MILITARY THOUGHT (USSR): THE COOPERATION OF TROOPS OF A MILITARY DISTRICT AND CIVIL DEFENSE

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP10-00105R000201960001-8
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: T
• Document Page Count: 9
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: May 4, 2012
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: June 10, 1976
• Content Type: MEMO

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DATE 10 June 1976
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Intelligence Information Special Report
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MILITARY THOUGHT (USSR): The Cooperation of Troops
of a Military District and
Civil Defense
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The Cooperation of Troops of a Military
District and Civil Defense
(Based on the experience of exercises conducted
in the Turkestan Military District)
by
General-Mayor of Artillery F. Narkhodzhayev
The cooperation of the troops of a military district (and at the start
of combat actions, the troops of a front) and the civil defense organs is a
very significant problem under present- y conditions. Its foundation is
the decision of the military district troop commander and the appropriate
civil defense chief. In the interests of thorough organization and precise
fulfilment of such cooperation, a special plan is worked out in detail.
The chiefs or representatives of directorates and departments of the
military district staff, and chiefs of the branch arms and services, must
take an active part in drawing up the plan. To be specific, the operations
department determines the composition of forces and means to be allocated
by the military district to carry out civil defense measures, areas of the
terrain which can be used for civil defense purposes, operational
camouflage measures, and the procedure for exchanging information on the
situation.
The directorate of communications troops of the military district sets
up communications between the control posts of the civil defense and the
military garrisons at their permanent deployment areas; plans the
organization of cooperation communications for the period of the movement
of large units and units to the concentration areas, and for the movement
of the civil defense staffs to non-urban control posts; and establishes the
procedure for warning, via technical communications means, the staffs of
civil defense and the military garrisons regarding the operational
situation and the threat of aggressive enemy actions. The chief of the
chemical troops works out the procedure for exchanging information to be
used when determining the radiation situation and when organizing and
conducting radiation and chemical reconnaissance.
The engineer troops of the military district and the civil defense
contingents will assume the responsibility for a large volume of highly
important work. The directorate of the chief of the engineer troops
coordinates the action of the forces and means allocated to carry out such
tasks as restoring destroyed roads and bridges and building new ones, 50X1-HUM
laying and maintaining crossings, clearing mountain passes and passages,
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setting up defensive lines, constructing obstacles, preparing dummy areas,
camouflaging industrial and defense enterprises, hydraulic engineering
works, airfields and other installations. It will be necessary to
coordinate work pertaining to the construction and equipping of protective
structures for control posts, the personnel of the contingents, local
residents, workers and important operating installations, and also to the
elimination of the aftereffects of enemy nuclear strikes and the
implementation of specific engineer measures.
Thus, in order to minimize the results of destruction of hydraulic
engineering works, it is important in peacetime for the civil defense
organs to coordinate their actions with the engineer troops of the military
district regarding the organization of mutual warning of the troops
and the civil defense contingents situated in the probable zones of
flooding. It also is necessary to provide for rescuing the population and
moving out valuable materiel, laying crossings for the troops and freight
from the national economy, carrying out restoration operations on the roads
and railroads, and providing cover for the areas in which troops, valuable
materiel and freight are concentrated. In the plans for cooperation it
also is desirable to indicate the forces and means which can be allocated
directly to operations to eliminate the results of flooding.
The other important and specific question, particularly for our Red
Banner Turkestan Military District, is the organization of cooperation in
providing troops, civil defense contingents and the population with water.
To do this it will be necessary to construct and maintain a large number of
water supply points. The district troops have acquired a certain amount of
experience in purifying water contaminated by radioactive and toxic
substances. However, the forces and means available for this are quite
inadequate to satisfy all or even the basic needs of the troops and civil
defense. The problem lies in the means of special purification of necessary
quantities of water, the training of specialists in the course of combat
training of civil defense contingents, the construction of enclosed water
resources in the areas in which it is planned to disperse the population
and along the transportation lines of possible troop movement.
The directorate of the rear of the district draws up plans for the
mutual use of the medical system and rear-area hospitals; as to the
deployment of depots and bases, the directorate designates areas of the
terrain on which civil defense measures should not be carried out. The
civil defense department of the military district staff has to summarize
the matters of cooperation which have been worked out, refine them once and
for all with the directorates and departments of the district staff, with 50X1-HUM
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the chiefs of the branch arms, and with the civil defense staffs of the
oblasts or Union republics on whose territory the troops of the military
district are stationed, and to formulate the developed cooperation plan as
a whole.
Reflected in this plan must be the following basic matters: the
disposition of troop and civil defense control posts; the procedure for
mutual warning and reporting on the threat of enemy attack, especially
in the process of eliminating the aftereffects of nuclear attack; the
volume of, and the time required to carry out, joint measures to disperse
and evacuate the population as well as valuable materiel from cities; the
allocation of areas in non-urban zones for the accommodation of forces for
the civil defense of workers and employees, the population being evacuated,
organizations and institutions, and valuable materiel; the procedure for
carrying out joint rescue and urgent emergency restoration operations; and
the strength of the forces to be allocated from the military district in
support of the civil defense and from civil defense in support of the
district.
The practicability of a cooperation plan developed in this manner
should be verified in command-staff exercises and war games conducted
jointly with the civil defense staffs. With the same purpose in mind, the
chiefs of garrisons with operations groups, military commissars and
officers from their organizations, and the commanders of units allocated
for participation in the measures stipulated by the given plan, should
participate in civil defense command-staff exercises.
The experience of the exercises carried out in our military district
shows that the cooperation plans do provide for the performance of the
tasks confronting the district troops and the civil defense. However, the
same exercises have exposed a number of important problems requiring
further, thorough working out. Thus, it is necessary, first of all, that
the chiefs of garrisons and unit commanders have sufficiently comprehensive
knowledge of civil defense matters, and that they have a clear
understanding of the qualitative changes which have taken place in
preparing the population for the defense measures. This will make it
possible for the cooperation plans to more thoroughly take into account the
place and time aspects of the measures, for example, to allocate the roads
among the troops and the population being evacuated without jeopardizing
their movement.
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It is required that the overall command of the units, subunits,
educational institutions and medical facilities allocated by the
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cooperation plan to provide assistance in carrying out the civil defense
measures, be exercised in peacetime not by the senior military commander
(garrison chief) but by another assigned person. The fact is that
chiefs of garrisons usually are commanders of large units garrisoned in
the city or oblast, who will leave their posts at the beginning of a war
because of their operational assignment. Taking this into consideration, it
is advisable, when developing a plan for cooperation at the garrison-oblast
level, to assign a senior military commander who will remain in his place
of service in wartime, and to make him responsible for the overall command
of the units and subunits allocated to assist the civil defense.
In a modern war, many different situations can develop. Along some
axes the troops will be engaged in aggressive, offensive combat actions,
while along another -- in an operation with limited objectives. In the
latter case, to provide assistance to the civil defense it will be possible
to allocate considerably larger forces than provided for in the cooperation
plans. But it will not be possible to use these forces effectively to
carry out rescue work in the centers of nuclear destruction if they do not
have the necessary skills, and if the control organs have not been trained
to command them.
It is advisable, for the purpose of training the control organs of
units and large units to carry out civil defense measures, to have them
participate in joint civil defense command-staff exercises, which is the
practice in our military district. Thus, for instance, the commanders of
units, large units and institutions of the Dushanbe, Frunze and Ashkhabad
garrisons have participated in such exercises. Joint exercises promote a
more thorough working out of the matters handled by the civil defense, the
organization and maintenance of a stable system of control and cooperation
communications, an exchange of information on the results of reconnaissance
of contaminated terrain, and mutual use of the civil defense and the
military district means of communications as well as the road network,
especially near large cities. In addition, other matters peculiar to a
given theater of military operations such as, for example, the procedure
for reporting on the sanitary-epidemiological state of the operating areas
of the military district troops and civil defense contingents, can also be
coordinated at these exercises.
The successful bringing of the military district troops to full combat
readiness and the dispersal and evacuation of the population from the
cities depend to a large extent on timely resolution of all these and nthPr
matters, especially since both coincide in respect to time. 50X1-HUM
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In our opinion, cooperation of the border guard troops deployed on the
territory of a border military district with the civil defense forces also
requires a very careful examination. This cooperation must be worked out
in peacetime in regard to the matters set forth for the troops of the
military district and garrisons, taking into account the special features
of the service performed by border guard outposts and komendaturas, and
must also be coordinated among the border guard detachments an istricts
and, correspondingly, the civil defense staffs of oblasts and Union
republics.
Cooperation between the border guard troops and the civil defense
organs and contingents may also be organized for the purpose of
strengthening the protection of the state border and combating
sabotage-reconnaissance groups and airborne landing forces in the rear of
the military district (front) troops. In our opinion it is advisable to
establish militarized civi defense contingents similar to the detachments
of the people's volunteer corps of the Great Patriotic War period.
Cooperation between military commissariats and civil defense organs
also must be worked out. As a result of the dispersal of workers and
employees of enterprises, organizations and institutions, and the
evacuation of city dwellers, there will be a substantial redistribution of
them among the raions and inhabited localities. This will create serious
difficulties in using human resources for replacements in the armed forces.
All those who are subject to the military law will have to be registered at
other military commissariats which will require a considerable amount of
time and a great deal of work on the part of the raian military
commissariats.
Such cooperation may be implemented most fully through the
representatives of military commissariats who make up the evacuation
commissions, where the basic data on the accommodation of the dispersed and
evacuated population are collected. The cooperation plans must stipulate
that the civil defense staffs continuously report data on evacuation and
dispersal of the population, and that the military commissariats inform
these staffs on the induction of conscripts into the army and the removal
of materiel and technical resources from the national economy (from the
civil defense means) to satisfy the needs of the army. 50X1-HUM
At the beginning of military operations it is advisable to brief the
civil defense chiefs of the oblasts and republics on the situation within
the military district (front), notify them of possible targets and the
assumed time of deliver-y--of-enemy nuclear strikes against them, make brief
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recommendations on the implementation of basic civil defense measures in
the zone of troop operations and refine the cooperation plan. Other matters
to be decided include the procedure for using the civil defense forces in
support of the troops, the organization of communications between points,
and the warning of the threat of enemy air attack and of radioactive,
chemical and bacteriological contamination.
After the delivery of enemy nuclear strikes against the troops and the
main installations in the operational rear area, it is necessary, in order
to make a timely assessment of the radiation situation and report it to the
troops who are regrouping, to obtain additional information from the civil
defense organs and in turn inform them of the situation in the area
immediately to the rear of the front.
In our opinion, the exchange of information on the radiation situation
should be carried out not only between the staff of the front (military
district) and the civil defense staffs of the Union republics but also
between the staffs of the large units and the civil defense staffs of the
oblasts and cities. This will provide for a more efficient handling of
matters cormected with organizing the protection of the troops and civilian
population from radiation damage.
In order to maintain continuous cooperation, it is advisable, based on
the experience of our district, to establish a radio net using the radio
sets of the assistant commander of the district for civil defense and the
civil defense staffs of the Union republics, which would ensure the
transmission and reception of information and the coordination of matters
of cooperation.
In order to improve the warning of the danger of enemy air attack, all
republic and oblast cities in the territory of our military district are
warned by personnel of the air defense forces. Wire and radio
communications have been set up for this purpose between the command posts
of the formations and large units of the air defense forces and the civil
defense command posts of the republics, oblasts and cities, and a constant
alert is maintained at the command posts. The system of warning and
communications is checked regularly during exercises, in radio training
practices, and in the course of civil defense exercises.
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In conclusion I would like to mention that in our district
considerable attention is being given to the training of reserve officers
attached to the civil defense units. By agreement with the local Party and
Soviet organs, they are called to participate in training courses so that
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they can also take part in civil defense exercises. For example, in 1968
reserve officers attended such training courses in the cities of Frunze and
Ashkhabad. Officers of the civil defense department of the military
district staff led them in group studies in which they worked out matters
of mobilization expansion and the operation of units in eliminating the
aftereffects of nuclear attack. The reserve officers studied their
operational axes, acquired experience in controlling units and subunits,
worked out matters of cooperation with the chiefs of the services of the
operational axes and with the chiefs of the civil defense of installations.
We feel that it would be beneficial for the officers of the military
district (especially the garrison chiefs), military commissariats and
the border guard troops to share their views on these matters in order to
work out a common viewpoint for the military command and the civil defense
organs.
The cooperation of the troops of the military district and the civil
defense calls for further and more thorough study. In our opinion, it is
necessary to begin its theoretical development in military academies, and
include the study of civil defense matters in academic programs. We also
consider it advisable to establish groups at the academies to train
qualified operators to work in the troops and civil defense staffs, and
also to establish at the Military Academy of the General Staff a group to
train senior command personnel in civil defense to work in the staffs of
military districts, the civil defense organs of Union republics and
operational zones, and in the Civil Defense Staff of the USSR.
It has become necessary to summarize the experience of organizing the
cooperation of troops and civil defense and to outline ways of improving it
further. A guidance document by the General Staff and the Chief of Civil
Defense of the USSR obviously is needed.
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