1. METALLURGICAL INSTITUTE I/N A.A. BAYKOV OF USSR ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, MOSCOW 2. THE CENTRAL SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FERROUS METALLURGY (TSNIICHM)

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80T00246A060800340001-9
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 11
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 17, 2012
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: November 15, 1961
• Content Type: REPORT

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CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
This material contains information affecting the National Defense of the United States within the meaning of the Espionage Laws, Title
18, U.S.C. Secs. 793 and 794, the transmission or revelation of which in any manner to an unauthorized person Is prohibited by law.
COUNTRY USSR (Moscow Oblast) REPORT
SUBJECT 1. Metallurgical Institute i/n A.A. Baykov DATE DISTR. lv~` November 1961
of USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow
2. The Central Scientific . Research NO. PAGES 1
Institute of Ferrous Metallurgy
(TsNIIChM) REFERENCES
DATE OF
INFO.
PLACE &
SOURCE EVALUATIONS ARE DEFINITIVE. APPRAISAL OF CONTENT IS TENTATIVE.
Attachment 1: Metallurgical Institute i/n A.A. Baykov of USSR Academy
of Science,LMoscQW. Details on:ancillary installations
.at Novo Tula. durrent projects in some 20 laboratories;
Metal Reduction Laboratory, names of Soviets supervising
laboratories.
Attachment 2: The Central Scientific search Institute of Ferrous
Metallurgy (TsNIIChM;).fDetails on: :'ltr.a-sonic treatment
of alloys; low-temperature research; automation laboratory;
continuous casting; electrometallurgy of steel; .converter
laboratory; open-hearth laboratory; blast-furnace laboratory;
STATE I X ARMY
X I NAVY X AIR X NSA
FBI
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NIC X NSA I X
DIA X OCR IX
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U. S. s. R.
sCn2 TIFIC/Z0ONON tC
The BAIKOV Institute
1. In addition to their laboratory facilitiesfthe B V Institute
have the occasional use of a ten-ton converter at the N / u fa_,
works and pelletiAizw and fluidi4ed bed installations. The pelleti r
installation is of the "chemical catalytic" type, ore moistened with a
solution of catalyst (undisclosed) and mixed with a little lime is
pelletized on a disc; the pellets are then exposed to the action of
furnace gases at about 300?C which produces a calcium carbonate bead
in the pellet. The pellets are then reduced in the fluid d bed
installation.
2. Laboratory work is being carried out on the fluidisation of
pellets in a model a few inches in diameter and a larger hot rig. The
bed is of the Done entry type and "fountain" rather than "fluidistion"
is the effect produced. T: is N36J{$- installation is working badly
and there are small prospects of quick success. Nevertheless a 5-10 ton
(of ore) per day installation is being planned.
3. For larger scale work on non-ferrous materials (included in the
terms of reference) the Institute has facilities at a coal-washing
plant near I+~ .
4. The Institute has twenty laboratories. These are crowded, one
result of which is delay in completion of projects.
5. One of the major activities of the Institute is: vacuum treatment.
This work is now Al at finished and many reports and books have appeared.
150,000 roubles is the estimate given by as the cost of 'a: complete
large vacuum treatment installation based on steam ejectors; with meohanioal
pumps the cost would be considerably higher. -small ingots are not very
suitable for vacuum treatment. For bottom pouring in an inert atmosphere
the whole system is placed in a chamber which can be evacuated. The
trumpet, closed near the tap by a membrane of low-meltini alloy, projects
through the lid of the chamber. After evacuation the system is #iled
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7.7.61
with argon and the steel is poured into the trumpet. The membrane melts
and pouring proceeds normally. At the end of the pouring the trumpet
may be reelosed and the argon pumped for storage; however argon is
usually cheap enough to make this not worthwhile.
6. Laboratory work on deoxidation equilibrium in iron and in nickel
solution is being done. The structure of liquid alloys is also being
studied. A. A. of B~ has obtained evidence of 9 - 6
tranaforma&ion in the liquid state. Electrical conductivity is measured
at the same time as visocaity and breaks in the curves correspond to
various compounds.
7. Non-metallic inclusions are being aturdied. One e o uree of these
in bottom pouring is thought to be slag accumulated in the horizontal
portions of the refractory system and is flushed out if a sudden increase
in metal flow rate takes place. Another source is deaxidation products
and here laboratory results mere obtained in a comparison of silicon and
aluminium. This is being carried out by eJf'; V, iron with
0.016 , oxygen is used. Induction melting is carried out under air.
With aluminium the inolusiore produced in the initial instance of addition
are sptierioal because temperatures rise locally to the meltingpoint of
alumina; those formed later are dendritio, With silicon much larger
apherioal particles (approximately an order larger than those of A1203)
are formed. The rate of flotation of the particles, however, is higher
for A1203 than SiO 2. This is deduced from the very much shorter time
for the oxygen content to reach a minimum with aluminium (about half a
minute) compared with that of silicon (about fifteen minutes). 'With
both deoxidipora the oxygen content rose again due to interaction with
air. The difference between the two deoxid era is thought to be due to
the fact that the silicon is in the form of liquid droplets which are
wetted by iron and are thus subject to surface tension effects; alumina
particles are solid and are not wetted. Thus possibilities for improving
flotation rates by increasing licjuid surface tension are at least possible
in principle. The A1203 particles can also be formed as seo
products when the oxygen-aluminium solubility product falls
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ondary
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temperature decreases . In these experiments aluminium is added at the
rate of 3 kg per ton steel and silicon at the rate of 10 kg. Further
experiments are planned without air access. _-ifter this c.mplex
deoxidirs will be studied.
8. With silicon deoxidation a plot is made of Ksi a si) x (~.O)2
11
against time. The actual value reached the equilibrium value in about
fifteen minutes. With aluminium a 1000-fold divergence of published
equilibrium data made a similiar plot less significant, but nevertheless
a constant (Al)2 x (0)3 value is reached in about three minutes. There
is evidence that reaction of aluminium with air oxygen is a surface effect.
9. measuring viscosity during deoxidation plots of viscosity
against time found they are in the form of horizontal straight line., with
humped portions, the humped portions corresponding exactly to the time
needed to reach the "equilibrium" values mentioned above.
10. Data for manganese has been obtained but not yet worked out.
11. In another laboratory the vapour pressure of ferro'is oxide, iron
and other materials is being determined by a transportion method.
Unexpectedly the vapour pressure of ferrous oxide has been found to be
higher than that of iron, the equation for the former being
log F s 2100 Refractories were present.
T + 2.54.
12. In the vacuum field, reduction of slags under vacuum is being
observed. Stainless steels are being vacuum melted and then cold rolled
to a thickness
of 15-20 mm Hg
a sulphur drop
violent mixing
13. In order
research tool,
of 10 microns, and desulphuri~ation of iron at a pressure
is being studied.
Bec?Q
from 0.028 - 0.008 in twenty minutes i3~a-4- very
of slag and metal that occurs under vacuum.
to supplement or even replace a 10-ton converter as a
the B4ZK0Y Institute has assembled a laboratory-size
With the latter a typical example is
converter (30-50 kg charge weight) whose special feature is that the
metal can be induction heated, thus giving temperature conditions closely
corresponding to those in practice. The curves shown indicate that
results obtained both as regards phosphorus distribution between metal
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/and slag
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and slag and the rates of elimination of various elements do indeed
correspond to full scale practice. The converter consists of a crucible
with eleven turns of 30 mn diameter tubing round it forming an inductor.
These turns have bolts welded to them which fit onto a metal frame. A
current (maximum 50 kw) is supplied at 2500 o/s from a motor generator.
The generator is noisy and is housed in a cellar. During an experiment
the inductor is switched down so as to keep the temperature rise
corresponding to that in practice; this there is little stirring due
to induction heating. The tuyere is a water cooled pipe; this is also
used to take samples from the impact zone. (For this purpose the gas
flow is switched off and the and of the tuyere is immersed). The optimum
charge weight is about 30 kg. giving complete similarity with a tart-ton
converter. To enable efficient operation with differert charge weights
there are ten condensers each of 3L 2 micro-farads which can be switched
on singly or together. It hats been found that the lower the frequency
the better the results. Power is varied by regulating the exciter current.
The converter can be tilted to cast the metal into an ingot mould on a
wheeled trolley. With this procedure only two men are needed to operate
the plant. A hood connected with a number 4 fan (capacity not known)
completely prevents fume in the laboratory and discharges into the air.
Tuyere movement up and down is mechaniied.,and there is a smea]1 hopper
for addition of line to the oxygen flow. This installation is being
o p e r a t b d by N. K.ty. under K and is in the part of the
Institute which is under the personal direction of SAWARIN.
This laboratory is called "The physical chemistry of steelmaxing
laboratory" and has a staff of forty-eight, of which approximately
twenty-two are graduates.
14. In this same laboratory the'production and properties of aluminum
steels to replace silicon-steels is to be studied. No laboratory work
has so far been done. Up to now aluminum has only been studied as an
undesirable inpuVity in silicon steeis.ll A survey of all available
literature on aluminium steels is being carried out.
Artwluction /t EC Laboratory
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15. The Metal Reduction Laboratory, in the past known as the "Metallurgy
of Pig Iron" laboratory, is directed by Professor . Problems studied
are:
a) Physical properties of slags at high temperature. This
has so far mainly consisted in viscosity studies but a
high-temperature calorimeter is now being equipped to
determine total heats.
Blast furnace slag viscosity problems (but on a small scale).
Of three viscometers in the laboratory only one was in
working order. These are of the rDtating type invented by
eight to ten years ago and now used in Germany and
China.
c) Fluidiy_ed-bed reduction.
d) Reduction at high pressures, and the effect of pressure on
metalloid reduction,
e) Blast furnace materials (testing in a small blast furnace).
At present the main effort is on fuels, though the small
size of the laboratory's furnace (7.0 cu. ft.) restricts
study to chemical effects.
f) Reducibility of ores and sinters at various temperatures
(i0o-iioO?p) in hydrogen, 00, or their mixtures. There is
no standard reducibility test in the U.S.S.R. and this work
aims at finding conditions most indicative of materials'
behaviour in the furnace.
g) Softening temperature determination of ores and sinters
at 700-1100?C.
h) Studies of phase changes during smelting. (Reduced burden
materials have been examined in transmitted and reflected
light after cooling).
i) The study of reactions in solid phases. This work has
not yet begun but will be the, chief new project.
16. Professor T-XXW acts as a referee, for papers for publication in
STAL' and other Journals.
S EC R EIesien papers
He attributes the-low standard of many
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RET
Russian papers published to poor refereeing;
referees.
17. The work at
on external desulphuriaation of pig iron in
rotating furnaces with lime has been abandoned because of difficulties
in suppressing dust formation in lime,,handling, and because output of
the plant was insufficient.
18.
Laboratories supervised by Professor 2M
s) Rail testing equipment has been extended; three machines
are in operation and a fourth is under ooastruotion.
Something like ten million cycles are made in the course
of a teat, the stroke of the "wheel" being about one metre.
Fatigue testing can smaller specimens is also being extensively
carried out, In ib, terminology "Dlitel'naya Proohnost"
is the time to fracture in a test.
b) In the creep testing laboratories voltage is stabili ~d;
this has been done for 809 of all ourrent in the
Institute and has paid for itself on savings in electric
bulbs alone. Japanese equipment was in evidence, e.g.
a "Union" microscope for use up to 1300?C.
o) In the "electrophysios" department drawing of wire in glass
proceeds, Covar alloy being one of the latest to be tried.
A 20-meV betatron is being supplemented by a 3-meV liner
accelerator which will be used for studying the effect of
particles on metal properties. A news -built infra-
red microscope, the MM-1, is in operation. Deposition
of thin films of semi-oonduotors by electron heating is
being carried out in a large installation, mainly to
produce equipment for use in the Institute itself. For
safety this installation, and several others where radiation
dangers could arise, are equipped with closed circuit
television for remote observation.
19. Research Programme
At b this is decided as follows: The Director of the
777-1 SECRET/Institute CW
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Institute (as of other research institutes) is a member of the Academy
of Sciences Department of Technical Sciences. This Director has a
scientific council, over half the there of which are outside the
Institute, and include pro&iction personnel. The Scientific Oouncil
is advised by two oomad.ttees, one on metallurgy (broadly speaking,
production Mt?uurgy) and one on the physics of metals (that is, on
,,,,,~). These oommittees consist
the field ruper-ised by Professor `,~`~'
of institute personnel only, chosen for their academic cr*lifioetions
and e:perienoe. It is in these committees that projects are oritioal]ar
ezanined. The reoomroarsd&-tions of the oo?ittee are ooneid*ered by the
Council, which then makes its oar recomassndations to the Director,
and through him to the Academy of Sciences. Funds are made available
from the Aoad zfly of Scienoes. The services of the Institute are not
available on a contract basis, so that the deoentraliossd Soviet steel
industry moat rely for the type of work done at the institute on its
own research facilities or on being able to influence the Institute
programme through the Council.
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U.3.?).R.
SCL ITIFIC tCQ14'0!dC
SSw Ley-''
The Central Soientifio Institute of
Ferrous Metallur T, IICHERI+ T
ftt, ti
1. Ultra-sonic Treatment of Alloys
An installation for ultra-sonic treatment of alloys dur;--ng crystal-
liyion , in existence since 1958, is still being used but for an
increasing range of metals and alloys. Results indicate increases in
plasticity of several fold and considerable grain refinement,
the installation will soon be used
to produce batches of material for sale. Power available for vibrati-n
is 200 kw, but generally much less is used. The frequency is about 0.7
of a kilocycle. For heating a 100 lrw inductor (machine generator) is
available with frequencies of 2.500 cycles per second and over. 50X1-HUM
2, Low Temperature Research
An installation for producing liquid hydrogen and liquid helium for
low-temperature research is housed i', one of the attics of the Institute.
The oompressors have a special vibration-suppressing mounting designed at
the Institute. This installation produces 6 litres of helium ar b litres
of hydrogen per hour. The attic is used for explosion safety reasons.
The Institute is unaware of the GRAVThER explosion suppression system
and descriptive literature is wanted by V. V. MARKELAV, who is a mechanical
engineer responsible for the design of most of the equipment at the
Institute. He is also an excellent technical interpreter.
3. Automation Laboratory
The Head of the Laboratory is KUNITSKII. He is working on
automation of rolling mills. The cork is based on producing three
transistorised units for solution of equations. Blast furnace automation
is also being studied but personnel have insufficient knowledge of basic
correlations. However, the main effort of the Institute in this field
is the study of blast furnace process, and some, successes are claimed on
partial automation based on temperature me?.aurement around the furnace
throat .
' another
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4.. In another laboratory fume prevention is under study. The idea of
injecting converter dirty gas into the blast furnaces is not being considered.
Strict clean air requirements are causing anxiety in Soviet industry..
5, Continuous Casting
Research work on continuous casting is taking plane on improving
mould design, the casting of slabs in an increasing range of compositions
(there are a large number of maerosections in the laboratory) and horizontal
casting. Problems on horizontal casting are still far from solution.
The integration of continuous casting in flowshcets and its automation is
occupying an increasing proportion of attention now that the technical
problems of vertical machines are claimed to have been solved. The
laboratory considers that really thin slabs can not be oast and that it
would, therefore, not be practicable to link continuous casting directly
with a planetary mill. The difference in linear speeds of metal in the
two processes is another unfavourable factor. The TSNIICHMILT view on
integration with converters is that for two working converters (i.e, a
three-converter shop) three machines are needed.
6. Electrometallurgy of Steel
The'Lleetrometallurgy of Steel' laboratory has a staff of about
twenty, approximately fifteen being graduates. The staff is mainly
occupied at works, a recent project being the use of synthetic slags
(mainly liquid) for arc furnace metal refinery. Laboratory projects are:
(a) External desulphurization
(b) Mechanism of decarburization
(o) Dephosphorization reactions
(d) Slag/metal reaction kinetics
7. Converter Laboratory
This laboratory has a staff of twelve, three with degrees. It
does no strict laboratory work at all, relying on the Therrmmeteohnioal
laboratory of the Institute for model work and supplyinZ it in turn with
any necessary process information. Again on a 10-ton converter at the
NCVO- works this laboratory staff has developed a process (on
the basis of BAIXDV Institute results on a 30 kg converter) for treating
SECRETPrxed bAfaau
vanadium-rich iron obtained from Kaohkanar ores. A V-rich slag
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produoed by keeping the temperature low, and is run off. The main
remaining impurity is carbon, which is removed in the second stage.
Because of difficulties in slag removal on the 10-ton converter the
procedure actually adopted is to tap the metal, then the slag and then
replace the metal.
8. Open Hearth Laboratory
This laboratory has a staff of eighteeen, twelve with degrees.
Though laboratory facilities are available they have no time to use
them, being fully occupied with works trials. The small Open Hearth
at the NOV0-T ,if combine is not available for their researches.
Although all refractories research is now done at specialized institutes
results of works trials are oomanunicated to TSNIIC1 RMET for oonsidera"ion.
9. Blast Furnace Laboratory
The blast furnace laboratory strength is not known but the
laboratory is almost entirely occupied with works trials and data
analysis. A large double Tamman furance is installed but this has
been out of use for some time. Until 1960 the NOVO-TUL'SKII works'
blast furnace (335 m3) was available for experiments, but this has now
been replaced by a much larger unit.
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