA), Alfredo Ramirez,
Sr.; other opposition parties-Popular Na-
tionalist Party (PNP), Oljmpo A. Saez
Maruci; Popular Action Party (PAPO),
Carlos Ivan Zuniga; People's Party (PdP,
Soviet-oriented Communist), Ruben Dario
Sousa Batista; Socialist Workers Party (PST),
Jose Cambra; Revolutionary Workers Party
(PRT), leader unknown
Voting strength: in the May 1984 elections
the government coalition received 300,748
votes, narrowly defeating the opposition
alliance, which received 299,035 votes;
UNADE won 45 seats in the 67=member
Legislative Assembly, and ADO won the
remaining 22 seats
Communists: People's Party (PdP), progov-
ernment mainline Communist party, did not
obtain the 3 percent of the total vote in 1984
elections to retain its legal status
Language: Spanish (official); 14%. speak En-
glish as native tongue; many Panamanians
bilingual
Infant mortality rate: 20.1/1,000 (1984)
Life expectancy: 71
Literacy: 90%
Government leaders: Eric Arturo
DELVALLE Henriquez, President (since
September 1985); Roderick ESQUIVEL,
First Vice President (since October 1985);
Second Vice President, unfilled
Suffrage 18: universal and compulsory over
age18
Elections: seven electoral slates made up of
14 registered political parties were on the
Other political or pressure groups: National
Council of Organized Workers (CONATO);
National Council of Private Enterprise
(CONEP); Panamanian Association of Busi_
ness Executives (APEDE)
Member of: FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IDB-
Inter-American Development Bank, IFC,
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Panama (continued)
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
IRC, ITU, IWC-International Whaling
Commission, IWC-International Wheat
Council, NAM, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN,
UNESCO, UPEB, UPU, WFTU, WHO,
WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $4.4 billion (1984), $2,159 per capita;'
real growth (1984), -1.0%
Natural resources: copper, mahogany for-
ests, shrimp
Agriculture: main crops-bananas, rice,
sugarcane, coffee, corn; self-sufficient in ba-
sic foods; an illegal producer of cannabis for
the international drug trade
Fishing: catch 143,000 metric tons (1983);
exports $53.2 million (1984)
Major industries: food processing, bever-
ages, petroleum products, construction ma-
terials, clothing, paper products
Electric power: 1,200,000 kW capacity
(1985); 3.1 billion kWh produced (1985),
1,420 kWh per capita
Exports: $419 million (f.o.b., 1984); petro-
leum products, bananas, shrimp, sugar
Imports: $1.34 billion (f.o.b., 1984); petro-
leum products, manufactured-goods, ma-
chinery and transportation equipment,
chemicals, foodstuffs
Major trade partners: exports-59.1% US,
17% Central America and Caribbean, 16%
EC, 8% other; imports-30% US, 19% Cen-
tral America and Caribbean, 10% Mexico;
8% Japan, 8% Venezuela, 6% EC, 15% other
(1984)
Aid: economic-US, including Ex-Im com-
mitments (FY70-84), $394 million; Western
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF
(1970-83), $468 million; Communist coun-
tries (1970-84), $5 million; military-US
(FY70-84), $37 million
Budget: (1984) revenues, $886 million; ex-
penditures, $1.175 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 1 balboa=US$1
(January 1986)
Communications
Railroads: 238 km total; 78 km 1.524-meter
gauge, 160 km 0.914-meter gauge
Highways: 8,530 km total; 2,745 km paved,
3,270 km gravel or crushed stone, 2,515 km
improved and unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 800 km navigable by
shallow draft vessels; 82 km Panama Canal
Ports: 2 major (Cristobal and Balboa), 8 mi-
nor
Airfields: 132 total, 128 usable; 42 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m; 18 with runways
1,220-2,439 in
Telecommunications: domestic and inter-
national telecom facilities well developed;
connection into Central American micro-
wave net; 2 Atlantic Ocean satellite anten-
nas; 220,000 telephones (10.5 per 100 popl.);
80 AM, 12 TV stations; 1 coaxial submarine
cable
Defense Forces
Branches: Defense Forces of the Republic of
Panama (formerly known as the National
Guard) includes military ground forces (still
designated National Guard), Panamanian
Air Force, National Navy, Panama Canal
Defense Force, police force, traffic police/
highway patrol, National Department of
Investigation, Department of Immigration
Military manpower: males 15-49, 571,000;
393,000'fit for military service; no conscrip-
tion
Military budget: for fiscal year beginning 1
January 1985, $99 million; 3.6% of central
government budget
Papua New Guinea
Land
461,691 km2; slightly larger than California;
70% forest, 3% cultivated; 2% pasture, 25%
other
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone); mari-
time limits measured from claimed "archi-
pelagic baselines," which generally connect
the outermost points of the outer islands or
drying reefs
People
Population: 3,395,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.1 %
Nationality: noun-Papua New Guinean(s);
adjective-Papua New Guinean
Ethnic divisions: predominantly Melanesian
and Papuan; some Negrito, Micronesian,
and Polynesian
Religion: over half of population nominally
Christian (490,000 Catholic, 320,000 Luth-
eran, other Protestant sects); remainder in-
digenous beliefs .
Language: 715 indigenous languages; pidgin
English in much of the country and Motu in
Papua region are lingua franca; English
spoken by 1=2% of population
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Infant mortality rate: 102/1,000?(1985) .
Life expectancy: 50 .
Literacy: 32%
Labor force: 1.66 million (1980); 732,806 '
(1980) in salaried employment; 54% agricul-
ture, 25% government, 9% industry and
commerce, 8% services
Government
Official name: Papua New Guinea
Type: independent parliamentary state
within Commonwealth recognizing Eliza-
beth II as head of state
Capital: Port Moresby
Political subdivisions: '20 provinces
Legal system: based on English common
National holiday: Independence Day, 16,
September
Branches: executive-National Executive
Council; legislature-House of Assembly
(109 members); judiciary.-court system
consists of Supreme Court of Papua New
Guinea and various inferior courts (district
courts, local courts, children's courts,
wardens' courts)
Government leaders: Sir-Kingsford
DIBELA, Governor General (since March
1983); Paias WINGTI, Prime Minister (since
November 1985)
Member of. ADB, ANRPC, CIPEC (associ-
ate), Commonwealth, ESCAP, FAO, G-77,
GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD,
IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, ITU, South Pacific Commis-
sion, SPF, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WMO
Economy
GNP: $2.2 billion (1984), $660 per capita; .
real growth (1984) 2.2% est.; 8.5% inflation.
rate (1985 est.)
Agriculture: main crops-coffee, cocoa,
coconuts, timber, tea
Major industries: sawmilling and timber
processing, copper mining (Bougainville),
fish canning
Electric power: 750,000 kW capacity (1985);
1.7 billion kWh produced (1985), 511 kWh
per capita
Exports: $840 million (f.o.b., 1983); gold
($206 million), copper ($149 million), coffee
($123 million), palm oil ($84 million), logs
($78 million), cocoa ($74 million), copra ($54 .
million), coconut oil ($43 million), tea ($17
million)
Imports: $906 million (f.o.b., 1983); machin-
ery and equipment ($259 million), fuels and
lubricants ($186 million), food and live ani-
mals ($50 million), chemicals ($71 million),
other manufactured ($67 million)
Major trade partners: Australia, UK, Japan
Fiscal.year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none .
Highways: 19,200 km total; 640 km paved,
10,960 km gravel, crushed stone, or stabi-
lized soil surface, 7,600 km unimproved
earth
Inland waterways: 10,940 km
Ports: 5 principal, 9 minor
Civil air: about 15 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 534 total, 433 usable; 15 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m; 36 with runways
1,220-2;439 in
Telecommunications: Papua New Guinea
telecom services are adequate and are being
improved; facilities provide radiobroadcast,
radiotelephone and telegraph, coastal radio,,
aeronautical radio and international
radiocommunication services; submarine
cables extend from.Madang to Australia and
Guam; 45,274 telephones (1.5 per 100 popl.);
31 AM, no FM, or TV stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Papua New Guinea Defense
Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 817,000;
about 452,000 fit for military service
Supply: dependent on Australia
Elections: preferential-type elections for
109-member House of Assembly every five
years, last held in June 1982
Political parties: Pangu Party, People's.
Progress Party, United Party; Papua Besena,
National Party, Melanesian Alliance
Aid: economic-Australia, commitments
(1970-83) $4.0 billion; US, including Ex-Im
(FY70-84), $219 million; other Western
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commit-
ments (1980-84), $6.0 billion
Budget: (1984) total revenue $518 million-,
tax revenue $441 million, non-tax $77 mil-
lion; total expenditures-$698 million, capi-
tal $165 million
Monetary conversion rate: .9009 kina=
US$1 (February 1984)
Military budget: for fiscal -year ending 31
December 1985, $33.4 million; about 3% of
central government budget
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Paraguay
Boundary rn pro entalion 'is
not nice sa,Iy autho,~tafl,n
Government
Official name: Republic of Paraguay
Type: republic; under authoritarian rule
Capital: Asuncion
Political subdivisions: 19 departments and
the national capital
3,000 to 4,000 party-members and sympa-
thizers in Paraguay, very few are hard core;
party in exile is small and deeply divided
Other political or pressure groups: Popular
Colorado Movement (MoPoCo) led by
Epifanio Mendez, in exile; National Accord
includes MoPoCo and Febrerista, Radical
Liberal, and Christian Democratic Parties
Member of. FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB-
Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD,
IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
IPU, IRC, ITU, LAIA, OAS, SELA, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WSG
Land
406,750 km2; the size of California; 52% for-
est; 24% meadow and pasture; 22% urban,
waste, and other; 2% crop
People
Population: 4,119,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 3.2%
Nationality: noun-Paraguayan(s); adjec-
tive-Paraguayan
Ethnic divisions: 95% mestizo (Spanish and
Indian), 5% white and Indian
Religion: 97% Roman Catholic; Mennonite
and other Protestant denominations
Language: Spanish (official) and Guarani
Infant mortality rate: 64/1,000 (1981)
Life expectancy: 68
Literacy: 81 %
Labor force: 1.1 million (1983 est.); 44% agri-
culture; 34% industry and commerce, 18%
services, 4% government; unemployment
rate 15% (1984)
Organized labor: about 5% of labor force
Legal system: based on Argentine codes,
Roman law, and French codes; constitution
promulgated 1967; judicial review of legisla-
tive acts in Supreme Court; legal education
at National University of Asuncion and
Catholic University of Our Lady of the As-
sumption; does not accept compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 14
May
Branches: President heads executive; bicam-
eral legislature (Senate, Chamber of Depu-
ties); judiciary headed by Supreme Court
Government leader: Gen. (Ret.) Alfredo
STROESSNER, President (since May 1954)
Suffrage: universal; compulsory between
ages of 18 and 60
Elections: President and Congress elected
together every five years (last election Feb-
ruary 1983)
Political parties and leaders: Colorado
Party, Juan Ramon Chaves; Authentic Radi-
cal Liberal Party (PLRA), Miguel Angel
Martinez Yaryes; Christian Christian Demo-
cratic Party (PDC), Alfredo Rojas Leon;
Febrerista Revolutionary Party (PRF),
Fernando Vera; Liberal Party (PL), Joaquin
Burgos; Popular Colorado Movement
(MOPOCO), Waldino Lovera; Radical Lib-
eral Party (PLR), Emilio Forestieri
Voting strength: (February 1983 general
election) 90% Colorado Party, 5.6% Radical
Liberal Party, 3.2% Liberal Party;
Febrerista Party boycotted elections
Communists: Oscar Creydt faction and
Miguel Angel Soler faction (both illegal); est.
Economy
GDP: $4.8 billion (1985), $1,020 per capita,
depending on exchange rate (1984); 7% pub-
lic consumption; 66% private consumption
(1983), 28% gross domestic investment; real
growth rate 1985, 4.5%
Natural resources: iron, manganese, lime-
stone, hydroelectric power, forests
Agriculture: main crops-oilseeds,
soybeans, cotton, wheat, manioc, sweet pota-
toes, tobacco, corn, rice, sugarcane; self-
sufficient in most foods
Major industries: meat packing, oilseed
crushing, milling, brewing, textiles, light
consumer goods, cement, construction
Electric power: 1,675,000 kW capacity
(1985); 1.118 billion kWh produced (1985),
280 kWh per capita
Exports: $361.3 million (f.o.b., 1984); cotton,
oilseeds, meat products, tobacco, timber,
coffee, essential oils, tung oil
Imports: $649.1 million (f.o.b., 1984); fuels
and lubricants, machinery and motors, mo-
tor vehicles, beverages and tobacco, food-
stuffs
Major trade partners: exports-21% Brazil,
14% Netherlands, 12% Argentina, 12% FRG,
9% US, 7% Switzerland, 2% Japan;
imports-28% Brazil, 19% Argentina, 7%
FRG, 6% US, 5% Japan, 5% UK (1983)
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Aid: economic bilateral commitments, US
(FY70-84) $154 million, other Western
countries, ODA and OOF (1970-83), $596
million; military commitments (FY70-84),
US $18 million
Budget: (1983 est.) revenues, $494 million;
expenditures, $741 million
Monetary conversion rate: 240
guaranies=US$1(January 1986)
South
Pacific
Ocean
Labor force: 4.9 million (1981); 40% govern-
ment and other services, 41 % agriculture,
19% industry (1981); unemployment about
10.9% (1984); underemployment 54.2%
Organized labor: about 40% of salaried
workers (1983 est.)
Government
Official name: Republic of Peru
Type: republic
Communications
Railroads:'970 km total; 440 km 1.435-meter
standard gauge, 60 km 1.000-meter gauge,
470 km various narrow gauge (privately
owned)
Highways: 21,960 km total; 1,788 km paved,
474 km gravel, and 19,698 km earth
Inland waterways: 3,100 km
Ports: 1 major (Asuncion), 9 minor (all river)
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 880 total, 770 usable; 6 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 in, 29 with runways
1,220-2,439 in
Telecommunications: principal center in
Asuncion, fair intercity microwave net;
78,300 telephones (2.3 per 100 popl.); 40
AM, 6 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite
station
Defense Forces
Branches: Paraguayan Army, Paraguayan
Navy, Paraguayan Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49,979,000;
778,000 fit for military service; 48,000. reach
military age (17) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1985, $76.4 million; 17.2% of
central government budget
not nt.vt.ssar~ly aulhotitahvn.
Land
1,285,216 km (other estimates range as low
as 1,248,380 km); five-sixths the size of
Alaska; 55% forest; 14% meadow and pas-
ture; 2% crop; 29% urban, waste,-or other
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200
nm
Coastline: 2,414 km
People
Population: 20,207,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.6%
Nationality: noun-Peruvian(s); adjective-
Peruvian
Ethnic divisions: 45% Indian; 37% mestizo
(white-Indian); 15% white; 3% black, Japa-
nese, Chinese, and other
Language: Spanish and Quechua (official),
Aymara
Infant mortality rate: 80/1,000 (1985)
Life expectancy: 56.5
Literacy: est. 80%
Political subdivisions: 24 departments with
limited autonomy plus constitutional Prov-
ince of Callao
Legal system: based on civil law system;
1979 constitution reestablished civilian gov-
ernment with a popularly elected president
and bicameral legislature; legal education at
the National Universities in Lima, Trujillo,
Arequipa, and Cuzco; has not accepted com-
pulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 28
July
Branches: executive, judicial, bicameral
legislature (Senate, Chamber of Deputies)
Government leader: Alan GARCIA Perez,
President (since July 1985); Luis ALVA Cas-
tro, Prime Minister (since July 1985)
Elections: elections for president and con-
gress held every five years; election for presi-
dent and congress held 14 April 1985; new
government inaugurated 28 July 1985
Political parties and leaders: American Pop-
ular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA), Alan
Garcia; United Left (IU), Alfonso Barrantes;
Popular Christian Party (PPC), Luis Bedoya
Reyes; Popular Action Party (AP), Fernando
Belaunde Terry
Voting strength: (1985 presidential election)
48% APRA, 23% IU, 14% PPC, 5% AP
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Peru (continued)
Communists: Communist Party of Peru
(PCP), pro-Soviet, 2,000; pro-Chinese (2 fac-,
tions) 1,200
Member of. Andean Pact, AIOEC, -
ASSIMER, CIPEC, FAO, G-77, GATT,
IADB, IAEA, IATP, IBRD, ICAO, ICO,
IDA, IDB-Inter-American Development
Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, INTERPOL, IMF,
IMO, INTELSAT, International Lead and
Zinc Study Group, ISO, ITU, IWC-Inter-
national Wheat Council, LAIR, NAM, OAS,
PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WFTU, WHO, WMO, WSG, WTO
Economy
GNP: $17 billion (1984), $980 per capita
(1984); 72% private consumption, 15% pub-
lic consumption, 13% gross investment; 1%
net foreign balance (1983); real growth rate
(1985), 2.5%
Natural resources: minerals, metals, petro-
leum, forests, fish
Agriculture: main crops-wheat, potatoes,
beans, rice, barley, coffee, cotton, sugarcane;
imports-wheat, meat, lard and oils, rice,
corn; an illegal producer of coca for the in-
ternational drug trade
Fishing: catch 1.450 million metric tons
(1983); exports-oil, other products, $137
million (1984); meal, $202 million (1982)
Major industries: mining of metals, petro
leum, fishing, textiles and clothing, food pro-
cessing, cement, auto assembly, steel, ship-
building, metal fabrication
Electric power: 3,720,000 kW capacity
(1985); 13.1 billion kWh produced (1985),
671 kWh per capita
Exports: $3.3 billion (f.o.b., 1984); fishmeal,
cotton, sugar, coffee, copper, iron ore, gold,
refined silver, lead, zinc, crude petroleum
and byproducts
Imports: $2.6 billion (f.o.b., 1984); food-
stuffs, machinery, transport equipment, iron
and steel semimanufactures, chemicals,
pharmaceuticals
Major trade partners: exports-38% US,
20% EC, 11% Japan, 9%,Latin America, 4%
UK.(1984); imports-29% US, 22% EC, 17%
Latin America, 7% Japan, 5% FRG (1984)
Budget: 1984-revenues, $2.7 billion; ex-
penditures, $3.6.billion
Monetary conversion rate: 13,943 soles=
US$1(November 1985); new currency, the
inti, has been in circulation since January
1986; 1 inti=1,000 soles (January 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 1,876 km total; 1,576 km 1.435-
meter standard gauge, 300 km 0.914-meter
gauge
Highways: 56,645 km,total; 6,030 km paved,
11,865 km gravel, 14,610 km improved
earth, 24,140 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 8,600 km of navigable
tributaries of Amazon River system and 208
km Lago Titicaca
Pipelines: crude oil, 800 km; natural gas and
natural gas liquids, 64 km
Ports: 7 major, 25 minor
Civil air: 27 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 246.total, 228 usable; 32 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 25 with runways
2,440-3,659,m, 43 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: fairly adequate for
most requirements; nationwide radio-relay
system; 2 Atlantic Ocean satellite stations, 12
domestic antennas; 544,000 telephones (2.9
per 100 popl.); 250 AM, 138 TV stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Peruvian Army, Peruvian Navy,
Peruvian Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,843,000;
3,282,000 fit for military service; 188,000
reach military age (20) annually
Philippines
Zpmboanga P
Land
300,440 km2; slightly larger than Nevada;
53% forest, 30% arable, 5% pasture, 12%
other
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): up to
285 nm, based on limits described in the
Treaty of Paris, 10 December 1898, the US-
Spain Treaty of 7 November 1900, and the
US-UK Treaty of 2 January 1930, are con-
sidered to be the territorial sea (200 nm ex-
clusive economic zone)
Coastline: about 22,540 km
People
Population: 58,091,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.2%
Nationality: noun-Filipino(s); adjective-
Philippine
Ethnic divisions: 91.5% Christian Malay, 4%
Muslim Malay, 1.5% Chinese, 3% other
Religion: 83% Roman Catholic, 9% Protes-
tant, 5% Muslim, 3% Buddhist and other
Language: Pilipino (based on Tagalog) and
English (both official)
Infant mortality rate: 59/1,000 (1982)
Life expectancy: 64
Literacy: about 88%
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Labor force: 20.0.61 million (1985 prelim);
47.0% agriculture, 20% industry and com-
merce, 13.5% services, 10.0% government,
9.5% other; 6.2% unemployment rate (1984
prelim.)
Government
Official name: Republic of the Philippines
prominent regional parties include the Mi-
ndanao Alliance and the Pusyon Visaya
Communists: the Communist Party of the
Philippines (CPP) controls about 16,000 full-
time insurgents; not recognized as legal
party; a second Communist party,. the pro--.,,
Soviet Philippine Communist Party (PKP),
has quasi-legal status
Communications
Railroads: 378 km operable (1982); 34% gov
ernment owned
Highways: 152,800 km total (1980); 27,800
km paved; 73,000 km gravel, crushed stone,
or stabilized soil surface; 52,000 km unim-
proved earth
Capital: Manila (de facto), Quezon City (des-
ignated)
Political subdivisions: 74 provinces and 61
chartered cities
Legal system: based on Spanish, Islamic,
and Anglo-American law; parliamentary
constitution passed 1973; constitution
amended in 1981 to provide for French-
style mixed presidential-parliamentary sys-
tem; judicial review of legislative acts in the
Supreme Court; legal education at Univer-
sity of the Philippines, Ateneo de Manila
University, and 71 other law schools; accepts
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reserva-
tions
National holiday: Independence Day, 12
June
Branches: constitution provides for unicam-
eral legislature (Batasang Pambansa) and a
strong executive branch under President and
Prime Minister; judicial branch headed by
Supreme Court with descending authority in
a three-tiered system of local, regional trial,
and intermediate appellate courts
Government leader: Corazon AQUINO,
President (since February 1986); Salvador
LAUREL, Vice President, Prime Minister,
and Foreign Minister (since February 1986)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory
Elections: presidential election held on 7
February 1986; Ferdinand Marcos initially
declared winner; following civil unrest and
military rebellion, he left office and Aquino
assumed presidency; provincial and legisla-
tive elections may be scheduled for late 1986
Political parties: national parties are New
Society Movement (KBL); United National-
ist Democratic Organization (UNIDO); and
the Liberals, Nacionalistas, and PDP-Laban;
Member of. ADB, ASEAN? ASPAC; Co-
lombo Plan, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO,
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
IPU, IRC, ISO, ITU, UN, UNESCO; UPU,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy -
GNP: $33.590 billion (1985 prelim.), $590 '
per capita; -3.8% real growth, 1985 prelim:
Natural resources: timber, petroleum,
nickel, iron, cobalt, silver, gold.
Agriculture: main crops-rice, corn, coco-
nut, sugarcane, bananas,,abaca, tobacco
Fishing: catch 1.8 million metric tons (1982)
Major industries: textiles, pharmaceuticals,
chemicals, wood products, food processing,
electronics assembly
Electric power: 6,290,000 kW capacity
(1985); 22 billion kWh produced (1985), 387
kWh per capita
Exports: $4.636 billion (f.o.b., 1985 prelim.);
coconut products, sugar, logs and lumber,
copper concentrates, bananas, garments,,,
nickel, electrical components, gold
Imports: $5.085 billion (f.o.b., 1985 prelim.);
petroleum, industrial equipment, wheat
Major trade partners: (1983) exports-36%,
US, 20% Japan; imports-23% US, 17% Ja
pan
Budget: (1984) revenues, $3.1 billion; expen7
ditures, $2.8 billion, deficit, $0.3 billion
Monetary conversion rate: (floating) 18.8
pesos=US$1(December 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
199
Inland waterways: 3,219 km; limited to.
shallow-draft (less than 1.5 m) vessels
Pipelines: refined products, 357 km
Ports: 10 major, numerous minor
Civil air: approximately 53 major transport
aircraft
Airfields: 331 total, 284 usable; 70 with
permanent-surface runways; 10 with run-,
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 48 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: good international
radio and submarine cable services; domes-
tic and interisland service adequate; 707,000
telephones (1.28 per 100 pop].); 267 AM sta-
tions, including 6 US; 55 FM stations; 33 TV
stations, including 4 US; submarine cables
extended to Hong Kong, Guam, Singapore,
Taiwan, and Japan; tropospheric-scatter link
to Taiwan; 2 international ground satellite
stations; 11 domestic satellite stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Constab-
ulary-Integrated National Police
Military manpower: males 15-49,
14,553,000; 10,315,000 fit for military ser-
vice; about 610,000 reach military age (20)
annually.
supply: limited small arms and small arms
ammunition, small patrol craft production;
licensed assembly of transport aircraft; most
other. materiel obtained from US; naval ships
and equipment from Australia, Japan, Si-
ngapore, US, and FRG; aircraft and helicop-
ters from FRG, US, Italy, Australia, and the
Netherlands.
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1986, $569 million; about 15.7%
of central government budget
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Pitcairn Islands
Government
Official name: Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie,
and Oeno Islands
Type: British dependent territory
.rADAMSTOWN
Pitcairn
Land
47 km2; about one third the size of Washing-
ton, D. C.; Pitcairn (5 km2), plus four unin-
habited islands (Oeno-5 km2, Ducie-5
km2, Henderson-31 km2, Sandy 1 km2);
volcanic, fertile land .
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(200 nm fishing zone)
Coastline: Pitcairn 10 km; Oeno 5.5 km;
Ducie 8 km; Henderson 26 km; Sandy 1.5
km
People
Population: 62 (July 1986), average annual
growth rate 5.0%
Nationality: noun-Pitcairn Islander(s);
adjective-Pitcairn Islander
Ethnic. divisions: descendants of "Bounty"
mutineers
Language: English (official); also a Tahitian/
English dialect
Labor force: no business community in the
usual sense; some public works; subsistence
farming and fishing
Legal system: Island Court; provisions for a
Supreme Court
Branches: administered locally, by Island
Council consisting of four elected island of-
ficers, a secretary, and five nominated mem-
bers
Government leader: Terence D. O'LEARY,
Governor and UK High Commissioner to
New Zealand (since 1982); B. YOUNG, Is-
land Magistrate and Chairman of the Island
Council (since 1985) .
Elections: annual; Island Magistrate elected
for a 3-year term
Economy
GNP: expenditure $NZ911,000 (1981/82);
bartering important part of life
Natural resources: re-afforestation of miro
trees (used for handicrafts)
Agriculture: local use-citrus, sugarcane,
watermelons, bananas, yams, taro, beans,
pumpkin, coconuts, wild goats, poultry
Fishing: plentiful
Major industries: postage stamp sales
Electric power: 25 kW capacity (1985);.05
million kWh produced (1985), 1,850 kWh
per capita
Imports: fuel oil, machinery, building mate-.
rials, flour, sugar, other foodstuffs .
Budget: revenue $NZ812,639, expenditure
$NZ1,119,882 (1983/84 est.)
Monetary conversion rate: NZ$1.88=US$1
(5 February 1986)
Fiscal year:1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: none
Ports: boat harbor and jetty at Bounty Bay
Telecommunications: party line telephone
service on the island; radio station at"Taro
Ground"; diesel generator provides electric-
ity
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility-of the United
Kingdom
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Poland
Boundary representation is
not necessarily ao lhontatioe.
Land
312,612 km2; smaller than New Mexico; 49%
arable, 27% forest, 14% other agricultural,
10% other
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (6 nm contiguous zone claimed in addi-
tion to the territorial sea; 200 nm fishing
zone, with lateral limits based on geographic
coordinates)
Coastline: 491 km
People
Population: 37,546,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 0.8%
Nationality: noun-Pole(s); adjective-Pol-
ish
Ethnic divisions: 98.7% Polish, 0.6% Ukrai-
nian, 0.5% Byelorussian, less than 0.05%
Jewish, 0.2% other
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic (about 75%
practicing), 5% Uniate, Greek Orthodox,
Protestant, and other
Language: Polish, no significant dialects
Infant mortality rate: 19.3/1,000 (1984)
Life expectancy: 71.6
Literacy: 98%
Labor force: 17.54 million; 44% industry
and commerce, 30% agriculture, 11% ser-
vices, 8% government(1985)
Organized labor: new government trade
unions formed following dissolution of Soli-
darity and all government unions in October
1982
Government
Official name: Polish People's Republic
Type: Communist state
Capital: Warsaw
Political subdivisions: 49 provinces
Legal system: mixture of Continental
(Napoleonic) civil law and Communist legal
theory; constitution adopted 1952; court
system parallels administrative divisions
with Supreme Court, composed of 104 jus-
tices, at apex; no judicial review of legisla-
tive acts; legal education at seven law
schools; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: National Liberation Day,
22 July
Branches: unicameral legislature (Seim),
executive, judicial system dominated by
parallel Communist party apparatus
Government leaders: Zbigniew MESSNER,
Chairman of Council of Ministers (Premier;
since November 1985); Army Gen. Wojciech
JARUZELSKI, Chairman of Council of
State (President; since November 1985)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age
18
Elections: parliamentary and local govern-
ment every four years; last election held Oc-
tober 1985
Political party and leader: Polish United
(Communist) Workers' Party (PZPR), Wojci-
ech Jaruzelski, First Secretary (since October
1981)
Voting strength: (March 1985 election)
78.86% voted for Communist-approved can-
didates
Other political or pressure groups: United
Peasant Party (ZSL), Democratic Party (SD);
powerful Roman Catholic Church, Patriotic
Movement of National Rebirth (PRON)
Member of. CEMA, FAO, GATT, IAEA,.
ICAO, ICES, IHO, ILO, Indochina Truce
Commission, IMO, International Lead and
Zinc Study Group, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, Ko-
rea Truce Commission, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WFTU, WHO, Warsaw Pact, WIPO,
WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $228.5 billion in 1984 (1984 dollars),
$6,190 per capita; 1984 growth rate 3.4%
Natural resources: coal, sulfur, copper, nat-
ural gas, silver
Agriculture: self-sufficient for minimum
requirements; main crops-grain, sugar
beets, oilseed, potatoes, exporter of livestock
products and sugar; importer of grains
Major industries: machinebuilding, iron
and steel, extractive industries, chemicals,
shipbuilding, food processing
Crude steel: 16.5 million metric tons pro-
duced (1984), about 445 kg. per capita
Electric power: 30,020,000 kW capacity
(1985); 143.5 billion kWh produced (1985),
3,854 kWh per capita
Exports: $17.448 billion (f.o.b., 1984); 47.8%
machinery and equipment; 29.2% fuels,
minerals, and metals; 11.8% manufactured
consumer goods, 8.5% agricultural and for-
estry products; 2.7% other (1984)
Imports: $16.197 billion (f.o.b., 1984); 27.2%
machinery and equipment; 41.0% fuels,
minerals, and metals; 14.0% agricultural and
forestry products; 10.0% manufactured con-
sumer goods, 7.8% other (1984)
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Poland (continued)
Major trade partners: $32.726 billion
(1984); 66% with Communist countries, 24%
with West, 10% with less developed coun-
tries
Monetary conversion rate: 148 zlotys=US$1
(December 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 27,176 km total; 23,969 km 1.435-
meter standard gauge, 397 km 1.524-meter
broad gauge, 2,810 km narrow gauge; 8,843
km double track; 8,307 km electrified; gov-
ernment owned (1984)
Highways: 254,000 km total; 57,353 km con-
crete, asphalt, stone block; 97,561 km
crushed stone, gravel; 99,086 km earth
(1983)
Inland waterways: 4,017 km navigable riv-
ers and canals (1984)
Pipelines: 4,500 km for natural gas; 1,986
km for crude oil (1984); 322 km for refined
products
Freight carried: rail-425.5 million metric
tons, 123.5 billion metric ton/km (1985);
highway-1,420 million metric tons, 36.5
billion metric ton/km (1985); inland water-
way-15.45 million metric tons, 1.44 billion
metric ton/km (1985);'o6ean-193.4 billion
metric ton/km (1985)
Ports: 4 major (Gdansk,' Gdynia, Szczecin,
Swinoujscie); 12 minor (1979);' principal in-
land waterway ports are Gliwice, Wroclaw,
and Warsaw (1979)
Defense Forces
Branches: Ground Forces, National Air De-
fense Forces, Air Force Command, Navy
Military manpower: males 15-49, 9,392,000;
7,454,000 fit for military service; 258,000
reach military age (19) annually
Military budget: announced for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1985, 307 billion
zlotys; 7.7% of total budget
Portugal
Land
Portugal, 92,082 km2, including the Azores
and Madeira Islands; slightly smaller than
Indiana; 49% arable; 31% forest; 6%
meadow and pasture; 14% waste, urban,
inland water, or other
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 860 km; excludes Azores (708 km)
and Madeira Islands (225 km)
People
Population: 10,095,000 (July 1986), includ-
ing the Azores and Madeira Islands; average
annual growth rate 0.5%
Nationality: noun-Portuguese (sing. and
pl.); adjective-Portuguese
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous Mediterra-
nean stock in mainland, Azores, Madeira
Islands; citizens of black African descent
who immigrated to mainland during de-
colonization number less than 100,000
Religion: 97% Roman Catholic, 1% Protes-
tant sects, 2% other
Life expectancy: 71
Literacy: 80%
Laborforce: 4.5 million (1984); 37% services,
36% industry, 27% agriculture; unemploy-
ment, 10.6% (December 1984)
Organized labor: about 45% of Portuguese
labor is organized; the Communist-
dominated General Confederation of Portu-
guese Workers-Intersindical (CGTP-IN)
represents about half of the unionized labor
force; its main competition, the General
Workers Union (UGT), is organized by the
Socialists and Social Democrats and repre-
sents a little less than half of unionized labor
Government
Official name: Portuguese Republic
Type: republic, first government under new
constitution formed July 1976
Political subdivisions: 18 districts in main-
land Portugal; Portugal's two autonomous
regions, the Azores and Madeira Islands,
have 4 districts (3 of them in the Azores);
Macau, Portugal's remaining overseas terri-
tory, was granted broad executive and legis-
lative autonomy in February 1976; Portugal
has not officially recognized the unilateral
annexation of Portuguese Timor by Indone-
sia
Legal system: civil law system; constitution
adopted April 1976 and revised October
1982; the Constitutional Tribunal reviews
the constitutionality of legislation; legal edu-
cation at Universities of Lisbon and Coim-
bra; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction,
with reservations
National holiday: 25 April
Branches: executive with President and
Prime Minister; unicameral legislature (pop-
ularly elected 250-seat Assembly of the Re-
public); independent judiciary
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Government leaders: Mario SOARES, Presi-
dent (since March 1986); Anibal Cavaco
SILVA, Prime Minister (since November
1985)
Natural resources: fish, forests (cork), tung-
sten, iron, uranium ores
Agriculture: generally underdeveloped;
main crops-grains, potatoes, olives, grapes
for wine; deficit foods-sugar, grain, meat,
fish, oilseed
Highways: 57,499 km total; 49,537 km
paved (bituminous, gravel, and crushed
stone), including 140 km of limited-access
divided highway; 7,962 km improved earth;
plus an additional 4,100 km of unimproved
earth roads (motorable tracks)
Elections: national elections for Assembly of
the Republic normally to be held every four
years; Assembly elections held October
1985; national election for President to be
held every five years (scheduled for 29 Janu-
ary 1986), second constitutional president
elected in December 1980; local elections to
be held every three years, last elections in
December 1985
Political parties and leaders: Social Demo-
cratic Party (PSD), Anibal Cavaco Silva;.Por-
tuguese Socialist Party (PS), Mario Soares;
Party of Democratic Renewal (PRD), Her-
minio Martinho; Portuguese Communist
Party (PCP), Alvaro Cunhal; Social Demo-
cratic Center (CDS), Adriano Moreira
Voting strength: (1985 parliamentary elec-
tion) Social Democrats, 29.87%; Socialists,
20.77%; Democratic Renewal, 17.92%;
Communists (in a front coalition called the
United Peoples Alliance-APU), 15.49%;
Center Democrats, 9.96% (1985 local elec-
tions) PSD, 34.02%; PS, 27.39%; APU,
19.44%; CDS, 9.7%; PRD, 4.74% (unofficial
results)
Communists: Portuguese Communist Party
claims membership of 200,753 (December
1983)
Member of. Council of Europe, EC, EFTA,
FAO, GATT,.IAEA, IATP, IBRD, ICAC,
ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDB-Inter-American
Development Bank, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO,
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
IOOC, IRC, ISO, ITU, IWC-International
Wheat Council, NATO, OECD, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WSG
Economy _ .
GNP: $19.2 billion (1984);15% government
consumption, 71% private consumption;
23% fixed capital formation; -0.7% change
in stocks; -8% net exports; real growth rate
-1.7% (1984)
Fishing: catch 243,423. metric tons (1984)
Major industries: textiles and footwear;
wood pulp, paper, and cork; metalworking;
oil refining; chemicals; fish canning; wine
Crude steel: 690,675 tons produced (1983),
69 kg per capita
Electric power: 5,124,000 kW capacity
(1985); 16.829 billion kWh produced (1985),
1,675 kWh per capita
Exports: $5.2 billiom(f.o.b., 1984); principal
items-cotton textiles, cork and cork prod-
ucts, canned fish, wine, timber and timber
products, resin, machinery, and appliances
Imports: $7.8 billion (c.i.f., 1984); principal
items-petroleum, cotton, industrial ma-
chinery, iron and steel, chemicals
Major trade partners: 58% EC, 9% US, 2%
Communist countries, 18% other developed
countries, 11% less developed countries
Aid: economic authorizations-US, includ-
ing Ex-Im, $1.5 billion (FY70=84); other .
Western countries (ODA and OOF), $749
million (1970-82); military authorizations-
US, $475 million (FY70-84)
Budget: (1984) expenditures, $7.0 billion;
revenues, $4.5 billion; deficit, $2.5 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 163.31
escudos=US$1(October 1985)
Communications
Railroads: 3,630 km total: state-owned Por-
tuguese Railroad Co. (CP) operates 2,858 km
1.665-meter gauge (434 km electrified and
426 km double track), 760 km 1.000-meter
gauge; 12 km (1.435-meter gauge) electri-
fied, double, nongovernment owned
Inland waterways: 820 km navigable; rela-
tively unimportant to national economy,
used by shallow-draft craft limited to 297-
metric-ton cargo capacity
Pipelines: crude oil, 11 km
Ports: 7 major, 34 minor
Civil air: 34 major transport aircraft
Airfields (including Azores and Madeira
Islands): 69 total, 66 usable; 35 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 9 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 12 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: facilities are gener-
ally adequate; 1.68 million telephones (16.6
per 100 popl.); 50 AM, 52 FM, 66 TV sta- .
tions; 6 submarine cables; 3 Atlantic Ocean
satellite antennas (on mainland and Azores)
Defense Forces. .
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,430,000;
1,989,000 fit for military service; 90,000
reach military age (20) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1984, $652 million; about 10% of
central government budget
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Qatar
Persian
Gulf
Hawar Isla ntls a '
d spuied be~w n At KI
Bah,an and 0ala,
Land
About 11,000 km2; smaller than Connecti-
cut; negligible forest; mostly desert, waste,
or urban
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(exclusive economic zone to median line)
People
Population: 305,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 4.2%
Nationality: noun-Qatari(s); adjective-
Qatari
Ethnic divisions: 40% Arab, 18% Pakistani,
18% Indian, 10% Iranian
Language: Arabic (official); English is com-
monly used as second language
Life expectancy: 72
Literacy: 40%
Labor force: 104,000 (1983); 85% non-Qatari
in private sector
Government
Official name: State of Qatar
Type: traditional monarchy; independence
declared in 1971'
Legal system: discretionary system of law
controlled by the ruler, although civil codes
are being implemented; Islamic law is signif-
icant in personal matters; a constitution was
promulgated in 1970
National holiday: Independence Day, 3
September
Branches: executive-Amir and Council of
Ministers; legislature-State Advisory Coun-
cil
Government leader: Khalifa bin Hamad Al
THANI, Amir and Prime Minister (since
February 1972)
Suffrage: no specific provisions for suffrage
laid down
Elections: constitution calls for elections for
part of State Advisory Council, a consulta-
tive body, but no elections have been held
Other political or pressure groups: a few
small clandestine organizations are active
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77,
GATT (de facto), GCC, IBRD, ICAO,
IDB-Islamic Development Bank, IFAD,
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
ITU, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, UN,.
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
Economy
GNP: $7.6 billion (1983); $27,000 per capita
(1983)
Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas,
fish
Agriculture: farming and grazing on small
scale; commercial fishing increasing in im-
portance; most food imported; rice and dates
staple diet
Major industries: oil production and re-
fining; crude oil production averaged
399,000 b/d (1984); oil revenues accrued
$3.1 billion (est.) in FY85, representing 95%
of government revenue
Electric power: capacity 1,304,200 kW
(1985); 4.569 billion kWh produced (1985),
15,650 kWh per capita
Exports: $4.5 billion (f.o.b., 1984), of which
petroleum accounted for $4.2 billion
Budget: (FY85) revenues, $2.7 billion; ex-
penditures, $4.3 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 3.64 Qatar
rivals=US$1(October 1985)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 840 km total; 490 km bitumi-
nous; 350 km gravel; undetermined mileage
of earth tracks
Pipelines: crude oil, 235 km; natural gas,
400 km
Ports: 2 major (Doha, Musay'id), 1 minor
Airfields: 3 total, 3 usable; 2 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 2 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: modern system cen-
tered in Doha; 96,000 telephones (37 per 100
popl.);1 Atlantic Ocean and.1 Indian Ocean
satellite station; 1 Arab satellite station un-
der construction; tropospheric scatter to
Bahrain; radio-relay to Saudi Arabia; sub-
marine cable to Bahrain and UAE; 2 AM, 1
FM, 3 TV stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Sea Arm, Air Force, Police
Department
Military manpower: males 15-49, 130,000;
70,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1978, $157 million; 7.3% of cen-
tral government budget
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Land
2,512 km2; about three times the size of New
York City; two-thirds of island extremely
rugged, consisting of volcanic mountains;
48,600 hectares (less than one-fifth of the
land) under cultivation
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
People
Population: 539,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 1.0%
Nationality: noun-Reunionese (sing. and
pl.); adjective-Reunionese
Ethnic divisions: most of the population is of
thoroughly intermixed ancestry of French,
African, Malagasy, Chinese, Pakistani, and
Indian origin
Language: French (official); Creole widely
used
Literacy: over 80% among younger genera-
tion
Labor force: primarily agricultural workers;
high seasonal unemployment
Government
Official name: Department of Reunion
Type: overseas department of France; repre-
sented in French Parliament by three depu-
ties and two senators
Branches: Reunion is administered by a Pre-
fect appointed by the French Minister of
Interior, assisted by a Secretary General and
an elected 36-man General Council; in 1974
France created an elected 45-member Re-
gional Assembly to coordinate economic and
social development policies; in 1981 both the
General Council and the Regional Assembly
received greater authority for fiscal policy
Government leader: Michel BLANGY,
Commissioner of the Republic (since Febru-
ary 1984)
Elections: last municipal and General Coun-
cil elections in 1983; parliamentary election
June 1981; Regional Assembly election Feb-
ruary 1983
Political parties and leaders: Reunion Com-
munist Party (RCP), Paul Verges; Popular
Movement for the Liberation of Reunion,
Georges Sinamale; other political candidates
affiliated with metropolitan French parties,
which do not maintain permanent organiza-
tions on Reunion
Voting strength: (parliamentary election
1981) Union for French Democracy - Rally
for the Republic coalition elected two depu-
ties; the Socialists elected one; in the 1983
Regional Assembly election, leftist parties
received 45.7% of the vote
Communists: Communist Party small but
has support among sugarcane cutters and the
minuscule Popular Movement for the Liber-
ation of Reunion (MPLR) and in Le Port
District
Economy
Agriculture: cash crops-almost entirely
sugarcane, small amounts of vanilla and per-
fume plants; food crops-tropical fruit and
vegetables, manioc, bananas, corn, market
garden produce, some tea, tobacco, and
coffee; food crop inadequate, most food
needs imported
Major industries: 12 sugar processing mills,
rum distilling plants, cigarette factory, 2 tea
plants, fruit juice plant, canning factory, a
slaughterhouse, and several small shops pro-
ducing handicraft items
Electric power: 180,000 kW capacity (1985);
551 million kWh produced (1985), 1,026
kWh per capita
Exports: $128 million (f.o.b., 1980); 90%
sugar, 5% rum and molasses, 4% perfume
essences, 1 % vanilla and tea
Imports: $871 million (c.i.f., 1980); manu-
factured goods, food, beverages, tobacco,
machinery and transportation equipment,
raw materials, and petroleum products
Aid: economic commitments-Western
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF
(1970-81), $4.0 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 7.974 French
francs= US$1 (31 October 1983)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 2,800 km total; 2,200 km paved,
600 km gravel, crushed stone, or stabilized
earth
Ports: 1 major (Port de la Pointe des Galets
at Le Port)
Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 in, 1 with runways
1,220-2,439 in .
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Reunion (continued)
Telecommunications: adequate system for
needs; modern open-wire line and radio-
relay network; principal. center Saint-Denis;
radiocommunication to Comoros Islands,
France, Madagascar; new radio-relay route,
to Mauritius; 71,500 telephones.(14.0 per
100 popl.); 2 AM, 9 FM stations; 1 TV station
with 17 relay transmitters; 1 Indian Ocean
satellite station
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of France
Military manpower: males 15-49, 156,000;
81,000 fit for military service; 7,000 reach
military age (18) annually
Romania
Land
237,499 km2; slightly smaller than Oregon; ?
44% arable, 27% forest, 19% other agricul-
tural, 10% other
Labor force: 10.5 million (1983); 37.8% in-
dustry, 29.2% agriculture, 33.0% other non-
agricultural (1983)
Government
Official name: Socialist Republic of Roma-
nia
Type: Communist state
Political subdivisions: 40 counties; city of
Bucharest has administrative status equal to
a county
Legal system: mixture of civil law'system
and Communist legal theory that increas-
ingly reflects Romanian traditions; constitu-
tion adopted 1965; legal education at Uni-
versity of Bucharest and two other law
schools; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
Land boundary: 2,969 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm
People
Population: 22,830,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 0.4%
Nationality: noun-Romanian(s);,adjec-
tive-Romanian
Ethnic divisions: 88.1 % Romanian; 7.9%
Hungarian; 1.6% German; 2.4% Ukrainian,
Serb, Croat, Russian, Turk, and Gypsy
Religion: 80% Romanian Orthodox; 6% Ro-
man Catholic; 4% Calvinist, Lutheran, Jew-
ish, Baptist
Language: Romanian, Hungarian, German
Infant mortality rate: 23.9/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: men 69.3, women 71.8
Literacy: 98%
National holiday: Liberation Day, 23
August
Branches: Presidency; Council of Ministers;
Grand National Assembly, under which is
Office of Prosecutor General and Supreme
Court; Council of State
Government leaders: Nicolae
CEAU$ESCU, President of the Socialist Re-
public (head of state; since 1967); Constantin
DASCALESCU, Prime Minister (since May
1982)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age
18
Elections: elections held every five-years for
Grand National Assembly deputies and local
people's councils; last election held March
1985
Political parties and leaders: Communist
Party of Romania only functioning party,
Nicolae Ceau*escu, Secretary General (since
March 1965)
Voting strength: (1985 election) overall par-
ticipation reached 99.99%; of those'regis-
tered to vote (15,733,060), 97.73% voted for
party candidates
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Communists: 3,400,000 (November 1984)
Member of. CEMA, FAO, G-77, GATT,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IFAD, ILO, IMF,
IMO, INTERPOL, IPU, ITC, ITU, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, Warsaw Pact, WFTU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Monetary conversion rate: 17.1 lei=US$1
(September 1985)
Communications
Railroads: 11,106 km total; 10,589 km 1.435-
meter standard gauge, 472 km narrow
gauge, 45 km broad gauge; 3,113 km electri-
fied, 2,642 km double track; government
owned (1983)
Economy
GNP: $117.6 billion in 1984 (1984 dollars
$5,200 per capita; 1984 real growth rate,
4.3%
Natural resources: oil, timber, natural gas,
coal
Agriculture: net exporter; main crops-
corn, wheat, oilseed;, livestock-cattle, hogs,
sheep; consumer and food supplies weak
Fishing: catch 244,000 metric tons (1982)
Major industries: mining, forestry, con-
struction materials, metal production and
processing, chemicals, machine-building,
food processing
Shortages: energy, iron ore, coking coal,
metallurgical coke, cotton fibers, natural
rubber
Crude steel: 14.4 million metric tons pro-
duced (1984), 635 kg per capita
Electric power: 18,768,000 kW capacity
(1985); 76.313 billion kWh produced (1985),
3,351 kWh per capita
Exports: $12.6 billion (f.o.b., 1984); 32.0%
machinery and equipment; 28.0% fuels,
minerals, and metals; 16.0% manufactured
consumer goods; 12.0% agricultural materi-
als and forestry,products; 12.0% other (1984)
Imports: $10.3 billion (f.o.b. 1984); 24.7%
machinery and equipment; 52.6% fuels,
minerals, and metals; 10.8% agricultural and
forestry products; 4.2% manufactured con-
sumer goods; 7.7% other (1984)
Major trade partners: $23.0 billion in 1984;
48% non-Communist countries, 52% Com-
munist countries (1984):
Highways: 73,369 km total; 29,233 km con-
crete, asphalt, stone block; 38,880 km as-
phalt treated, gravel, crushed stone; 5,256
km other (1983)
Pipelines: 2,800 km crude oil; 1,429 km re-
fined products; 6,400 km natural gas
Freight carried: rail-270.5 million metric
tons (1985), 72.3 billion metric ton/km
(1983); highway-469.2 million metric tons
(1983), 8.3 billion metric ton/km (1983); wa-
terway-14.6 million metric tons (1983), 2.3
billion metric ton/km (1983)
Ports: 4 major (Constanta, Galati, Braila,
Mangalia), 7 minor; principal inland water-
way ports are Giurgiu, Turnu Severin, and
Or?ova -
Defense Forces
Branches: Romanian People's Army, Secu-
rity Troops; Patriotic Guard, Air and Air
Defense Forces, Romanian Navy
Military manpower: males 15-49,5,630,000;
4,758,000 fit for military service; 202,000
reach military age (20) annually
Military budget: announced for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1985, 12.3 billion lei;
about 3.4% of total budget
Land
26,338 km2; the size of Maryland; almost all
arable land; about 33% cultivated; about
33% pasture; 9% forest
People
Population: 6,489,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 3.8%
Nationality: noun-Rwandan(s);
adjective-Rwandan
Ethnic divisions: 85% Hutu, 14% Tutsi, 1%
Twa (Pygmoid)
Religion: 65% Catholic, 9% Protestant, 1%
Muslim, rest indigenous beliefs
Language: Kinyarwanda, French (official);
Kiswahili used in commercial centers
Infant mortality rate: 102/1,000 (1985)
Life expectancy: 48
Literacy: 37%
Labor force: 3.6 million (1985); 92% agricul-
ture, 2% industry and commerce, 7% gov-
ernment and services
Government
Official name: Republic of Rwanda
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 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/29: CIA-RDP08-00534R000100170001-4
Rwanda (continued)
Type: republic; presidential system in which
military leaders hold key offices; new consti-
tution adopted 17 December 1978
Agriculture: cash crops-mainly coffee, tea,
some pyrethrum; main food crops-
bananas, cassava; stock raising; self-
sufficiency declining; country imports
foodstuffs
Airfields: 8 total, 8 usable; 2 with
permanent-surface runways;1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 2 with runways
1,220-2,439 m '
Political subdivisions: 10 prefectures, subdi-
vided into 143 communes
Legal system: based on German and Belgian
civil law systems and customary law; judicial
review of legislative acts in the Supreme
Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: National Day, 1 July
Branches: executive (President, 16-member
Cabinet); unicameral legislative (National'
Development Council); judiciary (4 senior
courts, magistrates)
Government leader: Maj. Gen. Juvenal
HABYARIMANA, President and Head of
State (since 1973)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: national elections, including con-
stitutional referendum and presidential
plebiscite, held December 1978; National
Development Council elected and President
reelected in December 1983
Political parties and leaders: National Revo-
lutionary Movement for Development
(MRND), General Habyarimana (officially a
"development movement," not a party)
Member of: AfDB, EAMA, FAO, G=77,
GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD,
IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU,
NAM, OAU, OCAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $1.6 billion (1984), $257 per capita;
real growth rate (1984 est.), 5.5%
Major industries: mining of cassiterite (tin
ore) and wolframite (tungsten ore), tin fac
tory, cement factory, agricultural process-
ing, and production of beer; soft drinks,
soap, furniture, shoes, plastic goods, textiles,
cigarettes
Electric power: 42,000 kW capacity (1985);
110 million kWh produced (1985), 17 kWh
per capita
Exports: $147.9 million (f.o.b., 1984 est.);
mainly coffee, tea; cassiterite, wolf ramite,
pyrethrum
Imports: $204.9 million (c.i.f., 1984 est.);
textiles, foodstuffs, machines, equipment,
capital goods, steel, petroleum products,
cement and construction material
Major trade partners: US, Belgium, FRG,
Kenya
External debt: $225 million (1983), external
Budget: (1983 est.) revenues, $161.5 million;
current expenditures, $164.3 million; devel-
opment expenditures, $30.6 million
Monetary conversion rate: 100.96 Rwanda
francs=US$1 (August 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 5,000 km total; 460 km paved,
1,725 km gravel and/or improved earth,
2,700 km unimproved
Inland waterways: Lake Kivu navigable by
shallow draft barges and native craft
Natural resources: gold, cassiterite, Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
wolframite
208
Telecommunications: fair system with low-
capacity radio-relay system centered on
Kigali; 4,600 telephones (0.1 per 100 popl.); 2
AM, 5 FM, no TV stations; SYMPHONIE
satellite station,1 Indian Ocean satellite sta-
tion
Defense Forces
Branches: Army., paramilitary, Gendar-
merie
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,386,000;
702,000 fit for military service; no conscrip-
tion
Military budget: for fiscal year.ending 31
December 1983, $34.4 million; -14% of cen-
tral government budget
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 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/29: CIA-RDP08-00534R000100170001-4
St. Christopher and Nevis
SRadlera 10 km
lkio ii! Pointtowm Saint
It Christopher-
Caribbean Sea
See regional map 111
1tt,?vrs
Charleata
Land
261 km2; about one-third the size of New
York ,City; :40%. arable, 33% waste and built
on, 17% forest, 10%:pasture
Water
Limits of. territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 135 km
People
'Population: 40,000 (July 1986), average an-
nual growth rate -1.2%
Ethnic divisions: mainly of African Negro
descent
Nationality: noun-Kittsian(s), Nevisian(s);
adjective-Kittsian, Nevisian
Religion: Anglican, other Protestant sects,
Roman Catholic
Language: English
Literacy: 80%
Labor force: 20,000 (1981)
Organized labor: 6,700
Government
Official name: Federation of St. Christopher
and Nevis
Type: independent state within Common-
wealth, recognizing Elizabeth II as Chief of
State
Capital: Basseterre, St. Christopher; Charl-
estown, Nevis
Political subdivisions: 11 districts.
Legal system: based on English common
law; constitution of.1960; highest judicial
organ is Court of Appeal of Leeward and
Windward Islands
Branches: legislative, 11-member popularly
elected House of Assembly; executive, Cabi-
net headed by Prime Minister; separate
Nevis Island Legislature and Nevis Island
Assembly headed by Premier .
Government leaders: Dr. Kennedy
Alphonse SIMMONDS, Prime Minister
(since, 1980.); Sir Clement ARRINDELL,
Governor General (since 1981)
Suffrage: universal adult suffrage
Elections: at least every five years; last elec-
tion held June 1984
Political parties and leaders: St. Christopher
and Nevis Labor Party (SKNLP), Lee
Moore; People's Action Movement (PAM),
Kennedy Simmonds; Nevis Reformation
Party (NRP), Simeon Daniel
Voting strength: (June 1984 election) House
of Assembly-PAM, 6 seats; SKNLP, 2 seats;
NRP, 3 seats
Member of. CARICOM, Commonwealth,
FAO, IBRD, IMF, ISO, OAS, UN
Economy
GNP: $61.9 million (1983), $820 per capita;
4.1 % real growth in 1984
Agriculture: main crops-sugar on St. Chris-
topher, cotton on Nevis
Major industries: sugar processing, tourism,
cotton, salt, copra
Electric power: 12,000 kW capacity (1985);
32 million kWh produced (1985),.780 kWh
per capita
Imports: $47.3 million (1983); foodstuffs,
manufactures, fuel
Major trade partners: exports-50% US,
35% UK; imports-21% UK, 17% Japan,
11 % US (1973)
Aid: economic-bilateral commitments,
including Ex-Im, from Western (non-US)
countries (1970-81), $15 million; no military
aid
Budget: (1982) revenues, $19 million; expen-
ditures, $26 million
Monetary conversion rate: 2.70 East Carib-
bean dollars=US$1(December 1985)
Communications
Railroads: 58 km 0.760-meter narrow gauge
on St. Christopher for sugarcane
Highways: 300 km total; 125 km paved, 125
km otherwise improved, 50 km unimproved
earth
Ports: 1 major-Basseterre, St. Christopher,
and 1 minor-Charlestown, Nevis
Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with
'permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: good interisland
VHF/UH-F/SHF radio connections and
international link via Antigua and Barbuda
and St. Martin; about 2,400 telephones (5.0.
per 100 pop].); 2 AM, 4 TV stations
Defense Forces .
Branches: Royal St. Christopher and Nevis
Police Force
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 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/29: CIA-RDP08-00534R000100170001-4
St. Helena
South
Atlantic
Ocean
Type: British dependent territory
clerical, 5% sales, 9% farming and fishing,
6% transport, 17% crafts,?10% service; 1%
security, and 33% other'
Government ,
Officialname: St. Helena
Imports: food, drink, tobacco, fuel oils,-ani-
mal feed, building materials, motor vehicles
and parts, machinery and parts (1981/82)
Major trade partners: imports-59% UK,
29% South Africa
Aid: development aid from UK-8 million
pounds sterling (1982 est.)
Capital: Jamestown
Ascension and insian
da Cunha islands are
not shown
Political subdivisions: Ascension and ?.
Tristonda Cunha are dependencies of St.
Helena
Legal system: Constitution in effect since
1967; Supreme Court,-
Branches: Executive Council, 12-member
elected Legislative Council"
122 km2 St. Helena; smaller'than Washing-
ton, D. C.; 88 km2 Ascension Island; 104 km2
Tristan da Cunha; 243 hectares cultivable""
land; islands are of volcanic origin and in
elude St. Helena, Ascension Island (no wa-
ter), and the Tristan da Cunha island group
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3.nm..
(200 nm.fishing zone)
People
Population:'7;000 (July 1986), average an-
nual growth rate 1.3%
Nationality: noun-St. Heleinian(s); adjec-
tive-St. Helenian
Religion: Anglican majority; also Baptist,
Seventh Day Adventist, and Roman,Catho-
Infant mortality rate: 22.37/1,000 (1982).
Labor force: large proportifrom employed':'
overseas, particularly on Ascension
Organized labor:'St. Helena General, ?
Workers' Union, 472 members; 10% profes-
sional and technical, 9% mangement and
Government leader: Francis BAKER, Gov-
ernor and Commander in Chief (since 1984)
Elections: general elections held in October
1984.
Political parties and leaders: St. Helena La-
bor Party, G. A. O. Thornton;. St. Helena
Progressive. Party, leader unknown
Voting strengthboth political parties,inac-
tive since 1976
Economy
Natural resources: Ascension-sea turtle
and sooty tern breeding ground; no minerals
Agriculture: maize, potatoes, vegetables;
timber production being developed;.
crawfishing on Tristan da Cunha
Fishing: 453 rnetric,ton catch (1982)
Major industries: crafts (furniture,
lacework, fancy woodwork)
Electric power: 1,700 kW capacity (1985); 3
million kWh produced (1985)"-428 kWh per
capita
Exports: fish (frozen skipjack, tuna, salt-
dried skipjack), handicrafts
Budget: revenue, 5,656,518 pounds sterling;
expenditure, 5,681,933 pounds sterling
(1981/82)
Monetary conversion rate: UK currency; 1
pound sterling= US$1.235 -
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 87 km bitumen sealed roads; 20
km earth roads on St. Helena; 80 km sealed
on Ascension; 2.7 km sealed on Tristan da
Cunha
Ports: Jamestown on St. Helena, George-
town on Ascension, and St. James Bay
Airfields: none on St. Helena; airstrip
(Miracle Miles) near Georgetown on Ascen- ,.
sion; 1 permanent-surface runway
2,440-3,659 on Tristan da Cunha
Telecommunications: 1,500 radio receivers;
no television service; wireless service to
Cape Town and Ascension; telephones 310
(1982); coaxial cable relay point between
South Africa, Portugal, and UK at Ascension
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of the United
Kingdom; United Kingdom Royal Air Force
and United States NASA bases on Ascension
Military manpower: St. Helena Constabu-
lary
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 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/29: CIA-RDP08-00534R000100170001-4
Anse Ia Raye..' Caribbean
Den ti
Sea
Caribbean 5assfrlere
Sea RRrooud
Land
619 km2; about one-fifth the size of Rhode
Island; 50% arable, 23% wasteland and built
on, 19% forest, 5% unused but potentially
productive, 3% pasture ..
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3.nm
(fishing 12 nm)
People
Population: 123,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 1.1 %
Nationality: noun-St. Lucian(s); adjec-
tive-St. Lucian
Ethnic divisions: 90.3% African descent,
5.5% mixed, 3.2% East Indian, 0.8% Cauca-
sian
Religion: 90% Roman Catholic, 7% Protes-
tant, 3% Church of England
Language: English (official), French patois
Infant mortality rate: 27.4/1,000 (1984)
Life expectancy: men 68.3, women,72.4
Literacy: 78%
Labor force: 43,800 (1983 est.); 43.4% agri-
culture, 38.9% services, 17.7% industry and
commerce; 30% unemployment (1984)
Government
Official name: St. Lucia
Type: independent state within Common-
wealth, recognizing Elizabeth'II as Chief of
State
Capital: Castries
Legal system: based on English common
law; constitution of 1960; highest judicial
body is Court of Appeal of Leeward and
Windward Islands
Branches: bicameral legislative (Senate,
House of Assembly); executive, Cabinet
headed by Prime Minister
Government leaders: John G. M. COM-
PTON, Prime Minister (since February
1975); Sir Allen LEWIS, Governor General
(since December 1982)
Suffrage: universal adult over age 18
Elections: every five years; last election held
May 1982
Political parties and leaders: United
Workers' Party (UWP), John Compton; St.
Lucia Labor Party (SLP), Julian Hunte; Pro-
gressive Labor Party (PLP), George Odlum
Voting strength: (1982 election) House of
Assembly-UWP, 14 seats; SLP, 2 seats;
PLP, 1 seat
Communists: negligible
Member of. CARICOM, FAO, G-77, GATT
(de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC,
ILO, IMF, IMO, NAM, OAS, PAHO, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $148.1 million (1984), $1,105 per cap-
ita; 5.0% real GDP growth (1984)
Natural resources: forests, beaches, minerals
(pumice), mineral springs
Agriculture: main crops-bananas, coco-
nuts, sugar, cocoa, spices
Major industries: garments, electronic com-
ponents, beverages, corrugated boxes, tour-
ism, lime processing, tropical agriculture
Shortages: food, machinery, capital goods
Electric power: 20,000 kW capacity (1985);
75 million kWh produced (1985), 615 kWh
per capita
Exports: $49.7 million (f.o.b., 1983);
bananas, cocoa
Imports: $106.8 million (c.i.f., 1983); food-
stuffs, machinery and equipment, fertilizers,
petroleum products
Major trade partners: exports-58% UK,
16% US, 24% CARICOM; imports-37%
US, 13% UK, 17% CARICOM, 9% Trinidad
and Tobago (1984 est.)
Aid: economic-bilateral commitments,
ODA and OOF, Western (non-US) countries
(1970-81), $34 million; no military aid
Budget: (FY84) revenues, $61 million; ex-
penditures, $64 million
Monetary conversion rate: 2.70 East Carib-
bean dollars=US$1 (December 1985)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 760 km total; 500 km paved; 260
km otherwise improved
Ports: 1 major (Castries), 1 minor
Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with'
permanent-surface runways, 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 in, 1 with runways
1,220-2,439
Telecommunications: fully automatic tele-
phone system with 9,500 telephones (8.0 per
100 pop].); direct radio-relay link with Mar-
tinique and St. Vincent and the Grenadines;
interisland troposcatter link to Barbados; 3
AM stations, 1 cable TV station
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal St. Lucia Police Force
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 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/29: CIA-RDP08-00534R000100170001-4
St. Vincent and
the Grenadines
eorgetown
Saint
Vincent
Sea 5 eMustique
e
ca
ce
~ d' canouan
Union Island
Land
389 km2 (including northern Grenadines);
about twice the size of Washington, D. C.;
50% arable, 44% forest, 3% pasture, 3%
waste and built on
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(fishing 12 nm)
Coastline: 84 km
People
Population: 103,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth.rate 0.9%
Nationality: noun-St. Vincentian(s) or
Vincentian(s); adjectives-St. Vincentian or
Vincentian
Ethnic divisions: mainly of African Negro
descent; remainder mixed, with some white,
East Indian, Carib Indian
Religion: Anglican, Methodist, Roman Cath-
olic
Language: English, some French patois
Literacy: 82%
Labor force: 67,000 (1984 est.); about 40%
unemployed (1984)
Organized labor: 10% of labor force
Government
Official name: St. Vincent and the Grena-
dines
Type: independent state within Common-
wealth, recognizing Elizabeth II as Chief of
State
Legal system: based on English common
law; constitution of 1960; highest judicial
body is Court of Appeal of Leeward and
Windward Islands
Branches: bicameral legislature (13-member
elected House of Representatives and
6-member appointed Senate), judiciary (Su-
preme Court)
Government leaders: James "Son" MITCH-
ELL, Prime Minister (since 1984); Sir Joseph
EUSTACE, Governor General (since Febru-
ary 1985)
Suffrage: universal adult at age 18
Elections: every five years; last'held 18 July
1984
Political parties and leaders: New Demo-
cratic Party (NDP), James "Son" Mitchell;
St. Vincent Labor Party (SVLP), Hudson
Tannis; United People's Movement (UPM),
Renwick Rose and Oscar Allen; Movement
for National Unity (MNU), Ralph Gonsalves
Voting strength: (1984 election) House of
Assembly-NDP, 9 seats; SVLP, 4 seats
Member of. CARICOM, FAO, G-77, GATT
(de facto),IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IMF,
IMO, OAS, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU,
WHO
Economy
GNP: $88.9 million (1983), $781 per capita;
3% real growth in 1984
Chateaubelam
Electric power: 16,000 kW capacity (1985);
32 million kWh produced (1985), 314 kWh
per capita
Exports: $42.0 million (f.o.b., 1983 prelim.);
bananas, arrowroot, copra
Imports: $71.4 million (c.i.f., 1983 prelim.);
foodstuffs, machinery and equipment,
chemicals and fertilizers, minerals and fuels
Major trade partners: exports-32% UK,
57% CARICOM, 34% Trinidad and Tobago
(1983); imports 11% UK, 33% US, 32%
CARICOM, 24% Trinidad and Tobago, 6%
Canada (1983 est.)
Aid: economic-bilateral economic commit-
ments, ODA and OOF, from Western (non-
US) countries (1970-81), $25 million; no mili-
tary aid
Budget: (1984) revenues, $32 million; expen-
ditures, $32 million
Monetary conversion rate: 2.70 East Carib-
bean dollars=US$1(December 1985)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: approx. 1,000 km total; 300 km
paved; 400 kin improved; 300 km unim-
proved
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 6 total, 6 usable; 3 with
permanent-surface runways, 1 with run-
ways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: islandwide fully au-
tomatic telephone system with 6,500 sets (4.6
per 100 popl.); VHF/UHF interisland links
to Barbados and the Grenadines; new SHF
links to Grenada and St. Lucia; 2 AM sta-
tions
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal St. Vincent and the Gre-
nadines Police Force
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 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/29: CIA-RDP08-00534R000100170001-4
sovereign, San Marino is vulnetable to pres-
sure from the Italian Government
Casali; Socialist, Party (PSS), Remy Giacom-
ini; Communist Party (PCS), Gilberto
Ghiotti; Unitary Socialist Party (PSU), Em-
ilio Della Balda; Committee for the Defense
of the Republic (CDR), leader unknown
Voting strength: (1983 election) 42.1 % DCS,
24.4% PCS, 14.8% PSS, 13.9% PSU, 2.9%
PSDS
WorgoMaggWWre ?..
*S'iAN MARINO
Faeteno
Fiorentato ='
Monte'
_ Giardino
Land '
62 km2; about one-third the size of Washing-
ton, D. C.; 74% cultivated, 22% meadow and
pasture, 4% built on
Land boundaries: 34 km
People
Population: 23,000 (July 1986), average an-
nual growth rate 0.9%
Nationality: noun-Sanmarinese (sing. and
pl.); adjective-Sanmarinese
Religion: Roman Catholic
Language: Italian
Infant mortality rate: 9.6/1,000 (1983)
Literacy: 97%
Labor force: approx. 4,300
Organized labor: Democratic Federation of
Sanmarinese Workers (affiliated with
ICFTU) has about 1,800 members;
Communist-dominated General Federation
of Labor, 1,400 members
Government
Official name: Republic of San Marino
Type: republic (dates from 4th century
A.D.); in 1862 the Kingdom of Italy con-
cluded a treaty guaranteeing the indepen-
dence of San Marino; although legally
Political subdivisions: San Marino is divided
into 9 "castles"-Acquaviva, Borgo Maggi-
ore, Chiesanuova, Domagnano, Faetano,
Fiorentino, Monte Giardino, San Marino,
Serravalle
Legal system: based on civil law system with
Italian law influences; electoral law of 1926
serves some of the functions of a constitu-
tion; has not accepted compulsory ICJ juris-
diction
National holiday: Anniversary of the Liber-
ation of the Republic, 5 February
Branches: the Grand and General Council is
the legislative body elected by popular vote;
its 60 members serve five-year terms; Coun-
cil in turn elects two'Captains-Regent who
exercise executive power for term of six
months, the Congress of State whose mem-
bers head government administrative de-
partments, and the Council of Twelve, the
supreme judicial body; actual executive
power is wielded by the Secretary of State
for Foreign Affairs and the Secretary of
State for Internal, Affairs'
Government leaders: Giordano'Bruno RE-
FFI (Socialist); Secretary of State for Foreign
and Political Affairs and for Information
(since July 1978); Alvaro SELVA (Commu-
nist), Secretary of State for Internal Affairs
and justice (since July 1978); Dr. Emilio DE-
LLA BALDA (Unitary Socialist), Secretary
of State for Budget, Finance, and Planning
(since July 1978)
Suffrage: universal'(since 1960)'
Elections: elections to the Grand and Gen-
eral Council required at least every five
years; last election was held 29 May 1983
Political parties and leaders: Christian
Democratic Party (DCS), Clara Boscaglia;
Social Democratic Party (PSDS), Alvaro
Communists: approx. 300 members (num-
ber of sympathizers cannot be determined);
the PCS, in conjunction with the PSS, PSU,
and PSDS, has led the government since
1978
Other political parties or pressure groups:
political parties influenced by policies of .
their counterparts in Italy; the two Socialist
parties are not united
Member of: ICJ, International Institute for
Unification of Private Law, International
Relief Union, ITU, IRC, UNESCO, UPU,
WFTU, WHO, WTO; observer status in
NAM
Economy
Principal economic activities of San Marino
are farming, livestock raising, light manu-
facturing, and tourism; the largest,share of.'
government revenue is derived from the sale
of postage stamps throughout the world and
from payments by the Italian Government
in exchange for Italy's monopoly in retailing
tobacco, gasoline, and a few other goods;
main problem is finding additional funds to
finance badly needed water and electric
power systems expansions
Natural resources: building stones
Agriculture: principal crops are wheat (av-
erage annual output about 4,400 metric ton-
s/year) and grapes (average annual output
about 700 metric tons/year); other grains,
fruits, vegetables, and animal feedstuffs are
also grown; livestock population numbers
roughly 6,000 cows, oxen, and sheep; cheese
and hides are most important livestock prod-
ucts
Electric power: power supplied by Italy
(1985)
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San Marino (continued)
Manufacturing: consists mainly of cotton
textile production at Serravalle, brick and
tile production at Dogana, cement produc-
tion at Acquaviva, Dogana, and Fiorentino,
and pottery production at Borgo Maggiore;
some tanned hides, paper, candy, baked
goods, Moscato wine, and gold and silver
souvenirs are also produced
Foreign transactions: dominated by tour-
ism; in summer months 20,000 to 30,000
foreigners visit San Marino every day; sev-
eral hotels and restaurants have been built in
recent years to accommodate them; remit-
tances from Sanmarinese abroad also repre-
sent an important net foreign inflow; com-
modity trade consists primarily of exchang-
ing building stone, lime, wood, chestnuts,
wheat, wine, baked goods, hides, and ceram-
ics for a wide'variety of consumer manufac-
tures
Monetary conversion rate: 1704.0 Italian
lire=US$1(January 1984)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: about 104 km
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: none
Telecommunications: automatic telephone
system serving 7,700 telephones (25.7 per
100 popl.); no radiobroadcasting or televi-
sion facilities
Sao Tome and Principe
llha do
Principe
Gulf
of
Guinea
Neves SAOTOME
llha de
Sao Tome Santa Cruz
See regional map V11
Pedras
Tinhosas
Land
963 km2 (Sao Tome, 855 km2 and Principe,
109 km2; including small islets of Pedras
Tinhosas); slightly larger than New York
City
Water
Limits of territorial .waters: 12 nm (200 nm
exclusive economic zone); maritime limits
measured from claimed "archipelagic
baselines," which generally connect the out-
ermost points of outer islands or drying reefs
People
Population: 108,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.0%
Nationality: noun-Sao Tomean(s); adjec-
tive-Sao Tomean
Ethnic divisions: mestieo, angolares (descen-
dents of Angolan slaves), forros (descendents
of freed slaves), servicais (contract laborers
from Angola, Mozambique, and Cape
Verde), tongas (children of servicais born on
the islands), and Europeans (primarily Por-
tuguese)
Religion: Roman Catholic, Evangelical Prot-
estant, Seventh-Day Adventist
Language: Portuguese (official)
Infant mortality rate: 63/1,000 (1983)
Literacy: est. 50%
Labor force: (1981) 21,096; most of popula-
tion engaged in subsistence agriculture and
fishing; some unemployment; labor short-
ages on plantations and for skilled work
Government
Official name: Democratic Republic of-Sao
Tome and Principe
Type: republic
Capital: Sao Tome
Political''subdivisions: seven counties
Legal system: based on Portuguese law sys-
terii and customary la'w; constitution
adopted December 1975; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holidays: Martyr's Day, 4 Febru-
ary; Independence Day, 12 July; Armed
Forces Day, first week in September (varies);
Farmer's Day, 30 September
Branches: President heads the government
assisted by a cabinet of ministers; unicam-
eral legislature (elected National Popular
Assembly)
Government leader:-Dr. Manuel Pinto DA
COSTA, President (since -1975)
Sufrage: universal for age 18 and over
Elections: da Costa reelected by Popular
Assembly May'1980 and September 1985;
Assembly elections in September 1985
Political parties and leaders: Movement for
the Liberation of Sao Tome and Principe
(MLSTP), Manuel Pinto da Costa
Communists: no Communist party, proba-
bly a few sympathizers,
Member of. AfDB, FAO, G-77, GATT (de
facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO,
IMF, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WHO, WMO
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 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/29: CIA-RDP08-00534R000100170001-4
Economy
GDP: $30 million (1981 est.); per capita in=
come $260 (1983 est.); average annual
growth rate -10% (1981 est.); average infla-
tion rate 10% (1981)
Ports: 1 major (Sao Tome), 1 minor
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with
permanent-surface runways 1,220-2,439 m
FA' d Dammam
Yanby i
Natural resources: agricultural products,
fish
Agriculture: cash crops-cocoa; copra, coco-
nuts, coffee, palm oil, bananas
Fishing: catch 4,050 metric tons (1983)
Major industries: light construction, shirts,
soap, beer, fisheries, shrimp processing
Electric power: 4,300 kW capacity (1985); 7
million kWh produced (1985), 67 kWh per
capita
Exports: $8.8 million (f.o.b., 1981 est.);
mainly cocoa (90%), copra (7%), coffee, palm
oil
Imports: $20.0 million (f.o.b., 1981 est.);
food products, machinery and electrical
equipment, fuels
Major trade partners: main partner Nether-.
lands, followed by Portugal, US, and FRG
Aid: economic commitments-Western
(non-US) countries,?ODA and OOF
(1970-81), $583 million; US (FY77-84), $93.7
million; Communist countries (1970-84), $23
million
Budget: (1981 est.) central government bud-
get $22.0 million; (1979 est.) revenues, $15.7
million; current expenditures, $10.4. million;
capital expenditures, $9.1 million
Monetary conversion rate: 46.2051
dobras=US$1(December 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 300 km, of which two-thirds is
paved; roads on Principe are mostly
unpaved and in need of repair
Telecommunications: minimal system;
2,200 telephones (1.7 per 100 popl.);1 AM, 2
FM, no TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satel-
lite ground station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy
Boundary repre en-- is
not n s-ly -tho, __
Land
Estimated at about 2,149,690 km2 (bound-
aries undefined and disputed); one-third the
size of the US; 98% desert, waste, or urban;
1% agricultural; 1% forest
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (6 nm "necessary supervision zone")
People
Population: 11,519,000 (July 1986), average`
annual growth rate 3.2%
Nationality: noun-Saudi(s); adjective-
Saudi or Saudi Arabian
Ethnic divisions: 90% Arab, 10% Afro-Asian
Religion: 100% Muslim
Language: Arabic
Infant mortality rate: 118/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: 54
Literacy: 52%
Labor force: about one-third (one-half for-
eign) of population; 45% commerce, ser-
vices, government, and other; 30% agricul-
ture; 15% construction; 5% industry; 5% oil
and mining
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Saudi Arabia (continued)
Government
Official name: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Type: monarchy
Capital: Riyadh
Political subdivisions: 14 provinces
Legal system: based on Islamic law, several
secular codes have been introduced; com-
mercial disputes handled by special commit-
tees; has not accepted compulsory ICJ juris-
diction
Electric power: 18,997,500 kW capacity
(1985); 49.925 billion kWh produced (1985),
4,476 kWh per capita
Exports: $40 billion (f.o.b., 1984); 98% petro-
leum and petroleum products
Imports: $35 billion (c.i.f., 1984); manufac
tured goods, transportation equipment, con-
struction materials, and processed food
products
Major trade partners: exports-Japan; US,
France; imports-US, Japan, FRG
popl.); 21 AM, 2 FM, 63 TV stations; 2 Atlan-.
tic and 2 Indian Ocean satellite stations, I
Arab satellite control station; radio-relay to
Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, Qatar, UAE, and
Sudan; coaxial cable to Kuwait; submarine
cable to Djibouti under construction
Defense Forces
Branches: Saudi Arabian Land Forces,
Royal Saudi Naval Forces, Royal Saudi Air
Force, Air Defense Force, Saudi Arabian
National Guard, Frontier Force, Coast
Guard, Special Security Force, Public Secu-
rity Force
Branches: King rules in consultation with
royal family and Council of Ministers
Government leader: FAHD bin'Abd al-
'Aziz Al Sa'ud, King and Prime Minister
(since 1982)
Member of. Arab League, FAO, G-77, GCC,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB-Islamic
Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
IMO, INTELSAT, International Maritime
Satellite Organization, INTERPOL, ITU,
IWC-International Wheat Council, NAM,
OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $108 billion (FY84 est.), $10,335 per
capita; annual growth in nonoil GDP in con-
stant 1969/70 prices approx. 7% (1981-84)
Natural resources: oil, natural gas, iron ore,
gold, copper
Agriculture: dates, grains, livestock; not self-
sufficient in food except wheat
Major industries: crude oil production 3.6
million b/d (1985); oil revenue payments to
Saudi Arabian Government, $28 billion
(FY85); petroleum refining, basic
petrochemicals, cement production and
small steel-rolling mill; several other light
industries, including factories producing
detergents, plastic products, furniture
Budget: FY85 proposed appropriations, $55
billion; current expenditures, $21.5 billion ,
(est.); capital expenditures, $33.5 billion (est.)
Monetary conversion rate: 3.65 Saudi
rivals=US$1(December 1985)
Fiscal year: follows Islamic calendar months
Rajab through Jumada II; the Saudi fiscal
year covers 21 March 1985-10 March 1986
Communications
Railroads: 886 km 1.435-meter standard
gauge
Highways: 67,000 km total; 28,000 km bitu-
minous, 39,000 km gravel and improved
earth
Pipelines: 6,400 km crude oil; 150 km re-
fined products; 2,200 km natural gas, in-
cludes 1,600 km of natural gas liquids
Ports: 7 major (Jiddah [Jeddah], Ad
Dammam, Ras Tanura, Jizan, Al Jubayl,
Yanbu' al Bahr, Yanbu' ai $ina'iyah), 17 mi-
nor
Civil air: 181 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 202 total,.170 usable; 59 with
permanent-surface runways; 10 with run-
ways over 3,659 in, 25 with runways
2,440-3,659 in, 96 with runways 1,220-
2,439 in
Telecommunications: good system exists,
major expansion program completed with
extensive microwave and coaxial cable sys-
tems; 960,000 telephones (14.0 per 100
Military manpower: males 15-49,3,079,000;
1,760,000 fit for military service; about
106,000 reach military age (18) annually
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Senegal
Boundary ep,e emat on Is
oof lecessardy amno,nan,e
Land
196,192 km2; the size of South Dakota; 40%
agricultural (12% cultivated); 13% forest;
47% built up, waste, or other
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed):
12 nm
People
Population: 6,980,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 3.3%
Nationality: noun-Senegalese (sing. and
pl.); adjective-Senegalese
Ethnic divisions: 36% Wolof, 17% Fulani,
17% Serer, 9% Toucouleur, 9% Diola, 9%
Mandingo, 1% European and Lebanese
Religion: 92% Muslim, 6% indigenous be-
liefs, 2% Christian (mostly Roman Catholic)
Language: French (official); Wolof, Pulaar,
Diola, Mandingo
Infant mortality: 140./1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: 45.5
Literacy: 10%
Labor force: 2,509,000; 77% subsistence ag-
ricultural workers; 175,000 wage earners-
40% private sector, 60% government and
parapublic
Organized labor: majority of wage=labor
force represented by unions; however, dues-
paying membership very limited; major
confederation is National Confederation of
Senegalese Labor (CNTS), an affiliate of gov-
erning party
Government
Official name: Republic of Senegal
Type: republic under multiparty demo-
cratic rule; (early in 1982, Senegal and The
Gambia formed a loose confederation
named Senegambia, which calls for the
eventual integration of their armed forces
Political subdivisions: 8 regions; subdivided
into 28 departments, 95 arrondissements
Legal system: based on French civil law '
system; constitution adopted 1960, revised
1963, 1970, and 1981; judicial review of leg-
islative acts in Supreme Court, which also
audits the government's accounting office;
legal education at University of'Dakar; has
not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 4
April
Branches: government dominated by the
President; unicameral legislature (120-
member National Assembly), elected for five
years; President elected for five-year term
by universal suffrage; judiciary headed by
Supreme Court, with members appointed
by President %
Government leaders: Abdou DIOUF, Presi-
dent (since January 1981)
Elections: presidential and legislative elec-
tions held February 1983;? Socialist Party
holds' 111 of 120 seats
Political parties and leaders: Socialist Party :
(PS), Abdou Diouf; Senegalese Democratic
Party (PDS), Abdoulaye Wade; 13 other
small uninfluential parties
Communists: small number of Communists
and sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: students,
teachers, labor, Muslim Brotherhood .
Member of. AfDB, APC, CEAO, EAMA,
ECA, ECOWAS, EIB (associate), FAO,
G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
IDB-Islamic Development Bank, IFAD,
IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAU, OCAM,
OIC, OMVS (Organization for the Develop-
ment of the Senegal River Valley), UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $2.3 billion (1984), $360 (1984) per
capita; real growth -4.2% in 1983
Agriculture: main crops-peanuts (primary
cash crop); millet, sorghum, manioc, maize,;
rice, livestock; deficit-production of food
Fishing: catch 230,000 metric tons (1984);
exports $120 million (1984)
Major industries: fishing, agricultural pro-
cessing plants, light manufacturing, mining
Electric power: 187,000 kW capacity (1985);'
737 million kWh produced (1985), 109 kWh
per capita
Exports: $525 million (f.o.b., 1984); peanuts
and peanut products, phosphate rock, fish,
petroleum products (reexport) ? -
consumer goods, machinery, transport
equipment, petroleum
and franc zone
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Senegal (continued)
Budget: (1984/85) public revenues, $467
million; current expenditures, $489 million;
capital expenditures, $75 million
Monetary conversion rate: about 475 Com-
munaute Financiere Africaine (CFA)
francs=US$1(1985)
Communications
Railroads: 1,034 km 1.000-meter gauge; 70
km double track
Highways: 13,898 km total; 3,461 km paved,
6,741 km gravel or graded earth, 3,696 km
of unimproved roads
Inland waterways: 1,505 km
Ports: 1 major (Dakar), 2 minor
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 25 total, 21 usable; 10 with
permanent-surface runways;1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 in, 16 with runways
1,220-2,439 in
Telecommunications: above-average urban
system, using radio-relay and cable; 40,200
telephones (0.8 per 100 popl.); 8 AM, no FM
stations; 1 TV station; 3 submarine cables; 1
Atlantic Ocean satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramili-
tary Gendarmerie
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,551,000;
782,000 fit for military service; 72,000 reach
military age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30
June 1985, $66.9 million; about 8.8% of cen-
tral government budget..
Seychelles
Aldabra
;Islands
Cosmoledo
Group
VICTORIA*
Amirante Mahe
Isles Island
Farquhar
Group
Land
280 km2; less than two-thirds the size of New
York City; 54% arable land, nearly all culti-
vated; 17% woods and forest; 29% other
(mainly reefs and other surfaces unsuited for
agriculture); 40 granitic and 50 or more
coralline islands
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone); mari-
time limits measured from claimed "archi-
pelagic baselines," which generally connect
the outermost points of outer islands or dry-
ing reefs
Coastline: 491 km, (Mahe Island 93 km)
People
Population: 67,000 (July 1986), average an-
nual growth rate 1.2%
Nationality: noun-Seychellois (sing. and
pl.); adjective-Seychelles
Ethnic divisions: Seychellois (mixture of
Asians, Africans, Europeans)
Religion: 90% Roman Catholic, 8% Angli-
can, 2% other
Language: English and French (official);
Creole
Literacy: 60%
Labor force: 1984 (prelim.) formal employ-
ment (all sectors)-38.4.government, 30.7%
parastatal, 30.8% private; formal'employ-
ment (by sector)-49.0% industry and com-
merce, 39.0% services, 11.5% agriculture,..
forestry, and fishing
Organized labor: 3 major trade unions
Government
Official name: Republic of Seychelles
Type: republic; member of the Common-
wealth
Capital: Victoria, Mahe Island
Legal system: based on English common
law, French civil law, and customary law
National holidays: 5 and 29 June
Branches: President, Council of Ministers,'
People's Assembly ' I .
Government leader: France Albert RENE,
President (since June 1979)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: general election held June 1979,
gave 98% approval to Rene as only presiden-
tial candidate on yes/no ballot; reelected in
June 1984 with 92% of vote
Political parties and leaders: Rene, who
heads the Seychelles People's Progressive
Front, came to power by a military coup in
June 1977; until then he.had been Prime
Minister in an uneasy coalition with then
President James Mancham, who headed the
Seychelles Democratic Party; Rene banned
the Seychelles Democratic Party in March
1978 and announced a new constitution in
March 1979 that turned the country into a
one-party state
Communists: negligible, although some
Cabinet ministers espouse pro-Soviet line
Other political or pressure groups: trade
unions, church
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Member of. AfDB, FAO, G-77, GATT (de
facto), IBRD, ICAO, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
IMO, INTERPOL, NAM, OAU, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $150 million (1983 prelim.); $2,320
per capita (1984 est.); real growth rate
-1.8% (1984 prelim.)
Natural resources: fish, copra, spices
Agriculture: islands depend largely on'coco-
nut production and export of copra; cinna-
mon, vanilla, and patchouli (used for per-
fumes) are other cash crops; food crops-
small quantities of sweet potatoes, cassava,
sugarcane, and bananas; islands not self-
sufficient in foodstuffs and the bulk of the
supply must be imported; fish is'an impor=
tant food source
Major industries: tourism is largest industry;
processing of coconut and vanilla, fishing,
small-scale manufacture of consumer goods,
coir rope factory, tea factory
Electric power: 20,000 kW.capacity (1985);
58 million kWh produced (1985), 878 kWh
per capita
Exports: $4.4 million (f.o.b.., 1984 prelim.);
fish, copra, cinnamon bark'
Imports: $72.7 million (f.o.b.,1984 prelim.);
manufactured goods, food, tobacco, bever-
ages; machinery and transport equipment,
and petroleum products
Major trade partners: exports-Pakistan,
France, Reunion, UK, Mauritius; imports-
Bahrain, UK, South Africa, Singapore,
Japan, France
Aid: economic commitments-Western
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF
(1978-83), $216 million; US (FY78-84), $11
million; Communist countries (1970-84), $32
million
Budget: (1984) revenues; $61 million; grants,
$4 million; current expenditures, $64 mil-
lion; capital expenditures, $'1"1 million; net
lending, $3.5 million
Monetary conversion rate: 6.80 Seychelles
rupees=US$1(31 October 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 215 km total; 145 km bitumi-
nous, 70 km crushed stone or earth
Ports: 1 port (Victoria); development under-
way will double capacity
Airfields: 14 total, 14 usable; 2 with
permanent-surface runways;1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 in
Telecommunications: direct radio commu-
nications with adjacent islands and African
coastal countries; 91100 telephones (14.1 per
100 popl.); 2 AM, no FM stations; 1 TV sta-
tion; 1 Indian Ocean satellite station; USAF
tracking station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 16,000;
8,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1985, $8.5 million, 9.5% of cen-
tral government budget
Land
71,740 km2; slightly smaller than South
Carolina; 65% arable (6% cultivated), 27%
pasture, 4% swamp, 4% forest
Land boundaries: 933 kin
Water'
Limits of territorial waters (claimed):
200 nm
Coastline: 402 km
People
Population: 3,987,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.6%
Nationality: noun-Sierra Leonean(s); ad-
jective-Sierra Leonean
Ethnic divisions: over 99% native African
(30% Temne,'30% Mende, 2% Creole), rest
European and Asian; 13 tribes
Religion: 30% Muslim, 30% indigenous be-
liefs, 10% Christian, 30% other or none
Language:. English (official); regular use lim-
ited to literate minority; principal vernacu-
lars are Mende in south and Temne in north;
"Krio," the language of the resettled exslave
population of the Freetown area, is lingua
franca
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Sierra Leone (continued)
Labor force: about 1.5 million; most of pop-
ulation engages in subsistence agriculture;
only small minority, some 65,000,earn
wages
Organized labor: 35% of wage earners
Government
Official name: Republic of Sierra Leone
Type: republic under presidential regime
since April 1971
Political parties and leaders: All People's
Congress (APC), headed by Momoh
Communists: no party, although there are a
few Communists and a slightly larger num-
ber of sympathizers
Member of. AfDB, AIOEC, Common-
wealth, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77,
GATT, IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
IDB-Islamic Development Bank, IFAD,
IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IPU,
IRC, ITU, Mano River Union, NAM, OAU,
OIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO,
WTO
Monetary conversion rate: (official) 2.5
leones=US$1(October 1983)
Communications
Railroads: about 84 km 1.067-meter narrow
gauge privately owned mineral line oper-
ated by the Sierra Leone Development
Company
Highways: 7,460 km total; 1,225 km bitumi-
nous, 490 km laterite (some gravel), re-
mainder improved earth
Political subdivisions: 3 provinces and the
Western Area; divided into 12 districts with
146 chiefdoms, where paramount chief and
council of elders constitute basic unit of gov-
ernment; plus Western Area, which com-
prises Freetown and other coastal areas of
the former colony
Legal system: based on English law and cus-
tomary laws indigenous to local tribes; con-
stitution adopted 1978; highest court of ap-
peal is the Sierra Leone Court of Appeals;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdic-
tion
National holiday: Republic Day, 19 April
Branches: executive authority exercised by
President; unicameral parliament consists of
104 authorized seats, 85 of which are filled
by elected representatives of constituencies
and 12 by Paramount Chiefs elected by fel-
low Paramount Chiefs in each district; Presi-
dent authorized to appoint up to seven
members; independent judiciary,
Government leader: Gen. Joseph MOMOH,
President (since 28 November 1985); Francis
MINAH, First Vice President (since Novem-
ber 1985); A. B. KARMARA, Second Vice
President (since November 1985)
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: the Constitution of Sierra Leone
Act,-1971, has been replaced by the Consti-
tution of Sierra Leone, 1978, which provides
for one-party rule
Economy
GDP: (current factor cost) $1 billion
(1983/84 est.); real growth rate 0.5%
(1983/84)
Natural resources: diamonds, rutile, baux-
ite, iron ore, gold, chromite
Agriculture: main crops-palm kernels,
coffee, cocoa, rice, yams, millet, ginger, cas-
sava; much of cultivated land devoted to
subsistence farming; food crops insufficient
for domestic consumption
Fishing: catch 53,000 metric tons (1983)
Major industries: mining-diamonds, iron
ore, bauxite, rutile; manufacturing bever-,
ages, textiles, cigarettes, construction goods;
1 oil refinery
Electric power: 65,000 kW capacity (1985);
113 million kWh produced (1985), 29 kWh
per capita
Exports: $104 million (f.o.b., 1983/84); dia-
monds, iron ore, palm kernels, cocoa, coffee
Imports: $126 million (f.o.b., 1983/84); ma-
chinery and transportation equipment,,
manufactured goods, foodstuffs, petroleum
products
Major trade partners: UK, EC, US, Japan,
Communist countries
Budget: (1983/84) revenues, $109 million;
current expenditures, $146 million; develop-
ment expenditures, $68 million
Inland waterways: 800 kin; 600 km naviga-
ble year round
Airfields: 14 total, 11 usable; 5 with
permanent-surface runways; l with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 in, 3 with runways
1,220-2,439 in
Telecommunications: fair telephone and
telegraph service; 16,000 telephones (0.5 per
100 pop1.); 1 INTELSAT Atlantic Ocean
satellite ground station; 3 AM, 1 FM, 2 TV
stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy
Military manpower: males 15-49, 876,000;
425,000 fit for military service; no conscrip-
tion
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Singapore
' Sentosa
Singapore Strait
Main Strait
Land
618 km2; smaller than New York City; 31%
built on, roads, railroads, and airfields; 22%
agricultural; 47% other
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(fishing, as defined by treaties and practices)
People
Population: 2,584,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 1.1 %
Nationality: noun-Singaporean(s), adjec-
tive-Singapore
Ethnic divisions: 76.4% Chinese, 14.9%
Malay, 6.4% Indian, 2.3% other
Religion: majority of Chinese are Buddhists
or atheists; Malays nearly all Muslim; minor-
ities include Christians, Hindus, Sikhs,
Taoists, Confucianists
Language: Chinese, Malay, Tamil, and
English (official); Malay (national)
Infant mortality rate: 9.4/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: men 69, women 74
Literacy: 84.2%
Labor force: 1,174,827 (June 1984); 29.2%
services, 27.4% manufacturing, 22.6% trade,
10.4% transport and communication, 8.5%
construction, 0.8% agriculture and fishing;
2.7% unemployment (June 1984)
Organized labor: 18.6% of labor force
Government
Official name: Republic of Singapore
Type: republic within Commonwealth
Legal system: based on English common
law; constitution based on preindependence
State of Singapore constitution; legal educa-
tion at University of Singapore; has not ac
cepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: ceremonial President; executive
power exercised by Prime Minister and Cab-
inet responsible to unicameral legislature
(Parliament)
Government leaders: WEE Kim Wee, Presi-
dent (since September 1985); LEE Kuan
Yew, Prime Minister (since June 1959)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age
20
Elections: normally held every five years;
last held 1984
Political parties and leaders: government-
People's Action Party (PAP), Lee Kuan Yew;
opposition-Barisan Sosialis (BS), Dr. Lee
Siew Choh; Workers' Party (WP), J. B.
Jeyaretnam; United People's Front (UPF),
Harbans Singh; Singapore Democratic Party
(SDP), Chiam See Tong; Communist Party
illegal
Voting strength: (1984 election) PAP won
77 of 79 seats in Parliament and received
63% of the vote; WP and SDP won one seat
each
Communists: 200-500; Barisan Sosialis infil-
trated by Communists
Member of. ADB, ANRPC, ASEAN, Co-
lombo Plan, Commonwealth, ESCAP, G-77,
GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IFC, IHO,
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
IPU, ISO, ITU, NAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $17.6 billion (1984 est.), $7,000 per
capita; 8.7% average annual real growth
(1973-83), -1.7% (1985)
Agriculture: occupiesa position of minor
importance in the economy, self-sufficient in
pork (but pig farming outlawed as of 1985),
poultry, and eggs; must import much of its
other food requirements; major crops-rub-
ber, copra, fruit and vegetables
Fishing: catch 22,763 metric tons (1984),
imports-97,976 metric tons (1984), exports
55,666 metric.tons (1984)
Major industries: petroleum refining, elec-
tronics, oil drilling equipment, rubber pro-
cessing and rubber products, processed food
and beverages, ship repair, entrepot trade,
financial services, biotechnology
Electric power: 3,388,000 kW capacity
(1985); 9.865 billion kWh produced (1985),
3,860 kWh per capita
Exports: $24.1 billion (f.o.b., 1984); manu-
factured goods, petroleum, rubber, electron-
ics
Imports: $28.7 billion (c.i.f., 1984); major
retained imports-capital equipment, man-
ufactured goods, petroleum
Major trade partners: exports-US, Malay-
sia, Japan, Hong Kong, Thailand, Australia,
FRG; imports-Japan, US, Malaysia, Saudi
Arabia
Aid: economic commitments-Western
(non-US) countries (1970-83), $562. million;
US, including Ex-Im (FY70-80), $575 mil-
lion; military-US (FY70-84), $2 million
Budget: (1984) revenues, $5.4 billion; expen-
ditures, $3.9 billion; lending minus repay-
ment, $0.5 billion; surplus, $1.0 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 2.13 Singapore
dollars=US$1(5 February 1986)
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Singapore (continued).
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications .
Railroads: 38 km.of 1.000-meter gauge .
Highways: 2,314 km total (1980); 2,006. km
paved, 308 km crushed stone or improved
earth
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 3 major, 2.minor .
Civil air: approx. 30 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 6 total, 6 usable; 6 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways over 3,659.m, 2 with runways
2,440-3,659 m,1 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: good domestic facili-
ties;.good international-service; good radio,
and television broadcast coverage; 700,000
telephones (26.5 per 100 popl.);13 AM, 4
FM, 2 TV stations; submarine cables extend
to Hong Kong via Sabah (Malaysia), Philip-
pines; 1 ground station to Hong Kong via
Sabah (Malaysia);1 ground satellite, station.
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Army
Reserve, Singapore Armed Forces,(SAF).
Military manpower: males 15-49, 771,000;
604,000 fit for military service.
Military budget: announced for fiscal year
ending 31 March 1986, $1.1 billion; about
11.4% of central government budget
Choiseul
' .antaIsabel
Vandina
Santa
Cruz
Land
NOTE: This archipelagic nation includes
the southern Solomon Islands, primarily
Guadalcanal, Malaita, San Cristobal, Santa
Isabel, and Choiseul; the northern Solomon
Islands constitute part of Papua New
Guinea.
Land
About 29,785 km?; slightly larger than
Maryland
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
People
Population: 283,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 3.5%
Nationality: noun-Solomon Islander(s);
adjective-Solomon Islander
Ethnic divisions: 93.0% Melanesian, 4.0%
Polynesian, 1.5% Micronesian, 0.8% Euro-
pean, 0.3% Chinese, 0.4% other
Religion: almost all at least nominally Chris-
tian; Roman Catholic, Anglican, and Meth-,
odist churches dominant
South
Pacific
Ocean
Life expectancy: 54
Literacy: 60%
Labor force: 20,631 economically active
(1980); 30.0% forestry and fishing 28.2% so-
cial services, 10.8% manufacturing, 9.6%
commerce, 7.7% construction, 7.1 % trans-
portation and communications
Government
Official name: Solomon Islands
Type: independent parliamentary state
within Commonwealth
Capital: Honiara on the island of
Guadalcanal
Political subdivisions: 4 administrative dis-
tricts
Legal system: a High Court plus Magistrates
Courts; also a system of native courts
throughout the islands
Branches: executive authority in Governor
General; unicameral legislature (38-member
National Parliament)
Government leaders: Sir Baddeley
DEVESI, Governor General (since July.
1978); Sir Peter KENILOREA,.Prime Minis-
ter (since November 1984)
Suffrage: universal adult at age 21
Elections: every four years; last held Octo-.
ber 1984
Political parties and leaders: United Party,
Sir Peter Kenilorea; People's Alliance Party,
Solomon Mamaloni, National Democratic
Party, Bartholemew Ulufa'alu
Member of. ADB, Commonwealth, ESCAP,
G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, IDA, IFAD,
IFC, ILO, IMF, SPF, UN, UPU, WHO
Economy
GDP: $131 million (1982), $520 per capita
Natural resources: forests, agricultural land,
marine shell, some minerals, water
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Agriculture: largely dominated by coconut
production with subsistence crops of yams,
taro, bananas; self-sufficient in rice
Electric power: 15,000 kW capacity (1985);
30 million kWh produced (1985), 110 kWh
per capita
Exports: $93.7 million (1984); copra, timber,
fish
Imports: $79.2 million (c.i:f.; 1984)
Major trade partners: exports-Japan 37%,
UK 11%, Australia 3%; imports-Australia
31%, Singapore 16%, Japan 15%, UK 9%
(1981)
Aid: economic commitments from Western
(non-US) countries, ODA (1979), $13:3 mil-
lion
Budget: (1979)' million revenues, $22.45 mil-
lion; expenditures, $37.3 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1.44 Australian
dollars=US$1(6 February 1986)
Communications
Railroad: none
Highways: 834 km total; 241 km sealed or
all-weather
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 5 minor (including Honiara, Gizo,
Yandina)
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 24 total, 22 usable; 2 with
permanent-surface runways; 4 with run-
ways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: 2,000 telephones; 4
AM, no FM, no TV stations; no TV sets; one
ground satellite station
Labor force: about 2.2 million; very few are
skilled laborers; 70% pastoral nomad, 30%
agriculturists, government employees, trad-
ers, fishermen, handicraftsmen, other
Bider
~y6era Gass7n%
?14alrgs5raa Game
Boundary rcpresenlalion is
not nr,cissa,,Iy a,thonlat,,e
Land
637,657 km2; slightly smaller than Texas;
32% grazing; 14% scrub and forest; 13% ara-
ble (0.3% cultivated); 41 % mainly desert,
urban, or other
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200
nm
Coastline: 3,025 km
People
Population: 7,825,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 3.0%
Nationality: noun-Somali(s); adjective
Somali
Ethnic divisions: 85% Somali, rest mainly
Bantu; 30,000 Arabs, 3,000 Europeans, 800
Asians
Religion: almost entirely Sunni Muslim
Language: Somali (official); Arabic, Italian,'
English
Infant mortality rate: 150/1,000 (1984)
Life expectancy: 43.9
Literacy: 60%
Organized labor: General Federation of
Somali Trade Unions, a
government-controlled organization, estab-
lished in 1977
Government
Official name: Somali Democratic Republic
Type: republic
Political subdivisions: 18 regions, 60 dis-
tricts
National holiday: 21 October
Branches: President dominates political sys-
tem; Cabinet carries out day-to-day govern-
ment functions; unicameral legislature (Na-
tional People's Assembly) exists but has little
power
Government leader: Maj. Gen. Mohamed
SIAD Barre, President and Commander in
Chief of the Army (since October 1969)
Political-party and leader: the Somali Revo-
lutionary Socialist Party (SRSP), created on 1
July 1976, is the sole legal party; Maj. Gen.
Mohamed Siad Barre is general secretary of
the SRSP
Elections: parliamentary elections held 31
December 1984
Communists: probably some Communist
sympathizers in the government hierarchy
Member of. AfDB, Arab League, EAMA,
FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB-Is-
lamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO,
IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU,
NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WFTU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $1.875 million (1982 est.), $380 per
capita
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Somalia (continued)
Natural resources: uranium, iron, tin, gyp-
sum, bauxite
Agriculture: mainly a pastoral country, rais-
ing livestock; crops-bananas, sugarcane,
cotton, cereals
Major industries: a few small industries,
including sugar refining, tuna, beef canning,
textiles, iron rod plant, and petroleum re-
fining
Electric power: 63,600 kW capacity (1985);
83 million kWh produced (1985), 10 kWh
per capita
Exports: $107 million (f.o.b., 1985 est.); live-
stock, hides, skins, bananas
Imports: $561 million (c.i.f., 1985 est.); tex-
tiles, cereals, transport equipment, machin-
ery, construction materials and equipment,
petroleum products; also military materiel
in 1977 %
Major trade partners: exports-Saudi
Arabia 65.8%, Italy 14.1% (1983); imports-
Italy 28.1 %, Saudi Arabia 15.5%, US 12%
(1983)
External debt: $1.5 billion (1985 est.); exter-
nal debt service 48% of exports of goods and
services
Budget: (1983 est. in percent of GDP) reve-
nues and grants, 13.9%; current expendi-
tures, 7.2%; investment expenditures, 10%
Monetary conversion rate: official rate-
40.6 Somali shillings=US$1; legal free mar=
ket-100 Somali shillings=US$1(October
1985)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 17,215 km total; 2,335 km bitu-
minous surface, 2,880 km gravel, and 12;000
km improved earth or stabilized soil
Ports: 3 major (Mogadishu, Berbera,
Chisimayu)
Airfields: 63 total, 49 usable; 6 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 5 with runways
2,440-3,659 m; 19 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: poor telephone and`_
telegraph service; radio-relay system cen-
tered on Mogadishu connects a few towns;
6,000 telephones (0.2 per 100 popl.); 1 Indian
Ocean satellite station; 2 AM, nb FM sta-
tions; 1 TV station
Defense Forces
Branches: Somali National Army (including
Navy, Air Force, and Air Defense Force),
National Police Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,528,000;
825,000 fit for military service; no conscrip-
tion
PRETORIA
~,fdhennesburg
South
Atlantic Klawar
Ocean
Capeitown s
.,,....... Durban
a East London
Port Elizabeth
"' Mosselbaa,
rLIm ley ? ith
Land -
1,221,037 km2 (includes exclave of Walvis
Bay, 1,124 km2; Transkei, 44,000 km2, and
Bophuthatswana, 38,000 km2); four-fifths
the-size of Alaska; 86% desert, waste, or ur-
ban; 12% cultivable; 2% forest
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm fishing zone)
Coastline: 2,881 km, including Transkei
People
Population: 33,241,000 (July 1986), includ-
ing ing Bophuthatswana, Ciskei, Kwazulu,
Lebowa, Transkei, and Venda; average an-
nual growth rate 2.4%; Bophuthatswana
1,688,000 (July 1986), average annual
growth rate 3.9%; Ciskei 781,000 (July 1986),
average annual growth rate. 2.3%; Kwazulu
4,554,000 (July 1986),-average annual
growth rate 4.6%; Lebowa 2,310,000 (July,
1986), average annual growth rate 4.5%;
Transkei 3,063,000 (July 1986), average an--
nual growth rate 3.4%; Venda 423,000 (July
1986), average annual.growth rate 2.7%
Nationality: noun-South African(s); adjec-
tive-South African
Ethnic divisions: 69.9% African, 17.8%
white, 9.4% colored, 2.9% Indian
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Religion: most whites and coloreds and
roughly 60% of Africans are Christian;
roughly 60% of Indians are Hindu, 20%
Muslim
Language: Afrikaans, English (official); Afri-
cans have many vernacular languages, in-
cluding Zulu, Xhosa, North and South Sotho,
Tswana
Branches: state president is chief of state,
head of government, and chairman of cabi-
net; tricameral legislature-House of As-
sembly (whites), House of Representatives
(coloreds), and House of Delegates (Indians)
elected directly by respective racial elector-
ates; judiciary maintains substantial inde-
pendence of government influence
Member of. GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
IDA, IFC, IHO, International Lead and
Zinc Study Group, IMF, INTELSAT, ISO,
ITU, IWC-International Whaling Com-
mission, IWC-International Wheat Coun-
cil, UN, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WSG (membership rights in IAEA,
ICAO, ITU, WHO, WIPO, and WMO sus-
pended or restricted)
Infant mortality rate: whites 14.9/1,000
(1982), coloreds 80.6/1,000 (1982), blacks
80.6/1,000 (1982), Asians 25.3/1,000 (1982),
Africans unknown
Life expectancy: whites 70, coloreds 59,
blacks 59, Asians 66, Africans 55
Literacy: almost all white population liter-
ate; government estimates 50% of Africans
literate
Labor force: 11 million economically active
(1985); 34% services, 30% agriculture, 29%
industry and commerce, 7% mining
Organized labor: about 7% of totaLlabor
force is unionized (mostly white workers);
African unions represent less than 15% of
black labor force
Government
Official name: Republic of South Africa
Capital: administrative, Pretoria; legislative,
Cape Town; judicial, Bloemfontein
Political subdivisions: 4 provinces, each
headed by centrally appointed administra-
tor; provincial councils, elected by white
electorate, retain limited powers; numerous
districts; 10 homelands' administered in
areas set aside for black Africans
Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law
and English common law; constitution en-
acted 1961, changing the Union of South
Africa into a republic; accepts compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Government leaders: Pieter Willem
BOTHA, State President (since September
1984)
Suffrage: general suffrage limited to whites
over 18 (17 in Natal Province) and to
coloreds and Indians over 18
Elections: must be held at least every five
years; last white election April 1981; last
colored and Indian elections August 1984;
because of the introduction of a new consti-
tution in 1984, the next white elections prob-
ably will be delayed until 1989 to coincide
with nonwhite elections
White political parties and leaders: Na-
tional Party,-P: W. Botha; Progressive Fed-
eral Party, Colin Eglin; New Republic Party,
Bill Sutton; Conservative Party, Dr. Andries
P. Treurnicht; Herstigte National Party,
Jaap Marais
Colored political parties and leaders: Labor
Party, Allan Hendrickse (majority party);
People's Congress Party, Peter Marais
Indian political parties and leaders: Na-
tional People's Party, Amichand Rajbansi
(majority party); Solidarity, J. N. Reddy
Voting strength: white parliamentary
seats-National Party, 127; Progressive Fed-
eral Party, 27; Conservative Party, 18; New
Republic, 5; Herstigte National Party, 1
Communists: small Communist Party illegal
since 1950; party in exile maintains head-
quarters in London; Joe Slovo
Other political groups: (insurgent groups in
exile) African National Congress (ANC),
Oliver Tambo; Pan-Africanist Congress
(PAC), Johnson Mlambo
Economy
GDP: $73 billion (1984), about $2,500 per
capita; 4.5% real growth in 1984
Natural resources: gold, chromium, anti-
mony, coal, iron, manganese, nickel, phos-
phates, tin, uranium, gem diamonds, plati-
num, copper, vanadium
Agriculture: main crops-corn, wool,
wheat, sugarcane, tobacco, citrus fruits;
dairy products; self-sufficient in foodstuffs
Major industries: mining, automobile as-
sembly, metalworking, machinery, textile,
iron and steel, chemical, fertilizer
Electric power: 26,150,000 kW capacity
(1985); 137.444 billion kWh produced
(1985), 4,233 kWh per capita
Exports: $19.6 billion (f.o.b., 1984, including
gold); gold, coal, diamonds, corn, uranium;
other mineral and agricultural products; net
gold output $8.1 billion (1984)
Imports: $14.9 billion (f.o.b., 1984); machin-
ery, motor vehicle parts, petroleum prod-
ucts, textiles, chemicals
Major trade partners: US, FRG, Japan, UK;
member of Southern African Customs
Union
Budget: (FY1984/85) revenues, $16.4 bil-
lion; current expenditures, $18.8 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 2.3 South Afri-
can rand=US$1(29 January 1986)
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South Africa (continued)
Communications
Railroads: 36,499 km total (includes Nam-
ibia); 35,793 km 1.067-meter gauge, of
which 6,830 km are multiple track, 16,271
km electrified; 706 km single track
Highways: 229,690 km total; 80,796 km
paved, 148,894 km crushed stone, gravel, or
improved earth
Pipelines: 931 km crude oil; 1,748 km re-
fined products; 322 km natural gas
Ports: 7 major (Durban, Cape Town, Port
Elizabeth, Richards'Bay, Saldanha Bay, East
London, and Mosselbaai)
Airfields:-922 total, 829 usable; 112 with
permanent-surface runways; 3 with run-
ways over 3,659 in, 10 with runways
2,440-3,659 in, 207 with runways
1,220-2,439 in
Telecommunications: the system is the best
developed, most modern, and highest capac-
ity in Africa and consists of carrier-equipped
open-wire lines, coaxial cables, radio-relay
links, and radiocommunication stations; key
centers are Bloemfontein, Cape Town,
Durban, Johannesburg, Port Elizabeth, and
Pretoria; 3.47 million telephones (13.4 per
100 popl.); 14 AM, 286 FM, 67 main TV sta-
tions with 450 relay transmitters; 1 subma-
rine cable; 1 satellite station with 1 Indian
Ocean and 2 Atlantic Ocean antennas
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Medical
Services
Military manpower: males 15-49, 7,917,000;
4,770,000 fit for military service; 286,000
reach military age (18) annually; obligation
for service in Citizen Force or Commandos
begins at 18; volunteers for service in perma-
nent force must be 17; national service obli-
gation is two years; figures do not include
Bophuthatswana, Transkei, and Venda
The Unned state, G,.emment nas not ,,,,g ,,,d
the ~oaapoeanon of Estonia. Latch, and I. nn`
o the Soviet Union. 00,, bountla,y representation
esa?iy a?mo,nao.e.
Language, Russian (official); more than 200
languages and dialects (at least 18 with more
than 1 million speakers); 75% Slavic group,
8% other Indo-European, 12% Altaic, 3%
Uralian, 2% Caucasian
Infant mortality rate: 27.9/1,000 (1982)
Literacy: 99%
Labor force:,civilian 148 million (midyear
1984), 20% agriculture, 80% industry and
other nonagricultural fields; unemployed
not reported; shortage of skilled labor re-
ported
NOTE: The US Government does not rec-
ognize the incorporation of the Baltic
States Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania into
the Soviet Union.
Land
22,402,200 km2; nearly two and one-half
times the size of the US; 35.5% forest, 16.7%
pasture and hay, 10.1 % cultivated, 37.7%
other
Land boundaries: 20,619 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 46,670 km (incl. Sakhalin)
People
Population: 279,904,000 (July 1986), aver-
age annual growth rate 0.9%
Nationality: noun-Soviet(s); adjective-
Soviet
Ethnic divisions: 52% Russian, 16% Ukrai-
nian, 32% among over 100 other ethnic
groups, according to 1979 census
Religion: 18% Russian Orthodox; 9% Mus-
lim; 3% Jewish, Protestant, Georgian Ortho-
dox, or Roman Catholic; population is 70%
atheist
Government
Official name: Union of Soviet Socialist Re-
publics
Political subdivisions: 15 union republics,
consisting of 20 autonomous republics, 6
krays, 123 obla'sts, 8 autonomous oblasts, and
10 autonomous okrugs
Legal system: civil law system as modified
by Communist legal theory; revised consti-
tution adopted 1977; no judicial review of
legislative acts; legal education at 18 univer-
sities and 4 law institutes; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: October Revolution Day,
7 November
Branches: executive-USSR Council of
Ministers, legislative-USSR Supreme So-
viet, judicial-Supreme Court of USSR
Government leaders: Mikhail Sergeyevich
GORBACHEV, General Secretary of the
Central Committee of the Communist Party
(since 11 March 1985); Nikolay Ivanovich
RYZHKOV, Chairman of the USSR Council,
of Ministers (since 28 September 1985);
AndreyAndreyevich GROMYKO, Presi-
dent of the Soviet Union (since 2 July 1985)
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Elections: to Supreme Soviet every five
years; 1,500 seats in X1984; 71.5% held by
party members
Major industries: diversified, highly devel-
oped capital goods industries; consumer
goods industries comparatively less devel-
oped
Inland waterways: 136,700 km navigable,.
exclusive of Caspian Sea.(1984)
Political party: Communist Party of the So-
viet Union (CPSU) only party permitted
Voting strength:.(1984 election) 184,006,350
persons over. 18; allegedly 99.95% voted
Communists: over 18 million party mem-
bers
Other political or pressure groups:
Komsomol, trade unions, and other organi-
zations that facilitate Communist control
Member of. CEMA, ESCAP, Geneva Disar-
mament Conference, IAEA, IBEC;.ICAC, ..:
ICAO, ICCAT; ICCO, ICES, ILO, IMO,
International Lead and Zinc Study Group,
INRO, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC-Interna-
tional Whaling Commission, IWC-Inter-.
national Wheat Council, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, Warsaw Pact, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $1,957.6 billion (1984,.in:1984,geo
metric mean prices), $7,120 per capita; in
1984 percentage shares were-53% con-
sumption, 30% investment; 17% government
and other, including defense. (based on. 1970.
GNP in rubles at adjusted factor cost); aver- .
age annual growth rate of real GNP
(1971-84), 3.0%, average annual growth rate
(1976-84),2.6%,(1984) 2.5%
Natural resources: fossil.fuels, hydroelectric
power, timber, manganese, lead,.zinc,
nickel, mercury, potash, phosphates
Agriculture: principal food crops-grain
(especially wheat), potatoes; main industrial
crops-sugar beets, cotton, sunflowers, and
flax; degree of self-sufficiency depends on,
fluctuations in crop yields, particularly
grain; large grain importer over past decade
Fishing: catch 10.6 million metric tons
(1984); exports 452,755 metric tons (1983),
imports 371,237, metric tons (1984); exports
exclude canned fish; canned crab, and caviar
Shortages: fertilizer, pesticides, feed, natu-
ral rubber, bauxite and alumina, tantalum,
tin, tungsten, fluorspar, molybdenum, and
finished steel products
Crude steel: 174 million metric ton capacity
as of 1 January 1985; 154.2 million metric
tons produced in 1984, 560 kg per capita
Electric power: 316,000,000 kW capacity
(1985); 1,540 billion kWh produced (1985),
5,549 kWh per capita
Exports: $91.492 billion (f.o.b., 1984); petro-
leum and petroleum products, natural gas,
metals,, wood, agricultural products, and a
wide variety of manufactured goods (pri-
marily capital goods and arms)
Imports: $80,352 billion (f.o.b., 1984); grain
and other agricultural products, machinery
and equipment, steel products (including
large diameter pipe), consumer manufac-
tures
Major trade partners: $171.8 billion (1984
total turnover); trade 58% with Communist
countries, 29% with industrialized West, and
13% with less developed countries
Aid: economic-total extended to
non-Communist less developed countries
(1954-84), $30 billion
Monetary conversion rate: official, 0.743
ruble=US$1(1983 average)
Communications
Railroads: 144,100 km total; 142,967 km
1.524-meter broad gauge; 1,833 km mostly
0.750-meter narrow gauge; 113,315 km
broad-gauge single track; 47,900 km electri-
fied; does not include industrial lines (1984)
Highways: 1,516,700 km total; 439,000 km
asphalt; concrete, stone block; 354,000 km
asphalt treated, gravel, crushed stone;
723,700 km earth (1984)
Freight carried: rail-3,909 million metric
tons, 3.64 trillion metric ton/km (1984);
highways-25.9 billion metric tons, 477 bil-
lion metric ton/km (1984); waterway-619
million metric tons, 265 billion metric
ton/km, excluding Caspian Sea (1984)
Pipelines: 78,300 km crude oil and refined
products; 165,000 k,m natural gas (1984)
Ports: 53 major (most important-Lenin- .
grad, Riga, Tallinn, Kaliningrad, Liepaja,,
Ventspils, Murmansk, Arkhangelsk, Odessa,
Novorossiysk, Il'ichevsk, Nikolayev,
Sevastopol', Vladivostok, Nakhodka);over,
180 selected minor; 58 major inland ports
(some of the more important-Astrakhan';
Baku, Gor'kiy, Kazan, Khabarovsk,
Krasnoyarsk, Kuybyshev, Moscow, Rostov,_.
Volgograd, Kiev (1984)
Defense Forces
Branches: Ground Forces, Navy, Air De-
fense Forces, Air Forces, Strategic Rocket
Forces
Military manpower: males 15-49,
68,559,000; 55,173,000.fit for military ser-.
vice; 2,096,000 reach military age (17) annu-
ally ,
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Spain
Life expectancy: men 73, women 78
Generales, consisting of more powerful Con-
gress of Deputies (350 members) and Senate
(208 members), with possible addition of one
to six members from each new autonomous
region; judiciary, independent
ocean strait of
Gibraltar
Land
504,782 km2, including Canary (7,511 km2)
and Balearic (5,025 km2) Islands; the size of
Arizona and Utah combined; 41 % arable
and crop, 27% meadow and pasture, 22%
forest, 10% urban or other
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 4,964 km (includes Balearic Is-
lands, 677 km, and Canary Islands, 1,158
km)
People
Population: 39,075,000 (July 1986), includ-
ing the Balearic and Canary Islands and
Ceuta and Melilla (two towns on the Moroc-
can coast); average annual growth rate 0.6%
Nationality: noun-Spaniard(s); adjective-
Spanish
Ethnic divisions: composite of Mediterra-.
nean and Nordic types
Religion: 99% Roman Catholic, 1% other
sects
Language: Castilian Spanish; second lan-
guages include 17% Catalan, 7% Galician,
and 2% Basque
Infant mortality rate: 10.3/1,000 (1982).
Labor force: 13.3 million (1985); 44.3% ser-
vices, 22.9% industry, 15.3% agriculture,
8.6% construction, 8.8% other; unemploy-
ment now estimated at nearly 21.9% of labor
force (June 1985)
Organized labor: labor unions legalized
April 1977; represent no more than a quar=
ter of the labor force (1983)
Government
Official name: Spanish State
Type: parliamentary monarchy defined by
new constitution of December 1978, that
completed transition from authoritarian
regime of the late Generalissimo Franco and
confirmed Juan Carlos I as monarch, but
without the exceptional powers inherited
from Franco on being proclaimed King 22
November 1975
Political subdivisions: metropolitan Spain,
including the Canaries and Balearics, di-
vided into 50 provinces, which form 17 au-
tonomous regions assuming numerous pow-
ers previously exercised by the central gov-
ernment; also five. Places of sovereignty
(presidios) on the Mediterranean coast of
Morocco; transferred administration of
Spanish Sahara to Morocco and Mauritania
on 26 February 1976
Legal system: civil law system, with regional
applications; new constitution provides for
rule of law, established jury system as well as
independent constitutional court to rule on
unconstitutionality of laws and to serve as
court of last resort.in protecting liberties and
rights granted in constitution; does:notac-?
cept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive, with King's acts subject
to countersignature, Prime Minister
(Presidente) and his ministers responsible to
lower house; bicameral legislature-Cortes
Government leaders: JUAN CARLOS I,
King (since November 1975); Felipe
GONZALEZ Marquez, Prime Minister
(Presidente; since December 1982)
Suffrage: universal at age 18
Elections: parliamentary election 28 Octo-
ber 1982 for four-year term; local elections
for municipal and provincal councils April
1983; regional elections staggered
Political parties and leaders: principal na-
tional parties, from right to left-Popular
Alliance (AP), Manuel Fraga Iribarne; Popu-
lar Democratic Party (PDP), Oscar Alzaga;
Liberal Union (UL), Jose Antonio Segurado;
'Social Democratic Center (CDS), Adolfo.
Suarez; Spanish Socialist Workers Party
(PSOE), Felipe Gonzalez Marquez; Spanish
Communist Party (PCE), Gerardo Iglesias;
chief regional parties-Convergence and
Unity (CiU), Jordi Pujol, in Catalonia; Re-
publican Left of Catalonia (ERC), Herribert
Barrera; Basque Nationalist Party (PNV),
Xabier Arzallus; Basque radical coalitions
Popular Unity (HB) and Basque Left (EE)
Juan Harja Bandres; Andalusian Party (PA),
Luis Urufiuela; Democratic Reform Party
(PRD), Antonio Garrigues Walker
Voting strength: (1982 parliamentary elec-
tion in lower house) PSOE 46%, and 202
seats (26 seats over a majority); AP, PDP, and
UL in coalition 25.4%, 106 seats; UCD
7.31%, 12 seats; PCE 3.9%, 4 seats; CiU
3.7%, 12 seats; CDS 2.9%, 2 seats; PNV 1.9%,
8seats; HB 1%, 2 seats; EE.47%, 1 seat; ERC
.47%, 1 seat; PA.33%0 seats
Communists: PCE membership has . .
declined from a possible high of 160,000 in
1977 to, roughly 60,000 today; the party lost
64% of its voters and 20 deputies in the 1982
election; remaining strength is in labor,
where it dominates the Workers Commis-
sions trade union (one of the country's two
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major labor centrals); which claims a mem-
bership of about 1 million; experienced a
modest recovery in 1983 municipal election,
receiving 8% of the vote .
Electric power: 38,490,0001W capacity
(1985);122.644 billion kWh produced
(1985), 3,160 kWh per capita
Inland waterways: 1,045 km; of minor im-
portance as transport arteries and contribute
little to economy
Other politieal'or pressure groups: on the
extreme left, the Basque Fatherland and
Liberty (ETA) and the First of October Anti-
fascist Resistance Group.(GRAPO) use ter-
rorism to oppose the government; free labor
unions (authorized in April 1977) include the
Communist-dominated Workers Commis-
sions (CCOO); the Socialist General Union of
Workers (UGT), and the smaller indepen-
dent Workers Syndical Union (USO); the
Catholic Church; business and landowning
interests; Opus Dei; university students
Member of. Andean Pact (observer),
ASSIMER, Council of Europe, EC, ESRO,
FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO,
ICES, ICO, IDA, IDB=Inter-American
Development Bank, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO,
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, International
Lead and Zinc Study Group, INTERPOL,
IOOC, IPU, ITC, ITU, IWC-International
Wheat Council, NATO, OAS (observer),
OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
Economy
GNP: $160.4 billion (1984); 68% private con-
sumption, 12% government consumption,
18% gross fixed capital investment; 3%
change in stocks; 3% net exports; real growth
rate 2.2% (1984)
Natural resources: coal, lignite, iron ore,
uranium, mercury, pyrites, fluorspar, gyp-
sum, zinc, lead, tungsten, copper, kaolin,
hydroelectric power
Agriculture: main crops-grains, vegeta-
bles, fruits; virtually self-sufficient in good
crop years
Fishing: catch, 1,123J00 metric tons (1984)
Major industries: textiles and apparel (in-
cluding footwear); food and beverages, met-
als and metal manufactures, chemicals, ship-
building, automobiles
Crude steel:-13.5'million metric tons pro-
duced. (1984),348 kg per capita
Exports: $23.6 billion (f.o.b., 1984); principal
items-iron and steel products, machinery,
automobiles, fruits and vegetables, textiles,
footwear
Imports: $28.8 billion (c.i.f., 1984); principal
items-fuels (40%), machinery, chemicals,
iron and steel, vegetables, automobiles
Major trade partners: (1984) 49% EC, 24%
less developed countries, 12% other devel-
oped countries, 10% US, 4% Communist
countries
Aid: economic commitments-US authori-
zations, $1.9 billion, including Ex-Im (FY70-
84); other Western bilateral (ODA and .
OOF), $545.0 million (1970-79); military
authorizations-US (FY70-84), $2.0 billion
Budget: (1984 central government) reve-
nues, $59 billion; expenditures, $70 billion;
deficit, $11 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 161.65 pesetas=
US $1 (October 1985)
Communications.
Railroads: 16,295 km total; Spanish National
Railways (RENFE) operates 13,556 km
1.668-meter gauge, 6,156 km electrified, and
2,295 km double track; FEVE (government-
owned narrow-gauge railways) operates
1,821 km of predominantly 1.000-meter
gauge and 441 km electrified; privately
owned railways operate 918 km of predomi-
nantly 1.000-meter gauge, 512 km electri-
fied, and 56 km double track
Highways: 150,306 km total; 82;070 km na-
tional 2,433 km limited-access divided high-
way, 63,042 km bituminous treated, 17,038
km intermediate bituminous, concrete, or
stone block; the remaining 68,326 km are
provincial or local roads (bituminous
treated, intermediate bituminous, or stone
block)
Pipelines: 265 km crude oil; 1,862 km re-
fined products; 1,130 km natural gas
Ports: 23 major, 175 minor
Civil air: 142 major transport aircraft
Airfields: (including Balearic and Canary
Islands) 118 total, 114 usable; 61 with
permanent-surface runways; 4 with run-
ways over 3,659 in, 21 with runways
2,440-3,659 in, 32 with runways 1,220-
2,439 in
Telecommunications: generally adequate,
modern facilities; 13.8 million telephones
(34.5 per 100 popl.); 180AM, 391 FM, 1,378
TV stations; 21 coaxial submarine cables; 2
satellite stations with total of 5 antennas
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 9,417,000;
7,652,000 fit for military service; 348,000
reach military age (20) annually .
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1984, $3.5 billion; 10.2% of the
central government budget
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Labor force: 6.4 million (1984 est.); 45.9%
agriculture, 13.3% mining and manufactur
ing, 12.4% trade and transport, 26.3% ser-
vices and other; extensive underemploy-
ment; 12% unemployment (1984)
Political parties and. leaders: Sri Lanka
Freedom Party (SLFP), Sirimavo Ratwatte
Dias Bandaranaike; Sri Lanka Mahajana
Party, Vijaya Kumaratunga; Lanka Sama
Samaja Party (LSSP; Trotskyite), C. R. de
Silva; Nava Sama Samaja Party (NSSP), V.
Nanayakkara; Tamil United Liberation
Front, A. Amirthalingam; United National
Party (UNP), J. R. Jayewardene; Communist
Party/Moscow,-K. P. Silva; Communist
Party/Peking, N. Shanmugathasan;
Mahajana Eksath Peramuna (People's
United Front),:M. B. Ratnayaka; Janatha
Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP; People's Libera-
tion Front), Rohana Wijeweera; All-Ceylon
Tamil Congress, Kumar Ponnambalam
Palk
Bay
Mannar /
Land
65,610 km2; about one-half the size of North
Carolina; 44% forest; 31% waste, urban, or
other; 25% cultivated
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone),
People
Population: 16,638,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 1.8%
Nationality: noun-Sri Lankan(s); adjec-
tive-Sri Lankan
Ethnic divisions: 74% Sinhalese; 1.8%. Tamil;
7% Moor; 1 % Burgher, Malay, and Veddha
Religion: 69% Buddhist, 15% Hindu, 8%
Christian, 8% Muslim, 0.1% other
Language: Sinhala (official); Sinhala and .
Tamil listed as national languages; Sinhala
spoken by about 74% of population; Tamil
spoken by about 18%; English commonly
used in.government and spoken by about
10% of the population
Infant mortality rate: 37/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: 68
Literacy: 87%
Organized labor: about 33% of labor force,
over 50%,of which. employed on tea, rubber,
and coconut estates
Government .
Official name: Democratic Socialist Repub-
lic of Sri Lanka
Type: independent state since 1948
Capital: Colombo
Political subdivisions: 9 provinces, 24 ad-
ministrative districts
Legal system: a highly complex mixture of
English common law, Roman-Dutch, Mus-
lim, and customary law; new constitution 7
September 1978 reinstituted a strong, inde-
pendent judiciary; legal education at Sri
Lanka Law College and University of
Colombo; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 22
May
Branches: the 1978 constitution established
a strong presidential form of government
under J. R. Jayewardene, who had been
Prime Minister since his party's election vic-
tory in July 1977; Jayewardene was elected
to a second term in October 1982 and will
serve until 1989 regardless of whether Par-
liament is dissolved; the current Parliament
was extended until August 1989 by a na-
tional referendum held in December 1982
Government leader:.Junius Richard
JAYEWARDENE, President (since 1978)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: national elections ordinarily held
every six years; must be held more
frequently if government loses confidence
vote; the constitution was amended in Au-
gust 1982 to permit the President to call an
early presidential election
230
Voting strength: (October 1982 presidential
election) UNP 52.91%, SLFP 39.07%, JVP
4.18%, All Ceylon Tamil Congress 2.67%,
LSSP.9%, NSSP.27%
Communists: approximately 107,000 voted
for the Communist Party in the July 1977
general election; Communist Party/Moscow
approximately 5,000 members (1975), Com-
munist Party/Peking 1,000 members (1970
est.)
Other political or pressure groups: Tamil
separatist groups, Buddhist clergy, Sinhalese
Buddhist lay groups; far-left violent revolu-
tionary groups; labor unions
Member of. ADB, ANRPC, Colombo Plan,
Commonwealth, ESCAP, FAO, G-77,
GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD,
IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITU, NAM,
SAARC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $6.0 billion (1984), $380 per capita;
real growth rate 5% (1984).
Natural resources: limestone, graphite, min-
eral sands, gems, phosphates
Agriculture: agriculture accounts for about
25% of GDP; main crops-rice, rubber, tea,
coconuts
Fishing: catch 170,000 metric tons (1984
est.)
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Major industries: processing of rubber, tea,
coconuts, and other agricultural commodi-
ties; consumer goods manufacture; garment
industry
Electric power: 972,000 kW capacity (1985);
2.352 billion kWh produced (1985),145
kWh per capita
Exports: $1.5 billion (f.o.b., 1984); tea, rub-
ber, petroleum products, textiles, coconuts
Imports: $1.9 billion (c.i.f., 1984); petro-
leum, machinery, transport equipment,
sugar, textiles and textile materials
Major trade partners: (1984) exports-US,
Iraq, UK, UAR, FRG, Singapore, Japan; im-
ports-Japan, Saudi Arabia, US, India; Singa-
pore, FRG, UK, Iran
Budget: (1984) revenues, $1.3 billion; expen-
ditures, $1.8 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 27.4
rupees=US$1(October 1985)
Communications
Railroads: 1,868 km total (1985); all 1:868-
meter broad gauge; 102 km double track; no
electrification; government owned
Highways: 66,176 km total (1985); 24,300
km paved (mostly bituminous treated),
28,916 km crushed stone or gravel, 12,960
km improved earth or unimproved earth; in
addition, several thousand km of tracks,
mostly unmotorable
Inland waterways: 430 km; navigable by
shallow-draft craft
Pipelines: crude, 14 km; refined products,
55 km
Civil air: 8 major transport (including 1
leased)
Airfields: 14 total;?12 usable; 11 with '
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 7 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: good international
service; 75,000 (est.) telephones'('0.5 per-100'
popl.); 16 AM, 2 FM stations; 1 TV station;
submarine cables extend to India; I ground
satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Air Force, Navy, Police
Force, Special Police Task Force, National
Auxiliary Force
Military manpower: males 15-49,4,416,000;
3,468,000 fit for military service; 193,000
reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1986, $256 million, 9% of central
government estimated budget -
Land
2,505,813 km2; over one-fourth the size of
the US; 37% arable (3% cultivated); 33%
desert, waste, or urban; 15% grazing; 15%
forest
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed):
12nm
People
Population: 22,932,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate -0.2% ,
Nationality: noun-Sudanese (sing. and p1.);
adjective-Sudanese
Ethnic divisions: 52%. black, 39% Arab, 6%
Beja; 2% foreigners,-1 % other
Religion: 70% Sunni Muslim in north,20%
indigenous beliefs, 5% Christian (mostly in
south)
Language: Arabic (official), Nubian, Ta
Bedawie, diverse dialects of Nilotic, Nilo-
Hamitic, and Sudanic languages, English;
program of Arabization in process
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Sudan (continued)
Literacy: 20%
Labor force: 6.086 million (1982); roughly
78.4% agriculture, 9.8% industry and com-
merce, 6:0% government; labor shortages for
almost all categories of employment coexist
with urban unemployment
Government
Official name: Republic of the Sudan
Type: republic under an interim military
regime since coup on 6 April 1985
Legal system: based on English common
law and Islamic law; in September 1983
President Nimeiri declared the penal code
would conform to Islamic law; some sepa-
rate religious courts; interim constitution
promulgated August 1985; legal education at
University of Khartoum and extension of
Cairo University at Khartoum; accepts com-
pulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: 1 January, Independence
Day
Branches: Transitional Military Council and
Provisional Civilian Cabinet; regional mili-
tary governors
Government leader: Gen. Abdel Rahman
SUWAR EL DAHAB, Chairman, Transi-
tional Military Council (since April 1985);
Dr. El Gizouli DAFALLA, Prime Minister
(since April 1985)
Elections: elections scheduled in April 1986
to select representation to a Constituent As-
sembly that will draft a new constitution in
one year and thereafter turn itself into a par-
liament to serve for three years
Political parties and leaders: following coup
in April 1985, more than 30 different politi-
cal parties declared; most significant include
the Umma Party (Ansar Muslim Sect), the
Democratic Unionist Party (Khatmiyyah
Muslim Sect), the rightist Islamic fundamen-
talist National Islamic Front (Muslim Broth-
erhood), the Sudanese Communist Party,
and the Bath Party; major southern parties
include the Sudan African Congress and the
Southern Sudanese Political Association
Member of. AfDB, APC, Arab League,
FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO,
IDA, IDB-Islamic Development Bank,
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $7.31 billion at current prices (FY84),
$350 per capita at current prices (FY83)
Natural resources: modest reserves of oil,
iron ore, copper, chrome, and other indus-
trial minerals
Agriculture: main crops-sorghum; millet,
wheat, sesame, peanuts, beans, barley; not
self-sufficient in food production; main cash
crops-cotton, gum arabic, peanuts, sesame
Major industries: cotton ginning, textiles,
brewery, cement, edible oils, soap, distilling,
shoes, pharmaceuticals
Electric power: 542,700 kW capacity (1985);
1.188 billion kWh produced (1985), 54 kWh
per capita
Exports: $409 million (f.o.b., 1984); cotton
(31 %), gum arabic, peanuts, sesame; $40 mil-
lion exports to Communist countries (FY82)
Imports: $465.7 million (c.i.f., 1984); tex-
tiles, petroleum products, foodstuffs, trans-
port equipment, manufactured goods
Major trade partners: UK, FRG, Italy, US,
Saudi Arabia, France, Egypt, Japan
Budget: (FY84) public revenue $551 million,
total expenditures $829 million, including
development expenditure of $203 million
Monetary conversion rate: 2.45 Sudanese
pounds=US$1(December 1985) official;
3.70 Sudanese pounds=US$1 free market
(December 1985)
Communications
Railroads: 5,516 km total; 4,800 km 1.067-
meter gauge, 716 km 1.6096-meter gauge
plantation line
Highways: 20,000 km total; 2,000 km bitu-
minous treated, 4,000 km gravel, 2,304 km
improved earth; remainder unimproved
earth and track .
Inland waterways: 5,310 km navigable
Airfields: 89 total, 77 usable; 9 with
permanent-surface runways; 4 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 in, 29 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: large system by Afri-
can standards, but barely adequate; consists
of radio relay, cables, radio communica-
tions, and troposcatter; domestic satellite
system with 14 stations; 68,500 telephones
(0.4 per 100 popl.); 4 AM, 1 FM, 2 TV sta-
tions;1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Air De-
fense Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 5,275,000;
3,224,000 fit for military service; 241,000
reach military age.(18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30
June 1985, $534.1 million; 17.7% of central
government budget
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Hindi Suriname Hindustani (a variant of
Bho(ipuri), and Javanese
Infant mortality rate: 23/1,000 (1984)
Life expectancy: men 64.8, women 69.8
Literacy: 65%
Labor, force: 104,000 (1984); unemployment
25% (1985); about 10.6% of work force en-
gaged in agriculture; animal husbandry, and
fishing
Organized labor: 49,000 members of labor
force organized
established by Bouterse; regular party activ-
ity limited; given greater freedom of assem-
bly in 1985; leftists (all small groups)-Revo-
lutionary People's Party (RVP), Michael
Naarendorp; Progressive Workers and
Farmers (PALU), Iwan Krolis
Member of. ECLA, FAO, GATT, G-77,
IBA, IBRD, ICAO, IDB-Inter-American
Development Bank, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAS, PAHO,
SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO
Economy
GDP: $1.1 billion (1984); $2,980 per capita
(1984); real growth rate - 1.0% (1984)
Land
163,265 km2; slightly larger than Georgia;
negligible arable land, meadow and pasture;
76% forest; 16% built on, waste, or other; 8%
unused but potentially productive
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
People
Population: 381,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 1.7%
Nationality: noun-Surinamer(s); adjec-
tive-Surinamese
Ethnic divisions: 37.0% Hindustani (East
Indian), 31.0% Creole (black and mixed),
15.3% Javanese, 10.3% Bush Negro, 2.6%
Amerindian, 1.7% Chinese, 1.0% Europeans,
1.1 % other
Religion: 27.4% Hindu, 19.6% Muslim,
22.8% Roman Catholic, 25.2% Protestant
(predominantly Moravian), about 5% indige-
nous beliefs
Language: Dutch (official); English widely
spoken; Sranan Tongo (Surinamese, some-
times called Taki-Taki) is native language of
Creoles and much of the younger population
and is lingua franca among others; also
Government
official name: Republic of Suriname
Capital: Paramaribo
Political subdivisions: 9 districts, each
headed by District Commissioner responsi-
ble to Minister of Internal Affairs and Local
Administration; 100 "People's Committees"
installed at local level
Legal system: suspended constitution; judi-
cial system functions in ordinary civil and
criminalcases
National holiday: Independence Day, 25
November
Branches: civilian government controlled by
the military
Government leaders: Lt. Col. Desire
BOUTERSE, Head of Government, Army
Commander and strongman (since February
1980); Lachmipersad Frederick RAMDAT-
MISIER, Acting President (figurehead; since
February 1982); Willem Alfred UDEN-
HOUT, Prime Minister (since February
1984)
Suffrage: suspended
Elections: none planned
Political parties and leaders: 25 February
National Unity Movement (November 1983)
Natural resources: forests, hydroelectric
power potential, fish, shrimp, bauxite, iron
ore, and other minerals
Agriculture: main crops-rice, bananas,
palm oil, timber
Major industries: bauxite mining, alumina
and aluminum production, lumbering, food
processing
Electric power: 420,000 kW capacity (1985);
1.61 billion kWh produced (1985), 4,290
kWh per capita
Exports: $356 million (f.o.b., 1984); alumina,
bauxite, aluminum, rice, wood and wood
products
Imports: $346 million (c.i.f., 1984); capital
equipment, petroleum, iron and steel, cot-
ton, flour, meat, dairy products
Major trade partners: exports-26% Neth-
erlands, 17% US, 13% FRG; imports-30%
US, 21% Trinidad and Tobago, 9% Nether-
lands (1983)
Aid: economic-bilateral commitments,
including Ex-Im-US (FY70-83), $2.5 mil-
lion, Western (non-US) countries, ODA and
OOF (1970-83), $1.4 billion; no military aid
Budget: revenues,'$261 Million; expendi-
tures, $421 million (1984 est.)
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Suriname (continued)
Monetary conversion rate: 1.79 Suriname
guilders=US$1(September 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 166 km total; 86 km 1.000-meter
gauge, government owned, and 80 km
1.435-meter standard gauge; all single track
Highways: 8,300 km total; 500 km paved;
5,400 km bauxite gravel, crushed stone, or
improved earth; 2,400 km sand or clay
Inland waterways: 1,200 km; most impor-
tant means of transport; oceangoing vessels
with drafts ranging from 4.2 in to 7 in can
navigate many of the principal waterways
while native canoes navigate upper reaches
Airfields: 42 total, 40 usable; 4 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 in, 1 with runways
1,220-2,439 in
Telecommunications: international facili-
ties good; domestic radio-relay system;
27,500 telephones (6.3 per 100 popl.); 4 AM,
4 FM stations; 1 TV station; 2 Atlantic satel-
lite stations
Defense Forces
Branches: National Army (including infan-
try Battalion, Military Police Brigade, Navy
[company-size], Air Force)
Military manpower: males 15-49; 72,000;'
43,000 fit for military service
Military budget: 1983, $41.8 million; 8.2%
of central government budget
..............: Min
Organized labor: about 15% of wage earners`
are unionized
Government
Official name: Kingdom of Swaziland
Type: monarchy; independent member of
Commonwealth since September 1968 '
Capital: Mbabane (administrative);
Lobamba (legislative capital)
Land
17,363 km2; slightly smaller than New Jer-
sey; mostly crop or pasture
People
Population: 692,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 3.0%
Nationality: noun-Swazi(s); adjective-
Swazi
Ethnic divisions: 96% African, 3% Euro-
pean, 1% mulatto
Religion: 57% Christian, 43% indigenous
beliefs
Language: English and siSwati (official);
government business conducted in English
Infant mortality rate: 156/1,000 (1982)
Life expectancy: men 46.8, women 50.0
Literacy: 65%
Labor force: 195,000; over 60,000 engaged
in subsistence agriculture; 55,000-60,000
wage earners, many only intermittently,
with 36% agriculture and forestry, 20% com-
munity and social services, 14% manufactur-
ing, 9% construction, 21 % other; 12,000 em-
ployed in South Africa (1982)
Political subdivisions: 4 administrative dis-
tricts
Legal system: based on South African
Roman-Dutch law in statutory courts, Swazi
traditional law and custom in traditional
courts; legal education at University of
Botswana and Swaziland; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Somhlolo (Independence)
Day, 6 September
Branches: constitution was repealed and
Parliament dissolved by King Sobhuza II
(deceased August 1982)'in April 1973; new
bicameral Parliament (Senate, House of As-
sembly) formally opened in January 1979;
80-member electoral college chose 40-mem'
hers of lower house and 10 members of up
per house; additional 10 members for each
house chosen by King; executive authority
vested in the King or Queen (with the advice
of the Supreme Council of State), whose as-
sent is required before parliamentary acts
become law; King's authority exercised
through Prime Minister and Cabinet who
must be members of Parliament; judiciary is
part of Ministry of justice but otherwise in-
dependent of executive and `legislative
branches; cases from subordinate courts can
be appealed to the High Court and the
Court of Appeal
Government leaders: Head o f'State, Ntombi
THWALA, Queen Regent (since September
1983); Prince Bhekimpi DLAMINI, Prime
Minister (since March 1983)
Suffrage: universal for adults
Communists: no Communist party
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 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/29: CIA-RDP08-00534R000100170001-4
Member of. AfDB, FAO, G-77, GATT (de
facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO,
IMF, INTERPOL, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAU,
SADCC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO
Economy
GNP: approximately $478 million (1984),
about $900 per capita; real growth -11 %
(1984)
Natural resources: asbestos, coal, clay, tin,
diamonds, hydroelelectric power, forests
Agriculture: main crops-maize, cotton,
rice, sugar, and citrus fruits
Electric power: 60,000 kW capacity (1985);
84 million kWh produced (1985), 125 kWh
per capita
Exports: $360 million (f.o.b., 1984); sugar,,
asbestos, wood and forest products, citrus,
and canned fruit
Imports: $498 million (f.o.b., 1984); motor
vehicles, chemicals, petroleum products,
and foodstuffs
Major trade partners: South Africa, UK, US;
member of South African Customs Union
Aid: economic commitments-Western
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF
(1970-83), $340 million; US (FY70-84), $80
million
Budget: 1984/85 (est.)-revenues, $204 mil-
lion; current expenditures, $149 million
Monetary conversion rate: the Swazi
lilangeni exchanges at par with the South
African rand; 2.3 emalangeni=US$1 (29
January 1986)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: 515 km 1.067-meter gauge, single
track
Highways: 2,853 km total; 510 km paved,
1,230 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized
soil, and 1,113 km improved earth
Airfields: 27 total, 27 usable; l with runways
2,440-3,659, 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 in
Telecommunications: system consists of
carrier-equipped open-wire lines and low
capacity radio-relay links; 15,400 telephones
(2.3 per 100 pop].); 4AM, 8 FM, 11 TV sta-
tions; Atlantic.Ocean satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Umbutfo Swaziland Defense
Force, Royal Swaziland Police Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 151,000;
87,000 fit for military service
Sweden
Gulf
of
Bothnia
sLo avie
U sale
Karistad .?/
Goteborg
Kattegat
Maim
See regional map
Land
449,964 km2; larger than California; 55%
forest, 7% arable, 2% meadow and pasture,
36% other
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 3,218km
People
Population: 8,357,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 0.1 %.
Nationality: noun-Swede(s); adjective-
Swedish
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous white popu-
lation; small Lappish minority; est. 12% for-
eign born or first generation immigrants
(Finns, Yugoslavs, Danes, Norwegians,
Greeks)
Religion: 93.5% Evangelical Lutheran, 1.0%.
Roman Catholic, 5.5% other
Language: Swedish, small Lapp- and
Finnish-speaking minorities; immigrants
speak native languages
Life expectancy: men 75, women 81
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Sweden (continued)
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 4.41 million (1984); 32.8% pri-
vate services; 30.0% government services;
22.0% mining and manufacturing; 5.9% con-
struction; 5.0% agriculture, forestry, and
fishing; 0.9% electricity, gas, and water-
works; 3.1% unemployed (1984 average)
Organized labor: 90% of labor force (1985
est.)
Government
Official name: Kingdom of Sweden
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Stockholm
Political subdivisions: 24 counties, 284 mu-
nicipalities (townships)
Legal system: civil law system influenced by
customary law; a new constitution was
adopted in 1975 replacing the Acts of 1809,
1866, and 1949; legal education at Universi-
ties of Lund, Stockholm, and Uppsala; ac-
cepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with res-
ervations
National holiday: no national holiday;
King's birthday, 30 April, celebrated as such
by Swedish embassies
Branches: legislative authority rests with
unicameral parliament (Riksdag); executive
power vested in Cabinet, responsible to par-
liament; Supreme Court, 6 superior courts,
108 lower courts
Government leaders: CARL XVI Gustaf,
King (since September 1973); Ingvar
CARLSSON, Prime Minister (since March
1986)
Suffrage: universal but not compulsory over
age 18; after three years of legal residence
immigrants may vote in county and munici-
pal but not national elections
Elections: every three years; next scheduled
for September 1988
Political parties and leaders: Moderate Coa-
lition (conservative), Ulf Adelsohn; Center,
Karen Soder; Liberal People's Party, Bengt
Westerberg; Social Democratic, Ingvar
Carlsson; Left Party-Communist (VPK),
Lars Werner; Swedish Communist Party
(SKP), Roland Pettersson; Communist
Workers' Party, Rolf Hagel
Voting strength: (1985 election) 45.0% So-
cial Democratic, 21.3% Moderate Coalition,
12.5% Center (includes votes for Christian
Democratic Alliance), 14.3% Liberal, 5.4%
Communist, 1.5% other
Communists: VPK and SKP; VPK, the ma-
jor Communist party, is reported to have
roughly 17,800 members; in the 1985 elec-
tion, the VPK attracted 293;543 votes; in
addition, there are 4 other active Commu-
nist parties, including the SKP, for which
membership figures are not available; in the
1985 elections, these parties obtained an
additional 16,000 votes
Member of. ADB, Council of Europe, DAC,
EC (Free Trade Agreement), EFTA, ESRO,
FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO,
ICES, ICO, IDA, IDB-Inter-American
Development Bank, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO,
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, INTELSAT,
International Lead and Zinc Study Group,
IPU, ISO, ITU, IWC-International Whal-
ing Commission, IWC-International
Wheat Council, Nordic Council, OECD,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WSG
Economy
GDP: $96.0 billion, $11,510 per capita
(1984); 51.9% private consumption, 28.8%
government consumption, 12.9% private
investment; 6.0% public investment; -1.0%
change in stock building; 1.4% net exports of
goods and services; 1984 growth rate, 3.3%
Natural resources: zinc, iron, lead, copper,
silver, gold, forests, hydroelectric power
Agriculture: animal husbandry predomi-
nates, with milk and dairy products account-
ing for 37% of farm income; main crops-
grains, sugar beets, potatoes; 100%
self-sufficient in grains and potatoes, 85%
self-sufficient in sugar beets
Fishing: catch 285,000 metric tons (1984),
exports $77 million, imports $196.0 million
Major industries: iron and steel, precision
equipment (bearings, radio and telephone
parts, armaments), wood pulp and paper
products, processed foods, motor vehicles
Shortages: coal, petroleum, textile fibers,
potash, salt, oils and fats, tropical products
Crude steel: 4.7 million metric tons pro-
duced (1984), 564 kg per capita
Electric power: 38,956,000 kW capacity
(1985); 129.6 billion kWh produced (1985),
15,543 kWh per capita
Exports: $29.0 billion (f.o.b., 1984); machin-
ery, motor vehicles, paper products, pulp
and wood, iron and steel products, chemi-
cals, petroleum and petroleum products
Imports: $26.33 billion (c.i.f., 1984); machin-
ery, petroleum and petroleum products,
chemicals, motor vehicles, foodstuffs, iron
and steel, clothing
Major trade partners: EC 50.2%, other de-
veloped 34.9%, non-OPEC less developed
countries 5.5%, OPEC 4.5%, CEMA 4.9%
(1984)
Aid: donor-ODA and OOF economic aid
commitments (1970-83), $5.4 billion
Budget: (1984/85) revenues $31.0 billion,
expenditures $38.7 billion, deficit $7.7 bil-
lion
Monetary conversion rate: 7.8
kronor=US$1(November 1985 average)
Communications
Railroads: 12,518 km total; Swedish State
Railways (SJ)-11,179 km 1.435-meter
standard gauge, 6,959 km electrified and
1,152 km double track; 182 km 0.891-meter
gauge; 117 km rail ferry service; privately
owned railways-511 km 1.435-meter
standard gauge, 332 km electrified; 371 km
0.891-meter gauge electrified
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Highways: classified network, 97,400 km, of
which 51,899 km paved; 20,659 km gravel;
24,842 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 2,052 km navigable for
small steamers and barges
1Pipelines: 84 km natural gas
Ports: 17 major and 30 minor
Civil air: 65 major transports
Airfields: 263 total, 259 usable; 135 with
permanent-surface runways; 9 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 in, 88 with runways
1,220-2,439 in
Telecommunications: excellent domestic
and international facilities; 7.41 million tele-
phones (89.0 per 100 pop].); 4 AM, 345 FM,
810 TV stations; 9 submarine coaxial cables,
2 Atlantic Ocean satellite antennas, 1 Eu-
telsat antenna
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Swedish Army, Royal
Swedish Air Force, Royal Swedish Navy
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,091,000;
1,465,000 fit for military service; 62,000
reach military age (19) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30
June 1985, $2.5 billion; 6.5% of central gov-
ernment budget
Labor force: 3.05 million, about 706,000
foreign workers, mostly Italian; 42% ser-
vices, 39% industry and crafts, 11% govern-
ment, 7% agriculture and forestry, 1 % other;
approximately 0.9% unemployed (1985)
Government
Official name: Swiss Confederation
Type: federal republic
Capital: Bern
Political subdivisions: 23 cantons (3 divided
into half cantons)
Land
41,228 km2; the size of Massachusetts, Con-
necticut, and Rhode Island combined; 43%
meadow and pasture, 24% forest, 20% waste
or urban, 3% inland water
Land boundaries: 1,884 km
People
Population: 6,466,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 0.1%
Nationality: noun-Swiss (sing. & pl.); ad-
jective-Swiss
Ethnic divisions: total population-65%
German, 18% French, 10% Italian, 1%
Romansch, 5% other; Swiss nationals-74%
German, 20% French, 4% Italian, 1%
Romansch, 1% other
Religion: 49% Catholic, 48% Protestant,
0.3% Jewish
Language: total population-65% German,
18% French, 12% Italian, 1% Romansch, 4%
other; Swiss nationals-74% German, 20%
French, 4% Italian, 1 % Romansch, I% other
Infant mortality rate: 9/1,000 (1985)
Life expectancy: men 70.3, women 76.2
Literacy: 99%
Legal system: civil law system influenced by
customary law; constitution adopted 1874,
amended since; judicial review of legislative
acts, except with respect to federal decrees
of general obligatory character; legal educa-
tion at Universities of Bern, Geneva, and
Lausanne and four other university schools
of law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction,
with reservations
Branches: bicameral parliament (National
Council, Council of States) has legislative
authority; federal council (Bundesrat) has
executive authority; justice left chiefly to
cantons
Government leader: Alfons EGLI, President
(1986; presidency rotates annually)
Elections: held every four years; next elec-
tions scheduled for 1987
Political parties and leaders: Social Demo-
cratic Party (SPS), Helmuth Hubacher,
chairman; Radical Democratic Party (FDP),
Bruno Hunziker, president; Christian Dem-
ocratic People's Party (CVP), Flavio Cotti,
president; Swiss People's Party (SVP), Adolf
Ogi, president; Workers' Party (PdA),
Armand Magnin, secretary general; Nation-
al Action Party (NA), Rodolf Keller, presi-
dent; Independents' Party (LdU), Walter
Biel, president; Republican Movement
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Switzerland (continued)
(Rep); Liberal Party (LPS), Gilbert Coutau,
president; Evangelical People's Party (EVP),
Paul Gysel, president; Progressive Organiza-
tions of Switzerland (POCH); Green Party
(GP); Autonomous Socialist Party (PSA),
Werner Carobbio, secretary; Progressive
Swiss Organization (POS), Georg Degen,
secretary
Imports: $28.5 billion (f.o.b., 1984); princi-
pal items-machinery and transportation
equipment, metals and metal products,
foodstuffs, chemicals, textile fibers and yarns
Major trade partners: 59% EC, 21 % other
developed, 17% less developed countries, 3%
Communist
Telecommunications: excellent domestic,
international, and broadcast services; 5.11
million telephones (78.9 per 100 popl.); 6
AM, 250 FM, 1,253 TV stations;1 satellite
station with 3 Atlantic Ocean antennas
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Air Force
Voting strength: (1983 election) 23.4% FDP,
22.8% SPS, 20.5% CVP,11.1% SVP, 3.5%
NA, 2.9% GP, 16.1% others
Communists: about 5,000 members
Member of: ADB,'Council of Europe, DAC,
EFTA, ELDO (observer), ESRO, FAO,
GATT, IAEA, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDB-
Inter-American Development Bank, IEA,
IFAD, ILO, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IPU, ITU,'IWC' Interna-
tional Wheat Council, OECD, UNESCO,
UPU, World Confederation of Labor,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO;
permanent observer status-at the UN
Economy
GNP: $96.1 billion (1984), $14,300 per cap-
ita; 58% consumption,, 22% investment,
0.13% government,'-- 1 % net'foreign bal-
ance; real growth rate 2.5% (1984)
Natural resources: hydroelectric power (po-
tential), timber, salt
Agriculture: dairy farming predominates;
less than 50% self-sufficient; food
shortages-fish, refined sugar, fats and oils
(other than butter), grains, eggs, fruits, vege-
tables, meat
Major industries: machinery, chemicals,
watches, textiles, precision instruments
Shortages: practically all important raw
materials except hydroelectric energy
Electric power: 17,690,000 kW capacity
(1985); 56.765 billion kWh produced (1985),
8,790 kWh per capita'
Exports: $25.8 billion (f.o.b., 1984); 'principal
items-machinery and equipment, chemi-
cals, precision instruments, metal products,
textiles, foodstuffs
Aid: donor-ODA and OOF economic aid
committed (1970-83), $1.4 billion
Budget: receipts, $8.50 billion; expendi-
tures, $8.75. billion; deficit, $0.25 billion
(1984)
Monetary conversion rate: 2.17
francs=US$1 (October 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 5,155 km total; 2,952 km govern-
ment owned (SBB), 2,879 km 1.435-meter
standard gauge; 74 km 1.000-meter narrow
gauge; 1,432 km double track, 99% electri-
fied; 2,203 km nongovernment owned, 710
krn 1.435-meter standard gauge, 1,418 km
1.000-meter gauge, 75 km 0.790-meter
gauge, 100% electrified
Highways: 62,145 km total (all paved), of
which 18,620 km are canton and 1,057 km
are national highways (740 km autobahn);
42,468 km are communal roads
Pipelines: 314 km crude oil; 1,046 km natu-
ral gas
Inland waterways: 65 km; Rhine River-
Basel to Rheinfelden, Schaffhausen to
Bodensee; in addition, there are 12 naviga-
ble lakes
Ports: 1 major (Basel), 2 minor (all inland)
Airfields: 73 total, 71 usable; 42 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways over 3,660 m, 6 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, -16 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,695,000;
1,465,000 fit for military service; 50,000
reach military age (20) annually
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1984, $1.9 billion;
20.6% of proposed central government bud-
get
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Syria
Boundary rrp(e nn lalion is
not necessarily authoeilar!w
Land
185,180 km2 (including 1,295 km2 of Israeli-
occupied territory); the size of North Da-
kota; 48% arable, 29% grazing, 21 % desert,
2% forest
Land boundaries: 2,196 km (1967); excludes
2,156 km occupied area
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed):
35 nm
People
Population: 10,931,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 3.7%
Nationality: noun-Syrian(s); adjective-
Syrian
Ethnic divisions: 90.3% Arab; 9.7% Kurds,
Armenians, and other
Religion: 74% Sunni Muslim; 16% Alawite,
Druze, and other Muslim sects; 10% Chris-
tian (various sects)
Language: Arabic (official), Kurdish, Arme-
nian, Aramaic, Circassian; French and
English widely understood
Infant mortality rate: 57/1,000 (1984)
Life expectancy: men 64.9, women 67.6
Labor force: 2.4 million; 36% miscellaneous
services, 32% agriculture, 32% industry (in-
cluding construction); majority unskilled;
shortage of skilled labor
Organized labor: 5% of labor force
Government
Official name: Syrian Arab Republic,
Type: republic; under leftwing military re-
gime since March 1963
Political subdivisions:, 13 provinces and city;
of Damascus administered as separate unit
Legal system: based on Islamic law and civil
law system; special religious courts; constitu-
tion promulgated in 1973; legal education at
Damascus University and University of
Aleppo; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 17
April
Branches: executive powers vested in Presi-
dent and Council of Ministers; power rests in
unicameral legislative (People's Council);
seat of power is the Bath Party Regional
(Syrian) Command
Government leader: Lt. Gen. Hafiz
al-ASSAD, President (since February 1971)
Suffrage: universal at age 18
Elections: People's Council election held
November 1983; presidential election held
February 1985
Political parties and leaders: ruling party is
the Arab Socialist Resurrectionist (Ba'th)
Party; the Progressive National Front is
dominated by Ba'thists but includes inde-
pendents and members of the Syrian Arab
Socialist Party (ASP), Arab Socialist Union
(ASU), Socialist Unionist Movement, and
Syrian Communist Party (SCP)
239
Communists: mostly sympathizers, num-
bering about 5,000
Other political or pressure groups: non-
Bath parties have little effective political
influence; Communist Party ineffective;
greatest threat to Assad regime lies in fac-
tionalism in the military; conservative reli-
gious leaders; Muslim Brotherhood
Member of. Arab League, FAO, G-77,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB-Islamic
Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC,
IPU, ITU, IWC-International Wheat
Council, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO,
WSG, WTO
Economy
GDP: $20.7 billion (1984), $2,000 per capita;
real GDP growth rate 2% (1984)
Natural resources: crude oil, phosphates,
chrome and manganese ores, asphalt, iron.
ore, rock salt, marble, gypsum
Agriculture: main crops-cotton, wheat,
barley, tobacco; sheep and goat raising; self-
sufficient in most foods in years of good -
weather
Major industries: textiles, food processing,
beverages, tobacco; petroleum-170,000
b/d production (1984), 229,000 b/d refining
capacity
Electric power: 2,256,700 kW capacity
(1985); 6.919 billion kWh produced (1985),
656 kWh per capita
Exports: $L9 billion (f.o.b., 1984); petro-
leum, textiles and textile products, tobacco,
fruits and vegetables, cotton
Imports.-. $4.1 billion (f.o.b., 1984); petro-
leum, machinery and metal products, tex-
tiles, fuels, foodstuffs
Major trade partners: exports-Romania,
Italy, France, USSR; imports-Iran, FRG,
Italy, Libya
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Syria (continued)
Budget: 1985-revenues $6.3 billion (ex-
cluding aid payments); expenditures $10.9
billion
Monetary conversion rate: 3.925 Syrian
pounds=US$1(official rate, February 1984);
two other officially sanctioned rates-the
"parallel" and "tourist" rates-are deter-
mined by the government guided by supply
and demand
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 1,543 km total; 1,281 km stan-
dard gauge, 262 km 1.050-meter narrow
gauge
Highways: 16,939 km total; 12,051 km
paved, 2,625 km gravel or crushed stone,
2,263 km improved earth
Inland waterways: 672 km; of little impor-
tance
Pipelines: 1,304 km crude oil; 515 km re-
fined products
Ports: 3 major (Tartus, Latakia, Baniyas), 2
minor
Airfields: 95 total, 90 usable; 27 with
permanent-surface runways; 21 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 3 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair system currently
undergoing significant improvement;
512,600 telephones (5.3 per 100 popl.); 9
AM, no FM, 40 TV stations; 1 Indian Ocean
satellite station; 1 Intersputnik satellite sta-
tion under construction; l submarine cable;
coaxial cable and radio-relay to Iraq, Jordan,
Turkey, and Lebanon (inactive)
Defense Forces
Branches: Syrian Arab Army, Syrian Arab
Air Force, Syrian Arab Navy
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,403,000;
1,347,000 fit for military service; about
113,000 reach military age (19) annually
Land
942,623 km2 (including islands of Zanzibar
and Pemba, 2,642 km2); more than twice the
size of California; forest 45%, meadow and
pasture 37%, inland water 6%, arable 4%,
crop 1 %, other 7%
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed):
50nm'
Coastline: 1,424 km (this includes 113 km
Mafia Island, 177 km Pemba island, and 212
km Zanzibar)
People
Population: 22,415,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 3.2%
Nationality: noun-Tanzanian(s); adjec-
Ethnic divisions: mainland-99% native
African consisting of well over 100 tribes; 1%
Asian, European, and Arab; Zanzibar-al-
most all Arab
Religion: mainland-33% Christian, 33%
Muslim, 33% indigenous beliefs; Zanzibar-
almost all Muslim
Language: Swahili and English (official);
English primary language of commerce,
administration, and higher education; Swa-
hili widely understood and generally used
for communication between ethnic groups;
first language of most people is one of the
local languages; primary education is gener-
ally in Swahili
Infant mortality rate: 103/1,000 (1984)
Life expectancy: 52
Literacy: 79%
Labor force: 208,680 in paid employment
(1983); 90% agriculture, 10% industry and
commerce
Organized labor: 15% of labor force
Government
Official name: United Republic of Tanzania
Type: republic; single party constitutionally
supreme on the mainland and on Zanzibar
Political subdivisions: 25 regions-20 on
mainland, 5 on Zanzibar
Legal system: based on English common
law; permanent constitution adopted 1977,
replaced interim constitution adopted 1965;
Zanzibar has its own constitution but re-
mains subject to provisions of the union con-
stitution; judicial review of legislative acts
limited to matters of interpretation; legal
education at University of Dar es Salaam;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdic-
tion
National holiday: Union Day, 26 April; In-
dependence Day, 9 December
Branches: President Ali Hassan Mwinyi has
full executive authority on the mainland;
National Assembly dominated by the
Chama Cha Mapinduzi (Revolutionary
Party); National Assembly consists of 233
members, 72 from Zanzibar, of whom 10 are
directly elected, 65 appointed from the
mainland, and 96 directly elected from the
mainland (these numbers are slated to be
changed when amendments to the Constitu-
tion are approved)
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Government leaders: Ali Hassan MWINYI,
President (since November 1985); Joseph
Sinde WARIOBA, Prime Minister (since
November 1985)
Imports: $831 million (c.i.f., 1984); manu-
factured factured goods, machinery.and transport
equipment, cotton piece goods, crude oil,
foodstuffs
Telecommunications: fair system of open
wire, radio relay, and troposcatter; 103,800
telephones (0.6 per 100 popl.); 6 AM, no FM,
2 TV stations; 1 Indian Ocean satellite sta-
tion
Suffrage: universal adult over age 18
Political party and leader: Chama Cha
Mapinduzi (Revolutionary Party), only polit-
ical party, dominated by Nyerere; has con-
siderable power over domestic policies and
the enforcement of them
Voting strength: (October 1980 national
elections) close to 7 million registered voters;
Nyerere received 93% of about 6 million
votes cast; general elections scheduled for
late 1985
Communists: a few Communist sympathiz-
ers, especially on Zanzibar
Member of. AfDB, Commonwealth, FAO,
G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO,
ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM,
OAU, SADCC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $4.2 billion (1984), $210 per capita;
real growth rate, 0.6% (1984 prelim.)
Natural resources: hydroelectric power po-
tential, large unexploited iron and coal,
gemstone and gold mines, natural gas, nickel
Agriculture: main crops-cotton, coffee,
sisal on mainland; cloves and coconuts on
Zanzibar
Major industries: primarily agricultural
processing (sugar, beer, cigarettes, sisal
twine), diamond mine, oil refinery, shoes,
cement, textiles, wood products
Electric power: 372;800 kW capacity (1985);.
816 million kWh produced (1985), 37 kWh
per capita
Exports: $396 million (f:o.b., 1984); coffee,
cotton, sisal, cashew nuts, meat, cloves, to-
bacco, tea, coconut products
Major trade partners: exports=FRG, UK,
US; imports-FRG, UK, US, Iran
External debt: $2.8 billion (1983); debt ser-
vice ratio 68.1% (1984-not including IMF)
Budget: (1984/85) revenues, $891.8 million;
current expenditures, $1.017 billion; devel-
opment. expenditures, $359.5 million
Aid: economic aid-commitments from West-
ern (non-US) countries (1970-79), ODA and
OOF, $100 million; US, including Ex-Im
(FY70-80), $200 million
Monetary conversion rate: 17 Tanzanian
shillings= US$1 (14 June 1984)
Communications
Railroads: 3,555 km.total;.960 km 1.067-
meter gauge; 2,595 km'1.000-meter gauge,
6.4 km double track, 962 km Tan-Zam Rail-
road 1.067-meter gauge in Tanzania; 115
km 1.000-meter gauge planned by end of
decade
Highways: total 34,500 km, 3,600 km paved;
5,600 km gravel or crushed stone; remainder
improved and unimproved earth
Inland waterways: several thousand km
navigable on Lakes Tanganyika, Victoria,
and Malawi; principal inland waterway
ports are Mwanza on Lake Victoria and
Kigoma.on Lake Tanganyika
Ports: 3 major (Dares Salaam, Mtwara,
Tanga)
Civil air: 7 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 100 total, 93 usable; 12 with
permanent-surface runways; 3 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 45 with runways
1,220=2,439 m
Defense Forces
Branches: Tanzanian People's Defense
Force includes Army, Navy, and Air Force;
paramilitary Police Field Force Unit
Military manpower: males 15-49,4,712,000;
2,706,000 fit for military service
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Thailand
$ rat Thani
Phukef
Songkhla
Land
514,820 km2; about the size of Texas; 56%
forest, 24% farm, 20% other ,
Land boundaries: 4,868 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 3,219 km
People
Population: 52,438,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 1.7%
Nationality: noun-Thai (sing. and pl.); ad-
jective-Thai
Ethnic divisions: 75% Thai, 14% Chinese,
I I% other
Religion: 95.5% Buddhist, 4% Muslim, 0.5%
other
Language: Thai; English is the secondary
language of the elite; ethnic and regional
dialects
Infant mortality rate: 51.4/1,000 (1985)
Life expectancy: men 59.5, women 65.1
Literacy: 84%
Labor force: 26 million (1984); 73% agricul
ture, 11% industry and commerce, 10%
services, 6% government; 1:5% unemploy-
ment rate
Government
Official name: Kingdom of Thailand
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Bangkok
Political subdivisions: 72 centrally
controlled provinces
Legal system: based on civil law system,
with influences of.common law; legal educa-
tion at Thamruasat University; has not ac-
cepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: King's Birthday, 5 De-
cember . , - .
Branches: King is head of state with nominal
powers; bicameral legislature (National As-
sembly-Senate appointed by King, elected
House of Representatives); judiciary rela-
tively independent except in important po-
litical subversive cases,
Government leaders: BHUMIBOL
ADULYADEJ, King (since June. 1946); Gen.
(Ret.) PREM TINSULANONDA, Prime
Minister (since March 1980)
Suffrage: universal at age 20,
Elections: last held April 1983 .
Political parties: Social Action Party, Thai
Nation.Party, Thai People's Party, Thai Citi-
zen Party,. Democrat Party, Freedom and
Justice Party, Nation and People, Party, New
Force Party, National Democracy Party;
other small parties represented,in parlia-
ment ,
Communists: strength of illegal Communist
Party is probably, less than 1,000; Commu-
nist insurgents throughout Thailand total ,an
estimated. 1,000
Member of. ADB, ANRPC, ASEAN,
ASPAC, Association of Tin Producing Coun-
tries, Colombo Plan, GATT, ESCAP, FAO,
G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC,
IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITC, ITU, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $52.4 billion (1984), $1,030 per capita;
5.4% real growth in 1984
Natural resources: tin, rubber, natural gas,
tungsten, timber, fisheries products
Agriculture: main crops-rice, sugar, corn,.
rubber, manioc; an illegal producer of
opium poppy and cannabis for the interna-
tional drug. trade
Fishing: catch 2.2 million metric tons (1984);
major fishery export, shrimp, 19,428 metric
tons, about $117 million (1984)
Major industries: agricultural processing,
textiles, wood and wood products, cement,
tin and tungsten ore mining; world's second,
largest tungsten producer and third largest
tin producer
Shortages: fuel sources, including coal and
petroleum; scrap iron; and fertilizer
Electric power: 5,826,000 kW capacity
(1985); 20.7 billion kWh produced (1985),
393 kWh per capita
Exports: $7.4 billion (f.o.b., 1984); rice,
sugar, corn, rubber, tin, tapioca, textiles and
garments, integrated circuits, canned sea-
food, fruit .
Imports: $10.37 billion (c.i.f., 1984); machin-
ery and transport equipment, fuels and
lubricants, base metals, chemicals, and fer-
tilizer
Major trade partners: exports-US, Japan,
Singapore, the Netherlands, Hong Kong,
Malaysia; imports-Japan, US, FRG, UK,
Singapore, Saudi Arabia; about 1% or less .
trade with Communist countries
Budget: (FY84) estimate of expenditures,
$7.6 billion; revenues $6.2 billion; deficit
$1.4 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 27 baht=US$1.
(January 1986)
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Communications
Railroads: 3,940 km 1.000-meter gauge, 99
km double track
Highways: 44,534 km total; 28,016 km
paved, 5,132 km earth surface, 11,386 km
under development
Inland waterways: 3,999 km principal wa-
terways; 3,701 km with navigable depths of
0.9 m or more throughout the year; numer-
ous minor waterways navigable by shallow-
draft native craft
Pipelines: natural gas, 350 km; refined prod-
ucts, 67 km
Ports: 2 major, 16 minor
Civil air: 30 (plus 2 leased) major transport
aircraft
Airfields: 131 total, 104 usable; 57 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 13 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 27 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: service to general
public adequate; bulk of service to govern-
ment activities provided by multichannel
cable and radio-relay network; satellite
ground station; domestic satellite system
being developed; 496,558 telephones (1.1
per 100 popl.); approx. 150 AM, 20 FM, 10
TV transmitters in government-controlled
networks
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Thai Army, Royal Thai
Navy (includes Royal Thai Marine Corps),
Royal Thai Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49,
13,536,000; 8,307,000 fit for military service;
about 631,000 reach military age (18) annu-
ally
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30'
September 1986, $1.5 million (est.); 18.9% of
central government budget
Togo
See regional map V11 Bight o!'Benin"
Land-
56,980 km2; slightly larger than West Vir-
ginia; nearly 50% arable, under 15% culti-
vated
Land boundaries: 1,646 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 30
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
People
Population: 3,118,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 3.1%
Nationality: noun-Togolese (sing. and pl.); '
adjective-Togolese
Ethnic divisions: 37 tribes; largest and most
important are Ewe, Mina, and Kabye; under
I% European and Syrian-Lebanese
Religion: about 70% indigenous beliefs, 20%
Christian, 10%'Muslim
Language: French, both official and lan-
guage of commerce; major African
languages are Ewe and Mina in the south
and Dagomba and Kabye in the north
Infant mortality rate: 112/1,000(1983)
Labor force: 78% agriculture, 22% industry;
about 88,600 wage earners, evenly divided
between public and private sectors
Organized labor: one national union, the
National Federation of Togolese Workers
Government
Official name: Republic of Togo
Type: republic; one-party presidential re-
gime with a centralized national administra-
tion
Capital: Lome
Political subdivisions: 21 prefectures
Legal system: French-based court system
with a court of appeals
National holiday: Independence Day, 27
April
Branches: strong executive President; uni-
cameral legislature (National Assembly);
separate judiciary, including State Security
Court, established in 1970; a new constitu-
tion was endorsed by referendum in 1979
that provided for an elective presidential
system and a 67-member National Assembly
Government leader: Gen. Gnassingbe
EYADEMA, President (since 1967)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: to be held every seven years; last
held in December 1979; General Eyadema,
the sole candidate, was elected by almost
100% of votes cast
Political party: single party formed by Presi-
dent Eyadema in September 1969, Rally of
the Togolese People (RPT); structure and
staffing of;party closely controlled by gov-
ernment
Communists: no Communist Party; possibly
some sympathizers
Member of. AfDB, CEAO (observer),
EAMA, ECA, ECOWAS, ENTENTE, FAO,
G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL,
ITU, NAM, OAU, OCAM, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
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Togo (continued)
Economy
GNP: $950 million (1982 est.), about $340
per capita; 3.2% real growth in 1982
Natural resources: phosphates, limestone,
marble
Agriculture: main cash crops-coffee, co-
coa, cotton; major food crops-yams, cas-
sava, corn, beans, rice, millet, sorghum, fish
Fishing: catch 14,556 metric tons (1983)
Major industries: phosphate mining, agri-
cultural processing, cement, handicrafts,
textiles, beverages
Electric power: 47,900 kW capacity (1985);
83 million kWh produced (1985), 27 kWh
per capita
Exports: $202 million (f.o.b., 1982); phos-
phates, cocoa, coffee, palm kernels
Imports: $390 million (f.o.b., 1982); con-
sumer goods, fuels, machinery, tobacco,
foodstuffs
Major trade partners: mostly France and
other EC countries.
Budget: (1982 proi?), revenues, $243.1 mil-
lion; current expenditures, $219 million;
development expenditures, $89 million
Monetary conversion rate: 475 Commun-
aute Financiere Africaine (CFA) francs=
US$1 (1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year.
Communications
Railroads: 570 km 1.000-meter gauge, single
track
Highways: 7,562 km total, 1,505 km paved,
1,257 km improved earth, remainder unim-
proved earth
Inland waterways: section of Mono River
and about 50 km of coastal lagoons and tidal
creeks
Airfields: 11 total, 11 usable;.2 with
permanent-surface runways 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: fair system based on
network of open-wire lines supplemented by
radio-relay routes; 12,000 telephones (0.4
per 100 popl.); 2 AM, no FM, 3 TV stations; 1
Atlantic Ocean satellite station and 1
SYMPHONIE station
Defense Forces'
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramili-
tary Gendarmerie
Military manpower: males 15-49, 681,000;
354,000 fit for military service; no conscrip-
tion
Land
about 10.1 km2; about one-fifteenth the size
of Washington, D. C.; consists of three atolls
(Atafu-2 km2, Nukunonu-5.5 km2, and
Fakaofo-2.6 km2)
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nin (200 rim exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: Fakaofo, about 36 km;
Nukunonu, about 45 km; Atafu, about
20km
People
Population: 1,538 (July 1986), average an-
nual growth rate '0.2%-
Nationality: noun=Tokelauan(s); adjec-
tive-Tokelauan
Ethnic divisions: all Polynesian, with cul-
tural ties to Western Samoa
Religion: 70% Congregational Christian
Church, 30% Roman Catholic-on Atafu, all
Congregational Christian Church of Samoa;
on Nukunonu, all Roman Catholic; on
Fakaofo, both denominations
Language: Tokelauan (a Polynesian lan-
guage) and English
Literacy: probably high
Government
official name: Tokelau
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Type: New Zealand Associated Territory;
Tokelauans are British subjects and New
Zealand citizens; administered under the
Tokelau Islands Act of 1948 as amended in
1970
Capital: no capital-each atoll has its own
administrative center
Branches: the Minister of Foreign Affairs of
New Zealand is empowered to appoint an
Administrator to the region; the powers of
the Administrator are delegated to the Offi-
cial Secretary at the Office of Tokelau Af-
fairs, Apia, Western Somoa
Political subdivisions: each village has a
Council of Elders (Taupulega) made up of
heads of family groups together with the
commissioner (faipule) and the mayor
(pulenuku); the commissioner administers
the law and presides over the court
National holiday: 6 February (Waitangi
Day)
Government leaders: H. H. FRANCIS, Ad-
ministrator (since February 1985); A. H.
MACEY, Official Secretary, Office of
Tokelau Affairs (since February 1985)
Elections: elections for a commissioner and
a mayor from each atoll held at three-year
intervals
Economy
Natural resources: negligible
Agriculture: coconuts, copra; basic subsis-
tence crops-pulaka, breadfruit, pawpaw,
bananas; pigs, poultry
Fishing: ocean and lagoon fish and shellfish
for local consumption
Major industries: copra production, wood
work, plaited craft goods, stamps, coins
Electric power: 200 kW capacity (1985);.3
million kWh produced (1985), 187 kWh per
capita
Exports:. $23,648 (1982/3); copra, handi-
crafts
Imports: foodstuffs, building materials, fuel
Major trade partner: New Zealand
Budget: (1983/4) expenditures, $1,358,105;
revenue, $208,419; New Zealand subsidy,
$1,149,686
Monetary conversion rate: New Zealand
currency and the Tokelau souvenir coin are
legal tender-NZ$1.88=US$1(5 February
1986); Western Samoan currency is also used
Communications
Railroads: none,, .
Ports: no harbor facilities; off-shore anchor-
ages
Airfields: none; lagoon landings by amphibi-
ous aircraft from Samoa
Telecommunications: telephone service
links islands to each other and to Western
Samoa (1985)
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of New Zealand
Tonga
Tafah,
Niuatoputapu
South
Pacific
Ocean
Ha'apai
Group
Vava'u
Group
oNeiafu
NUKU'ALOFA*
Tongatapu
Group
See regional map X
Land
997 km2 (169 islands, only 36 inhabited);
smaller than New York City; 77% arable,
13% forest, 3% pasture, 3% inland water, 4%
other
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 419 km (est.)
People
Population: 104,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 1.5%
Nationality: noun-Tongan(s); adjective-
Tongan
Ethnic divisions: Polynesian; about 300
Europeans
Religion: Christian; Free Wesleyan Church
claims over, 30,000 adherents
Language:,Tongan, English
Infant mortality rate: 6.4/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: 58
Literacy: 90-95%; compulsory education for
children ages 6-14
Labor force: 75% engaged in agriculture;
600 engaged in mining
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Tonga (continued)
Government"
Official name: Kingdom of Tonga
Type: constitutional monarchy within the
Commonwealth
Capital: Nuku'alofa, on Tongatapu Island
Political subdivisions: three main island
groups (Tongatapu, Ha'apai, Vava'u)
Legal system: based on English law
Branches: executive-King, Cabinet, and
Privy Council; unicameral legislature-Leg-
islative Assembly composed of seven nobles
elected by their peers, seven elected repre-
sentatives of the people, eight Ministers of
the Crown; the King appoints one of the
seven nobles to be the speaker; judiciary-
Supreme Court, Magistrate's Court, Land
Court
Government leaders: Taufa'ahau TUPOU
IV, King (since December 1965); Prince
Fatafehi TU'IPELEHAKE), Premier (since
December 1965)
Suffrage: all literate, tax=paying males and
all literate females over 21
Elections: supposed to be held every three
years; last held in April 1978 "
Member of. ADB, Commonwealth, FAO,
ESCAP, GATT (de.facto), IFAD, ITU, South
Pacific Bureau for Economic Cooperation,
SPF, UNESCO, UPU, WHO
Economy
GNP: $65 million (1984), $580 per capita
Agriculture: largely dominated by coconut
and banana production, with subsistence
crops of taro, yams, sweet"potatoes, bread-
fruit
Major industry: tourism
Electric power: 5,000 kW capacity (1985); 8
million kWh produced (1985), 75 kWh per
capita
Exports: $7 million (1979); 65% copra, 8%
bananas, 7% coconut products
Imports: $29 million (1979); food, machin-
ery, petroleum
Major trade partners: exports-36% Austra-
lia, 34% New Zealand, 14% US; imports 38%
New Zealand, 31 % Australia, 6% Japan, 5%
Fiji (1979)
Aid: economic commitments-$27 million
(1983); Western (non-US) countries, ODA
and OOF (1970-81), $77 million
Budget: (1981-82) revenues, 14,744,237
pa'anga; expenditures, 14,735,833 pa'anga
(est.)
Monetary conversion rate: 1.0778
pa'anga=US$l (February 1984)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 198 km sealed road (Tongatapu);
74 km (Vava'u); 94 km unsealed roads usable
only in dry weather
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 2 minor (Nuku'alofa, Neiafu)
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 4 total, 4 usable;1 with
permanent-surface runways 1,220-2,439 m,
Telecommunications: 2,608 telephones (1.4
per 100 popl.); 65,000 radio sets; no TV sets;
1 AM.station; 1 ground satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Land Force, Maritime Force
246,
Trinidad and Tobago
cuayaguayare
Land
5,128 km2; the size of Delaware; 41.9% farm
(25.7% cultivated or fallow, 10.6% forest,
4.1% unused or built on, and 1.5% pasture);
58'.1 % grassland, forest, built on, wasteland,
and other
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 362 km
People
Population: 1,204,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 1.5%
Nationality: noun-Trinidadian(s),
Tobagan(s); adjective-Trinidadian,
Tobagan
Ethnic divisions: 43% black, 40% East In-
dian, 14% mixed, 1% white, 1% Chinese, 1%
other
Religion: 36.2% Roman Catholic, 23.0%
Hindu, 13.1% Protestant, 6.0% Muslim,
21.7% unknown
Language: English (official), Hindi, French,
Spanish
Infant mortality rate: 197/1,000 (1982)
Life expectancy: men 65; women 70
Literacy: 89%
Tobago
Scarborough
Trinidad
sign ~arrentln
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Labor force: about 470,900 (est. 1984); 16.6%
mining, quarrying, and manufacturing;
22.7% commerce; 20.9% construction and
utilities; 8.3% agriculture; 7.8% transporta-
tion and communication; 23.7% other ser-.
vices (1983); 12% unemployment rate (1984
est.)
Organized labor: 40% of labor force (1984)
Government
Official name: Republic of Trinidad and
Tobago
Type: parliamentary democracy
Capital: Port-of-Spain
Political subdivisions: 8 counties (29 wards,
Tobago is 30th)
Legal system: based on English common
law; constitution came into effect 1976; judi-
cial review of legislative acts in the Supreme
Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 31
August
Voting strength: (1981 election) 55% of reg.
istered voters cast ballots; House of Repre-
sentatives-PNM, 26 seats; ULF, 8; DAC,
the 2 Tobago seats
Communists: People's Popular Movement
(PPM), Michael Als; February 18 Movement
(F/18), James Millette; Workers' Revolution-'
ary Committee (WRC), John Poon
Other political pressure groups: National
Joint Action Committee (NJAC), radical
antigovernment black-identity organization;
Trinidad and Tobago Peace Council, leftist' ,
organization affiliated with the World Peace
Council; Trinidad and Tobago Chamber of
Industry and Commerce; Trinidad and To-
bago Labor Congress, moderate labor feder-
ation; Council of Progressive Trade Unions,
radical labor federation
Member of. CARICOM, Commonwealth,
FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IBRD, Interna-
tional Coffee Agreement, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
IDB-Inter-American Development Bank,
IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, ISO, ITU, IWC-Interna-
tional Wheat Council, NAM, OAS, PAHO, '
SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO,
WMO, WTO
Imports: $1.9 billion (c.i.f., 1984); crude pe-,
troleum (33%), machinery, fabricated met-
als, transportation equipment, manufac-
tured goods, food, chemicals; includes ini-
ports under processing agreement
Major trade partners (1984 prelim.) ex-
ports-US 56%, CARICOM 10%, UK 8%;
imports-US 37%, UK 10%, CARICOM7%
Aid: economic-bilateral commitments, US,
including Ex-Im (FY70-84); $355 million;
(1970-83) other Western countries, ODA and
OOF, $233 million
Budget: (1984 prelim.) consolidated central,.
government revenues, $2.7 billion; expendi-
tures, $3.4 billion (current, $2.5 billion; capi-;
tal, $889 million).
Monetary conversion rate: 3.60 Trinidad ,
and Tobago dollars= US$1 (December 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: minimal agricultural system near
San Fernando
Branches: bicameral legislature (36-member
elected House of Representatives and 31-
member appointed Senate); executive is
Cabinet led by the Prime Minister; judiciary
is headed by the Chief Justice and includes a
Court of Appeal, High Court, and lower
courts
Government leaders: George Michael
CHAMBERS, Prime Minister (since 1981);
Ellis Emmanuel Innocent CLARKE, Presi-
dent (since 1976)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: elections to be held at intervals of
not more than five years; last election held 9
November 1981
Political parties and leaders: People's Na '
tional Movement (PNM), George Chambers-l'
United Labor Front (ULF), Basdeo Panday;
Organization for National Reconstruction
(ONR), Karl Hudson-Phillips; Democratic
Action Congress (DAC), Arthur Napoleon
Raymond Robinson; Tapia House Move-
ment, Michael Harris
Economy
GNP: $8.6 billion (1984), $7;370 per capita;
real growth rate (1984), -7.4%
Natural resources: oil, gas, petroleum, as-
phalt
Agriculture: main crops-sugar, cocoa,
coffee, rice, citrus, bananas; largely depen-
dent upon imports of food
Fishing: catch 4,461 metric tons (1983)
Major industries: petroleum, chemicals,
tourism, food processing, cement
Electric power: 1,171;000'kW capacity
(1985); 2.7 billion kWh produced (1985),
2,275 kWh per capita
Exports: $2.2 billion (f.o.b., 1984); petro-
leum and petroleum products, ammonia,
fertilizer, chemicals, sugar, cocoa, coffee,
citrus; includes exports of oil under process-
ing agreement
Highways: 8,000 km total; 4;000 km paved,,-'.
1,000 km improved earth,.3,000 km unim-
proved earth
Pipelines: 1,032 km crude oil; 19 km refined
products; 904 km natural gas
Civil air: 14 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 7 total, 5 usable; 3' with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 in, 3 with runways
1,220-2,439 in
Telecommunications: excellent interna-
tional service via tropospheric-scatter links
to Barbados and Guyana; good local service;
1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station; 109,000.:,
telephones (9.6 per 100 popl.); 2 AM,,3.FM, 5._
TV stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Trinidad and Tobago Defense
Force, Trinidad and Tobago Police Service
Military manpower: males 15-49, 345,000;
247,000 fit for military service
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 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/29: CIA-RDP08-00534R000100170001-4
200 km
Bizerte
tt)Nrs
Nabul
? Af KS# .:.
Susah
Mediterranean
r
Sea
QAtlri ~ ~~~ ::
Labor force: 1.9 million, 32% agriculture;
15%-25% unemployed; shortage of skilled
labor
Voting strength: (1981 election) over 95%
Destourian Socialist Party; 3.2% Social Dem-
ocrats, under 1% Movement of Popular
Unity, under 1% Communist Party
Land
163,610 km2; about the size of Missouri; 43%
desert, waste, or urban; 28% arable and tree
crop; 23% range and esparto grass; 6% forest
Land boundaries:. 1,408 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed):
12 nm
Coastline: 1,143 km (includes offshore is-
lands)
People .
Population: 7,424,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.3%
Nationality: noun-Tunisian(s); adjective-
Tunisian
Ethnic divisions: 98% Arab, 1% European,
less than I% Jewish
Religion: 98% Muslim, I% Christian, less
than 1% Jewish
Language: Arabic (official); Arabic and
French (commerce).
Infant mortality rate: 83/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: men 60, women 63
Literacy: about 62%
Organized labor: about 360,000 members
claimed, roughly 20% of labor force; Gen-
eral Union of Tunisian Workers (UGTT),.
quasi-independent of Destourian Socialist'
Party
Government
Official name: Republic of Tunisia.
Type: republic
Capital: Tunis
Political subdivisions: 18 governorates
(provinces)
Legal system: based on French civil law
system and Islamic law; constitution pat-.
terned on Turkish and US constitutions
adopted 1959; sorrie iudicial review of, legis-
lative acts in the Supreme Court in joint ses-
sion; legal education at Institute of Higher
Studies and Superior School of Law of the
University of Tunis
National holiday: Independence Day, 1
June
Branches: executive dominant; unicameral
legislative (National Assembly) largely advi-
sory; judicial, patterned on French and Ko-
ranic systems
Government leaders: Habib BOURGUIBA,
President (Prime Minister in 1956; President
since 1957; President for Life since Novem-
ber 1974); Mohamed MZALI, Prime Minis-
ter (since April 1980)
Electionss: national election held every five
years; last election held 1 November 1981
Political parties and leaders: Destourian
Socialist Party is official ruling party; two
small parties-Movement of Social Demo-
crats and Movement of Popular Unity-
legalized in 1983; Communist Party legal-
ized in 1981
Communists: a small number of nominal
Communists, mostly students
Member of. AfDB, Arab League, AIOEC,
FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, IDA, IDB-Islamic Development
Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, International Lead
and Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO,.
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, ITU,
IWC-International Wheat Council, NAM,
OAPEC; OAU, OIC; Regional Cooperation.
for Development, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $9.3 billion (1985 est.), $1,280 per cap-
ita (1985); 57% private consumption, 16%
government consumption, 29% gross fixed
capital formation; average annual real
growth (1980-83), 4%
Natural resources: oil, phosphates, iron, ore,
lead, zinc
Agriculture: main crops-cereals (barley,
and wheat), olives, grapes, citrus fruits, and
vegetables
Major sectors: agriculture; industry-min-
ing (phosphate), energy (petroleum, natural
gas), manufacturing (food processing and
textiles), services (transport, telecommunica-
tions, tourism, government)
Electric power: 1,070,300 kW capacity
(1985); 3.75 billion kWh produced (1985),
510 kWh per capita
Exports: $1.8 billion (f.o.b., 1985); 40%
crude petroleum, 21% textiles, 21% phos-
phates and chemicals, 18% other
Major trade partners: France, Italy, FRG,
Greece
Tourism and foreign worker remittances:
$825 million (1985)
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 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/29: CIA-RDP08-00534R000100170001-4
Budget: (1985 prelim.) total revenues, $3.04
billion; operating budget, $2.5 billion; capi-
tal budget, $1.2 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 0.80 Tunisian
dinar (TD)=US$1 (30 October 1g85)
Fiscal year:.calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 2,089 km total; 5031:435-meter
km standard gauge; 1,586 km 1.000-meter
gauge, 18 km 1.000-meter gauge double
track
Highways: 17,700 km total; 9,100 km bitu-
minous; 8,600 km improved and
unimproved earth
Pipelines: 797 km crude oil; 86 km refined
products; 742 km natural gas
Ports: 5 major, 14 minor; 2 petroleum, oils,
and lubricants terminal
Civil air: 19 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 29 total, 27 usable; 13 with
permanent-surface runways; 6 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659'm; 8 with runways
1,220-2,439 in
Telecommunications: the system is above
the African average; facilities consist of
open-wire lines, multiconductor cable, and
radio relay; key centers are $afagis Susah,
Bizerte, and Tunis; 232,000 telephones (3.4
per 100 popl.); 18 AM, 4 FM, 14TV stations;
4 submarine cables; ARABSAT satellite
back-up control station under construction;
coaxial cable to Algeria; radio-relay to Alge-
ria, Libya, and Italy
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,794,000;
1,002,000 fit for military service; about
84,000 reach military age (20) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1985, $284 million; 7.4% of cen-
tral government budget
Turkey
' Erzurum
o' KaYaar~
w~
Mediterranean
Sea
Land
780,576 km2; twice the size of California;
35% crop, 25% meadow and pasture, 23%
forest, 17% other
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm,
except in Black and Mediterranean Seas,
where it is 12 nm
People
Population: 51,819,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.3%
Nationality: noun-Turk(s); adjective-
Turkish
Ethnic divisions: 85% Turkish, 12% Kurd,
3% other
Religion: 98% Muslim (mostly Sunni), 2%
other (mostly Christian and Jewish)
Language: Turkish (official), Kurdish, Ara-
bic
Infant mortality rate: 15.3/1,000 (1984)
Life expectancy: 57
Literacy: 70%
Labor force: 18.1 million (1984); 58.8% agri-
culture, 27.5% service, 11.9% industry and
commerce; 16.5% surplus of unskilled labor
(1984); about 1 million Turks work abroad
(1983)
Organized labor: 10-15% of labor force
Government
Official name: Republic of Turkey
Type: republican parliamentary democracy
Capital: Ankara
Political subdivisions: 67 provinces
Legal system: derived from various conti-
nental legal systems; constitution adopted in'
November 1982; legal education at Universi-
ties of Ankara and Istanbul; accepts compul-
sory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Republic Day, 29 October
Branches: executive-President empowered
to call new elections, promulgate laws
(elected for a seven-year term); unicameral'
legislature (400-member Grand National
Assembly); independent judiciary
Government leaders: Gen. Kenan EVREN,
President (since 1982); Turgut OZAL, Prime
Minister (since 1983)
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: according to the 1982 Constitu-
tion, elections to the Grand National Assem-
bly to be held every five years; most recent
election 6 November 1983
Political parties and leaders: military lead-
ers banned all traditional parties from taking
part in the parliamentary election of No-
vember 1983 and banned many prominent
party leaders from taking part in politics for
five to 10 years; three new parties allowed to
take part in the election-Motherland Party'
(ANAP), Turgut Ozal; Populist Party (PP),
Necdet Calp; Nationalist Democracy Party
(NDP), Ulk Soylemezoglu; additional par-
ties permitted to take part in local elections
in March 1984-Social Democratcy Party
(SODEP), Erdal Inon; Correct Way Party
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 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/29: CIA-RDP08-00534R000100170001-4
Turkey (continued)
(CWP), Husamettin Cinderuk; SODEP and
PP merged in 1985 to form the Social Demo-
cratic Populist Party (SHP) under Aydin
Gfkan; Democratic Left Party (DLP)
founded in 1985 under Rahsan Ecevit;.
Exports: $7,134 million (f.o.b., 1984); cotton,
tobacco, fruits, nuts,. metals, livestock prod-
ucts, textiles, clothing, cement, leather, glass,
ceramics
Defense Forces
Branches: Land Forces, Navy, Air Force,
Gendarmerie
Voting strength: (1983 election) Grand Na-
tional Assembly-Motherland Party, 211
seats; Populist Party, 117 seats; Nationalist
Democracy Party, 71 seats; as of end of
1985, Grand National Assembly-Mother-
land Party, 207 seats; Social Democratic
Populist Party, 82 seats; National Democ-.
racy Party, 53 seats; Democratic Left Party,
4 seats; independents, 46 seats; vacant, 8
seats
Communists: strength and support negligi-
ble
Member of: ASSIMER, Council of Europe,
EC (associate member), ECOSOC, FAO,
GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA,
IDB-Islamic Development Bank, IEA,
IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL,.IOOC, IPU, ITC,
ITU, NATO, OECD, OIC, Economic Coop-
eration Organization, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
Economy
GNP: $50.0 billion (1984), $990 per capita;
5.9% real growth 1983, 4.6% average annual
real growth 1974-84
Natural resources: antimony, coal, chro-
mium, mercury, copper, borate, oil
Agriculture: main products-cotton, to-
bacco, cereals, sugar beets, fruits, nuts, and
livestock products; self-sufficient in food in
average years; an illegal producer of opium
poppy for the international drug trade
Major industries: textiles, food processing,
mining (coal, chromite, copper, boron min-
erals), steel, petroleum
Crude steel: 3.0 million tons produced
(1984)
Electric power: 8,685,500 kW capacity
(1985); 34.238 billion kWh produced (1985),
667 kWh per capita
Imports:.$10;757 million (c.i.f.-,?1984); crude
oil, machinery, transport equipment, metals,
pharmaceuticals, dyes, plastics, rubber, min-
eral fuels, fertilizers, chemicals.
Major trade partners: (1984) exports-
17.9% ERG; 13:1%.Iraq, 10.5% Iran, 70%
Italy, 5.3% Saudi Arabia; imports-14.3%
Iran, 10.9% FRG, 9,_9% US; 8.7% Iraq,,6.1.%.
Libya' .
Budget: (FY84) revenues, $7.55 billion; ex-
penditures, $10.l,billion;,deficit, $2.5 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 551.55 Turkish.
liras=US$1(October 1985)
Communications,-,
Railroads: 8,193 km 1.435-meter standard
gauge; 204 km,dou ble,track;109 km-electri-
fied
Highways: 49,615 km total; 26,915 km bitu-
minous; 16,500 km gravel or crushed stone;
4,000 km improved earth; 2,200 km un-
improved earth
Inland waterways: approx. 1,200 km,
Pipelines: 1,288 km crude oil; 2,145 km re-
fined products .
Ports: 4 major, 8 secondary, 16 minor.
Civil air: 30majortransport aircraft .. .
Airfields: 120 total, 104 usable;_62-with permanent-surface runways; 3 with run-.
ways over 3,660 m, 27 with runways
2,440-3;659 m, 26 with runways 1;220=-
2,439 in
Telecommunications., fair domestic and
international systems; trunk radio-relay net-
work; 2.66 million telephones (5.5 per 100
popl.); 16 AM, 27 FM, 252 TV stations; 2
satellite ground station antennas, 1 subma
rine telephone cable
Military manpower: males 15-49,
12,685,000; 7,507,000 fit for military service;
about 533,000 reach military age (20) annu-
ally
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1984, $2.3 billion; 17% of central
government budget
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 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/29: CIA-RDP08-00534R000100170001-4
Turks and Caicos Islands
North Atlantic
Ocean
North Atlantic
Ocean
CockburnJ.GRAND TURK*
Harbour i :..(Cockburn
Town)
Turks
Islands
Land
430 km2; about two-thirds the size of New
York City; more than 30 islands, including 8
inhabited; largest island is Grand Caicos
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(200 nm fishing zone)
People
Population: 7,436 (1980)
Religion: Anglican, Roman Catholic, Bap-
tist, Methodist, Church of God, Seventh-day
Adventist
Language: English (official)
Infant mortality rate: 24.4/1,000 (1981/82)
Literacy: about 99%
Labor force: some subsistence agriculture;
majority engaged in fishing and tourist in-
dustries
Organized labor: St. George's Industrial
Trade Union (Cockburn Harbor), 250 mem-
bers
Government
Official name: Turks and Caicos Islands
Type: British dependent territory; constitu-
tion introduced in 1976
Capital: Grand Turk (Cockburn Town)
Legal system: probably based'on English
common law
National holiday; Commonwealth Day, 31>
May
Branches: executive, bicameral legislature'
(Executive Council, 14-member- Legislative
Council); judicial (Supreme Court)
Government leader: Nathaniel FRANCIS,
Chief Minister (since March 1985), Chris-
topher J: TURNER, Governor (since 1982)'-
Suffrage: universal adult at age 18-
Elections: last 1984 for 11 Legislative Coun-
cil seats
Political parties and leaders: People's Den=
ocratic Movement (PMD), Oswald Skip--
pings; Progressive National Party (PNP),
Nathaniel Francis
Voting strength: PDM, 3 seats; PNP; 8 seats
Communist: none known
Economy
GDP: $15 million, per capita GDP-$21020"
(1980)
Natural resources: spiny lobster, conch
Agriculture: corn, beans
Fishing: catch 1;050 metric tons (1983)
Major industries: fishing, tourism; formerly
produced salt by solar evaporation
Expot'ts: $2.5'rnillion (1982); crawfish, dried
and fresh conch, conch shells ` ?
Imports: $20.9 million (1982); foodstuffs;
drink, tobacco; clothing '
Major trade partners: US (lobster, conch,
tourism) and-UK
Budget: revenues, $5.9 million; expendi-
tures,: $7.2 million (1981/82)
-
Monetary conversion rate: uses the US dol-
lar
Fiscal year: probably calendar
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 5121 km, including 24 km tarmac
Ports: 4 major (Grand Turk, Salt Cay,
Providenciales, Cockburn Harbor)
Civil air: Air Turks and Caicos (passenger
service) and Turks Air Ltd. (cargo service)
Airfields: 8 total, 7 usable; 4 with
permanent-surface runways; 4 with run-
ways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair-cable and radio
services; 1,4001elephones (16.9 per 100
popl:); 1 AM station; 2 submarine cables, 1
satellite ground station
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of the United
Kingdom - '
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 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/29: CIA-RDP08-00534R000100170001-4
Tuvalu
(formerly Ellice Islands)
Nanuniea' 150 km
Niutao
~Nanumanga
Nui
FUNAFUTI
Funafuti
South
Pacific
Ocean
NOTE: On 1 October 1975, by Constitu-
tional Order, the Ellice Islands were for-
mally separated from the British colony of
Gilbert and Ellice Islands, thus forming
the colony of Tuvalu. The remaining is-
lands in the former Gilbert and Ellice Is-
lands Colony are now named Kiribati.
Tuvalu includes the islands of
Nanumanga, Nanumea, Nui, Niutao,
Vaitupu, and the four islands of the
Tuvalu group formerly claimed by the
United States-Funafuti, Nukufetau,
Nukulaelae, and Niulakita
Land
26 km2; less than one-half the size of Man-
hattan; low-lying atolls composed of coral
reefs
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: about 24 km
People
Population: 8,000 (July 1986), average an-
nual growth rate 1.7%
Nationality: noun-Tuvaluans(s); adjec-
tive-Tuvaluan
Religion: Christian, predominantly Protes-
tant
Language: Tuvaluan, English,
Infant mortality rate: 42/1,000 (1979)
Life expectancy: men 57, women 60
Literacy: less than 50%
Government
Official name: Tuvalu
Type: independent state with special
"membership" in the Commonwealth, rec-
ognizing Elizabeth II as head of state
Political subdivisions: 8 island councils on
the permanently inhabited islands
Branches: executive-Prime Minister and
Cabinet; unicameral legislature-
12-member House of Parliament judicial-
High Court, 8 island courts with limited jur=
indication
Government leaders: Dr. Tomasi PUAPUA,
Prime Minister (since September 1981); Sir
Fiatau Penitala TEO, Governor General
(since October 1978)
Elections: last general election September
1985, next scheduled for September 1989
Member of: ESCAP (associate member),
GATT (de facto), SPF, SPC, UPU
Economy
GNP: $4 million (1984), $450 per capita
Agriculture: limited; coconut palms, copra
Major industry: copra
Electric power: 2,600 kW capacity (1985); 3
million kWh produced (1985), 375 kWh per
capita
Imports: $2.8 million (1981); food and min-
eral fuels
Major trade partners: UK, Australia
Aid: economic commitments-$4.2 million
(1983); Western (non-US) countries, ODA
(1970-79), $22 million
Budget: (1983 est.) revenues, $2:59 million;
expenditures, $3.6 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1.44 Australian
dollars=US$1(6 February 1986)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 8 km gravel
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 2 minor (Funafuti, Nukufetau)
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1 usable with runways 1,220
2,439 m
Telecommunications: 1 AM station; about
300 radio telephones (0.5 per 100 popl.);
4,000 radio sets
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Uganda
Lake
Albert
Lake
Victoria
Land
235,885 km2; slightly smaller than Oregon;
45% forest, wood, and grass; 21% inland wa-
ter and swamp, including territorial waters
of Lake Victoria; about 21% cultivated; 13%
national park, forest, and game reserve
People
Population: 15,158,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 3.1%
Nationality: noun-Ugandan(s); adjective-
Ugandan
Ethnic divisions: 99% African, 1% Euro-
pean, Asian, Arab
Religion: 33% Roman Catholic, 33% Protes-
tant, 16% Muslim, rest indigenous beliefs
Language: English (official); Luganda and
Swahili widely used; other Bantu and Nilotic
languages
Infant mortality rate: 92/1,000 (1985)
Life expectancy: men 48, women 50
Literacy: 52.3%
Labor force: estimated 4.5 million; about
250,000 in paid labor; remainder in subsis-
tence activities
Government
Official name: Republic of Uganda
Type: republic
Capital: Kampala
Political subdivisions: 10 provinces and 34
districts
Legal system: government plans to restore
system based on English common law and
customary law to reinstitute a normal judi-
cial system; legal education at Makerere
University, Kampala; accepts compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Independence Day, 9 Oc-
tober
Branches: present government, which as-
sumed power in January 1986, consists of a
National Resistance Council headed by the
President; the constitution has been
suspended and the unicameral legislature
(National Assembly) has been dissolved
Government leader: Yoweri Kaguta
MUSEVENI, Head of State and Chairman
of the National Resistance Council (since
January 1986)
Political parties: Uganda Patriotic Move-
ment (UPM), Ugandan People's Congress
(UPC), Democratic Party (DP), Conserva-
tion Party (CP)
Voting strength: (December 1980 election)
National Assembly UPC, 74; DP, 51; other, 1
Other political parties or pressure groups:
Uganda National Liberation Army (UNLA),
Uganda Freedom Movement (UFM), Fed-
eral Democratic Movement of Uganda
(FEDEMU), Uganda National Rescue Front
(UNRF)
Member of. AfDB, Commonwealth, FAO,
G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO,,
KAMPALA 3tnja
Entebbe ?7 .
ICO, IDA, IDB-Islamic Development
Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WTO
Economy
GDP: $5.9 billion in 1983 (est.), approxi-
mately $220 per capita; real growth rate
5.0% (1983/84 est.)
Agriculture: main cash crop-coffee
(180,600 metric tons produced in 1983/84,
est.); other cash crops-cotton, tobacco, tea,
sugar, fish, livestock
Major industries: agricultural processing
(textiles, sugar, coffee, plywood, beer), ce-
ment, copper smelting, corrugated iron
sheet, shoes, fertilizer
Electric power: 200,000 kW capacity (1985);
438 million kWh produced (1985), 29 kWh
per capita
Exports: $380 million (f.o.b., 1983/84 est.);
coffee (98%), cotton, tea
Imports: $509 million (c.i.f., 1983/84 est.);
petroleum products, machinery, cotton
piece goods, metals, transport equipment,
food
Major trade partners: exports-31% US,
12% UK, 10% France; imports-32% Kenya,
11% UK, 11% FRG (1983)
Budget: current receipts 7.7% of GDP
(FY83/84); expenditures, 6.4% of GDP; cap-
ital expenditures, 1.1 % of GDP
Monetary conversion rate: 1,400 Uganda
shillings=US$1 (December 1985)
Communications
Railroads: 1,300 km, 1.000-meter gauge sin-
gle track
Highways: 30,500 km total; 3,500 km paved;
7,000 km crushed stone, gravel, and laterite;
remainder earth roads and tracks
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Uganda (continued)
Inland waterways:. Lake Victoria, Lake
Albert, Lake Kyoga, Lake George, Lake
Edward; Victoria Nile, Albert Nile; princi-
pal inland water ports are at Jinja.and Port
Bell, both on Lake Victoria
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 39 total, 34 usable; 5 with
permanent-surface runways; l with run-
ways over 3,659 in, 3 with runways
2,440-3,659 in, 11 with runways 1,220-
2,439 in
Telecommunications: fair system"with' ,: ,,
radio-relay and radio communications sta-
tions in use; 61,600 telephones (0.5 per 100
pop].); 9 AM, no FM, 9 TV stations; 1 Atlan-
tic Ocean INTELSAT station..
Defense Forces
Branches: new government plans to reorga-
nize national army; formerly,, the defense . ,
forces consisted of the Uganda National Lib-
eration Army (including army and air force)
and a paramilitary Police Special Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, about
3,316,000; about 1,785,000 fit for military
service
United Arab Emirates
125km
Persian Gull W a s a1
Khgymah
~Umm;al gaywayn
Ash Sharia ah
AI
? Dubsyy
Literacy: 56.3% est.
Bou pd ary repre entatnon is
not necessarily authoritative.
Land. .
83,600 km2; the size of Maine; almost, all
desert, waste, or urban
Land boundaries: 1,094 km (does not in-
clude boundaries between adjacent UAE
states)
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): to
agreed center boundaries or median lines
Coastline: 1,448 km
People
Population:. 1,326,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 3.1 %
Nationality: Noun-Emirian(s), adjective-
Emirian
Ethnic divisions: Emirian 19%,.other Arab
23%, South Asian 50% (fluctuating), other
expatriates (includes Westerners and East
Asians) 8%; fewer than 20% of the popula-
tion are UAE citizens (1982)
Religion: Muslim 96%; Christian, Hindu,
and other 4%
Language: Arabic (official); Farsi and
English widely spoken in major cities; Hindi,
Urdu
Infant mortality rate: 44/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: men 68, women 73
254
Labor force: 567,000 (1984 est.); 85% indus-
try and commerce, 5% agriculture, 5% ser-
vices, 5% government; 80% of labor force is
foreign
Government
Official name: United Arab Emirates (com-
posed of former Trucial States)
Member states: Abu Dhabi, `Ajman,
Dubayy, Al Fujayrah, Ra's al Khaymah, Ash
Sharigah, Umm al Qaywayn
Type: federation; constitution signed De-
cember 1971, which delegated specified
powers to. the UAE central government and
reserved other powers to member
shaykhdoms
Capital; Abu Dhabi
Legal system: secular codes are being intro-
duced by the UAE Government and in sev-
eral member shaykhdoms; Islamic law re-
mains influential
National holiday: 2 December
Branches: executive-Supreme Council of
Rulers (seven members), from which a Presi-
dent and Vice President are elected; Prime
Minister and Council of Ministers; unicam-
eral legislature-Federal National Council;
judicial-Union Supreme Court
Government leaders: Shaykh Zayid bin Sul-
tan Al NUHAYYAN of Abu Dhabi, Presi-
dent (since December'1971); Shaykh Rashid
ibn Said Al MAKTUM of Dubayy, Vice
President (since 1971) and Prime Minister
(since April 1979)
Elections: none
Political or pressure groups: none; a few
small clandestine groups are active
Member of. Arab League, FAO G-77,
GATT (de facto), GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO;
IDA, IDB-Islamic Development Bank,
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
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INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAPEC, OIC,
OPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO;
WTO
Telecommunications: adequate system of
radio-relayand coaxial cable; key centers,
are Abu Dhabi and Dubayy; 281,000 tele'
phones (25.0 per 100 pop,.); 8 AM, 3 FM, 9
TV stations;~3INTELSATstations with 1
Atlantic: and 2Indian'Ocean antennas; Arab
satellite'station under construction; subma-
rine cable to Qatar and Bahrain; planed sub-
marine cables to India and Pakistan; tropo-
spheric scatter to Bahrain; radio-relay to
Saudi Arabia
United Kingdom
4'Shetland
Islands
Economy
GDP: $28.2 billion (1984 est.), $24,000 per
capita
Natural resources: oil and natural gas; oil
production in 1984, 1.1 million b/d
Agriculture: food imported; some dates,
alfalfa, vegetables, fruit, tobacco raised
Electric power: 6,015,000 kW capacity
(1985); 15.807 billion kWh produced (1985),
12,300 kWh per capita
Exports: $14.1 billion (f.o.b., 1984); $12.3
billion in crude oil, $1.8 billion consisting
mostly of gas, reexports, dried fish, dates
Imports: $6.9 billion (f.o.b., 1984); food, con-
sumer and capital goods
Major trade partners: Japan, EC, US
Budget: (1984) current expenditures, $3.7
billion; development, $0.2 billion; revenue,
$3.9 billion
Monetary conversion. rate: 3.671 UAE
dirhams=US$1(October 1985)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 2,000 km total; 1,800 km bitumi-
nous, 200 km gravel and graded earth
Pipelines: 830 km crude oil; 870 km natural
gas, including natural gas liquids
Airfields: 42 total, 31 usable; 19 with
permanent-surface runways; 5 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 4 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 6 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Central
Military Command, Federal Police Force
North
Sea
English Channel
See regional map V
Military'manpower: males 15-49,549,000;
381,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1984, $1.9'billion; 45% of central
government budget
Land
243,977 km?; slightly smaller than Oregon;
50% meadow and pasture, 30% arable, 12%
waste or urban, 7% forest, I% inland water
Land boundaries: 360 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 12,429 km
People
Population: 56,458,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 0.1 %
Nationality: noun-Briton(s), British (collec-
tive pl.); adjective-British
Ethnic divisions: 81.5% English, 9.6% Scot-
tish, 2.4% Irish, 1.9% Welsh, 1.8% Ulster,
0.8% other; West Indian, Indian, Pakistani
2%.
Religion: 27.0 million Anglican, 5.3 million
Roman Catholic, 2.0 million Presbyterian,
760,000 Methodist, 450,000 Jewish (regis-
tered)
Language: English, Welsh (about 26% of
population of Wales), Scottish form of Gaelic
(about 60,000 in Scotland)
Infant mortality rate: 10.1/1,000 (1983)
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United Kingdom (continued)
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: (1985) 27.58 million; 23% man-
ufacturing and construction, 49.4% services,
9.5% self-employed, 10.4% government,
1.2% agriculture; 13.1% unemployed (No-
vember 1985)
Government .
Official name: United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern Ireland
Type: constitutional monarchy'
Political subdivisions: 54 counties in Eng-
land and Wales, 12 regions in Scotland and
islands area, 26 districts in Northern Ireland
Legal system: common law tradition with
early Roman and modern continental influ-
ences; no judicial review of Acts of Parlia-
ment; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction,
with reservations
National holiday: Birthday of the Queen, 16
June
Branches: legislative authority resides in
Parliament (House of Lords, House of Com-
mons); executive authority lies with collec-
tively responsible Cabinet led by Prime
Minister; House of Lords is supreme judicial
authority and highest court of appeal
Government leader: ELIZABETH II,
Queen (since 1952);'Margaret THATCHER,
Prime Minister (since 1979)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: at-discretion of Prime Minister
but must be held before expiration of a five-
year electoral mandate; last election held 9
June1983
Political parties and leaders: Conservative,
Margaret. Thatcher; Labor, Neil Kinnock;
Social Democratic, David Owen; Commu-
nist, Gordon McLennan; Scottish National,
Donald Stewart; Plaid Cymru, Dafydd
Wigley; Official Unionist, James Molyneaux;
Democratic Unionist, Ian Paisley; Social
Democratic and Labor, John Hume; Provi-
sional Sinn Fein, Gerry Adams; Alliance,
John Cushnahan; Liberal, David Steel ,
Voting strength: (1983 election) House of
Commons-Conservative, 394 seats (42.4%);
Labor, 210 seats (27.6%); Social Democratic-
Liberal Alliance, 23 seats (18 Liberal, 7 SDP)
(25.4%); Scottish National Party, 2 seats;
Plaid Cymru (Welsh Nationalist), 2 seats;
Ulster (Official) Unionist (Northern Ireland),
10 seats; Ulster Democratic Unionist (North-
ern Ireland), 3 seats; Ulster Popular Unionist
(Northern Ireland), 2 seats; Social Demo-
cratic and Labor (Northern Ireland), 1 seat;
Sinn Fein (Northern Ireland), 1 seat
Other political or pressure groups: Trades
Union Congress, Confederation of British
Industry, National Farmers' Union,.Cam.-
paign for Nuclear Disarmament.
Member of. ADB, CENTO, Colombo Plan,
Council of Europe, DAC, EC, ELDO,
ESCAP, ESRO, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IDB-Inter-
American Development Bank, IEA, IFAD,
IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and, .
Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU, IRC, ISO, ITC,
ITU, IWC-International Whaling Com-
mission, IWC-International Wheat Coun-
cil, NATO, OECD, UN, UPU, WEU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WSG
Economy
GNP: $426.3 billion (1984), $7,640 per cap-
ita; 60.3% consumption, 17.1 % investment,
21.6% government; 0.0% stockbuilding,
1.0% net foreign balance, real growth 2.0%
(1984)
Natural resources: coal, oil, gas (North Sea),
tin, limestone, iron, salt, clay, chalk, gyp-
sum, lead, silica,
Agriculture: mixed farming predominates;
main products-wheat, barley, potatoes,
sugar beets, livestock, dairy products; 62.1 %
self-sufficient (1983); dependent on imports
for more than half of consumption of refined
sugar, butter, oils and fats, bacon and ham
256
Fishing: catch 846,535 metric tons (1983);
imports 707,000 metric tons (1983), exports
379,000 metric tons (1983)
Major industries: machinery and transport
equipment, metals, food processing, paper
and paper products, textiles, chemicals,.
clothing
Crude steel:. 15.2 million metric tons pro-
duced (1984); 267 kg per capita (1984); 23.6
million tons capacity (1984)
Electric power: 95;533,000 kW capacity
(1985); 292:661 billion kWh produced
(1985), 5,186 kWh per capita
Exports: $94.2 billion (f.o.b., 1984); manu-
factured goods, machinery, fuels, chemicals,
semifinished goods, transport equipment
Imports: $105.2 billion (c.i.f., 1984); manu-
factured goods, machinery, semifinished
goods; foodstuffs, consumer goods
Major trade partners: exports-44.8% EC
(10.6%-FRG; 10% France, 8.7% Nether-
lands), 14.4% US, 2.3% Communist (1984);
imports-44.7% EC(14.1% FRG, 7.8% '
Netherlands, 7.5% France), 11.9% US, 2.6%
Communist (1984)
Aid: donor-ODA and OOF economic aid
commitments (1970-8,2) $14.4 billion
Budget: national and local government reve-
nues (FY85 est.), $208.6 billion; expendi-
tures, $221.2 billion; deficit $12.6 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 0.701 pound
sterling=US$1(December 1985)
Communications
Railroads: Great Britain-17,249 km total;
British Railways (BR) operates 16,964 km
1.435-meter standard gauge (3,749 km elec-
trified, 12,591 km double or multiple track),
and 19 km 0.597-meter gauge; several addi-
tional small standard-gauge and narrow-
gauge lines are privately owned and oper-
ated; Northern Ireland Railways (NIR)
operates 332 km 1.600-meter gauge, 190 km
double track
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Highways: United Kingdom, 362,982 km
total; Great Britain, 339,483 km paved (in-
cluding 2,573 km limited-access divided
highway); Northern Ireland, 23,499 km
(22,907 paved; 592 km gravel)
Inland waterways: 3,219 km publicly
owned; 605 km major commercial routes
Pipelines: 933 km crude oil, almost all insig-
nificant; 2,993 km refined products; 12,800
km natural gas
Civil air: 618 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 548 total, 345 usable; 246 with
permanent-surface runways;1 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 37 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 137 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: modern; efficient
domestic and international system; 29.5 mil-
lion telephones (52.5 per 100 popl.); excel-.
lent countrywide broadcast systems with
210 AM, 436 FM, 2,736 TV. stations; 35 coax-
ial submarine cables; 4 earth satellite stations
with a total of 9 antennas .
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Army, Royal Navy, Royal
Air Force, Royal Marines
Military manpower: males 15-49,
14,039,000; 11,906,000 fit for military'ser-
vice; no conscription.
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
March 1985, $24.1 billion; about 19:7% of
central government budget
United States
This "Factsheet" on the US is provided
solely as a service to those wishing to make
rough comparisons of foreign country data
with a US "yardstick." Information is from
US open sources and Publications and in
no sense represents estimates by the US
Intelligence Community.
Land
9,372,614 km2 (contiguous US plus Alaska
and Hawaii.); 32% forest; 27% grazing and
pasture; 19% cultivated; 22% waste, urban,
and other
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(200 nm exclusive economic zone); includes
Puerto Rico, US Virgin Islands, American
Samoa, Guam, Johnston Atoll,. Wake Island,
Jarvis Island, Kingman Reef, Howland and
Baker Islands, Northern Marianas
People
Population: 240,856,000 (July 1986), aver-
age annual growth rate 0.9%
Religion: total membership in religious bod-
ies 139.604 million; Protestant 76.754 mil-
lion, Roman Catholic 52.089 million, Jewish
5.725 million, other religions 5.036 million;
60% of the population processes a religious .
affiliation (1982)
Language: predominantly English; sizable
Spanish-speaking minority
Infant mortality rate: 10.6/1,000(1984)
Life expectancy: men 71.6, women 76.3
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 115.24 million (includes 1.708
million members of the armed forces in the
US); unemployment rate 7.2% (1985); 8,291
million unemployed (October 1985)
Organized labor: approximately 17.3 mil-
lion members; 18% of civilian labor force
(1985) .
Government
Official name: United States of America
Type: federal republic; strong democratic
tradition
Political subdivisions: 50 states and the Dis-
trict of Columbia; dependencies include
Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Guam, Vir-
gin Islands, American Samoa, Wake and
Midway Islands, Johnston Atoll, and King-
man Reef; under UN trusteeship Caroline,
Marshall, and Northern Mariana Islands
Legal system: based on English common
law; dual system of courts, state and federal;
constitution adopted 1789; judicial review of
legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ juris-
diction, with reservations
Ethnic divisions: 83.1 % white; 11.6% black;
6.448% Spanish origin; 0.622% American
Indian, Eskimo, and Aleut; 0.357% Chinese;
0.343% Filipino; 0.31% Japanese, 0.1595%
other-Asian; 0.156% Korean; 0.115% Viet-
namese (1980)
Branches: executive (President), bicameral
legislature (House of Representatives and
Senate), and judicial (Supreme Court); '
branches, in principle, independent and
maintain balance of power
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United States (continued)
Government leaders: Ronald REAGAN,
President (since January 1981); George
BUSH, Vice President (since January 1981)
Suffrage: all citizens over age 18; not com-
pulsory . ,
Natural resources: coal, copper, lead,
molybdenum, phosphates, uranium, baux-
ite, gold, iron, mercury, nickel, potash, sil-
ver, tungsten, zinc
Agriculture: food'grainsjeecl crops, oilbear-
ing crops, cattle, dairy products
Highways: 6,365,590 km, including 88,641
km expressways
Inland waterways: est. 41,009 km of naviga-
ble inland channels, exclusive of the Great
Lakes
Elections: presidential, every four,years
(next November 1988); all members of the
House of Representatives, every two years;
one-third of members of the Senate, every
Political parties and leaders: Republican
Party,.Frank J. Fahrenkopf, Jr., national
chairman; Democratic Party, Paul G. Kirk,
Jr., national committee chairman; several
other groups or parties of minor political
significance
Voting strength. 40% voter participation
(1982.congressional election); 53.3% voter
participation (1984 presidential election);
Republican Party (Ronald Reagan), 59% of
the popular vote (525 electoral votes); Demo-
cratic Party (Walter Mondale), 41% (13 elec-
toral votes)
Communists: Communist Party (claimed
15,000-20,000 members), Gus Hall, general
secretary; Socialist Workers Party (claimed
1,800 members); Jack Barnes, national secre-
tary (1983)
Member of: ADB, ANZUS, Bank of Interna-
tional Settlements, CCC, CENTO, Colombo
Plan, DAC, FAO, ESC XP, GATT, Group of
Ten, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO,
ICEM, ICES, ICO1IDA, IDB-Inter-
American Development Bank, IEA, IFAD,
IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and
Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITC,ITU,:IWC-
International Whaling Commission,IWC-.
International Wheat Council, NATO, OAS,
OECD, PAHO, SPC, UN, UPU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
Economy
GNP: $3,662.8 billion (1984 est.); $2,186.5
billion (65%) personal consumption,. $501.0
billion (14.9%) private investment, $701.8
billion.(20.9%) government, -$25.9 billion
(-.07%) net exports; $11,338 per capita;,
annual growth rate 6.8% (1984)
Fishing: catch 4,143 thousand metric tons
(1983); 13.0 lb per capita consumption
(1981); imports $4.173 billion (1981); exports
$1.156 billion, (1981); est. value, $2.388 bil-
lion (1981)
Crude steel: 83.9 million metric tons pro-
duced (1984)
Natural gas: 18.5 trillion cubic feet pro-
duced (1984)
Electric power: (public utilities only)
705,961,000 kW capacity (1985); 2,679.857
billion (net) kWh produced (1985), 11,220
kWh per capita
Exports: $17,034.2 million (f.o.b., 1985);
machinery, chemicals, transport equipment,
agricultural products
Imports: $31,349.1 million (c.i.f., 1985);
crude and partly refined petroleum, ma-
chinery, transport equipment (mainly new
automobiles)
Major trade partners: exports-$4,030 mil-
lion Canada, $1,925.7 million Japan,
$1,015.7 million Mexico, $842.8 million UK,
$651.4 million FRG (1985); imports-'
$6,153.8 million Canada, $6,451.8 million
Japan, $1,479.4 million Mexico, $1,300.1
million UK, $1,807.5 million FRG (1985)
Aid: obligations and loan authorizations,
including Ex-Im (FY82), economic $11.2
billion, military (FY82) $4.2 billion
Budget: (1985) receipts, $763.768 billion;
outlays, $930.635 billion; deficit, $123.3 bil-
lion
Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September
Communications
Railroads: 270,312 km
258
Freight carried: rail-1,637.0 million metric
tons, 1,345.6 billion metric ton/km (1984);
highways-987.53 billion metric ton/km
(1984); inland water freight (excluding Great
Lakes traffic)-582.81 million metric tons,
358.29 billion metric ton/km (1984); air-
11,495 million metric ton/km (1984)
Pipelines: petroleum, 883.3 billion metric
ton/km, 1,049.6 million metric tons carried
(1984)
Ports: 44 handling 10.9 million metric tons
or more per year
Civil air: 2,960 commercial multiengine
transport aircraft, including 2,724 jet, 185
turboprop, 51 piston (1984)
Airfields: 15,422 in operation (1981)
Telecommunications: 182,558,000 tele-
phones (791 telephones per 1,000 popl.);
4,892 AM, 3,915 FM, 1,285 noncommercial
FM stations (10,092 total); 796 commercial,
300 noncommercial (public broadcasting),
6,200 commercial cable TV broadcast sta-
tions (7,296 total); 495 million radio and 150
million TV receivers (1982)
Defense Forces
Branches: Department of the Army, De-
partment of the Navy (including Marine
Corps), US Coast Guard, Department of the
Air Force
Military manpower: 2,135,900 total;
780,800, army; 594,500, air force; 564,800,
navy; 196,600, marines (1984)
Military budget: $266.151 billion (1984
prop.); 29.1 % of central government budget
(planned, 1985)
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Uruguay
Boundaryepre entation is
not necessarily authoritative.
Land
176,215 km2; the size of Washington (state);
84% agricultural (73% pasture, 11% crop);
16% forest, urban, waste, and other
Labor force: about 1.28 million (1981); 19%
manufacturing; 19% government; 16% agri-
culture; 12% commerce; 12% utilities, con-
struction, transport, and communications;
22% other services; unemployment more
than 15% (1984 est.)
Organized labor: Interunion Workers' As-
sembly/National Workers' Confederation
(PIT/CNT) Labor Federation
Government
Official name: Oriental Republic of Uru-
guay
Voting strength: (1984 elections) 41% Colo-
rado, 34.9% Blanco, 21.7% Broad Front,
2.4% Civic Union, 0.5% Radical Christian
Union
Communists: 15,000-18,000
Other political or pressure groups: National
Liberation Movement (MLN)-Tupamaros,
leftist revolutionary terrorist group, granted
amnesty in 1985
Member of. FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDB-Inter-American
Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC, ITU,
LAIA, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
Economy
GDP: $5.2 billion (1984), $1,800 per capita;
89% consumption, 13% gross investment,
-2.0% foreign; real growth rate 1984,
-1.8%
Land boundaries: 1,352 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200
nm
People
Population: 2,947,000 (July. 1986), average
annual growth rate 0.4%
Nationality: noun-Uruguayan(s); adjec-
tive-Uruguayan
Ethnic divisions: 88% white, 8% mestizo, 4%
black
Religion: 66% Roman Catholic (less than
half adult population attends church regu-
larly), 2% Protestant, 2% Jewish, 30%
nonprofessing or other
Language: Spanish
Infant mortality rate: 32/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: men 67.1, women 73.7
Literacy: 94.3%
Political subdivisions: 19 departments with
limited autonomy
Legal system: based on Spanish civil law
system; most recent constitution
implemented 1967; legal education at Uni-
versity of the Republic in Montevideo; ac-
cepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 25
August
Branches: executive, headed by President;
bicameral National Congress (Senate and
House of Deputies); national judiciary
headed by Court of Justice
Government leaders: Julio M. SANGUI-
NETTI, President (since March 1985);
Enrique E. TARIGO, Vice President (since
March 1985)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: last November 1984; elections
held every five years
Political parties and leaders: National
(Blanco) Party, Wilson Ferreira; Broad.
Front Coalition, Liber Seregni; Colorado -
Party, Julio Sanguinetti, Enrique Tarigo,
Jorge Pacheco Areco; Communist Party (le-
galized in March 1985), Rodney Arismendi;
Civic Union, Humberto Ciganda; Radical
Christian Union, leader unknown
Natural resources: soil, hydroelectric power
(potential), minor minerals
Agriculture: large areas devoted to extensive
livestock grazing; main crops-wheat, rice,
corn, sorghum; self-sufficient in most basic.
foodstuffs
Major industries: meat processing, wool and
hides, textiles, footwear, leather apparel,
tires, cement, fishing, petroleum refining
Electric power: 1,350,000 kW capacity
(1985); 5.2 billion kWh produced (1985),
1,771 kWh per capita
Exports: $925 million (f.o.b., 1984); wool,
hides, meat, textiles, leather products, fish,
rice, furs
Imports: $732 million (f.o.b., 1984); fuels
and lubricants (37%), metals, machinery,
transportation equipment, industrial chemi-
cals
Major trade partners: exports-22% LAIR;
21% EC, 8% US, imports-39% LAIA (13%
Brazil, 11% Argentina), 15% EC, 7% US
(1981)
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Uruguay (continued)
Aid: economic commitments-US autho-
rized, including Ex-Im (FY70-84), $78 mil-
lion; other Western countries, ODA and
OOF (1970-83) $151 million; Communist
countries (1970-84), $65 million; military-
US authorized (FY70-84) $39 million
Budget: (1983 est.) revenues, $709 million;
expenditures, $901 million
Monetary conversion rate: 119.6 new
pesos=US$1(November 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 3,000 km, all 1.435-meter stan-
dard gauge (1.435 m) and government
owned
Highways: 49,900 km total; 6,700 km paved,
3,000 km gravel, 40,200 km earth
Inland waterways: 1;600 km; used by
coastal and shallow-draft river craft
Ports: 1 major (Montevideo), 9 minor
Civil air: 14 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 93 total, 89 usable; 14 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways 2;440-3,659 in, 14 with runways
1,220-2,439m
Telecommunications: most modern facili-
ties concentrated in Montevideo; new na-
tionwide radio-relay network 337,000 tele-
phones (11.3 per 100 popl.);100 AM, 36 TV
stations; 2 Atlantic Ocean satellite stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 682,000;
554,000 fit.for military service; no conscrip-
tion
Vanuatu
(formerly New Hebrides)
Santo
Aoba' Maewo
Luganvi% ?A o-- ---- South
Ambrym
Epi ,:.
Coral Sea
-E/are
PORT-VILA
1?rromango
Tanna%
Land
About 14,763 km2; about the size of Con-
necticut; over 80 islands
Water
Limits of territorial waters: 12 nm (200 nth
exclusive economic zone); maritime limits
measured from claimed "archipelagic
baselines," which generally connect the out-
ermost points of outer islands or drying reefs
People
Population: 136,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 3.2%
Nationality: noun-Vanuatuan(s); adjec-
tive-Vanuatuan
Ethnic divisions: 90% indigenous Melanes-
ian; 8% French; remainder Vietnamese,
Chinese, and various Pacific Islanders
Language: English and French (official);
pidgin (known as Bislama or Bichelama)
Government
Official name: Republic of Vanuatu
Type: republic, formerly Anglo-French con-
dominium of New Hebrides, independent
30 July 1980
Political subdivisions: four administrative
districts
Legal system: unified system being created
from former dual French and British sys-
tems
Branch: unicameral legislature (39-member
Parliament), elected November 1983
Government leader: Father Walter Hadye
LINI, Prime Minister (since 1980)
Political parties and leaders: National Party
(Vanuaaku Pati), Walter Lini, chairman
Member of: ADB, Commonwealth, ESCAP,
FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IMF,
ITU, NAM, SPF, UN, WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $77 million (1984), average annual
growth rate 5.0% (1985 est.)
Natural resources: manganese, hardwood
forests, cattle
Agriculture: export crops of copra, cocoa,
coffee, some livestock and fish production;
subsistence crops of copra, taro, yams
Fishing: catch, 2,470 metric tons (1983)
Major industries: fish-freezing, canneries,
tourism
Electric power: 10,000 kW capacity (1985);
20 million kWh produced (1985), 150 kWh
per capita
Exports: $44 million (1984); 24% copra, 59%
frozen fish, meat
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Imports: $66 million (1984); 18% food
Monetary conversion rate: 102.034
vatu=US$1; 1.44 Australian dollars=US$1
(6 February 1986)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: at least 240 km sealed or
all-weather roads
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 2 minor (Port-Vila, Santo)
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 31 total, 25 usable; 2 with
permanent-surface runways, 2 with run-
ways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: 2 AM stations; 2,400
telephones (2.4 per 100 popl. );1 ground sat-
ellite station under construction
Defense Forces
Personnel: no military forces maintained;
however, a paramilitary force is responsible
for internal and external security
Vatican City
Land
0.438 km2
People
Population: 737 (July 1986), average annual
growth rate 0.1 %
Ethnic divisions: primarily Italians but also
many other nationalities
Religion: Roman Catholic
Language: Italian, Latin, and various other
languages
Literacy: 100%
Labor force: approx. 1,500; Vatican City
employees divided into three categories-
executives, office workers, and salaried em-
ployees
Government
Official name: State of the Vatican City
Type: monarchical-sacerdotal state
Political subdivisions: Vatican City includes
St. Peter's, the Vatican Palace and Museum,
and neighboring buildings covering more
than 100 acres; 13 buildings in Rome and
Castel Gandolfo, the Pope's summer resi-
dence, although outside the boundaries, en-
joy extraterritorial rights
Legal system: Canon laws of 1929 serve
some of the functions of a constitution
Branches: the Pope possesses full executive,
legislative, and judicial powers; he delegates
these powers to the President of the Pontif-
ical Commission, who is subject to pontifical
appointment and recall; the administrative
structure of the Roman Catholic Church is
known as the Roman Curia; its most impor-
tant temporal components include the Sec-
retariat of State and Council for Public Af-
fairs (which handles Vatican diplomacy) and
the Prefecture of Economic Affairs; the Col-
lege of Cardinals act as chief papal advisers
Government leader: JOHN PAUL II, Su-
preme Pontiff (Karol WOJTYLA,.elected
Pope 16 October 1978)
Suffrage: limited to cardinals less than 80
years old
Elections: Supreme Pontiff elected for life
by College of Cardinals
Communists: none known
Other political or pressure groups: none
(exclusive of influence exercised by other
church officers in universal Roman Catholic
Church)
Member: IAEA, INTELSAT, ITU, IWC-
International Wheat Council, UPU, WIPO,
WTO; permanent observer status at FAO,
OAS, UN, and UNESCO
Economy
The Vatican City, seat of the Holy See, is
supported financially by contributions
(known as Peter's pence) from Roman Cath-
olics throughout the world; some income
derived from sale of Vatican postage stamps
and tourist mementos, fees for admission to
Vatican museums, and sale of publications;
industrial activity consists solely of printing
and production of a small amount of mosaics
and staff uniforms; the banking and financial
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Vatican City (continued)
activities of the Vatican are worldwide; the
Institute for Religious Works (IOR) carries
out fiscal operations and invests and trans-
fers funds of Roman Catholic religious com-
munities throughout the world; the Adminis-
tration of the Patrimony of the Holy See
manages the Holy See's capital assets; the
Vatican announced an operating deficit of
$25 million for 1981
Electric power: 3,000 kW (standby) capacity
(1985); power supplied by Italy
Monetary conversion rate: the Vatican is-
sues its own coinage, which is interchange-
able with the Italian lira; 1,785.4 lira=US$1
(February 1984)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: none (city streets)
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: none
Telecommunications: 2 AM and 2 FM sta-
tions; 2,000-line automatic telephone ex-
change
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of Italy
Boundary representation is
not -- I ody authoritative.
Land
912,050 km2; more than twice the size of
California; 21% forest; 18% pasture; 4%
cropland; 57% urban, waste, or other
Land boundaries: 4,181 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 2,800 km
People
Population: 17,791,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.7%
Nationality: noun-Venezuelan(s); adjec-
tive-Venezuelan
Ethnic divisions: 67% mestizo, 21% white,
10% black, 2% Indian
Religion: 96% nominally Roman Catholic,
2% Protestant
Language: Spanish (official); Indian dialects
spoken by about 200,000 Amerindians in the
remote interior
Infant mortality rate: 36.2/1,000 (1984)
Life expectancy: men 64.0, women 69.0
Literacy: 85.6%
Labor force:5.9 million (1985); 27% services;
22% commerce; 16% agriculture; 16% man-
ufacturing; 9% construction; 7% transporta-
tion; 3% petroleum, utilities, and other;
13.4% unemployment (1984)
Organized labor: 32% of.labor force
Government
Official name:. Republic of Venezuela
Capital: Caracas
Political subdivisions: 20 states, 1 federal
district, 2 federal territories, and 72 island
dependencies in the Caribbean
Legal system: based on Napoleonic code;
constitution promulgated 1961; judicial re-
view of legislative acts in Cassation Court
only; dual court system, state and federal;
legal education at Central University of
Venezuela; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
Branches: executive (President), bicameral
legislature (National Congress-Senate,
Chamber of Deputies), judiciary
Government leader: Jaime LUSINCHI,
President (since February 1984)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age
18, though rarely enforced
Elections: every five years by secret ballot;
last held December. 1983; next national elec-
tion for President and bicameral legislature
scheduled for December 1988
Political parties and leaders: Social Chris-
tian Party (COPEI), Godof redo Gonzalez;
Democratic Action (AD), Gonzalo Barrios;
Movement Toward Socialism (MAS),
Pompeyo Marquez (president), Freddy
Munoz (secretary general)
Voting strength: (1983 election) 56.8% AD,
34.5% COPEI, 4.17% MAS, 4.53% others
Communists: 10,000 members (est.)
262
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Other political or pressure groups:
FEDECAMARAS, a conservative business
group
Member of. Andean Pact, AIOEC, FAO,
G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO,
IDB-Inter-American Development Bank,
IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITU,
IWC-International Wheat Council, LAIA,
OAS, OPEC, PAHO, SELA, WFTU, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $47 billion (1985), $2,680 per capita
(1985); 60.4% private consumption, 12.5%
public consumption, 14.8% gross invest-
ment, 12.3% foreign (1984); real growth rate
0.4% (1985)
Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas;
iron ore, gold, bauxite, other minerals, hy-
droelectric power
Agriculture: main crops-cereals, fruits,
sugar, coffee, rice; an illegal producer of
coca and cannabis for the international drug
trade
Fishing: catch 226,870 metric tons (1983);
exports $12.4 million (1982), imports $30.0
million (1982)
Major industries: petroleum, iron-ore min-
ing, construction, food processing, textiles,
steel, aluminum, motor vehicles
Crude steel: 2.8 million metric tons pro-
duced (1985), 154 kg per capita
Electric power: 13,000,000 kW capacity
(1985); 37 billion kWh produced (1985),
2,135 kWh per capita -
Exports: $15.8 billion (f.o.b., 1984 prelim.);
petroleum (94%)
Imports: $7.3 billion (f.o.b., 1984)
Major trade partners: imports-46% US,
5.2% Japan, 5.2% FRG, 4.8% Italy; exports-
40.9% US, 10.3% Italy, 7% FRG (1984)
Budget: revised 1984-revenues, $17.4 bil-
lion; expenditures, $16.9 billion
Monetary conversion rate: (official) 7.5
bolivares=US$1(1 January 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 439 km total; 260 km 1.435-meter
standard gauge all single track, government
owned; 179 km 1:.435-meter gauge,
privately owned
Highways: 77,785 km total; 22,780 km
paved, 24,720 km gravel, 14,450 km earth
roads, and 15,835 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 7,100 km; Rio Orinoco
and Lago de Maracaibo accept oceangoing
vessels
Pipelines: 6,370 km crude oil; 480 km re-,
fined products; 2,480 km natural gas
Airfields: 278 total, 254 usable; 107 with
permanent-surface runways; 7 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 in, 87 with runways
1,220-2,439 in
Telecommunications: modern expanding
telecom system; 1.44 million telephones (9.5
per 100 popl);180 AM, 58 TV stations; 3
submarine coaxial cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean
satellite station with 2 antennas, and 3 do-
mestic satellite stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Ground Forces, Naval Force's, Air
Forces, Armed Forces of Cooperation (Na-
tional Guard), Marines, Coast Guard
Military manpower: males 15-49,4,329,000;
3,283,000 fit for military service; 193,000
reach military age (18) annually
Land
329,707 km2; the size of New Mexico; 50%
forest; 14% cultivated; 36% urban, inland
water, and other
Land boundaries: 4,562 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
People
Population: 61,994,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.5%'
Nationality: noun-Vietnamese (sing. and
pl.); adjective-Vietnamese
Ethnic divisions: 85-90% predominantly
Vietnamese; 3% Chinese; ethnic minorities
include Muong, Thai, Meo, Khmer, Man,
Chain; other mountain tribes
Religion: Buddhist, Confucian, Taoist, Ro-
man Catholic, indigenous beliefs, Islamic,
Protestant
Language: Vietnamese (official), French,
Chinese, English, Khmer, tribal languages
(Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesian)
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Vietnam (continued) .
Literacy: 78%
Labor force: approximately 29 million, not
including military
Government
Official name: Socialist Republic of Vietnam
Type: Communist state
Capital: Hanoi
Political subdivisions: 40 provinces, under
central government control
Legal system: based on Communist legal
theory and French civil law system
Natural resources: phosphates, coal, manga-
nese, bauxite, apatite, chromate, possible
offshore oil deposits, forests
Agriculture: main crops-rice, rubber,
fruits and vegetables; some corn, manioc,
sugarcane; major food imports-wheat,
corn, dairy products
Fishing: catch 539,000 metric tons (1984)
Major industries: food processing, textiles;
machinebuilding, mining, cement, chemical
fertilizer, glass, tires
Shortages: foodgrains, petroleum, capital
goods and machinery, fertilizer
Inland waterways: about 17,702 km naviga-
ble; more than 5,149 km navigable at all
times by vessels up to 1.8-m draft
Airfields: 217 total, 128 usable; 46 with
permanent-surface runways; 12 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 28 with runways
1,220-2,439 in
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Branches: bicameral legislature (Council of
State, National Assembly); highly central-
ized executive nominally subordinate to Na-
tional Assembly
Government leaders: LE DUAN, Secretary
General, Communist Party (since December
1976); TRUONG CHINH, Chairman,
Council of State (since July 1981)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: pro forma elections held for na-
tional and local assemblies; last election for
National Assembly held on 25 April 1976
Political parties and leaders: Vietnam Com-
munist Party (VCP), formerly known as the
Vietnam Workers Party, headed by Le
Duan
Communists: probably more than i:million
Member of. ADB, CEMA, Colombo Plan,
ESCAP-,FAO, G-77; IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO; IMF, INTELSAT,
IRC, ITU, Mekong Committee, NAM, UN,
UNDP, UNESCO, UNICEF, UPU, WFTU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $18.1 billion, $300 per capita (1984) at
official exchange rates of 12.1 dong=US$1
Electric power: 1,800,000 kW capacity
(1985); 5 billion kWh produced (1985), 83
kWh per capita
Exports: $763 million (1984); agricultural
and handicraft products, coal, minerals, ores
Imports: $1,823 million (1984); petroleum,
steel products, railroad equipment, chemi-
cals, medicines, raw cotton, fertilizer, grain
Major trade partners: exports-USSR, East
European countries, Japan, other Asian mar-
kets; imports-USSR, East Europe, Japan
Aid: accurate data on aid since April 1975
unification unavailable; estimated annual
economic aid on annual basis is-USSR,
$600 million or more; East European coun-
tries, $150 million; non-Communist coun-
tries, $50 million; international institutions,
$50 million; value of.military aid deliveries
since 1975 not available
Monetary conversion rate: 12.1 dong=US$1
(June 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 2,834 km total; 2,262 1.000-meter
gauge, 130 km standard gauge, 230 km dual
gauge, 212 km unoperable
Highways: 41,191 km total; 5,471 km bitu-
minous, 27,030 km gravel or improved
earth, 8,690 km unimproved earth
Military manpower: males 15-49,
14,619,000; 9,290,000 fit for military service;
687,000 reach military age (17) annually
Military budget: noexpenditure estimates,
are available; military aid from the USSR.
has been so extensive that actual allocation
of Vietnam's domestic resources to defense
has not been indicative of total military of
fort
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Western Sahara
(formerly Spanish Sahara)
Government leaders: Mirhel KUHN-
MUNCH, Superior Administrator and Presi-
dent of Territorial Assembly (since at least
'
1984)
MATA-UTU(p:
(
I
North
le UvaaY
Suffrage: universal adult
At/antic
Ocean
Elections: every five years
Economy
lie Futuna
Agriculture: dominated by coconut produc-
%L'.Va
tion, with subsistence crops of yams, taro,
bananas
Electric power: 1,000 kW capacity (1985); 1
k
h
n
W
kWh produced. (1985), 83
millio
per
capita
Land
Land
About 207 km2; about the size of New York
266,770 km2; larger than Utah; nearly all
City
Imports: $3.4 million (1977); largely food-
desert
stuffs and some equipment associated with
Water ' .
development programs
Limits of territorial waters: 12 nm (200 nm
exclusive economic zone)
Aid: (1978) France, European Development
Water
Fund, $2.6 million
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm
(fishing 12 nm)
Monetary conversion rate: 127.05 Colonial
People
Francs Pacifique (CFP)=US$1(December
Population: 14,000 (July 1986) average an-
1982)
nual growth rate 2.5%
People
Communications
Population: 92,000 (July 1986), average an-
Nationality: noun-Wallisian(s), Futunan(s),
Railroads: none
nual growth rate 1.8%
or Wallis and Futuna Islanders; adjective-
Wallisian, Futunan, or Wallis and Futuna
Highways: 100 km of improved road on
Nationality: noun-Saharan(s), Moroccan(s);
Islander
Uvea Island (1977)
adjective-Saharan, Moroccan
Inland waterways: none
Ethnic divisions: Arab and Berber
Religion: largely Roman Catholic
Ports: 2 minor
Religion: Muslim
Government
Airfields: 2 total; 2 usable; 1 with
Language: Hassaniya Arabic, Moroccan
Official name: Territory of the Wallis and
permanent-surface runways 1,220-2,439 m
Arabic
Futuna Islands
Telecommunications: 148 telephones (1.2
Literacy: among Moroccans, probably
Type: overseas territory of France
per 100 popl.)
nearly 20%; among Saharans, perhaps 5%
Capital: Mata-Utu
Defense Forces
Labor force: 12,000; 50% animal husbandry
Defense is the responsibility of France
and subsistence farming, 50% other
Political subdivisions: three districts
Government
Branches: territorial assembly of 20 mem-
Official name: Western Sahara
bers; popular election of one deputy to Na-
tional Assembly in Paris and one senator
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Western Sahara (continued)
Type: legal status of territory and question
of sovereignty unresolved-territory parti-
tioned between Morocco and Mauritania in
April 1976, with Morocco acquiring the
northern two-thirds, including the rich phos-
phate reserves at Bu Craa; Mauritania, un-
der pressure from the Polisario guerrillas,
abandoned all claims to its portion in August
1979; Morocco moved to occupy. that sector
shortly thereafter and has since asserted ad-
ministrative control there; the Polisario's
government in exile seated as an OAU mem-
ber in 1984, while guerrilla activities contin-
ued in 1985
Government leader: Muhamad
ABDELAZIZ, President, Sahara Democratic
Arab Republic (since October 1982), and
secretary general, Polisario (since August
1976)
Economy
Natural resources: phosphates, iron ore
Agriculture: practically none; some barley is
grown in nondrought years; fruit and vege-
tables in the few oases; food imports are es-
sential; camels, sheep, and goats are kept by
the nomadic natives; cash economy exists
largely for the garrison forces
Major industries: phosphate, fishing, and
handicrafts
Electric power: 60,000 kW capacity (1985);
78 million kWh produced (1985), 857 kWh
per capita
Exports: in 1982, up to $5 million in phos-
phates, all other exports valued valued at
under $3 million
Imports: up to $30 million (1982); fuel for
fishing fleet, foodstuffs
Major trade partners: Morocco claims ad-
ministrative control over Western Sahara
and controls all trade with the country;
Western Sahara trade figures are included in
overall Moroccan accounts
Aid: previously received small amounts
from Spain; Morocco is now the major
source of support
Monetary conversion rate: uses Moroccan
dirham; 8.9 dirham=US$1(1984)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 6,100 km total; 1,350 km sur-
faced, 4,750 km improved and unimproved
earth roads and tracks
Ports: 2 secondary (El Aaiun, Ad Dakhla)
Airfields: 16 total, 16 usable; 3 with
permanent-surface runways, 3 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 7 with runways
1,220-2,439 in
Western Samoa
Land
2,934 km2; the size of Rhode Island; com-
prises of 2 large islands of Savai'i and Upolu
and several smaller islands, including
Manono and Apolima; 65% forest; 24% culti-.
vated;11% industry, waste, or urban
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 403 km
People
Population: 165,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 0.8%.
Nationality: noun-Western Samoan(s);
adjective-Western Samoa
Ethnic divisions: Samoan; about 12,000
Euronesians (persons of European and
Polynesian blood), 700 Europeans
Religion: 99.7% Christian (about half of pop-
ulation associated with the London Mission-
ary Society; includes Congregational, Ro-
man Catholic, Methodist, Latter Day Saints,
Seventh-Day Adventist)
Language: Samoan (Polynesian); English
Infant mortality rate: 36/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: 63
Literacy: 90%
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Labor force: about 37,000 (1983); about
22,000 employed in agriculture
Government
Official name: Independent State of West-
ern Samoa
Type: constitutional monarchy under native
chief; special treaty relationship with New
Zealand .
Legal system: based on English common
law and local customs; constitution came
into effect upon independence in 1962; judi-
cial review of legislative acts with respect to
fundamental rights of the citizen; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 1 Jan-
uary
Branches: Head of State and Executive'
Council; unicameral legislature (47-member
Legislative Assembly); Supreme Court,
Court of Appeal, Land and Titles Court,
village courts
Government leaders: MALIETOA
Tanumafili II, Head of State (since 1962);
Va'ai KOLONE, Prime Minister (since De-
cember 1985)
Suffrage: 45 members of Legislative Assem-,
bly are elected by holders of matai (heads of
family) titles (about 12,000 persons); two
members are elected. by universal adult suf-
frage of persons lacking traditional family
ties
Elections: held triennially; last held in Feb-
ruary1982
Political parties and leaders: no clearly de-'
fined political party structure
Communists: unknown
Member of. ADB, Commonwealth, ESCAP,
FAO, G-77, IBRD, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IMF,
South Pacific Commission, SPF, UN,
UNESCO, WHO
Economy
GNP: $50 million (1984), $770 per capita
Natural resources: hardwood forests, fish
Agriculture: cocoa, bananas, copra; staple'
foods include coconuts, bananas, taro', yams
Major industries: timber, tourism, light in-
dust'ry .
Electric power: 62,000 kW capacity (1985);
79 million kWh produced (1985),'485 kWh,
per capita
Exports: $19.5 million (1984); copra 43.3%;
cocoa 32.3%, -timber 2.0%,,mineral fuel, ba-
nanas
Imports:.$57 million (1984); food 30%, man-
ufactured goods 25%, machinery
Major trade partners: exports-31 % FRG,
26% New Zealand, 12% US, 2% Australia;'
imports-30% US, 28% New Zealand, 10%,
Australia, 6% UK (1981)
Aid: economic commitments-US (FY70-
84), $12 million; Western (non-US) coun-
tries, ODA and OOF (1970-83), $176 million
Budget: (1982 est.) revenues, $36.9 million;
expenditures, $37.6 million; development
expenditure, $34.9 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1.533 WS tala=
US$1 (February 1984)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 784 km total; 375 km bitumi-
nous, remainder mostly gravel, crushed
stone, or earth
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 1 principal (Apia), 1 minor
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 4 total, 4 usable;1 with
permanent-surface runways 1,220-2,439 in
Telecommunications: 3,800 telephones (2.5
per 100 popl.0; 50,000 radio receivers; 1 AM
station
Defense Forces
Military manpower: males 15-49,39,000;
20,000 fit for military service
267
Yemen Arab Republic
(North Yemen)
Red Sea Nuday~sh
Boundary repro entation is
not necessarily authoritative.
Land
194,250 km2 (parts of border with Saudi
Arabia and People's Democratic Republic of
Yemen undefined); slightly smaller than
South Dakota; 79%' desert, waste, or urban;"
20% agricultural; 1% forest
Land boundaries: 1,528 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed):
12nm
Coastline: 523 km :
People
Population: 6,339,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.9%
Nationality: noun-Yemeni(s); adjective-
Yemeni
Ethnic divisions: 90% Arab, 10% Afro-Arab
(mixed)
Religion: 100% Muslim (Sunni and Shia)
Language: Arabic,
Infant mortality rate: 152/1,000 (1983)
Life expeetancy:.men 37.3, women 38.7
Literacy: 15% (est:)`
Labor force: approximately one-third expa-
triate laborers; remainder almost entirely
agriculture and herding
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Yemen Arab Republic
(North Yemen) (continued)
Government
Official name: Yemen Arab Republic
Type: republic; military regime assumed
power in June 1974
Capital: Sanaa
Political subdivisions: 11 provinces
Legal system: based on Turkish law, Islamic
law, and local customary law; first constitu-
tion promulgated December 1970, sus-
pended June 1974; has not. accepted compul-
sory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Proclamation of the Re-
public, 26 September
Branches: President, Prime Minister, Cabi-
net; People's Constituent Assembly
Government leaders: Col. `Ali `Abdallah
SALIH, President (since 1978); `Abd al-`Aziz
`ABD AL-GHANI, Prime Minister (since
1983)
Political parties or pressure groups: no legal
political parties; in 1983 President Salih
started the General People's Congress,
which is designed to function as the
country's sole political party; conservative
tribal groups, Muslim Brotherhood, and left-
ist factions-pro-Iraqi Ba'thists, Nasirists,
National Democratic Front (NDF)
supported by South Yemen-exert political
influence
Member of. Arab League, FAO, G-77,
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB-Islamic Develop-
ment Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OIC,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO
Economy
GNP: $3.6 billion (1983), $580 per capita
Natural resources: petroleum, rock salt,
small deposits of coal and copper, oil
Agriculture: sorghum and millet, qat (a mild
narcotic), cotton, coffee, fruits and vegeta-
bles
Major industries: cotton textiles and leather
goods produced on a small scale; handicraft
and some fishing; small aluminum products
factory
Electric power: 254,900 kW capacity (1985);
446 million kWh produced(1985), 73 kWh
per capita
Exports: $9 million (f.o.b., 1984); qat, cotton,
coffee, hides, vegetables
Imports: $1.4 billion (f.o.b., 1984); textiles
and other manufactured consumer goods,
petroleum products, sugar, grain, flour,
other foodstuffs, and cement (one of the
worst export/import ratios in the world)
Major trade partners: China, South Yemen,
USSR, Japan, UK, Australia, Saudi Arabia
Budget: (1984) total receipts, $830 million;
current expenditures, $1.1 billion; develop-
ment expenditures, $480 million
Monetary conversion rate: 6.5 rials=US$1
(October 1985).
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 4,000 km total; 1, 775 km bitumi-
nous; 500 km crushed stone and gravel;
1,725 km earth, sand, and light gravel
Airfields: 20 total, 14 usable; 4 with _
permanent-surface runways; 6 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 in, 5 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: system poor but im-
proving; new radio-relay and cable
networks; 50,000. telephones (0.9 per 100
pop].); 3 AM, no FM, 5 TV stations; 1 Indian
Ocean, 1 Atlantic Ocean, and 1 Arab satel-
lite station; tropospheric scatter to South
Yemen
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,193,000;
664,000 fit for military service; about 69,000
reach military age (18) annually
Yemen, People's
Democratic Republic
of (South Yemen)
Boundary ep,e enlation is
not necessarily aulho,ilafive.
Socotra
Land
322,968 km2; the size of Nevada; (border
with Saudi Arabia and Yeman Arab Repub-
lic undefined); only about I% arable (of
which less than 25% cultivated)
Land boundaries: 1,802 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
People
Population: 2,275,000, excluding the island
of Perim for which no data are available
(July 1986); average annual growth rate 2.9%
Nationality: noun-Yemeni(s); adjective-
Yemeni
Ethnic divisions: almost all Arabs; a few
Indians, Somalis, and Europeans
Religion: Sunni Muslim, some Christian and
Hindu
Language: Arabic
Infant mortality rate: 114/1;000 (1980)
Life expectancy: men 40.6, women 42.4
Literacy: 25%
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Government
Official name: People's Democratic Repub-
lic of Yemen
Type: republic; power centered in ruling
Yemeni Socialist Party (YSP)
Natural resources: fish
Agriculture: cotton is main cash crop; cere-
als, dates, qat (a mild narcotic), coffee, and
livestock are raised, and there is a growing
fishing industry; large amount of food must
be imported (particularly for Aden); cotton,
hides, skins, dried and salted fish are
exported
Telecommunications: small system of open-
wire, radio-relay, multiconductor cable, and
radio communications stations; only center
Aden; estimated 15,000 telephones (0.6 per
100 pop].); 1 AM, no FM, 5 TV stations; 1
Indian Ocean satellite antenna; tropospheric
scatter to North Yemen
Political subdivisions: six governorates
Legal system: based on Islamic law (for per-
sonal matters) and English common law (for
commercial matters); highest judicial organ,
Federal High Court, interprets constitution
and determines disputes between states
Branches: unicameral legislature (People's
Assembly); Supreme Cabinet
Government leaders: Haydar Abu Baler
al-'ATTAS, Chairman, Presidium, Supreme
People's Council (since February 1986); `Ali
Salim al-BID, secretary general, Yemeni
Socialist Party (since February 1986); Yasin
Said NUMAN, Chairman, Council of Min-
isters (since February 1986)
Suffrage: all citizens age 18 and over
Elections: elections for legislative body, Su-
preme People's Council, called for in the
constitution; none have been held
Political parties and leaders: Yemeni Social-
ist Party (YSP), the only legal party, is coali-
tion of National Front, Bath, and Commu-
nist Parties
Member of. Arab League, FAO, G-77,
GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB-
Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, ILO,
IMF, IMO, ITU, NAM, OIC, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO,
W TO
Economy
GNP: $792 million (1978 est.), $430 per cap-
ita (1980)
Major industries: petroleum refinery at Lit-
tle Aden operates on imported crude
Electric power: 235,200 kW capacity (1985);
446 million kWh produced (1985), 200 kWh
per capita
Exports: $800 million (1982)
Imports: $670 million (f.o.b., 1980)
Major trade partners: North Yemen, East
Africa, but some cement and sugar imported
from Communist countries; crude oil im-
ported from Persian Gulf, exports mainly to
UK and Japan
Budget: (1983) total receipts $452 million,
current expenditures $455 million, develop-
ment expenditures $402 million
Monetary conversion rate: 0.3425
dinar=US$1(October 1985)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 5,600 km total; 1,700 km bitumi-
nous treated, 630 km crushed stone and
gravel, 3,270 km motorable track
Pipelines: refined products, 32 km
Ports: 1 major (Aden), 5 minor
Airfields: 41 total, 30 usable; 7 with
permanent-surf ace runways; 10 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 12 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, People's
Militia, People's Police
Military manpower: males 15-49, 493,000;
276,000 fit for military service
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Yugoslavia
Land
255,804 km2; the size of Wyoming; 34% for-,
est, 32% arable, 25% meadow and pasture,
9% other
Land boundaries: 3,001 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm
Coastline: 1,521 km (mainland), plus 2,414
km (offshore islands).
People
Population: 23,284,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 0.7%
Nationality: noun-Yugoslav(s); adjective-
Yugoslav
Ethnic divisions: 36.2% Serb, 19.7% Croat,
8.9% Muslim, 7.8% Slovene,7.7%'Albanian;
5.9% Macedonian, 5.4% Yugoslav, 2,5%
Montenegrin, 1.9% Hungarian, 4:0% other
(1981 census)
Religion: 50%,Serbian Orthodox, 30% Ro-
man Catholic, 10% Muslim,-_1 % Protestant,
9% other or none
Language: Serbo-Croatian, Slovene, Mace=donian (all official); Albanian, Hungarian
Infant mortality rate: 30/1,000 (1982).
Life expectancy: men 68, women 73
Literacy: 90.5%
Labor force: 10.1 million (1983); 25% agri-
culture, 29% mining and manufacturing;
(est.) unemployment about 14% of,domestic..
labor force (January-August ' 1985)
Government
Official name: Socialist Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia
Type: Communist state, federal republic in
form
Political subdivisions: six republics with two
autonomous provinces (within the Republic
of Serbia)
Legal system: mixture of civil law system
and Communist legal theory; constitution
adopted 1974; legal education at several law
schools; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: Proclamation of the So-
cialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, 29
November
Branches: bicameral legislature (Federal
Assembly-Federal Chamber, Chamber of
Republics and Provinces); executive includes
cabinet (Federal Executive Council) and the
federal administration; judiciary; the State
Presidency is a collective, rotating policy-
making body composed of a representative
from each republic and province, Radovan
Vlaikovic presides as President of the Re-
public until May 1986, when he will be re-
placed by the representative from Kosovo
Province, Sinan Hasani
Government leader: Milka PLANINC, Pres-
ident of the Federal Executive Council
(since 1982); nonrenewable four-year term
expires May 1986
Elections: Federal Assembly elected every
four years by a complicated, indirect system
of voting
Political parties and leaders: League of
Communists of Yugoslavia (LCY) only; lead-
ers are 23 members of party presidium se-
lected proportionally from republics, prov-
inces, and Yugoslav People's Army, with the
president rotating on an annual basis and the
secretary rotating every two years; current
president is Vidoje Zarkovic, a Montenegrin
(until June 1986); Party Congress scheduled
for June 1986, to elect new Central Commit-
tee
Communists: 2,167,860 party members
(December 1985)
Other political or pressure groups: Socialist
Alliance of Working People of Yugoslavia
(SAWPY), the major mass front organiza-
tion; Confederation of Trade Unions of Yu-
goslavia (CTUY), League of Socialist Youth
of Yugoslavia, Federation of Veterans' Asso-
ciations of Yugoslavia (SUBNOR)
Member of. ASSIMER, CEMA (observer but
participates in certain commissions), FAO,
G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAC,
ICAO, IDA, IDB-Inter-American Devel-
opment Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF,
IMO, INTELSAT, International Lead and
Zinc Study Group, INTERPOL, IPU, ITC,
ITU, NAM, OECD (participant in some ac
tivities), UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy .
GNP: $128.8 billion (1984 est., at.1983
prices), $5,600 per capita;-real growth rate
-1.7% (1984)
Natural resources: coal, copper, bauxite,
timber, iron, antimony, chromium, lead,
zinc, asbestos, mercury
Agriculture: diversified agriculture with
many small private holdings and large agri-
cultural combines; main crops=corn,
wheat, tobacco, sugar beets, and sunflowers;
occasionally a net exporter of, foodstuffs and
live animals;. imports tropical products, cot-
ton, wool, and vegetable meal feeds
Fishing: catch 73,505 metric tons (1984)
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Major industries: metallurgy, machinery
and equipment, oil refining, chemicals, tex-
tiles, wood processing, food processing
Shortages: electricity, fuels
Crude steel: 4.2 million metric tons pro-
duced (1984), 184 kg per capita
Electric power: 19,575,000 kW capacity
(1985); 77.516 billion kWh produced (1985),
3,350 kWh per capita
Exports: $10.3 billion (f.o.b., 1984); 52% raw
materials and semimanufactures, 31 % con-
sumer goods, 17% equipment
Imports: $12.0 billion (c.i.f., 1984); 82% raw
materials and semimanufactures,13%
equipment, 5% consumer goods
Major trade partners: 61% non-Communist
countries; 39% Communist countries, of
which 21 % USSR (1984)
Monetary conversion rate: 296.4
dinars=US$1(November 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year (all data refer to
calendar year or to middle or end of calen-
dar year as indicated)
Communications
Railroads: 9,399 km total; 9,399 km 1.435-
meter standard gauge; 890 km double track;
3,451 km electrified (1983)
Highways: 116,400 km total; 63,100 km as-
phalt, concrete, stone block; 35,000 km as-
phalt treated, gravel, crushed stone; 18,300
km earth (1983)
Inland waterways: 2,600 km (1982)
Freight carried: rail-89.6 million metric
tons, 27.9 billion metric ton/km (1983);
highway-177.2 million metric tons, 19.1
billion metric ton/km (1983); waterway-
20.9 million metric tons, 4.1 billion metric
ton/km (excluding international transit
traffic) (1983)
Pipelines: 1,373 km crude oil; 2,760 km nat-
ural gas; 150 km refined products
Ports: 9 major (most important: Rijeka, Split,
Koper, Bar, and Ploce), 24 minor; principal
inland water port is Belgrade
Defense Forces
Branches: Yugoslav People's Army-
Ground Forces, Naval Forces, Air and Air
Defense Forces, Frontier Guard, Territorial
Defense Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 6,005,000;
4,850,000 fit for military service; 184,000
reach military age (19) annually
Military budget: announced for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1985, 391.3 billion di-
nars; about 4.8% of national income
Boundary ep,csentalion is
net necessarily authoritative
Land
2,345,409 km2; one-fourth the size of the US;
45% forest, 22% agricultural (2% cultivated
or pasture), 33% other
Land boundaries: 9,902 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12
nm (200 nm fishing)
People
Population: 31,333,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 2.7%
Nationality: noun-Zairian(s); adjective-
Zairian
Ethnic divisions: over 200 African ethnic
groups, the majority are Bantu; four largest
tribes-Mongo, Luba, Kongo (all Bantu),
and the Mangbetu-Azande (Hamitic) make
up about 45% of the population
Religion: 50% Roman Catholic, 20% Protes-
tant, 10% Kimbanguist, 10% Muslim, 10%
other syncretic sects and traditional beliefs
Language: French (official), English,
Lingala, Swahili, Kingwana, Kikongo,
Tshiluba
Infant mortality rate: 108/1,000 (1984)
Life expectancy: men 46, women 49
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Zaire (continued)
Literacy: 55% males, 37% females
Labor force: about 8 million, but only about
13% in wage structure
Government
Official name: Republic of Zaire
Type: republic; constitution establishes
strong presidential system
Capital: Kinshasa
Political subdivisions: eight regions and fed-
eral district of Kinshasa
Legal system: based on Belgian civil law
system and tribal law; new constitution pro-
mulgated February 1978; legal education at
National University of Zaire; has not ac-
cepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 30
June; Anniversary of the Regime, 24 No-
vember
Branches: President elected originally in
1970 for seven-year term; Marshal Mobutu
reelected July 1984; limits on reelection re-
moved by new constitution; unicameral leg-
islature (310-member National Legislative
Council elected for five-year term); the offi-
cial party is the supreme political institution
Government leader: Marshal MOBUTU
Sese Seko, President (since 1965); KENGO
Wa Dondo, First State Commissioner (prime
minister; since November 1982)
Voting strength: Mobutu polled 99.6% of
vote in the 1984 election
Member of. AfDB, APC, CIPEC, EAMA,
EIB (associate), FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO,
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
IPU, ITC, ITU, NAM, OAU, OCAM, UD-
EAC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $4:5 billion (1983), $200 per capita;
2.0% real growth (1985 est.)
Natural resources: cobalt, copper,
cadmium, petroleum, industrial and gem
diamonds, gold, silver, zinc, manganese, tin,
germanium, uranium, radium, bauxite, iron,
coal, hydroelectric power (potential)
Agriculture: main cash crops-coffee, palm
oil, rubber, quinine; main food crops-man-
ioc, bananas, root crops, corn; some prov-
inces self-sufficient
Fishing: catch 102,000 metric tons (1983)
Major industries: mining, mineral process-
ing, consumer products (including textiles,
footwear, and cigarettes), processed foods
and beverages, cement
Electric power: 2,412,200 kW capacity
(1985); 5.282 billion kWh produced (1985),
175 kWh per capita
Monetary conversion rate: 55 zaires=US$1
(December 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 5,254 km total;'3,968 km 1.067-
meter gauge (851 km electrified); 125 km
1,000-meter gauge; 136 km 0.615-meter
gauge; 1,025 km 0.600-meter gauge
Highways: 145,050 km total; 2,350 km bitu-
minous, 46,230 km gravel and improved
earth; remainder unimproved earth
Inland waterways: comprising the Congo,
its tributaries, and unconnected lakes, the
waterway system affords over 15,000 km of
navigable routes
Pipelines: refined products, 390 km
Ports: 2 major (Matadi, Boma), 1 minor .
Civil air: 52 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 335 total, 296 usable; 25 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways over 3,659 in, 6 with runways
2,440-3,659 in, 70 with runways 1,220-
2,439 in
Telecommunications: barely adequate wire
and radio-relay service, 31,200 telephones
(0.1 per 100 popl.);10 AM, 3 FM, 17 TV sta-
tions;1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station and
13 domestic satellite stations
Sufrage: universal and compulsory over age
18
Elections: elections for rural collectivities'
urban zone councils, and the Legislative
Council of the Popular Movement of the
Revolution were held June-September 1982;
presidential referendum /election held July
1984; presidential election/ referendum
scheduled for 1991
Political parties and leaders: Popular Move-
ment of the Revolution (MPR), only legal
party
Exports: $1.846 billion (f.o.b., 1984); $1.824
billion (1985 est.) copper (45%), cobalt, dia-
monds, petroleum, coffee
Imports: $1.102 billion (f.o.b., 1984 est.);
$1.113 billion (1985 est.) consumer goods,
foodstuffs, mining and other machinery,
transport equipment, fuels
Major trade partners: Belgium, US, France,
and West Germany
Budget: (1985 est.) revenues, $780 million;
total expenditures, $739 million
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, National
Gendarmerie, Logistics Corps, Special Presi-
dential Brigade
Military manpower: males 15-49, 7,045,000;
3,560,000 fit for military service -
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Zambia
Boundary representation is
not necessarily authoritative
Land
752,614 km2; larger than Texas; 61% scat-
tered wood and grass, 13% dense forest, 10%
grazing, 6% marsh, 5% arable and under
cultivation
People
Population: 7,054,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 3:2%
Government,
Official name: Republic of Zambia
Capital: Lusaka
Political subdivisions: nine provinces
Legal system: based on English common
law and customary law; new constitution
adopted September 1973; judicial review of,
legislative acts in an ad hoc constitutional
council; legal education at University of
Zambia in Lusaka; has not accepted compul-
sory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 24
October
Branches: modified presidential system;
unicameral legislature (National Assembly);.
judiciary
Government leaders: Dr. Kenneth David
KAUNDA, President (since October 1964);
Kebby MUSOKOTWANE, Prime Minister
(April 1985)
Member of: AfDB, Commonwealth, FAO,
G-77, GATT (de facto), IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,.
INTELSAT, International Lead and Zinc
Study Group, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, NAM,
OAU, SADCC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $2.6 billion (1984), $410 per capita;
real growth rate, - 1.3% (1984)
Natural resources: copper, cobalt, zinc,
lead, coal, emeralds, gold, silver, uranium,
hydroelectric power, fertile land .
Agriculture: main crops-corn, tobacco,.
cotton; net importer of most major agricul-
tural products -
Major industries: copper mining and re-
finery, transport, construction, foodstuffs,
beverages, chemicals, textiles, and fertilizer
Electric power: 1,924,700 kW capacity
(1985); 12.645 billion kWh produced (1985),
1,850 kWh per capita
Nationality: noun-Zambian(s); adjective-
Zambian
Ethnic divisions: 98.7% African, 1.1% Euro-
pean, 0:2% other '
Religion: 50-75%;Christian; 1% Muslim and
Hindu, remainder indigenous beliefs
Language: English (official); about 70 indig-
enous languages
Infant mortality rate: 140/1,000 (1984)
Life expectancy: 47
Literacy: 54%
Labor force: 2,455,000; 85% agriculture; 6%
mining, manufacturing, and construction;
9% transport and services
Organized labor: approximately 238,000
wage earners are unionized
Suffrage: universal adult at age 18
Elections: general election held 27 October
1983; next general election scheduled for
1988
Political parties and leaders: United Na-
tional Independence Party (UNIP), Kenneth
Kaunda; former opposition party banned in
December 1972 when one-party state pro-
claimed
Voting strength: (1983 election) 63.5% of
eligible voters participated; Kaunda, who
was the only candidate for president, re-
ceived a:93% "yes" vote; National Assembly
seats were contested by members of UNIP
Communists: no Communist party, but so-
cialist sympathizers in upper levels of gov-
ernment and UNIP
Exports: $916 million (f.o.b., 1984); copper,
zinc, cobalt, lead, tobacco
Imports: $612 million (c.i.f., 1984); machin-
ery, transport equipment, foodstuffs, fuels,
manufactures
Major trade partners: EC, Japan, South Af-
rica, US, Iraq.
Budget: (central government, 1984) reve-
nues, $900 million (est.); expenditures, $840
million (est.)
Monetary conversion rate: 5.7 Zambian
kwachas=US$1 (December 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 1,204 km, all 1.067-meter gauge;
13 km double track
Highways: 36,370 km total; 6,500 km paved,
7,000 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized
soil; 22,870 km improved and unimproved
earth
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Zambia (continued)
Inland waterways: 2,250 km, including
Zambezi River, Luapula River, Lake
Tanganyika; Mpulungu.is small port on
Lake Tanganyika
Pipelines: 1,724 km crude oil
Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 129 total, 114 usable; 12 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways over 3,659 in, 4 with runways
2,440-3,659 in, 19 with runways 1,220-
2,439 in
Telecommunications: facilities are among
the best in Sub-Saharan Africa;
high-capacity radio relay connects most
larger towns and cities; 71,700 telephones
(1.2 per 100 popl.); 9 AM,'2 FM, 10 TV sta-
tions;1 Indian Ocean satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Air Force, paramilitary
Police Mobile Force, Police Paramilitary
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,472,000;
768,000 fit for military service
Zimbabwe
200 km
Boundary repre entation is
n t n e sarily authoritative.
Land
391,090 km2; nearly as large as California;
40% arable (of which 6% cultivated), 60%
extensive grazing; of this total 48% worked
communally by Africans, 39% owned by
Europeans (farmed by modern methods), 7%
national land, 6% other
Land boundaries: 3,017 kin
People
Population: 8,984,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 3.5%
Nationality: noun-Zimbabwean(s); adjec-
tive-Zimbabwean
Ethnic divisions: about 96% African (over
73% members of Shona-speaking subtribes,
19%speak Ndebele); about 3% white, 1%
mixed and Asian
Religion: 50% syncretic (part Christian, part
indigenous. beliefs), 25% Christian, 24% in
digenous beliefs, a few Muslim
Language: English (official); ChiShona and
Si Ndebele
Infant mortality. rate: 66/1,000 (1985)
Life expectancy: men 5,3.3, women 56.8
Literacy: 45-55%
Labor force: 1,985,000 (1985); 78% agricul-
ture; 18% mining, manufacturing, construc-
tion; 4% transport and services
Organized labor: about one-third of Euro-
pean wage earners are unionized, but only a
small minority of Africans
Government
Official name: Republic of Zimbabwe
Type: independent; a British-style parlia-
mentary democracy
Capital: Harare
Political subdivisions: eight provinces
Legal system: Roman-Dutch
Branches: legislative authority resides in a
Parliament consisting of a 100-member
House of Assembly (with 20 seats reserved
for whites) and a 40-member Senate (10
elected by white members of the House, 14
elected by the other members of the House;
10 chiefs, 5 from Mashonaland and 5 from
Matabeleland, elected. by members of the
Council of Chiefs; 6 appointed by the Presi-
dent, on the advice of the Prime Minister);
executive authority lies with a Cabinet led
by the Prime Minister; the High Court is the
superior judicial authority
Government leaders: Rev. Canaan Sodindo
BANANA, President (since April 1980);
Robert Gabriel MUGABE, Prime Minister
(since April 1980)
Suffrage: universal over age 18; for at least
seven years after independence (1980),
white, mixed, and Asians vote on a separate
roll for 20 seats in the House of Assembly
to win any seats in Parliament
Elections; last held July 1985
Political parties and leaders: Zimbabwe
African National Union (ZANU), Robert
Mugabe; Zimbabwe African People's Union
(ZAPU), Joshua Nkomo; Conservative Alli-
ance of Zimbabwe (CAZ), Ian Smith; Inde-
pendent Zimbabwe Group (IZG), Bill Irving;
Zimbabwe African National Union - Sithole
(ZANU-B) Ndabaningi Sithole; others failed
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Voting strength: (July 1985 elections) ZANU
(also known as ZANU-PF), 64 seats; ZAPU,
15 seats; CAZ, 15 seats; IZG, 4 seats;
ZANU-S, 1 seat; independents, 1
Member of. AfDB, Commonwealth, FAO,
G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD,
IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, ITO, NAM,,
OAU, SADCC, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WFTU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $6.6 billion (1982), $870 per capita;
real growth 12% (1980 and 1981), 2% (1982)
Natural resources: coal, chrome, asbestos,
gold, nickel, copper, iron ore, vanadium,
lithium
Agriculture: main crops-tobacco, corn, tea,
sugar, cotton; livestock
Major industries: mining, steel, textiles,
chemicals, vehicles
Electric power: 1,608,500 kW capacity,
(1985); 4.691 billion kWh produced (1985),
541 kWh per capita
Exports: $1.17 billion (f.o.b., 1984), includ-
ing net gold sales and reexports; tobacco,
asbestos, cotton, copper, tin, chrome, gold,
nickel, meat, clothing, sugar, iron ore, silver
Imports: $989 million (f.o.b. 1984); machin-
ery, petroleum products, wheat, transport
equipment
Major trade partner: South Africa
Aid: economic commitments-Western
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF
(1970-83), $1.0 billion; US, including Ex-Im
(1980-84), $271 million; Communist coun-
tries (1970-84), $100 million
Budget: (FY83/84 est.) revenues, $1.82 bil-
lion; expenditures, $2.223 billion; deficit,
$400 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1.67
Zimbabwean dollars=US$1(November
1985)
Fiscal year: I July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: 3,394 km, 1.067-meter gauge; 42
km double track; 335 km electrified
Highways: 85,237 km total; 12,243 km
paved, 28,090 km crushed stone,-gravel, sta-
bilized:soil: 23,097 km improved earth;:
21,807 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: Lake Kariba is a poten-
tial line of communication
Civil air: 12 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 497 total, 444 usable; 22 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways over 3,659 in, 3 with runways
2,440-3,659 in, 36 with runways 1,220
2,439 in
Telecommunications: system was one of the
best in Africa but now 'suffers from poor
maintenance; consists of radio-relay links,
open-wire lines, and radio communication
stations; principal center Harare, secondary.
center Bulawayo; 246,800 telephones (3.3
per 100 popl.); 8 AM, 15 FM, 8 TV stations; 1
Atlantic Ocean satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Zimbabwe National Army, Air
Force of Zimbabwe, Police Support Unit,
People's Militia
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,927,000;
1,184,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30'
June 1985, $307.4 million; 10.4% of:central
government budget . "
275
Taiwan
(China listed in
alphabetic order)
hi-lung
'+anai
Pescadores
Su-ao
ii~ Taiwan
Ma-kung
Philippine
Sea
Quemoy and Matsu
islands are not shown
Land
32,260 km2 (Taiwan and Pescadores); the
size of Maryland and Delaware combined;
55% forest, 24% cultivated, 6% pasture, 15%
other (urban, industrial, waste, or water)
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 1,240 km Taiwan, 327 km
Pescadores
People
Population: 19,601,000, excluding the popu-
lation of Quemoy and Matsu Islands and
foreigners (July 1986), average annual
growth rate 1.4%
Nationality: noun-Chinese (sing., pl.); ad-
jective-Chinese
Ethnic divisions: 84% Taiwanese, 14%
mainland Chinese, 2% aborigine
Religion: 93% mixture of Buddhist, Confu-
cian, and Taoist; 4.5% Christian; 2.5% other
Language: Mandarin Chinese (official); Tai-
wanese and Hakka dialects also used
Infant mortality rate: 11.01/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: men 69.9, women 74.9
Literacy: 94%
781 nan
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Taiwan (continued)
Labor force: 7,491,000 (1984); 41% industry
and commerce, 32% services, 20% agricul-
ture, 7% civil administration; 2.4% unem-
ployment (1984)
Organized labor: (1983) 1.3 million or about
18.4% (government controlled)
Voting strength: (1983 Legislative Yuan
elections) 62 seats Kuomintang, 19 seats in-
dependents; 1981 local elections, with 63%
turnout of eligible voters, Kuomintang re-
ceived 71 % of the popular vote,
:non-Kuomintang 29%
Imports: $21.6 billion (c.i.f., 1984 est.); 25%
machinery and equipment, 17.7% crude oil,
11.9%-chemical and chemical products,
6.7% basic metals, 6.3% foodstuffs
Major trade partners: exports-49% US,
10% Japan; imports-29% Japan, 23% US,
8.6% Saudi Arabia (1983)
Administration
Type: one-party presidential regime
Political subdivisions: 16 counties, 5 cities, 2
special municipalities (Taipei and
Kao-hsiung)
Legal system: based on civil law system;
constitution adopted 1946, though 1948
amendments set most of the constitution
aside; martial law declared in 1949 still in
effect; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction,
with reservations
Branches: five independent branches (execu-
tive, legislative, judicial, plus traditional
Chinese functions of examination and con-
trol), dominated by executive branch; Presi-
dent and Vice President elected by National
Assembly
Government leaders: CHIANG Ching-kuo,
President (since March 1978); YU Kuo-hua,
Premier (since June 1984)
Elections: national level-Legislative Yuan
every three years; National Assembly and
Control Yuan every six years; no general
election held since 1948 election on main-
land (partial elections for Taiwan province
representatives in December 1969, 1972,
1975, 1980, 1983, 1984, and 1985); local
level-provincial assembly, county and mu-
nicipal executives every four years; county
and municipal assemblies every four years
Political parties and leaders: Kuomintang,
or National Party, led by Chairman Chiang
Ching-kuo
Other political or pressuregroups: loose
.coalition of oppositionist/independent poli-
ticians has emerged in the past six years plus
Young China Party, nominally controlled'by
the KMT
Member of: expelled from UN General As-
sembly and Security Council on 25 October
1971 and withdrew on same date from other
charter-designated subsidiary organs; ex-
pelled from IMF/World Bank group
April/May 1980; member of ADB and seek-
ing to join GATT and/or MFA; attempting
to retain membership in ICAC, ISO,
,INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IWC-Interna-
tional Wheat Council, PCA; suspended from
IAEA in 1972 but still allows IAEA controls
over extensive atomic development
Economy
GNP: $56.6 billion (1984 est), $2,980 per
capita; 4.6% real growth (1985)
Natural resources: small deposits of coal,
natural gas, limestone, marble, and asbestos
Agriculture: most arable land intensely
farmed-60% cultivated land under irriga-
tion; main crops-rice, sweet potatoes, sug-
arcane, bananas, pineapples, citrus fruits;
food shortages-wheat, corn, soybeans .
Fishing: catch 930,582 metric tons (1983)
Major industries: textiles, clothing, chemi-
cals, electronics, food processing, plywood,
sugar milling, cement, shipbuilding .
Electric power: 16,067,000 kW capacity
(1985); 53 billion kWh produced (1985),
2,738 kWh per capita
Exports: $30.4 billion (f.o.b.; 1984 est.);
20.5% textiles, 18.8% electrical machinery,
9% general machinery and equipment, 9%
telecommunications equipment, 7.4% basic
metals and metal products, 5.4% foodstuffs,
2.5% plywood and wood products
Aid: economic commitments-US authori-
zations, including Ex-Im (FY46-82), $4.6
billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA
and OOF (1970-83), $402 million;
military-US (FY46-81), $4.4 billion autho-
rized
Budget: central government expenditure,
$42.5 billion (FY83)
Monetary conversion rate: NT (New Tai-
wan) 40.39 dollars= US$1 (September 1985)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: about 1,075 km common carrier
lines and over 3,800 km industrial lines;
common carrier lines consist of the 1.067-
meter gauge 708 km West Line and the 367
km East Line; a 98.25 km South Link Line
connection is under construction; common
carrier lines owned by the government and
operated by the Railway Administration
under Ministry of Communications; indus-
trial lines owned and operated by govern-
ment enterprises
Highways: network totals 18,800 km (15,800
km are bituminous or concrete surface);
2,500 km are crushed stone or gravel sur-
face; and 500 km are graded earth
Pipelines: 615 km refined products, 97 km
natural gas
Ports: 5 major (Kao-hsiung, Chi-lung, Hua-
lien, Su-ao, and T'ai-tung), 4 minor (Tan-
shui, T'ai-nan, Ta-p'eng, and Ma-kung)
Airfields: 41 total; 38 usable; 34 with
permanent-surface runways; 3 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 17 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 7 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
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Telecommunications: very good' interna-
tional and domestic service; 5.1 million tel'e-
phones (1 per 3.5 popl.); about 100 radio
broadcast stations with 270 AM and 12' FM
transmitters; 12 TV stations and 6 repeaters;
8 million radio receivers and 3.6 million TV
receivers; 2 INTELSAT ground stations;
tropospheric scatter links to. Hong Kong and
the Philippines available but inactive; sub-
marine cables to Okinawa (Japan), the, Phil-
ippines, Guam, Singapore, and Hong Kong
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy (including Marines),
Air Force, Combined Services Force
Military manpower: males 15-49,5,301,000;
4,167,000 fit for military service; about
215,000 currently reach military age (19)
annually
Military budget: announced expenditures
for national defense for fiscal year ending 30
June 1986, $4.0 billion; about 39.1 % of cen-
tral government budget; however, total mili-
tary expenditures may be closer to $4.7 bil-
lion or about 50% of the central government
budget
West Bank and
Gaza Strip
Boundary representation is
not necessarily authoritalive.
fediterranean
Sea
(GAZA
STRIP
(Israeli occupied-
status to be
determined)
NOTE: the war between Israel and the
Arab states in June 1967 ended with Israel
in control of the West Bank and the Gaza
Strip, the Sinai, and the Golan Heights. As
stated in the 1978 Camp David Accords
and reaffirmed by the P`resident's 1 Sep-
tember 1982 peace initiative, the final sta-
tus of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip,
their relationship" wit'h' their neighbors, and
a peace treaty between Israel and Jordan
are to be negotiated among the concerned
parties. Camp David further specifies that
these negotiations will resolve the respec-
tive boundaries. Pending the completion of
this process, it is US policy that the final
status of the West Bank and the Gaza
Strip has yet to be determined. In the
view of the United States, the term "West
Bank" describes all of the area west of the
Jordan River under Jordanian administra-
tion before the 1967 Arab-Israeli war.
However, with respect to negotiations evis-
aged in the framework agreement, it is US
policy that a distinction must be made
between Jerusalem and the rest of the
West Bank because of the city's special
status and circumstances. Therefore, a ne-
gotiated solution for'the final status of
Jerusalem could be different in character
from that of the rest of the West Bank.
Land
West Bank-5,858. 1 km2 (includes West
Bank, East Jerusalem, Latrun Salient and
"Jerusalem No Man's Land," and the north-
west quarter of 1se Dead Sea; excludes Mt.
Scopus); less than one-half the size of North
Carolina; Gaza Strip-363.3 km2; slightly
larger than Washington, D. C.
Land boundaries: West Bank-480.2 km;
Gaza Strip-72.1 km
Water
Coastline: West Bank-none; Gaza Strip-
39.7 km
People
Population: total, 1,508,000 (July 1986); av-
erage annual growth rate 3.3%; West Bank
(including East Jerusalem)-967,000 (July
1986), average annual growth rate 3. 1 %;
Gaza Strip-541,000 (July 1986), average
annual growth rate 3.7%
Nationality: West Bank-to be determined;
Gaza Strip-to be determined
Ethnic divisions: West Bank-88% Palestin-
ian Arab and other, 12% Jewish (includ.img
expanded East Jerusalem); Gaza Strip-
99.8% Palestinian Arab and other, 0.2%
Jewish
Religion: West Bank-80% Muslim (pre-
dominantly Sunni), 12% Jewish, 7% Chris-
tian and other; Gaza Strip-99% Muslim
(predominantly Sunni), 0.8% Christian, 0.2%
Jewish
Language: West Bank: Arabic; Israeli set-
tlers speak Hebrew; English widely under-
stood
Gaza Strip: Arabic; Israeli settlers speak He-
brew; English widely understood
Labor force: West Bank: (excluding Israeli
Jewish settlers) 29.8% small industry, com-
merce, and business; 24.2% construction;
22.4% agriculture; and 23.6% service and
other (1084)
Gaza Strip: (excluding Israeli Jewish settlers)
32.0% small industry, commerce and busi-
ness; 24.4% construction; 25.5% service and
other; and 18.1% agriculture (1984)
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West Bank and
Gaza Strip (continued)
Government
The West Bank and the Gaza Strip are cur-
rently governed by Israeli military authori-
ties and their civil administrations. It is US
policy that the final status of these areas will
be determined by negotiations among the
concerned' parties. These negotiations will
determine how this area is to be governed.
Economy
GNP: West Bank-$1.1 billion (1983); Gaza
Strip-'$550 million (1983)
Agriculture: olives, citrus, and other fruits,
vegetables, beef, and dairy products
Major industries: the Israelis have estab-
lished some small-scale modern industries in
the settlements and industrial centers (3 in
West Bank and 1 in Gaza Strip); generally
small family businesses that produce ce-
ment, textiles, soap?olive wood carvings,
and mother-of-pearl souvenirs
Electric power: the Israel Electric Corpora-
tion, Ltd., exported 285 million kWh during
1985 (exported is understood to mean power
provided to occupied territories)
West Bank: bulk of installed capacity con-
tained in two diesel power plants-
Jerusalem-Shoufat plant (22,000 kW),
which is owned and'operated by the East
Jerusalem Electric Co., and Nablus plant
(19,600 kW), which is owned and operated
by the Nablus municipality; total estimated
capacity for all West Bank power plants is
45,000 kW (1985); 59 million kWh produced
(1985), 63 kWh'pe'r capita'
Gaza Strip. no' knowri installed capacity;
power probably obtained from Israel
Exports: West Bank-$184.5million (1984);
Gaza Strip-$114.9 million (1984) '
Imports: West Bank-$406.8 million (1984);
Gaza Strip-$279.4 million (1984)
Major trade partners: West Bank-Jordan
and Israel; Gaza Strip-Egypt and Israel
Budget: within the occupied territories,
each municipality has its own budget; the
following data represent the sum of the reve-
nues and expenditures of the municipalities
in each area for fiscal year beginning 1 April
1984
West Bank: revenues, $26.7 million; expen-
ditures, $27.1 million
Gaza Strip: revenues, $14.2 million; expen-
ditures, $18.2 million
Monetary conversion rate: West Bank: units
of currency used are Israeli shekel
(293.2=US$1, 1984 average), Jordanian di-
nar (0.384=US$1, 1984 average), and US
dollar
Gaza Strip: units of currency used are Israeli
shekel (293.2=US$1,1984 average), Egyp-
tian pound (1.43=US$1, February 1984 av-
erage), and US dollar
Communications
Railroads: West Bank-none; Gaza Strip-
one abandoned line throughout the entire
territory
Highways: West Bank: small, poorly devel-
oped indigenous road network; Israelis have
improved major axial highways
Gaza Strip: small, poorly developed indige-
nous road network; Israelis have improved
major axial highways
Airfields: Gaza Strip has 1 usable with
permanent-surface runway; airfield in occu-
pied territory north of East Jerusalem
Telecommunications: West Bank-planned
telephone system currently being upgraded;
no local radio or TV stations; Gaza Strip-nd
local radio or TV stations
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Appendix A
The United Nations System
Standing and procedural
committees
Other subsidiary organs of the
General Assembly
UNRWA: United Nations Relief
and Works Agency for Palestine
Refugees in the Near East
UNCfAD: United Nations
Conference on Trade and
Development
UNICEF: United Nations
Children's Fund
UNHCR: United Nations Office
of High Commissioner for
Refugees
UNITAR: United Nations
Institute for Training and
Research
UNDP: United Nations
Development Program
UNIDO: United Nations
Industrial Development
Organization
UNEP: United Nations
Environment Program
UNU: United Nations
University .
HABITAT: United Nations .-
Center for Human Settlements
UNFPA: United Nations Fund
for Population Activities
United Nations Special Fund
World Food Council
Trusteeship Council
Economic and
Social Council
Security Council
Regional Commissions
Functional Commissions
Sessional, standing, and ad
hoc committees
O Principal organs of the United
Nations
? Other United Nations organs
^ Specialized agencies and other
autonomous organizations
within the system
r UNDOF: United Nations
Disengagement Observer Force
UNFICYP: United Nations
Force in Cyprus
UNIFIL: United Nations Interim,
Forces in Lebanon
UNMOGIP: United Nations
Military Observer Group in
India and Pakistan
UNTSO: United Nations Truce
L Supervision Organization
Military Staff Committee
'-0 IAEA: International Atomic
Energy Agency
f- - -0 GATT: General Agreement on
I Tariffs and Trade
Organization of.the United
Nations
UNESCO: United Nations
Educational, Scientific, and
Cultural Organization
IDA: International
Development Association
IBRD:-International Bank for
Reconstruction and
Development'
IFC: International Finance
Corporation
ICAO: International Civil
Aviation Organization
O ITU: International
Telecommunication Union
fl WMO: World Meteorological
Organization
^ IMO: International Maritime
Organization
0 WIPO: World Intellectual
Property Organization
L -0 IFAD: International Fund for
Agricultural Development
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Appendix B
Selected UN
Organizations
Principal Organs
GA
General Assembly
SC
Security Council
ECOSOC
Economic and Social Council
TC
Trusteeship Council
ICJ
International Court of justice
Secretariat
Other organs
UNCTAD
UN Conference on Trade and Development
TDB
Trade and Development Board
UNDP
UN Development Program
UNICEF
UN Children's Fund
UNIDO
UN Industrial Development Organization
Regional Economic
ECA
Economic Commission for Africa
Commissions
ECE
Economic Commission for Europe
ECLA
Economic Commission for Latin America
ECWA
Economic Commission for Western Asia
ESCAP
Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
Specialized
FAO
Food and Agriculture Organization
Agencies and
Other autonomous
IBRD
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank)
Organizations
ICAO
International Civil Aviation Organization
Within the
S
IDA
International Development Association (IBRD Affiliate)
ystem
IFAD
International Fund for Agricultural Development
IFC
International Finance Corporation (IBRD Affiliate)
ILO
International Labor Organization
IMF
International Monetary Fund
IMO
International Maritime Organization
ITU
International Telecommunication Union
UNESCO
UN Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
UPU
Universal Postal Union
WFC
World Food Council
WHO
World Health Organization
WIPO
World Intellectual Property Organization
WMO
World Meteorological Organization
GATT
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
IAEA
International Atomic Energy Agency
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Appendix C
Selected International
Organizations
AAPSO Afro-Asian People's Solidarity Organization
ADB Asian Development Bank
AfDB African Development Bank
AIOEC Association of Iron Ore Exporting Countries
ANRPC Association of Natural Rubber Producing Countries
ANZUS ANZUS Council; treaty signed by Australia, New Zealand, and
the United States
APC African Peanut (Groundnut) Council
Arab League (League of Arab States)
ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations
ASPAC Asian and Pacific Council
ASSIMER International Mercury Producers Association
BENELUX Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg Economic Union
BLEU Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union
CACM " Central American Common Market
CARICOM Caribbean Common Market
CARIFTA Caribbean Free Trade Association
CCC Customs Cooperation Council
CDB Caribbean Development Bank
CEAO West African Economic Community
CEMA Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
CENTO Central Treaty Organization
CIPEC Intergovernmental Council of Copper Exporting Countries
Colombo Plan
E / EAMA
EC
African States associated with the EEC
European Communities
ECOWAS. Economic Community of West African States
EFTA European Free Trade Association
EIB European Investment Bank
ELDO European Space Vehicle Launcher Development Organization
EMS European Monetary System
ENTENTE Political-Economic Association of Ivory Coast, Dahomey, Niger,
Upper Volta, and Togo
ESCAP Economic and Social Commision for Asia and the Pacific
ESRO European Space Research Organization
IADB Inter-American Defense Board
IATP International Association of Tungsten Producers
IBA International Bauxite Association
IBEC International Bank for Economic Cooperation
ICAC International Cotton Advisory Committee
ICCAT International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas
ICCO International Cocoa Organization
ICEM Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration
ICES International Cooperation in Ocean Exploration
ICO International Coffee Organization
IDB Inter-American Development Bank
IDB Islamic Development Bank
IEA International Energy Agency (associated with OECD)
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IHO International Hydrographic Organization
International Lead and Zinc Study Group
IIB International Investment Bank
INRO International Natural Rubber Organization
INTELSAT International Telecommunications Satellite Organization
IOOC International Olive Oil Council
IPU Inter-Parliamentary Union
IRC International Rice Council
ISO International Sugar Organization
ITC International Tin Council
IWC International Whaling Commission
IWC International Wheat Council
NAM Nonaligned Movement
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
OAPEC Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries
OAS Organization of American States
OAU Organization of African Unity
OCAM Afro-Malagasy and Mauritian Common Organization
OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
OIC Organization of the Islamic Conference
OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
ODECA Organization of Central American States
SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
SADCC Southern African Development Coordination Committee
SELA Latin American Economic System
SPC South Pacific Commission
SPEC South Pacific Bureau for Economic Cooperation
SPF South Pacific Forum
UDEAC Economic and Customs Union of Central Africa
UEAC Union of Central African States
UPEB Union of Banana Exporting Countries
WFTU World Federation of Trade Unions
WPC World Peace Council
WSG International Wool Study Group
WTO World Tourism Organization
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Appendix D
Conversion Factors
Meters, cubic
Tons, register
0.353147
Miles, nautical
Kilometers
1.852 -
Miles, statute
Centimeters
160934.4
Miles, statute
Meters
1609.344
Miles, statute
Kilometers
1.609344
Miles, square
Hectares
258.9998
Miles, square
Kilometers, square
2.589908
Ounces, avoirdupois
Grams
28.349523
Ounces, avoirdupois
Kilograms
0.028349523
Ounces, troy
Pounds, troy
0.083333
Ounces, troy
Grams
31.10348
Pints, liquid
Milliliters
473.176473
Pints, liquid
Liters
0.473176473
Pounds, avoirdupois
Grams
453.59237
Pounds, avoirdupois
Kilograms
0.45359237
Pounds, avoirdupois
Quintals
0.00453592
Pounds, avoirdupois
Tons, metric
0.000453592
Pounds, troy
Ounces, troy
12
Pounds, troy
Grams
373.241722
Quarts, dry
Liters
1.101221
Quarts, dry
Dekaliters
0.1101221
Quarts, liquid
Milliliters
946.352946
Quarts, liquid
Liters
0.946352946
Quintals
Tons, metric '
0.1
Tons, long
Kilograms -
-1016.047
Tons, long
Tons, metric
1.016047
Tons, metric
Quintals
10
Ton-miles, long
Ton-kilometers, metric
1.635169
Ton-miles, short
Ton-kilometers, metric
1.459972
Tons, register
Meters, cubic
2.831685
Tons, short
Kilograms
907.185
Tons, short
Tons, metric
0.907185
Yards
Centimeters
91.44
Yards
Meters
0.9144
Yards, cubic
Liters -
764.5549
Yards, cubic
Meters, cubic
0.7645549
Yards, square
Meters, square
0.836127
Acres
Hectares
0.4046856
Acres
Kilometers,, square
0.004046856
Acres
'Meters, square
4046.856
Centimeters
Meters
0.01
Centimeters, square
Meters, square
0.0001
Degrees, Fahrenheit
Degrees, Celsius
subtract 32 and
multiply by 5/9
Feet
Centimeters
30.48
Feet
Meters
0.3048
Feet
Kilometers
0.0003048
Feet, cubic
Liters
28.316847
Feet, cubic
Meters, cubic
0.028316847
Feet, square
Centimeters, square
929.0304
Feet, square
Meters, square -
0.09290304
Gallons, US liquid
Liters
3.785412
Gallons, US liquid
Meters, cubic
0.003785412
Grams
Ounces, troy
0.032151
Grams
Pounds, troy
0.002679
Hectares
Kilometers, square
0.01
Hectares
Meters, square
10,000
Inches
Centimeters
2.54 - -
Inches
Meters
0.0254
Inches, cubic
Milliliters
16.387064
Inches, cubic
Liters
0.016387064
Inches, cubic
Meters, cubic .
0.000016387064
Inches, square
Centimeters, square
6.4516
Inches, square
Meters, square -
0.00064516
Kilograms
Ounces, troy
32.15075
Kilograms
Pounds, troy
2.679229
Kilograms
Tons, metric
0.001
Kilometers, square
Hectares
100
Liters
Milliliters
1000
Liters
Meters, cubic
0.001
Meters
Millimeters
1000
Meters
Centimeters
100
Meters
Kilometers
0.001
Meters, cubic
Liters
1000
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/29: CIA-RDP08-00534R000100170001-4
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/29: CIA-RDP08-00534R000100170001-4
Appendix E
Country Membership in Selected Organizations
Afghanistan
Albania
d
Algeria
?
i
Andorra
Angola -
Antigua and Barbuda
J
Argentina
Australia
Austria
o
,
Bahamas
Bahrain
Bangladesh
?
Barbados
Belgium
? `
,
Belize
Benin
Bhutan
Bolivia
Botswana
Brazil
?
Brunei
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burma
Burundi
Cambodia
? ,
Cameroon
Canada
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
Chile
China, People's
Republic of
Colombia
?
Comoros
Congo
Cook Islands
Costa Rica
Cuba
Cyprus
Czechoslovakia
Denmark
?
Djibouti
Dominica
Dominican Republic
I
Ecuador
Egypt
?~
C
El Salvador
Equatorial Guinea
Ethiopia
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/29: CIA-RDP08-00534R000100170001-4
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/29: CIA-RDP08-00534R000100170001-4
cSuspended
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/29: CIA-RDP08-00534R000100170001-4
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/29: CIA-RDP08-00534R000100170001-4
ADB ARAB ASEAN CACM CARICOM CEMA? EC C-77 CCC IDBa IDBb INTEISAT LAIA NAM NATO OAPEC OAS
LEAGUE
Fiji
-
? .
1
Finland
]
France
]
French Guianac
]
Gabon
-
]
Gambia, The
German Democratic
Republic
Germany, Federal
Republic of
Ghana
Greece
Grenada
Guadeloupec
Guatemala
}
Guinea
}
Guinea-Bissau
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Hong Kongc
Hungary
]
Iceland
India
Indonesia
]
Iran
]
Iraq
Ireland
]
Israel
Italy
? '
? .
Ivory Coast
Jamaica
]
Japan
]
Jordan
]
Kenya
Kiribati,
? }
}
'
Korea, Northc
]
Korea, South
]
Kuwait
}
?
}
Laos
]
}
'
Lebanon
}
Lesotho
]
]
]
Liberia
Libya
Liechtensteinc
]
Luxembourg
]
Madagascar
]
Malawi
Malaysia
Maldives
Mali
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/29: CIA-RDP08-00534R000100170001-4
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/29: CIA-RDP08-00534R000100170001-4
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/29: CIA-RDP08-00534R000100170001-4
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/29: CIA-RDP08-00534R000100170001-4
ADB ARAB ASEAN CACM CARICOM CEMA EC C-77 GCC IDBa IDBb INTEISAT LAIA NAM NATO OAPEC OAS
LEAGUE
Malta
Martinicluec
]
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mexico
Monaco
Mongolia
Morocco
Montserrat
Mozambique
Namibiac
]
Nauruc
Nepal
]
Netherlands
? ]
? "
Netherlands Antillesc
New Caledoniac
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Niger
Nigeria
]
Norway
Oman
]
Pakistan
?
]
Panama
Papua New Guinea
-
Paraguay
]
Peru
Philippines
]
Poland
]
Portugal
?
]
]
Qatar
]
Reunion
Romania
Rwanda
]
St. Christopher and Nevis
St. Lucia
St. Vincent and
the Grenadines
San Marino
Sao Tome and Principe
.,_
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
1
Eo
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Singapore
?
?
]
o
Solomon Islands
Somalia
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
s
]
Sudan
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/29: CIA-RDP08-00534R000100170001-4
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/29: CIA-RDP08-00534R000100170001-4
fol
11
i. i r-r-r.-r.-rr
0
l I l? I I' 1 C I 1
I I H - - P-- 1?
0
0
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/29: CIA-RDP08-00534R000100170001-4
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/29: CIA-RDP08-00534R000100170001-4
Country
Suriname
Swaziland
Sweden
Switzerlandc
Syria
? 1
I
I
I
I
I
?
I
._
Tanzania
Thailand
~
.
.
Togo
I
Tongac
,
Trinidad and Tobago
I
Tunisia
Turkey
}
Tuvalu c
Uganda
Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Vanuatu
1
I
Vatican Cityc
Venezuela
Vietnam
I
Western Samoa
I
Yemen Arab Republic
Yemen, People's Demo-
cratic Republic of
Yugoslavia
I
1
Zaire
Zambia
I
i
I
Zimbabwe
Taiwan c
LEAGUE
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/29: CIA-RDP08-00534R000100170001-4
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/29: CIA-RDP08-00534R000100170001-4
OAU OECD OIC OPEC SELA WFTU FAO CATT IAEA IBRD ICAO ICJ IDA IFAD IFC ILO IMF IMO ITU UNESCO UPU WHO??WMO
I J.
Le i - 1.I1TTTrf- t: I . i -
u L-
291
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/29: CIA-RDP08-00534R000100170001-4
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/29: CIA-RDP08-00534R000100170001-4
-
165 1
I I I 1 i I I I I i I
50 135 120 105 I 90 75 60 45 3
-
Arctic Ocean
I I
0~ 1
-
I 1 1 I I I I I 1 I I I
5 0 1I5 30 45 60 7
Arctic Reg ion
Map X1
I~ I
5 9
I I I
0 105 120 135 I~O 165 1
The United States Gove-erl has not recognized
the incorporation of Estonia, Latvia. and U hunnia
into the Soviet Union. Other boundary representation
A t necessarily authoritative.
Ar c ti c Ocean
80
ELL
.75.
Greenland
? A D
j := q
0 Svalbard
INOR.)
75-
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U?S?
- _ -
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A-I '
__.
ICELAND
_______ __--_ ---_-- --__
NORW Y
FINLAND
Europe SWEDEN
I
.j
Arctic Circle
___ ______ ______ ______ ____ _
_
_
?
a
:AAmrica_
,
Map V
Sovie
us ED {
SOVIET
t Union
UNION
East an South Asia
R ,
Map VIII
p
Ilk Map 11 1
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I I 0
A~l i -
.,? _ I
IRELAND .KINGDOM
xEr f~.,D.R I POLAND
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--
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UNITED STATES
North
SPAIN .I o
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MALTA 'ro YPRUSV' SYRIA
'
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S KOREA
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_
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Tropic O(CAncer
Atlantic
Ocean
entral America
C
(6')THE BAHAMAS
L and the Caribbean
Wes
_
_ - - -
SaIr
T NISIA LEBANON AFGHANISTA j
MOROCCO I IRAQ'
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AN
of Cencer
Tropic
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --- - -
Ong Kong(U
K
)
`
30-
_
- - - - -
_
U.S ?*
15
CUBA a. ?' Map 111
MEXICO MINICAN xRI5T0RxFR No [M9
Nuu r, tl sT.
BELIZE' IAMAICA 'r' c-UA AND BARBUDA
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AN
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COAST C.A.R.
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I
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ALAYSIA
~
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f I
Oceania OR
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Map x
BRAZIL
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inshlnman
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~ .I
.
`_'?.EDUaror
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,jam
-ti D O N'.E S I A .', A r r D - % SOLOMON
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ENTINA I
~ I
~
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1
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i
C.A.A. -CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC
F.R.G. -FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY
G.D.R. -GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
P.D.R.Y.-PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF YEMEN
- -i __
a5-
1 I
~I I
U.A.E. UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
Y.A.R. -YEMEN ARAB REPUBLIC
! I
h. E
I
Antarctic Region
.
Map XII
I
165 15
I .1 I
I
0 135 120 105 90. 75 60 45 3
I I I I I 1 I. I I I 1 I I
I
0 . 1
I
5 0 15 30 45 60 7
I I I I
I
5 9
I 1 I
i
I
0 105 120 135 150 165 1 I8
I 1 I 1 1 I
0
1 I
The World (Guide to Regional Maps)
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/29: CIA-RDP08-00534R000100170001-4
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/29: CIA-RDP08-00534R000100170001-4
North America
Strait
Nome
160 \
Anchorage
`k?Valdez
iak
Gullo
A/esa (/
,Dawson
Seattle ;e
)f T?
i f.OtU
Beaufort
Sea
Inuvlk
Nogales
Hermosillo
m 77 Echo--V _ U `he
Repplse_Bey~. Frobisher
Bay i r Bay.
Yellowknife I O lvugivlk
S/ave Lake
eat CANADA
ca~w~City
ate" I udson Bay
Amabae? hurchill?\ ScheNe
Li
,Edmonton
,Calgary Saskatoon
Regina,
Great SalIt
Lake ,Salt Lake City
Torre6n,
Monterrey
,Durango
Lake
iWmnipeg Moosonee'
MEXICO
Le6n tTi ampico
'Guadalajara
Mexico* Veracruz
Puebla ?~
Lakeb
Michigan
Baffin" tc~i GodthAb
Island \trai, NUUk) Gulf of Mexico
Montreall
Ottawa* )
~rogto~ Boston
-'oarar,e .
V;
/ Denmark
Strait
0 500 Kilometers
0 500 Nautical Miles
Boundary representation is
not necessarily authoritative.
Erie -d....----..._ 0 c e a n
e ~ 'a hington
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/29: CIA-RDP08-00534R000100170001-4
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/29: CIA-RDP08-00534R000100170001-4
Central America and the Caribbean
Grand
Bahama
P- l
Freeport
Bimini
Islands
1 1 Cal Island
?'` ndros T H
F/olrida Island ` DSan Salvador cay Tropic of Cancer _ _ _ ^ BA sal B A HtAl A S
` _ _ _ _ (THE -AMAS) ?R m
U Ca
Havana i % ---Exuma ---
ong
Havana*--,__ Island Samana Coy
/ o:., ~. Malanzaa
Corin v1 NICARAGUA
man aua 'JJ-1111 Bluefields
Great
Abaco
Santiago
de Cuba
North
Atlantic
Ocean
Britioh
Virgin Is.,
San Juan (U.K.)
Mono
Passage ? Virgin Is.
Isla? (U.S.)
Netherlands Antilles
Curacao (NETH.)
~,Ay QVBonaire
Willemstad ?
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/29: CIA-RDP08-00534R000100170001-4
.Cienfuegos J*San ? 9?~~ TNE BAHAMAS) 'A -
Cklins .........
Clare Island Turks and
7 lu.n.)
*Grand
Turk
(U.S.)
ST
Anegada
Passage
Anguilla (U.K.)
SI. Martin (Guad. And lien.. Antilles)
aN,:~^. ? ST _earth
CHRISTOPHER'S
AND NEVIS
Montserrelli,
tiiS John's
Isla Aves? DOMINICAN
(VENEZUELA) Roseau+_(
Martini Iue
c(FRANCE)
**Castries
ST. LUCIA4
's~
ST. VINCENT AND WKingstownl ridgetown
THE GRENADINES.',
Tobag>
TRINIDAD AND
Port-of-Spain TOBAGO
I
Trinidadad+
44 BARBADOS
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/29: CIA-RDP08-00534R000100170001-4
South America
z
*Quito
ECUADOR
,Guayaquil-
- I NJ
Plure
Valparaiso
Sc,
aracaibo
San
Cristobal Rte rin;c5`^?~e
Ciudad
i _ VENE UELA Guayana
Rio
Branco.
-San Carlos
,de Bariloche
San Miguel
de Tucumgn
Belo
.H 0 rizonte
,Mendoza Rosariol URUGUAY
Buenns Aires
n
ARGENTIN?AI
French Guiana
y(FRANCE)
SURINAME Cayend\
20
TrOPic ?t CaP=icor?
Stanley
Falkland Islands
(Islas Malvinas)
(administered by U.K..
claimed by ARGENTINA)
0 500 Kilometers
0 500 Nautical Miles
Boundary representation is
not necessarily authoritative.
/-,, South Georgia
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 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/08/29: CIA-RDP08-00534R000100170001-4
Europe
`AA
Rockall
(U.K.)
ICELAND
Reykjavik
SWITZ.
*Berpr
Wroclaw
FP
-*
Prague
Bratislaval
M"
* Budapest
Zagreb OanLe