(SANITIZED)UNCLASSIFIED PUBLICATION ENTITLED, THE ORIENT(SANITIZED)

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-00926A003200030003-2
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 40
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: October 26, 2012
• Sequence Number: 3
• Publication Date: February 28, 1950
• Content Type: REPORT

Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
Next 40 Page(s) In Document Denied
Iq
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2 ;1-HUM
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
 -
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01 : CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
Strong, Even, Lustrous, produced
by the most up-to-date,
air-conditioned cotton spinning mills.
Available in various count's: lOs, 20s, 30s, 32s,
40s, 42s, and Double Yarns, also Hosiery Yarns
Spun in Cheeses for convenient use by
weaving manufacturers
Bales for export, hydraulically press-packed
for freight-saving.
RED
ROS E COTTON
YARN
Cable Address- "HONKONMILL"
Office: 318, Queen's Bldg. Hong Kong, Tels: 33586: 34116-7
Mills: Castle Peak Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Tel: 50792
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01 : CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
THE ORIENT
Sir;
Thanks for your article in the
October issue on how Malaya is
turning bad characters into good
citizens ... As a staunch be-
liever in democracy, it is, indeed,
encouraging to know that justice
is not denied those who go astray
... Undoubtedly, many innocent
persons because of their associa-
tions, direct and indirect, become
branded for life as undesireables
and are never given a chance to
prove their good citizenship ...
The example set by Malaya should
be followed by other states...
S. K. LEE
Caine Road,
Hong Kong.
Sir;
...International Burlesque is
the most disgusting movie I have
ever seen screened in Hong Kong
.I understand that after being
shown for a few days, the authori-
ties concerned re-censored it, but
in its re-censored form, it is still
a disgusting film ...It should
never have been allowed to be
shown in the Colony.. .and I am
shocked by the fact that one of
the leading cinema houses deemed
it a fit film to be screened...
Strangely, in the correspondence
columns of the daily newspapers
there was no comment not even
from any of the local Catholic
bodies... The Reform Club of
Hong Kong and the Chinese Re-
form Association were also silent
... Maybe I cannot appreciate art.
K. L. LI
Gloucester Road,
Wanchai Hong Kong.
Sir;
Allow me , to congratulate you
on all the interesting and informa-
tive articles... Would it be pos-
sible ... whenever any Chinese
names ... are quoted ... to insert
the Chinese characters...
In "Mirror of Opinion" readers
are no doubt presented with a
pageant of views of others. What
about the views of The Orient?...
COMME IL FAUT
University Campus;
Hong Kong.
(The Orient is impartial. Ed.)
DELIGHT YOUR FRIENDS
WITH 12 MONTHLY COPIES
OF "THE ORIENT"
Subscribe now, and you
will be sure of your friend
receiving at Christmas the
first copy of "The Orient",
which will be accompanied
with a beautiful card of
greetings in your name.
SUBSCRIPTION RATES One Year
Hong Hong, Macao and China... HK$12.00
Other Countries in the Orient... HK$14.00
United Kingdom and Europe... ?1
America and Canada ............... US$3.00
The Orient Publishing Company
1, Wang Hing Building
10, Queen's Road, Central
Hong Kong
Mr. Mrs. Miss .......................................
Address ....................................
My Name
Address .................................
Name to be used on X'mas card ................
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
THE ORIENT
PRESSURE
LANTERNS
Sir;
..glad to see the appearance
of The Orient. . is a timely and
well-edited publication...,
The summary of events in the
Far East is excellent, but most
welcome of all to overseas Chinese
nationals are the articles on
Chinese drama and Chinese civi-
lisation ... Many of us have never
been back to our homeland and
the articles mentioned are indeed
an education to us about our own
country...
. hope you will give us more
information about China, ancient
and modern and also of other
Asiatic nat'ons...By doing so,
your magazine would contribute
considerably to the unification of
Asiatic - states and mutual under-
standing...
Seria,
Borneo.
Supply Light
for
Industrial
Development
Produced ~ by
UNION METAL WORKS, LTD.
17, Kayansally Bldg. Hong Kong
Tel. 20398, 20895
Cable, Address "UNIO.NMET ".
Sir;
May I ask how is the
US$5.000,000,000-plan. to raise
the living standards of the masses
going to help combat the spread
of Communism in the East? So
much is for technical ass'stance,
so much is for economic develop-
ment, but nothing has been men-
tioned of social welfare and
education-the two most pressing
and most important problems of
today ...
In Asia today, the potential
supporters of Communism -
those who have nothing to lose or
to ga'n under the heels of the
Kremlin - overwhelmingly out-
number those who have their roots
in democracy.
By all means let us have tech-
nical aid and help for economic
development. Asia is badly in
need of such assistance. But
what immediate results can such
help achieve in the fight aganst
the spread of Communism? Un-
doubtedly, in the long run it will
achieve what is desired. But in
the East today, there is immediate
need for. short range as well as
long range plans to defeat Com-
munism.
Leaders in Asia should give
more attention than they have in
the past to the masses-the work-
ers who toil but reap barely
enough to make ends meet, and
have, nothing . to spare for, setting
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
aside for a rainy day. While pro-
viding technical and economic as-
sistance, there should at the same
time be carried out schemes that
will make the masses fully appre-
ciate what their lot would be un-
der Communist rule ...
In the East today there still
many industrialists and employers
of labour whose treatment of
their employees contributes to the
.spread of Communism... Govern-
ments in Asia should give this
-deep study and introduce laws to
promote extensive social welfare
schemes with the co-operation of
employers of -labour throughout
Asia...
Prince Edward Road,
Kowloon.
Sir;
?if you plarr- to make book
reviews a regular feature in your
excellent magazine, may I suggest
that you engage a 'less biased
reviewer ... the review of Jack
Belden's China Shakes the World
to my mind is just a superficial
condensation of certain portions
of the book... It is unfair both to
the reading public and the author
of the book ...It falls in the
Communist propaganda category...
LOCAL BOY
Jordan Road,
Kowloon.
Sir;
.I was shocked by the in-
clusion in your good, readable
publication (October issue) of
that review of Jack Belden's China
Shakes the World. There is only
one place for such reviews and
such books ? and that is the waste-
paper basket... The review i$ a
very poor, amateur effort; and
worst of all it is biased-com-
pletely, in favour of Jack Belden's
grossly exaggerated fairy tales..
Your reviewer must surely have
been aware that China Shakes the
World has been discredited in the
United States by some of the lead-
ing world experts on Chinese
affairs and China generally... No
doubt some of the events describ-
ed.in the book are?authentic but
they'.bave been, overshadowed by
the imagination of the-author...
THE ORIENT
I am by no means a supporter
of Chiang Kai-shek's regime-in
fact I am all in, favour of writing
him and his clique off for good,-
but I cannot stand injustice, no
matter what political party or
what type of person is involved...
ANTI-COMMUNIST,
ANTI-KUOMINTANG
Nathan Road, .
Kowloon.
Sir;
...I read your magazine with a
great deal of interest, because it
is informative and instructive...
I enjoyed most in it was its im-
partiality... it seemed to me that
your review of Jack Belden's new
book China Shakes the World,
showed the reviewer's bias in
favour of the Chinese Com-
munists.
Mr. da Cruz selected passages
in the book which showed' Mr.
Belden at his worst, and also went
out of his way to criticise the
United States. Since reading the
review I have bought "China
Shakes the World," and I admit
that the review is a fine piece of
summary.
... reviewers are permitted to
air their own opinions ... Mr. da
Cruz in his final passages about
the United States quoted himself
and not Mr. Belden. Mr. da
Cruz's article piqued my curiosity
to such an extent that I had to
buy the book in question. Re-
views are always justified, I think,
when they produce this reaction
.looking forward to further re-
views...
YINGLAU CHEN
28 Morrison Hill Road.
Hong Kong.
Sir;
Thanks for the review of China
Shakes the world.. The book by
Jack Belden is excellent... but I
was disappointed that the review
was not more comprehensive...
'I hope you will,publish this letter
in full.
Caine Road,
Hong Kong.
(Sorry but the propaganda had
to be deleted.-Ed.)--
eleted.-Ed.) - -
HEALTHIEST YEAR
HEALTHIEST
FOR, MALAYA
Last year was the healthiest on
record in Malaya, according to
Dr. R. B. MacGregor, Director of
Medical Services in the Federa-
tion of Malaya, in his annual
report.
The death rate at 14.2 per
thousand was lower than ever be-
fore as was the rate of infant
mortality which showed 81 deaths
in every 1,000 births.
The birth rate itself remained
high-43.8 per 1,000-and there
was a record number of births.
Dr. MacGregor analysed in his
Report the reason for the con-
siderable improvement in the in-
fantile mortality rates. This im-
provement extended to all races,
with the rate for Malaya dropping
below the 100 mark for the first
time.
He stated that the reduction in
the incidence of malaria and im-
provements in nutrition resulting
from a better balanced diet for
mothers were likely to be the
most important factors. But un-
doubtedly the greatest contribut-
ing cause, he added, was the rais-
ing of the standard of mother-
craft because of the teaching
given by public health nurses at
welfare centres and in homes all
over the Federation.
The Report said that among
developments of special interest
during the year were the success-
ful ? results obtained in the treat-
ment of typhoid fever with
chloramphenicol and aureomycin.
NO-.NONSENSE FROM
MEN ANYMORE
For centuries . women have
tolerated the behaviour of men,
but "no more will we tolerate it,"
declared Mrs. Shirin Fozdar, Pre-
sident of the Women's Progres-
sive Group in India, when she
addressed Singapore Rotarians.
Mrs. Fozdar spoke on "the new
world order" which she said was
originated. by . Bahaullah, A he
founder of the Bahai faith.
World progress, she said, de
pended upon the "complete libera-
tion" of women.
Under the. Bahai New World
Order, there will be no customg,
no tariffs and no passports.
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
TI.IE ORIENT
A MONTHLY MARINE
PUBLISHED BY THE ORIENT PUBLISHING
COMPANY, 1, WANG HING BUILDING, 10,
QUEEN'S ROAD, CENTRAL, HONG KONG.
PRINTED BY LOCAL PRINTING PRESS,
LIMITED, 13, DUDDELL STREET, HONG
KONG.
CORRESPONDENCE INTENDED FOR PUB-
LICATION SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO THE
EDITOR, THE ORIENT, ROOM NO. 1, WANG
HING BUILDING, 10, QUEEN'S ROAD,
CENTRAL, HONG KONG.
Price per single copy HK$ 1.00
ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION RATES
Hong Kong, Macao and
China .................. HK$12.00
Other Countries in the
Orient .............:... HK$14.00
United Kingdom and
Europe ................. ?1
United States, South
America and 'Canada US$3.00
(OMUNTS
Readers' Views 3
Mirror of Opinion ........ 6'
In The Orient .,.......... 8
The Snake Season ........ 14
Peking Bans Cultural Objects 15
The Veil of Modesty
Disappears ............16
Portugal's gem in Asia .... 17
Chinese Tenth Moon ...... 20
Reflections on the Chinese
Classical Drama .. I....... 24
Introduction to 'Chinese
Civilisation .... ...... 29
Bitter Jungle War ........ 35
-Chinese Investments in
Philippines ............. 36
Control of Thought in China 37
THE ORIENT
mg\, ~sk imov.
111st'"1111FE!
RED SONG BOOKS
(Straits Times, Singapore)
Lately a close watch has been
kept on printed matter coming
into Singapore from China, and a
variety of Communist publications
have been banned. In reporting
these activities the Straits Times
thinks that it is doing its civic
duty, but it got quite a shock
when it received the following let-
ter from a reader in Bugis Street:
"Reference to the Straits Times
of today's date (September 9),
Page 7 Column Two, `19 Song.-
Books Banned', could you please
inform me what are the names of
the 19 Song-Books and where I
may be able to.see them".
Like the fig leaves which Adam
and Eve donned to cover their
primal nakedness,-the veil dropped
by the Special Branch over -these
song-books has merely had the
effect of arousing curiosity where
there was none before, at least in
this youngster's case (for we as-
sume that he is a youngster). He
evidently doesn't realise that he
is asking rather a lot.
However, it is good to know
that in times when the producers
of these song-books are doing
their best to poison the minds of
youth, it is still possible to find a
youngster as innocent as the one
who wrote this naive letter.
There is one thing the Com-
munist Party of Ceylon provides
in unfailing abundance-amuse-
ment for the masses.
Jaded citizens who weary of the
histrionics at the Maradana
theatres and extravanganzas at
the cinemas, occasionally attend
Communist Party meetings and
get, free of charge, exhibitions of
blood and thunder.
Grown men shrieking death and
damnation to all and sundry are
funny in a way that they them-
selves cannot understand.
Now it seems the damned are
not merely those outside-the Com-
munist Party. A group of mem-
bers have been labelled "American
spies" and put outside the red
pale. We may look forward to
livid denunciations of these fallen
tovarich, in the grand Russian
manner.
Hatred is a speciality of the
Communist Party and they take it
to such lengths that they hate
leftists more than capitalists, and
their "reformist" comrades more
than anybody else.
The public would welcome more
information on what particular
brand of spying the pro-Americans
in the Communist Party have been
up to. Have they been seen
wearing zoot suits in Bambala-
pitiya, and passing on news of the
proletariat to the synthetic Yanks
of the eating houses?
Have they been seen in whis-
pered conversation with officials at
the library of the American Em-
bassy? Have they been _ noticed
by Communist Party spies, laugh-
ing at the antics of American
slapstickers like Abbott and
Costello? We do not know.
All this spy talk is great fun.
It reminds us of the days we play-
ed spy games ourselves. Readers
will see a close resemblance to.
their awn childhood when they
played games like "hora police"
and "I spy".
But we must not take this huge
joke too much at its face value.
It has its serious side. The Com-
munist Party has branded some of
its own fanatics as spies for ' a
foreign government, merely'be-
cause they, refused always to be-
have as automatons. .
MARXIST HAND
(United National Party Journal, Colombo)
The attempted sabotage of the
Hydro-Electric Scheme at Norton
Bridge, on the very eve of its
completion, is the work of one of
the frantic Left-Wing Parties in
Ceylon. Why should' Marxists
want to sabotage this great' na-
tional undertaking? The reason
is simple.
The completion . of the, ;Scheme
will mean the beginning of a new
chapter in -the economic develop-
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
ment of Ceylon. All the efforts
of the Government to increase the
national wealth of this country, to
develop cottage and light indus-
tries which, in turn,; will raise the
income levels of tliT people, thus
creating a widespread rehabilita-
tion of the peasant and the work-
ing classes, will stand in the way
of the concentrated efforts of all
Marxist Parties to create discon-
tent and disruption in the Island.
Napoleon said that an army
marched on its stomach; a revolu-
tion springs first in the stomachs
of men. So far the Government
has been energetic enough to pre-
vent the destruction of the pro-
cess of unloading food cargoes in
Colombo Harbour. Attempts have
also been made to use middle-
class public servants as pawns in
the game to paralyse the adminis-
tration, to delay the Government's
six-year plan and in every possible
way to hamper the upliftment of
the people.
The Marxists appear in the
guise of agitators for the improve-
ment of living conditions of the
people but that is only a mask.
They are not interested' in "Re-
formism"-that is the word they
have for housing schemes, etc.
They are interested in perpetuat-
ing bad living conditions and un-
employment in order to drive peo-
ple to a point when they will re-
volt.
The scheme at North Bridge is
a key project which would enable
the Government to implement the
many schemes which it has for in-
dustrialisation, for the' develop-
ment of cottage industries, for the
manufacture of textiles, and for
the use of electricity in tile-
making, brick-making, the produc-
tion of fertilisers and a whole host
of planned projects which are be-
ing held up owing to the lack of
motive-power and fuel sources in
Ceylon ...
The hand of the Communist
strikes everywhere, and no appeals
to patriotism, decency, justice or
truth will stay that hand.
The military situation in Indo-
China is becoming graver than
ever. It is reported in the press
that the French authorities may
appeal to the UN Security Council
for assistance in stemming the
tide of the Communist onslaught.
Will the appeal be given the con-
sideration which it should deserve?
.TklE. ORIENT
Indo-China today is as im-
portant to South East Asia as
Korea is to North East Asia.
Unless we were to engage in hair-
splitting arguments, there should
be little practical difference be-
tween the invasion of the Korean
Communists and the invasion of
the Vietminh Communists. In
both cases the democratic people
are being subjected to the evil
forces of Communism. If Korea
deserved the defence by the UN
forces, Indo-China should not be
treated otherwise.
It may be frankly pointed ? out
that Indo-China is no longer of
vital interest to France except
perhaps as a reminder of the
glory of yester-years. France does
not aspire to continue as a world
imperialist empire, and Indo-
China is accordingly a relic of un-
certain value. But to the Anglo-
American Powers this assortment
of three small states may provide
the key to South East Asian de-
fence from the mainland.
If it should fall into the hands
of the Communists, it may he
turned into a two-horned spear-
head-one to Thailand, Burma
and Malaya, and the other to
Hong Kong and the Philippines. It
would be easier and cheaper to
defend it now than to try to re-
cover it when future military
necessity should so demand.
Since the American impe-
rialists mobilised all "their land,
sea and air forces in the Pacific
for the adventurous landing at
Inchon on October 1.5, it was
obvious that the war in Korea
would become a long one.
The people of Korea are de-
termined to support their Army
to the bitter end. The reply to
the American challenge is an un-
shakable one.
Nevertheless, in order to pre-
vent the aggressors from carry-
ing out their plot to extend the
war in Korea, to protect peace in
Asia and the world, and to ac-
celerate the march of the Korean
people to unity and independence,
we feel that a proper way should
be devised for the peaceful solu-
tion of Korean situation...
What may be specially point-
ed out is that the solution of the
Korean impasse must be under-
taken with the immediate cessa-
tion of hostilities, and the
evacuation of foreign troops
from that country. The Ko-
rean Government has already
made repeated appeals to the
Nations on this point, and China,
the Soviet Union and other peo-
ple's democracies have voiced
their support for this appeal. But
the United Nations, controlled by
American imperialism, seems un-
perturbed and allows America to
carry on its aggression un-
checked.
In the second place, there must
be held in Korea nation-wide elec-
tions on the basis of the free will
of the people, if an independent
and really united Korea is to
emerge...
While world attention is focus-
sed on Korea, the situation in
Vietnam has suddenly grown
tense. This was expected, as
Korea constitutes only a link in
the Far Eastern chain of events,
and the Communists will spread
fire wherever and whenever they
feel the need and have the op-
portunity...
The Vietnam situation is the
product of seed sown by the
Soviet Union five years ago. With
the past misrule of the French,
and the inefficiency of Bao Dai,
supplemented now by the suces-
ses of the Chinese Communists
on the continent, the Vietnam
situation has naturally grown in
seriousness...
American aid to Vietnam today
remains within the scope of mili-
tary supplies. This aid will not
prove adequate. The Vietnam
situation is not the same as that
of Korea and the French appeal
to the United Nations for action
appears also not practical...
From our point of view, the
whole situation in the Far East
revolves on China, and once the
China problem is settled, the re-
maining problems will present no
difficulties. Otherwise, Korea may
be settled today, and Vietnam the
next, but still further problems
will arise, and the situation will
remain basically unsettled.
The French are reported to
have evacuated many important
points which incidentally are on
the Vietnam-Chinese borders.
The Chinese Communists now are
enabled to realise their plan to
link up China and Vietnam...
It is time for the democratic
nations to review the Far East as
a whole...
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP8O-00926AO03200030003-2
It was expected; but the French
authorities under-estimated the
strength of the Communist-led
Vietminh forces. On October 6,
Ho Chi-minh ordered a general
offensive against the French.
Since then, the French 'were
forced to give ground. Vietminh
guerillas demolished a water-pipe,
20 miles North of Haiphong, and
severed the city's regular fresh
water source. They also shelled
oil installations a few miles South
East of Saigon. Elsewhere: they
harrassed the French.
Bigger operations were carried
out near the China border by re-
gulars of the Vietminh army.
The French officially admitted
that some 3,500 French, Foreign
Legion and Moroccan troops
trapped near the Chinese frontier,
were annihilated in a five-day
battle.
The biggest frontier fortress,
Langson, was captured by the
Vietminh forces. All that remain-
ed intact along the entire border
with China were Laokay and
Moncay, on the Western and
Eastern ends of the French de-
fence line.
Hanoi was also. threatened.
Outposts, North of the city, were
abandoned in the face of Vietminh
onslaughts. Everywhere, Viet-
minh forces held the initiative
while the French withdrew to
shorten their defence lines and
appeal for more and faster Ameri-
can military aid. French with-
drawals left more than 200 miles
of frontier unguarded. If ' China
was sending military supplies to
the Vietminh forces there was
nothing the French could do to
stop it.
French Deny
Because of their serious re-
verses, the French were said to
have. put out feelers for a com-
promise with Ho Chi-mink to end
the hostilities. The French, how-
ever, officially denied the report
and described it as "fantastic".
The United States State Depart-
ment also refuted a report that
the American Government had
advised the French to come to
terms with Ho.
France sought US$170,000,000
from the United States in dollars
and arms to bring the French
Army to full strength next year
in addition to financial aid to
arm 18 new battalions of Viet-
nam troops in Indo-China and
40,000 irregulars. The United
States Government was expect
ed to grant US$2,400,000 for
both France and Indo-China.
The Vietnam Premier, Tran
Van Huu appealed for American
backing to recruit a Vietnam
National Army of 400,000 troops
to save Indo-China from Com-
munism. His appeal was ex--
pected to go unheeded.
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP8O-00926AO03200030003-2
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
J.N. Intervention
Meanwhile, from Hong Kong
the Vietnam Renovation League
appealed to the United Nations to
intervene. Headed by Crown
Prince Cuong De (uncle of Bao
Dai now in Japan), the' League
insisted on the withdrawal of the
French from Indo-China and sug-
gested the sending of a United
Nations Good Offices Commission,
to solve the problems of Indo-
China, and pave the way for com-
plete independence of the nation.
Communism was alien to the
Vietnam people, added the de-
claration. It was present in
Vietnam because of French
colonialism.
United Nations forces swept
across the 38th Parallel, drove the
Communist-led North Koreans
Northwards, and occupied the
North Korean capital town of
Pyongyang. It was believed that
the North Korean leader, Kim 11
Sung, and other Communist lead-
ers who engineered and led the
attack on South Korea on June 25
had fled into China's Manchuria.
The big question was will the
United Nations forces drive up to
the Manchurian border in their
pursuit of the retreating North
Koreans. Peking, Moscow and
New Delhi repeatedly warned
against United Nations forces ad-
vancing beyond the 38th Parallel.
One report claimed that China
had militarily occupied a strip of
North Korea adjoining the Man-
churian frontier to provide a
haven for the North Korean gov-
ernment. Such a move on the
part of China would have two
main effects: 1. To provide at
least a token fulfillment of the
October 1 pledge by Premier Chou
En-lai that Communist China
would "not stand aside" if the
United States invaded North
Korea, and 2. To thrust upon the
United Nations-and chiefly the
United States-the decision of
extending the invasion of North
Korea to any territory occupied
by the Chinese Communists.
The future of Korea looked
gloomy, politically. The United
Nations Interim Committee's pro-
posals for North Korea confined
Syngman Rhee's South Korean
Government authority to South of
the 38th Parallel, and provided
that when fully liberated, North
Korea should come under United
Nations control pending free elec-
tions throughout the country to
enact a unified government.
The proposals, in fact, reflected
the Committee's non-confidence in
the capacity and ability of the
South Korean Government to
unite the country and set up a
single national administration.
Premier Syngman Rhee opposed
the idea of a new general election
for the whole country. He said
elections should be confined to
North Korea to fill the seats left
vacant for representatives from
areas North of the 38th Parallel.
Later, he announced that his
government would accept any
directives from the United Na-
tions. But, he hoped that the
United Nations would observe and
advise elections for North Korea
rather than conduct them. Elec-
tions may be held before Christ-
mas.
The Philippines Government
started arming civilian defence f or-
ces in an all-out campaign to wipe
out the Communist-led Huks in the
Republic on an
executive order
by President El-
pidio Quirino.
1i 1217 ' The President
' - - ' emphasised that
the Barrangays would not con-
stitute a citizen or civilian army
but would be purely community
civic organisations for the promo-
tion of public welfare and security
under government supervision.
"Ideals hostile to our heritage
of freedom have found lodgement
in our midst, seeking to under-
mine and destroy society and gov-
ernment", said President Quirino.
He added: "The Barangays of
old as organised family units best
represented the soldarity, co-
operation and loyalty most needed
to protect and preserve the free
institutions our people have come
to value and cherish."
Under the President's executive
order, each Barangay organisation
will have a head chosen for a 12-
month term and each organisation
will be under the supervision of
the city or town Mayor. The or-
ganisation of Barangays had pre-
viously be strongly opposed by the
Nacionalista Party who believed
the idea would not work.
The duties of the Barangays
would be: 1. Post guards or
send residents on patrol when the
safety of the community requires;
2. Prepare family registers and
keep track of transients in the
community; 3. Provide for mu-
tual protection of members and
their families and co-operate in
the maintenance of peace in the
locality; 4. Help in emergency
relief work and organise co-opera-
tives; and 5. Extend all possible
assistance when requested by the
military or police authorities.
In the campaign against Com-
munists and other subversive ele-
mements, the Philippines authori-
ties were also seeking the co-
operation of the Bangkok and
Singapore governments in the hunt
for members of the Soviet espion-
age system believed to be operat-
ing in the three countries.
One hundred and five persons,
including the six-member general
secretariat of the Philippines Com-
munist Party, were being detained
by military intelligence officers of
the Philippines Army as a result
of a series of raids.
Charges of "inciting to rebel-
lion" will be filed against the six
members of the Communist Party
general secretariat. Other sus-
pects were being screened to de-
termine if they have connections
with either the Hukbalahaps or the
Communist Party.
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
The day after Indonesia was
admitted as the 60th member of
the United Nations Organisation,
the government's armed forces
began mili-
tary operations
established in
Amboina, be-
tween the Celebes and New
Guinea.
The so-called Republic's islands
of Bra and Cerma had previously
been occupied. Amboina was
surrounded by Indonesian Army,
Navy and Air Force units.
The Republic of South Moluccas
was proclaimed in April last. It
is the only area which was still
resisting incorporation into the In-
donsian state.
Replying to the Netherlands
Prime Minister's cable expressing
great anxiety over Indonesia's
action, Dr. Mohammed Natsir,
Indonesia's new Premier said:
"For the protection of the peo-
ple of Ambon in particular, and
to secure interests of the people
of Indonesia in general, the gov-
ernment, to its regret, finds itself
compelled to take positive mea-
sures, but with the conviction that
these measures will restore peace
and freedom for the people of the
South Moluccas islands.
"The government has left no
stone unturned to find a peaceful
settlement of the South Moluccas
problem.
"The government expresses the
hope that the difficulties which
are being overcome in the South
Moluccas will constitute the last
of a series of difficulties which
cannot be dissociated from the
withdrawal of the Netherlands in-
strument of power from In-
donesia. .
"The Indonesia government re-
gards the problems it faces in
the South Moluccas as part of the
difficulties which always arise in
a period of great changes such as
the Indonesian and Netherlands
societies are now going through
following the transfer of so-
vereignty.
"A small gang of armed per-
sons who were under the respon-
sibility of the Netherlands gov-
ernment after the transfer of
sovereignty continually attempts
to resist and withdraw from the
course of history, now taking
place in Indonesia."
Halt Operations
The United Nations Commission
for Indonesia urged Indonesia to
halt the operations.. Indonesia re-
plied that it was unable to com-
ply. Left-wing members of the
Indonesian Parliament accused
the Dutch of meddling in internal
Indonesia affairs by asking the
United Nations to intervene.
The self-proclaimed South Moluc-
can Republic appealed to Austra-
lia for support in its "struggle for
freedom."
The South Moluccan Sec-
retariat in Djakarta, in a message
to the Australian Parliament on
behalf of the "Moluccan people
in Java," appealed to the "Aus-
On the Double Tenth, General-
issimo Chiang Kai-shek appealed to
all freedom-loving Chinese to sup-
port his government in the fight
to regain China's independence.
The General--
issimo charged
that today the-
Russians were
in control of China's airports,
railways and mines-even the
Chinese Communist Party. He
also charged that the Russians
were trying to enslave the 460,-
000,000 Chinese people in order
to conquer Asia and eventually
the whole world.
The Nationalist regime in For-
mosa announced the smashing of
another Communist underground
organisation. The Political De-
partment said that Hung Kuo-shih,
and more than 400 of his subor-
dinates confessed their subversive
underground activities.
The Peking regime also arrest-
ed subversive elements. Peking
officially announced' that since
January last year, a total of
28,000 persons were arrested for
spying for the United States and
the Nationalist Government.
While Nationalist China man-
aged to retain her seat in the
United Nations, the world or-
ganisation officially invited Peking
to send a representative to Lake
Success to attend the debate on
Peking's complaint of armed
American invasion of Formosa.
The representatives, however,.
would not be entitled to vote.
For the protection
tralian people and especially
those who fought with us on
Ambonia against the Japanese to
aid the Amboinese in their fight
for freedom".
Internal Affair
The South Moluccan students
corps appealed to American
students to send aid to Amboina.
The South Moluccan Secre-
tariat informed the United Nations
Commission of the explosive
situation . in Amboinese army
camps in Java.
It said Amboinese members of
the former Netherlands Army in
Soerabaja were prepared for
early action unless a cease-fire
order is proclaimed on Amboina.
Indonesia rejected a UN appeal
for a cease-fire, contending the
Moluccan situation was their own
internal affair. They claimed the
Moluccas as part of the Republic
of Indonesia.
Dead Silence
The biggest movie attraction on
the China mainland was "Chinese
People's Victory". In technicolor,
the film tells in two hours the
story of more than 20 years of
Chinese Communist development
-from the Long March to the
days of Yenan, then the Man-
churian war and the final series of
victories Southward from Chang-
chun and Mukden down to Peking,
Tientsin and Shanhaikwan, on-
ward to Tsinan, then Hsuchow,
through the Hwai River, and
Yangtze Crossing, down to Nan-
king, Shanghai and finally Canton.
Appearances of Mao Tse-tung
on the screen brought polite and
brief applause. But -there was
dead silence when Chiang Kai-
shek, Sun Yat-sen and Stalin ap-
peared from time to time in the
picture.
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
Japan wants a peace treaty with
the United States and other ?war-
time allied nations as soon as pos-
sible. Chikao Honda, President
of the Mainichi
newspapers, ex-
plained, how-
ever, that the
desire for an
-early peace treaty , was not
motivated by any wish to get com-
pletely rid of America. He said
that the Japanese certainly wanted
independence in home administra-
tion and freedom in economic
affairs. They, however, fully ap-
preciate that for security they
must look to the United States
.and the United Nations.
Prime Minister Shigeru Yoshi-
da believed that the fast
turning tide in Korea improved
.Japan's chances for apeace
treaty. "We, Japanese," he said,
"should make every effort pos-
sible in co-operating with the
United Nations for settlement of
the disturbance in Korea. By
doing so, we shall for the first
time be able to obtain a security
guarantee for Japan.
"This also will clarify the pro-
spects of a peace treaty for
Japan. Conditions at home and
abroad indicate that a peace
treaty conference for Japan is
near."
HONG KONG'
It was a unique month, unpre-
cedented in the history of the
British Crown Colony: China's
National Day was commemorated
on two differ-
ent days. The
non - Chinese
communities
who formerly
joined the
celebrations
kept aloof; so
also did the majority of the
Chinese population.
Because Britain recognised the
new People's Central Government
of - China, the leading Chinese
commercial and industrial in-
stitutions and certain leftist
trade unions complied with Pe-
king's decree that China's Na-
tional Day shall be celebrated on
October 1, instead of October 10,
better known as the Double
Tenth.
As in the case last year, the
Chinese General Chamber of
Commerce sponsored the celebra-
tions. Last year, the occasion
was commemorated on October
10. At that time, a squabble oc-
curred between pro-Chiang Kai-
shek and pro-Mao Tse-tung ele-
ments over the flags that were to
be hung up. To solve the ques-
tion, no flags were displayed.
Only a huge portrait of Dr. Sun
Yat-sen adorned the meeting hall.
This year, the Chamber flew
the red five-star alongside the
Union Jack and displayed two
portraits-Mao Tse-tung and Sun
Yat-sen. The pro-Kuomintang
section of the community com-
memorated the National Day on
October 10, displayed Kuomin-
tang flags and Sun Yat-sen's
photos.
Pleasant Surprise
Hong Kong's two pro-Com-
munist vernacular dailies, "Ta
Kung Pao" and "Wen Wei Pao"
gave the Colony a pleasant sur-
prise on October 1. On the front
pages of the special National Day
issues, there was no sign of
Stalin's photograph. Apparently
acting on a directive, the two
newspapers adorned their front
pages with the photographs of
Mao Tse-tung and for the first
time, that of Sun Yat-sen.
In Chinese political circles this
was interpreted as semi-official re-
cognition of Sun Yat-sen as the
founder of the Chinese Re-
volution, not Mao Tse-tung as
formerly publicised by the
Chinese Communist Party. Until
now Sun Yat-sen had always been
left in the background. Both
photographs were supplied by the
new government's New China
News Agency.
To some Chinese it was a good
sign-a sign of nationalism.
Death Penalty
Crime was increasing. Two
senior British police officers and a
Chinese constable were shot and
killed by armed bandits within a
week.
Heavy terms of imprisonment
were of no avail. Armed hold-
ups big and small, continued. The
authorities decided on sterner
measures.
The Legislative Council ap-
proved an additional Emergency,
Regulation to cope with the situa-
tion. It made the death penalty
mandatory in the case of con-
victions on indictment for unlaw-
ful possession of bombs or hand-
grenades and for unlawful use of
arms.
Thailand signed an agreement
with the United States for mili-
tary assistance to the extent of
US$30,000,000. The United States
undertook to
supply arms
and equipment
j for the armed
land for de-
fence pur-
poses.
In return, Thailand undertook
to provide facilities for the pur-
chase of certain materials for the
use of the United States. A num-
ber of officers and technicians for
demonstration and training pur-
poses would also be supplied by
the United States.
Prime Minister Phibun Song-
gram said that the arms would be
sufficient to equip nine battalions.
In addition, 70 combat aircraft of
all types and amphibious equip-
ment would be provided for the
Thai Air Force.
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
One of Britain's foremost "Iron
Curtain" broadcasters arrived in
Malaya to conduct a psychological
warfare campaign against the
bandits. Mr.
Carleton Greene,
brother of the
novelist, Graham
Greene, was
studying the
country and making observations
before launching the campaign.
The bulk re-settlement of squat-
ters throughout the Federation
was going on. It would help to
beat the bandits, said Lieutenant
General Harold Briggs, Director
of Operations in Malaya.
Sir Harold Briggs added that
the same would happen to Com-
munist terrorism in Malaya as had
happened in other countries in-
cluding Burma-the Communists
would begin to default when they
found that they were getting no
food and no money.
Thousands of Chinese squat-
ters have been rounded up and
sent to resettlement areas because
the guerillas depended on them
for food and information.
Most of the squatters who in-
creased greatly during the Japan-
ese occupation, are semi-nomadic.
The "Briggs Plan" is aimed at
settling them permanently and
giving them a stake in the land
with ample protection.
Apart from "weekend terror-
ists" the hard care of guerillas in
the jungle still numbered between
3,000 and 5,000, Sir Harold
Briggs said.
Burma set up a Six-Man: Com-
mittee to work with the United
States Special Technical-Economic
Mission in implementing the
economic,'' co -
operative, and
air agreement
between Burma
and the United
States.
The govern-
ment made it
plan and report its findings to the
National Economic Council, which
work closely with the government
on policy questions.
Intense fighting broke out in--
side the South coast town of Paan,
40 miles from the Thai-Burma
border, following rebel Karen
penetration. Some 50 Karens were
killed for the loss of eight gov-
ernment men with loyal troops
retaining possession of the town.
Naval units were cleaning up
Karen villages in the Paan area.
India would not take any war-
like action in regard to Kashmir
"unless we are attacked or further
aggression takes place", said Prime
Minister Pandit
Nehru. India
had suggested
L to Pakistan an
appointment of
a joint tribunal
consisting of two judges each
from India and Pakistan to settle
other disputes like evacuee
property and canal waters. A
reply from Pakistan was still
awaited.
The Working Committee of the
Indian National Congress laid
down an economic charter for the
Indian people. It resolved to es-
tablish a welfare state. The en-
visaged welfare state would have
economic democracy and a nation-
al minimum standard in respect of
essentials of physical and social
well-being; a rise in the standard
of living of the people; and pro-
gressive narrowing down of the
disparities in income and wealth
so that there may be equality' of
opportunity to all for self-develop-
ment and growth of the person-
ality.
To achieve the objective, the
Working Committee outlined the
following six-point programme:
(1) Development of basic and
essential industries, such as power
and irrigation and prior allocation
of available resources for this
purpose.
(2) Early realisation of self-
sufficiency in food.
(3) Adequate supply of essen-
tial raw materials for industry.
(4) Orderly and progressive
reduction in the general level of
prices.
(5) Full and efficient utilisation
of installed capacity in industries,
reducing costs of production to a
reasonable level and, at the same
time, providing conditions in which
workers can put forth their best
efforts.
(6) Expansion of opportunities
for gainful employment by plan-
ned development of villages and
small-scale industries on co-opera-
tive lines as far as possible and on
the basis of the highest attainable
technical efficiency.
The world's longest resignation
letter was sent to the Pakistan
Central Government by its Law
Minister, Mr. Jogendra Nath
Mandal 44-year-
old Hindu. Re-
`
ferring to the
recent agree-
Mr. Liaquat Ali Khan and the In-
dian Prime Minister, Pandit
Nehru, on the treatment of
minorities in both countries, Mr.
Mandal said:
"Nothing has been settled. On
the contrary, communal propagan-
da and anti-Indian propaganda by
Pakistan, both at home and
abroad, is continuing in full
swing."
Premier Liaquat Ali Khan told
parliament that relations between
Pakistan and neighbouring Af-
ghanistan have grown worse. He
said the Afghan government had
organised raids into Pakistan ter-
ritory by tribesmen and members
of the Afghan army. The Afghan
Ambassador to India, denied that
Afghan regular and irregular
troops had clashed with Pakistan
armed forces in Baluchistan, four
miles inside Pakistan.
The Moslem League-the gov-
ernment party of Pakistan-urged
the United Nations Security Coun-
cil to arrange soon a democratic
plebiscite in Kashmir.
The State of Kashmir has been
the subject of dispute between
India and Pakistan since the parti-
tion of the Indian sub-continent
in 1947.
The United Nations Mediator
for Kashmir, Sir Owen Dixon,
recently reported that he had
been unable to find a solution to
the problem.
clear that changes involving the
agreement's principle would be
referred to the Burmese Cabinet
for decision. It also stipulated
that the Burmese team must
evolve projects in consultation
with government departments.
The Committee would debate
the assistance required from the
US for the long term economic
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
TIBET
Tibet jumped again into the
headlines. From Hong Kong and
London, the news agencies quoted
an official Communist report that
__r_ Chinese troops
had invaded
Northern Ti-
bet. There was
no such re-
port.
The only
^= official report
;~_ p- issued at the
time was one in which Wang
Chen, Secretary of the Sinkiang
Branch of the Chinese Communist
Party, reporting on last year's
(not this year) developments, said
"the People's troops brought
liberation to Sinkiang and also
entered 'Northern Tibet."
Later in the month, the official
New China News Agency said
that the Chinese were building a
motor road from Chinghai to
Northern Tibet
India's Concern
India continued to express
anxiety regarding the future of
Tibet. Meanwhile the Tibetan
delegates . met Peking's Ambas-
sador in New Delhi. The dele-
gates were told to go to Peking
to discuss and conclude a pact
there with the People's Central
Government.
The delegation, which includ-
ed the Dalai Lama's brother-in-
law, was awaiting word from
Lhasa whether it should return
there or remain in India awaiting
the additional members who
would accompany it to Peking.
CEYLON
Ceylon refused to grant entry
visas to Trade Union leaders from
the Soviet Union, other East
European countries, India and
China. As are-
suit, the annual
sessions of the
Communist - led
Ceylon Trade
Unions Federa-
,UG#J_. _&X tion could not
be held in Colombo.
The annual assembly would
have also marked the 10th an-
niversary of the Communist
World Federation of Trade
Unions.
Thomas Fulton McWhinnie,
British . employee of the Press
Section of the World Federation
of Trade Unions, arriving at
Colombo on the day the annual
meeting was to have opened was
ordered by the government to
leave the country within 24 hours
His presence in Ceylon was
described as "undesireable at the
present time".
HOUSEWIVES /-
CAMPHOR TABLETS
Conveniently packed
for EXPORT in the
following sizes:
1 oZ. 1/2 oz. 1/4 oz
1/16 oz.
Hang a roll in your
b
l
i
e or p
ace
n
J wardro
-', suitcase containing
7 clothes to ensure com-
plete protection against
costly moth damage.
Conveniently and in-
6_- dividually packed to
i
k
ensure qu
, easy use,
c
DIAMOND SAFETY
CAMPHOR ROLLS
are available at all
leading stores and dis-
pensaries.
DiAMOND
BRAND
CAMPHOR
TABLETS & ROLLS
Manufactured by
HONGKONG CAMPHOR COMPANY, LTD.
Room 2, Pedder Bldg. 3rd,Floor
TEL. 33957 Cable Address "HONCAMPHOR"
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
Now is the time when snakes
begin to hibernate; now is also
the season when men begin to eat
snakes.
Five-snake dishes, three-snake
dishes, snake soups, snake entrees,
special snake chefs, special snake
killers all this is prominently ad-
vertised in the Chinese Press.
This is the season when costly
banquets are not featured by
sharks fins-but by a variety of
snake dishes.
In Kiangsu and Chekiang areas,
the snake is looked upon as some-
thing dreadful. Why is it con-
sidered such a delicacy in South
China? An old chef with many
years of experience says there
is nothing unusual about a snake.
Without such ingredients as chick-
en, meat, abalone, and soup, snake
meat is less palatable than pork.
And is it true that snake meat has
medicinal values capable of restor-
ing vigour and strength?
OWN AGENTS
Snakes served in Hong Kong
restaurants come principally from
the New Territories, Wuchow,
Kwangchowwan, and Mowming
(Kochow). Some are brought to
the buyers, but the bigger
restaurants send their own agents
to the producing areas to pick the
choicest specimens.
There are a few establishments
which specialise, in selecting and
stocking snakes for sale to
restaurants and other clients.
Only three in the Colony have
established business premises, and
two of them claim the title of
"Snake Kings". The wire cages
which greet a visitor to any one
of these shops are filled with
snakes of all colours and sizes.
The "Snake King", or any mem-
ber of his staff puts his hands into
a. cage and takes out a snake as
easily as lifting a rope, and allows
it to coil round h`s arms. As this
is the hibernation period, ? the
snakes do not have to be fed, and
are left in their boxes to await
buyers. They come in boxes and
baskets, just. as any other com-
modity.
The gall of a snake is very valu-
able, and sometimes accounts for
80 per cent of the price of a
snake. It is said to be useful for
the improvement of eyesight, and
the blood circulating system.
Some snake-eating patrons go to a
snake shop, buy the gall, and
swallow it with wine on the spot.
THE ORIENT
In Kiangsu and Cheking provinces, only the
poor eat snakes. But in Hong Kong and elsewhere
outside China only the well-to-do can afford to
indulge in a banquet of snake dishes.
The gall is valuable
gall-is also highly valued. These
concoctions are not only consum-
With orange peels, preserved ed in Hong Kong, but are also ex-
and dried, snake gall is used to ported to the United States in
produced a popular, Chinese large quantities. The snake shops
medicine claimed to be good for usually retain the galls and sell
coughs. Wine mixed with snake only the flesh to buyers.
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
In preparing snake dishes, the
flesh is first torn into shreds.
Abalone, sea- -food delicacies,
shrimps, chicken, pork and other
food must be used as essential in-
gredients to produce a variety of
dishes.
Sometimes, the flesh of more
than one type of snake is mixed
to produce "three-snake soups" or
"five-snake soups". Of course,
nobody ever tries to verify
whether three or five different
kinds of snake actually went into
the soup; the word of the chef
has to be taken.
A snake dinner is quite expen-
sive, often costing more than $200
a table of 10 diners. Snake
snacks are also available at the
rate of from $6 to $8 a person.
A snake dinner usually begins
with "snake skin soup", with the
portions of the skin included.
Lam, the Snake King of Hong
Kong, is dead. One of the
Colony's most fascinating person-
alities, Lam was widely known
not only in Hong Kong but in
Canton, Singapore, and all the big
Chinatowns in the world. His
snake shop at 82, Jervois Street,
is still one of the main tourist at-
tractions in the British Colony.
His real name was Lo Tai-lam
and his life approaches a legend.
He was a self-made man. When a
boy of 15, he arrived in Hong
Kong with two baskets of snakes.
He died recently at the age of 67.
A native of Sunwui he lost his
parents at the age of 10 years and
had to earn his living, and give up
his schooling. He became inter-
ested in snakes, and he apprentic-
ed himself to a travelling snake-
catcher and snake medicine ven-
dor.
At 15, he left his village to seek
his fortune in Hong Kong. In
the first few years, he travelled
between Hong Kong and his native
village buying snakes in China and
selling them in Hong Kong.
Later, he opened his own shop to
engage .in the manufacture of
snake products, including snake-
gall treated orange peels.
Twenty years of business ac-
tivity found him fully established
in the snake market.
His partner for some 60 years.
Mak Khuen, himself an old man
now, referred to the secret of
Lam's success as thrift, per-
serverance, and capacity to bear
hardship.
Lam is survived by five sons and
three daughters who are carrying
on his lucrative business in
JerVois Street.
THE ORIENT
Bans export of cultural objects
Provisional regulations for protecting China's
cultural heritage-revolutionary documents, paint-
ings, prehistoric relics, etc.
These Regulations, have been
formulated for the protection of
China's cultural heritage, and the
prevention of the export abroad
of valuable cultural objects and
books connected with'the Revolu-
tion, China's history, culture and
art.
The undermentioned items shall
be banned from export:-
Revolutionary documents and
momentos;
Ancient living animals relics,
corpses and fossils of ancient
animals and plants;
Pre-historic animal relics; pre-
historic human relics, and fossils;
Paintings: works of ancient
painters, ' ancient murals in
palaces, temples, and mausoleums;
Sculpture: reliefs of high artistic
value, religious sculpture, and an-
cient artistic engravings on gold,
marble, jade, bamboo, wood, bone,
horn, tusk, and porcelainware;
TORTOISE SHELL
Engravings: on tortoise shell,
seals, religious engravings, and
ancient artistic writings on gold,
stone, jade, bamboo, wood, bricks
and tiles.
Books: letters, books, archives,
calligraphys, writings, and im-
pressions on tablets of historic
value.
Currencies: ancient media of
exchange, ancient currencies
(knife, silk, cash, ingot, paper
currency and bank notes);
Ancient transport vehicles and
clothing: carriages, sedan chairs,
vessels, saddles, headwear, cloth-
ing, sashes, food containers and
fabrics of historical value; and
Utensils: ancient products of
tools, arms, ceremonial in-
struments, ? religious instruments,
sacrificial instruments,- tools, furni-
ture, daily necessities; stationery,
and entertainment instruments.
Cultural items and books within
the scope listed above may be
exported provided approval has
been given by the Central People's
Government for their shipment
abroad for purposes of exhibition,
for exchange with foreign coun-
tries, and for other similar
reasons.
Export shall be permitted of
cultural items and books without
revolutionary, historical, or cul-
tural value, and of copies and
photostatic copies of cultural items
and books of revolutionary, his-
torical and cultural value.
Cultural objects and books per-
mitted for export shall be cleared
at the Customs of the three ports
of Tientsin, Shanghai and Canton
only.
Cultural objects and books ex-
ported' shall, on exportation by
ship or through the post, be listed
in detail as to the nature, name,
size, age, and packing, the list to
be examined by the relevant Cus-
toms or Post Office.
The Customs or Post Office shall
check in detail the list submitted
by the exporter with the actual
items to be exported, appraised
their value and on verification,
shall issue the necessary export
license.
When the Customs or Post'
Office cannot appraise the value
of such exports, it shall be done
by the Committee for the
Appraisal of Value of Export Cul-
tural Commodities.
The Committee for the Apprai-
sal of Value of Export Cul-
tural Commodities shall be or-
ganised by the Ministry of Culture
of the Central 'People's Govern-
ment from experts appointed from
Tientsin, Shanghai and Canton,
and the number of members of
such a Committee shall be
designated by the Customs and the
Post Office.
Cultural objects and books
already satisfactorily examined by
the Customs or Post Office and
for which an export license has
been issued, shall be sealed in the
presence of the Customs or Post
Office officials and the exporter to
prevent replacement.
Violations of the provisions of
these Regulations by smuggling
abroad prohibited articles shall be
appropriately penalised in addi-
tion to having the items involved
confiscated.
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
THE ORIENT
The Veil of Modesty Disappears
The women of South Sinkiang
have for centuries been deprived
of freedom of marriage, and
education. Early marriage and
polygamy were the order. A
young girl of 12, scarcely matur-
ed, would be married, and by 14
or 15, would be a mother of,, two
or three children.
. It was also common to find a
young girl in her teens given in
marriage to a man of 60. The
rich and the powerful treated
women as playthings, taking them
in marriage today and abandoning
them the next.
As a glaring example, take the
case of Subihochia, a big landlord
and religious leader in Kashghar,
who exploited his' special rights.
Only 30 years old, he has married
at least 150 times. He exploited
his caste privileges to get what-
ever girl he fancied and C the
women he subsequently discarded
could find no new husbands. '
Some women were locked in
dark rooms to prevent them from
seeing men over 12 years of age.
They waited on their husbands at
meals and took the left-overs
from the table. They could not
walk shoulder to shoulder with
their men but had to follow in the
rear.
ALL RACES
Very few girls indeed had the
chance of an education. In the
Kashghar district, there are 126.-
450 women and girls, but only'j 130
are enrolled in middle schools,;and
3,938 in the primary schools. This
is in Kashghar, the so-called cul-
tural centre of South Sinkiang.
Conditions in other areas 'are
worse.
The Administrative Policy re-
cently promulgated by the Sin-
kiang Provincial Government,
specially stipulates that women
shall enjoy the same rights as
men, and that there shall be free-
dom of marriage.
Feudal customs which made women the slaves
of men are being steadily eliminated in Southern
Sinkiang province, reports a correspondent from
Tihwa. Women, he adds, are being "liberated".
MUSLIM WOMEN
Reluctantly falling
Under the leadership of the new
Government, the women of all
races and all classes have organis-
ed their own Federation of Demo-
cratic Women to struggle for the
rights of women in the province.
The traditional veil of modesty
is reluctantly falling from the
faces of Muslim women in South-
ern Sinkiang province in North
West China.
This is a result of a resolution
adopted by an Assembly of Re-
presentatives of all racial groups
in the region. It was passed at
a conference held in Kashgar.
"Discard the veil and enjoy
freedom of marriage" was the
slogan of the Assembly. The
movement has spread to remote
parts of Southern Sinkiang, but
the removal of veils is not univer-
sal.
Most of the women are reluc-
tant to abandon the tradition,
which is so deep-rooted among
Mohammedans.
Ru' na's Rot/alt y hit t j 11i yk Viola y Costs
Burma's ageing princes and
princesses, hard hit by high living
costs in the Republic of Burma,
want increased pensions.
These descendants of King Min-
don, who ruled Burma before? the
British, formed the Burmese Royal
Family Association and decided to
approach the Burmese Govern-
ment for "sympathetic considera-
tion" because they are unable to
earn a livelihood.
The pensions paid members of
the Burmese Royal family in the
British era were maintained by
the Burmese Government after in-
pendence.
But when bankruptcy threaten-
ed the country, the pensions were
trimmed.
A sub-committee of six is to pre-
sent the case for more money. As
a softener-up, it has urged all
branches of the Royal family to
co-operate with the Government in
..unifying the country.
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
Poriugal'i gem in Asia
By
Alberto da Cruz
In a swirl of the Pearl River,
washed by mud which yellows
the blue green of the China Sea,
lies Macao. The eddies which
race . across the bay lash at a
peninsula heavy with history. For
Macao is the scene of China's first
contact with the West.
Macao, about 40 miles South of
Hong. Kong, is the oldest foreign
settlement in this part of the
world. But it is not the oldest
foreign colony in China.
It has been a place of residence
for Portuguese and other Euro-
pean traders since the 16th cen-
tury, but its outright transferance
to Portugal as -a colony was not
finalised by the Chinese until
1887.
Drooping alabaster and the sad
lament of a dead Praya reflect
Macao's faded glory. Its utility
has long been usurped by Hong
Kong, but the city retains its im-
portance as a spot where history
lurks in every corner. .
Many years ago Sir John Bow-
ring, a Governor of Hong Kong,
described Macao as a gem of the
Orient. A gem it has been to this
day.
The peculiar charm of Macao
lies in its quiet, old-world atmos-
phere; there are wide avenidas
lined with banyans, narrow cobble_
stoned streets, and old forts
brisling culverins and demicul-
verins. Hundreds of clanging
church clocks "sprinkle the quar-
ter-hours o'er the market plac'e,"
and a drowsy tinkling fills the air.
There are spots in Macao where
it is easy to picture the past, and
sense the adventurous spirit of
Europe's early relations with
China. Located at the month of
the Pearl River, it was for cen-
turies the residence of all Euro-
pean merchants trading in China.
Its natural beauty is enhanced
by buildings which proclaim a La-
tin influence. Its climate, the com-
parat'vely moderate cost of living,
and its tranquillity and languor
combine to make it .one of the
most charming spots in Asia.
This is a brief history of the Portuguese Colony
of Macao. The author hopes its cultural mission
will go on forever like Tennyson's brook.
Macao is entrancing at first
glance; it juts out of' the penin-
sula unobtrusively. Penha Church,
crowning the hill, is visib'e four
miles away. There is a little bay
and a waterfront of old houses.
Though in the tropics and on to
the other side of the globe, a
traveller might imagine he is en-
tering an Iberian port, for the
white buildings shining in the sun
are in the Spanish baroque of the
16th century.
They form a crescent along the
edge of the yellow, muddy sea,
and merge into a promenade called.
the Praya Grande. Behind, the
ground r'ses gradually, and in
places the streets are stepped.
Towers of churches and monas-
teries are sprinkled over tha neiTh-
bourhood. The hil's are studded
with forts whose cannon are now
used only for saluting.
The Portuguese have been in
Macao for over 400 years. They
lived there under the Ming for
100 years and by 1830-when the
Brit'sh encroachment on China be-
gan-had been for 186 years
under the Ch'ing.
Up till 1685, when K'ang Hsi
opened Canton to all Western
ships, Portuguese traders in Macao
had a monopoly of the China
trade. The breaking of this
monopoly completed their ruin,
already well advanced by the de-
cline in Europe of Portuguese
power.
When Hong Kong slipped into
history Macao was already an old
European settlement, top heavy
with a stultifying tradition.
Portugal led the way for, the
Western maritime powers to open
direct relations with China, and
Macao was the venue.
In 1498 Vasco da Gains doubled
the' Cape of Good Hope and found
the way to India. In 1511 Afonso
d'Albuquerque captured? Malacca;
in 1513 Jorge Alvares voyaged to
China; and in 1517 Fernao Perez
de Andrade came to the Pearl
River.
According to one version of his-
tory, the Portuguese were per-
mitted by the Chinese to settle in
Macao for trade purposes as a
reward for having helped the Im-
perial Chinese Navy to combat
piracy in the South China Seas.
.However, for over 300 years the
Chinese refused to formal se this
settlement which they conceded.
The Imperial Government main-
tained in Macao its own officials,
and until 1887 the Portuguese did
not enjoy undivided control of the
city. In the 300 years of their
tenure of Macao under leas,;
Portuguese merchants were not
allowed to enter China.
The settlement was founded in
1557. As the harbour of the s??te
chosen was called Amagau, mean-
ing Queen of the Ama, the Portu-
guese called the place Macao.
As the years went by the port
became the headquarters of
Christian missionary endeavour in
the Far East; it also assumed the
role of the principal en`repot for
European trade with China and
Japan. Manv colleges and con-
vents were built, and the Catholic
faith flourished.
Fleets of ships were built and
fortunes made. As the population
grew in wealth and. numbers,
churches and forts sprang up all
over the city. Among these was
the famous Church of St. Paul,
whose eerie ruins may still be
seen.
From its earliest days Macao
was a centre of religious and
humanitarian work. The Jesuits
built their hostel there in 1562,
and it developed into the College
of St. Paul, a university which
sent scholars to many other
Portuguese missions in the Far
East.
In 1569 the Santa Casa da
Misericordia-the. Holy House of
Mercy-was established. It is a
charitable institution which sur-
vives to the present day and
which set up, as long ago as.1569,
the Hospital of Ht. Raphael.
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
PORTUGUESE COLONY OF MACAO
THE ORIENT
-sible to see, in Macao, the build-
ings which were occupied by the
Dutch and Swedish officials.
Those occupied by the French and
other traders cannot be traced.
Little by little relations between
the Dutch and the Portuguese im-
proved. The Dutch were ultimate-
ly allowed to come to Macao when
the "season" closed in Canton and
they had to vacate their "factory"
there.
At this time the Chinese Im-
perial authorities encouraged the
emergence of Macao as a "step-
ping stone" to China. All traders
were compelled by them to. go to
Macao first and wait there for
permission to proceed to Canton.
When the first officially appointed
British envoy to China, Lord
Napier, tried to bypass this re-
gulation, his mission collapsed and
in the end he went to Macao to
die, a sad and broken man.
With the arrival of these for-
eign traders and the establishment
of their "off-season" residences,
Protestantism asserted itself. The
Portuguese, despite then Catholic-
ism, did not baulk at this.
After 1840 and the Opium War
between England and China,
Captain Elliott forced the Bogue
and wrested Hong Kong and the
treaty ports from the Emperor at
Peking. Hong Kong took a long
time to realise its true mission in
the world, but when that was
achieved, it quickly surpassed
Macao, -
The English element % transfer-
red their.. residence from Macao,
and,many Portuguese subjects-.fol-
lowed 'them, to -staff the British
.Macao- thus prides itself. on
possessing a hospital which is al-
most 400 years old, where West-
ern medical science and surgery
were practised on the coast of
China and where the Chinese be-
came? familiar with the gradual
development of medicine through
the years.
-COVETOUS EYES
In the early days Macao's
population increased so. rapidly
that by the end of the 16th; cen-
tury more- than 20,000 inhabitants,
-mostly Chinese, had gathered
Twice a year in Canton great
"markets" were held, and Portu-
guese merchants'stayed for many
months in the Chinese city to buy
goods which they subsequently
sent to India, Malaya, and Japan.
Every year; in true Latin. style.
the King of Portugal gave one of
his current favourites the' mono-
poly to conduct the trade between
Macao and Japan. This expedi-
tion, made with one ship only, was
always so profitable that the for-
tunate merchant could count'on a
profit of at least, 200,aOO golden
ducats.
When news of Macao's riches
reached the Dutch, jealousy, en-
'sued.- The. Dutch, looking up
from their own East Indies, cast.
covetous eyes on the Portuguese-
settlement; "and , made many- at-
temptstowrest it from the Portu-'
guese crdwn: '
When Pprtugalwas under Spam-
-from 1580 to 1641,,the Senate im
Macao`refpser};'to accept Sanish
rule, 'and`the Portuguese flag' was
kept flying from the tower.G For'
this act the Senate came to be
known as the Leal Senado (Loyal
Senate) and retains this name to
the present time.
The Dutch used the refusal of
Macao to submit to Spanish rule
-as an excuse for attacking the
Portuguese settlement. In the
17th century, they launched
several attacks on Macao, all of
which failed.
On St.- John's Day, 1662, a
-large Dutch force succeeded in
landing, while the Dutch Fleet
bombarded the place from the sea.
The defeat of the Dutch on this
occasion, is ;one of the most con-
spicuous events in the .history of
Macao, ..and on June 24, every
year, the colony remembers - the
victory. . An old monument stands
in the place where the Dutch-were
routed. The invaders, nothing
daunted, then established a fort
on Formosa from which they way-
laid Portuguese ships plying the
Japan route.
The ships of other nations also
began to visit Macao, seeking
trade with China. However,
many years were to pass before
the volume of trade was great
enough to arouse the interest of
Europe as a whole.
BROKEN MAN
This did not take place until
the middle of the 18th century,
when the English East ;India
Company obtained permission to
set up residences in Macao for its
officials. Personnel of .the East
India companies of `other nations'
f"allowed: suit and it is still pos-
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
banks, emporiums, and commercial
establishment which were then
slowly rising.
OLD LUSTRE
With the growth of the new
Colony, ties were established be-
tween the two ports, which persist
to this day.
It was at Macao that the first
treaty between the United States
and China was signed. The events
leading to the signing of this
treaty make it clear that the
Chinese officials were anxious that
the American envoy should not
land on Chinese soil.
The Temple of the Queen of
Heaven, known among the Chinese
as Kwan Yin Tong, was chosen as
the venue for the meeting. The
table on which the signing, took
place may still be seen. The date
was July 3, 1844.
From then on, until 1860 when
China allowed foreign envoys to
live in Peking, Macao remained
the residence of the American
Minister to China. An American
naval hospital and office were also
set up in Macao during this time.
Commodore Perry assembled his
squadron in Macao waters before
proceeding to Japan to "open up"
that country in the middle of the
19th century.
After 1840 Macao assumed some
importance as a reminder of
Portugal's mediaeval grandeur,
but as an entrepot its significance
diminished as Hong Kong pro-
gressed.
In its role as a haven for re-
fugees, however, the old lustre
was unfailingly maintained.
In its long history it has cons's-
tently preserved a tradition for
giving shelter and refuge to thou-
sands of men, women and children
in distress.
Whether these refugees were
Christians fleeing from persecu-
tion or lepers cast out of their
homes, Macao did not deny them
sanctuary.
In the 18th and 19th centuries
it was the assembly point for all
missionaries preparing to enter
Asia to spread word of the gospel.
And, everytime a persecution oc-
curred in the Far East, the vic-
tims descended on Macao and were
admitted.
At one time Macao was also Dr.
Sun Yat-sen's second home. When
the Father of the Republic was
required to flee the long arm of
the law in China for plots against,
the Manchu Government, it was at
Macao that he found refuge.
The Boxer Uprising in North
China made conditions for for-
eigners in South China somewhat
dif?i.cult, and among the schools
THE ORIENT
which left Canton at that time
was the then :newly established
Lingnan University. This--institu-
tion set up its colleges in Macao,
and remained there until the
trouble in China ended.
At no time, however, did Macao
prove its worth more than in the
years after China was invaded by
the Japanese in 1937. From ? all
over the mainland people flocked
to Macao, and here the wounded
were treated, the 'weary rested,
and the needy were relieved of
their distress, while thousands of
children were given homes in or-
phanages. Chinese schools found
accommodation, too, in this little
Portuguese colony.
Macao was seen at its best
when the Japanese extended their
hostilities to attack Allied posses-
sions in, the Far East in 1941.
The Portuguese colony remained
the only spot in the whole of the
China coast which was not oc-
cupied by the Japanese. They did
hold the city in economic sub-
jection, however.
The city's reputation for charity
and hospitality was never shown
to better advantage than in the
troubled years of war when its
normal population of 200,000 rose
to over 500,000 people.
After Hong Kong was overrun
by the Japanese, more refugees
entered Macao, and the meagre
food supply of the colony was
taxed to the limit.
li4
When the war ended it was to
Macao that the Hong Kong
authorities looked for personnel
for the junior services, and even
some of the senior services; to re-
habilitate the British colony. For
food, too, Hong Kong looked to
Macao for help and large quanti-
ties of cereals were sent over,
which resulted in the contraction
of supplies for the Portuguese
colony itself.
The Chinese civil war and the
advance of the Communists to the
borders of Macao posed a serious
problem for the Portuguese au-
thorities. For a time last year
there were fears that Macao's
tranouillity would be disturbed, as
the colony is fundamentally op-
posed to the philosophy expound-
ed by Marx.
Its borders, however, were
respected by the People's Libera-
tion Army, and no serious in-
cidens have arisen as a result of
the new situation.
There exists today in Macao a
widespread belief that peace will
prevail for a long time to come,
and the city will be allowed to
pursue its quite, unobtrusive pace
across the tides of a confused
world.
Macao does not enjoy the
world-wide commercial eminence
of Hong Kong, but it has some
commerce and industry. The gold
policy of its Government has en-
abled it to concentrate on the bulk
purchase and sale of this metal
as the principal source of revenue,
with the result that the income
derived from gambling-once of
tremendous importance - is no
longer significant.
OF ILL-FAME
Gambling houses are being
liquidated by a process of denial
of license, and it is predicted that
by the end of next year, Macao's
famous reputation as the "Monte
Carlo of the East" will be without
any basis in fact.
This toleration of gambling and
opium smoking is one of the con-
tradictions which abound in the
history of the place. There has
always existed in Macao a blend-
ing of, morality with practical
commonsense which sometimes
borders on the verge of comedy.
For centuries the Portuguese
claimed sovereignty over the
place, but Chinese officials from
Canton often arrived without
warning in the city, and with a
great flourish of trumpets affixed
proclamations on Municipal boards,
which the local Portuguese hasten-
ed to accept.
(Continued on Page 23)
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01 : CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
MMIMW
THE 10th, 11th and 12th Chinese
moons contain - no colourful
festivals, so I will devote a little
time to the Chinese Calendar and
Almanac. The Calendar is that
part which may be said to contain
astronomical information and the
Almanac that part which deals
with all the astrological aspects.
Although a great many combina-
tions can be made with all' the
symbols used, when reduced to
simple details, there is little that
cannot be mastered by the ordin-
ary man.
The book which combines the
Calendar and Almanac is called
Tung Shing. The real name of
the book is Tung Shue, Book on
General Matters. The word Shue
for "book" has the same pronun-
ciation as the word for "defeat".
To avoid the bad luck that might
be implied in the use of such a
sound, Shue (defeat) was changed
to Shing (victory).
Lucky Days
T HE Tung Shing in use today
derives ;ts astronomical section
from a work called the Wan Nien
Shu-10,000 Years Book-which
is an abridged version of a work
covering 397 years from 1624-
2020, compiled by the Jesuit
Father J. H. Schaal in the reign
of the Ching dynasty Emperor
Shun Chili (1644-1662) and by
Father F. Verbiest in the reign of
Emperor Kang Hsi (1662-1723).
The Imperial Government also
issued annually an Almanac con-
taining a fund of details relating
to astrology and lucky days. So
much importance was attached to
this book that any person repro-
eucing it was liable to a severe
punishment and the penalty for
falsifying its contents was death.
The Tung Shing can be bought
from about the 11th Chinese
Moon for from $1 to ;$4 a copy.
according to s'ze. Let us take a
glance through the contents of
th's interesting book.
On the very first page I's a
symbolic picture of a man-boy
leading a cow, queer looking
beast, under a bamboo. The' pic-
L.S
THE ORIENT
s. I
THE CHINESE-TENTH MOON
by "Samuel Buck"
ture is the same every year, ex-
cept for certain details. This year
(1950) the boy has a moustache.
In the sky is a brilliant sun. This
is the Spring Cow and the Spirit
of Vegetation. A little verse dis-
posed on either side tells us for
the year Keng Yin (1950):
"Misfortune arrives before
Ken Yin (1950) disappears.
"Between Liang (N. China)
and Wu (E. China) there
is fighting.
"Fortunately hemp and wheat
crops flourish in season.
"But we fear that rice shoots
suffer heavy damage.
"In agriculture beware lest
glutinous rice gives small
grains.
"The price of cocoons will be
like gold.
"Many go carefree hoping
that Heaven will protect.
"Peace may possibly comfort
men's minds."
T HEN follows information as to
when persons aged one to a
hundred were born in Chinese
style. Your age is reckoned as
being one on the day you are
born and then two on the Lunar
New Year following your birth.
Thus if your age is 25 in Novem-
ber, according to European
reckoning you were born in
November, 1925. On Chinese
reckoning you will be 26 on.
Chinese New Year, 1950. The
table shows you to have been born
in the 14th year of the Republic.
A hundred year old man was born
in the 1st year of Hs'n Feng.
Then comes a mass of astro-
logical information, followed by
charms of the Taoist Pope, Chang
Tin Sze. One charm you can put
in your shoes, others in your belt,
or on the kitchen wall, or in a
haunted spot,, or on your. door, or
at your well.
There are then 26 barriers, each
with a picture, showing the dan-
gers you are subject to as a ch9d
if born at a certain time in a cer-
tain month, and how to avoid such
dangers.
Next there is information about
birth, including charms to be
burnt and the ashes mixed with
water, which the expectant mother
will drink in case she should have
offended the Spirit of Birth. Such
offence might complicate the
labour by turning the child the
wrong way.
Twitching Eyes
T HEN we have with pictures the
meaning of a twitching eye,
noise in the ear, hot ears, hot face,
sudden itch, sudden start, sneeze,
clothes catching in something,
caldron hiss-ng, fire jumping out
of stove, dog barking and magpie
calling.
For instance if your left eye
twitches any time between 5 and
7 a.m. you may expect to have a
visit from some important person.
The 28 constellations which fol-
low play a big role in the system
of good or bad luck. They are
shown with pictures, being repre-
sented by men or women.
. When you have waded through
the information on the stars, we
reach a chapter on palmistry, then
a method of finding out what your
luck is by juggling with coins.
Next comes a work purporting to
be handed down from the Duke of
Chow (XIIth century B.C.) on
dreams. Drawing at random from
this, you may note that if you
dream that snow falls on you it
means success in everything, or if
you go to a well and draw c'ean
water your luck is good, but
muddy water means bad luck.
Should you dream that a devil is
beating you, why then your mis-
fortune will be very great.
Was Wandering'
A NOTHER fortune telling de-
vice is the Secret Number
Book of Chu Ko Spirit. Chu Ko
Liang was a famous Chinese
tactician and strateg'st of th'rd
century A.D., at the time of Three
Kingdoms. This queer calculation
gives .384 combinations of good
and bad luck thrown at you in.
classical and somewhat cryptic
sentences.
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
Following after a few pages of
Chinese surnames we land on a
discourse concerning Confucius
and children. This discourse is
accompanied by the. names of all
the disciples of the master. The
tale is that Confucious was' wan-
dering with his disciple and came
upon some children playing', but
one little fellow was not playing.
The picture attached shows the.
Master getting out of his carriage
and addressing this little boy,
"Why are you not playing?"
To which.the little prig replied:
"Playing is no use. Clothes are
not easy to mend when torn, and
I should be disrespectful to my
parents and setting a bad example
to others. I should certainly
squabble and expend energy with-
out profit, so how can playing be
good. That's why I don't play."
Confucius asks him many ques-
tions but could not stump . him.
However the little prig stumped
and snubbed Confucius. Which
from a Taoist viewpoint was quite
a desirable thing to do.
Then there are -examples of
filial piety. followed by the
Chinese telephone code. Then
that work called the Thousand
Character Classic, because it has
1,016 characters, all of which are
different.
This is followed by a little work
by the great Sung scholar, Chu
Hsi. It is called, "Pattern fcr
Running a Home." Chu tells you
to get up at dawn, sprinkle and
sweep the house and court. When
ypu lock up at night, be sure to go
,over it your; elf. Among some
of the pearls of wisdom contained
therein, Chu Hsi tells you not to
wait until you are thirsty before
digging a well. He also tells you
that when a person wants others
to see his goodness, then it is not
real goodness. And that when a
man is afraid that his wrong doing
will be known, then it is very
wrong indeed. .
Gold Turns
N OT satisfied with this chapter
of teaching, the Almanac
adds another on Chinese proverbs.
Amongst these we may read, "The
world is full of acoua=rtances. but
fr'ends are few." "When good
luck departs, gold turns into iron;
when the throe for rood luck ar-
rives, iron is like gold" "You can
draw a tiger's skin, but it is diffi-
cult to draw his bones; you may
know a man's fae..P_ but not his
heart." "In the hies are straight
trees. in the world are no straight
men." "What a hundred years is
lnsuffic, 'nt to build, one day is.
more than enough to destroy."
"Walls have cracks, partitions
have ears." "A good man is de-
ceived by men; a good horse is
ridden by men." "Without illegal
profits a man cannot be rich;
without wild grass a horse cannot
get fat." "Good and evil will
finally be requited, the only doubt
being as to whether it will be
sooner or later."
The Almanac then ; has sections
to teach English, Cantonese and
Malayan. This is followed by the
etiquette for marriages and how
to send out greeting cards.
Then surrounding a table giv-
ing Lunar Months for years from
Kuan Hsu, 17th year-1891, to
Republic 51st year-1962, is a lot
of information about the 10 celes-
tial stems and the 12 terrestrial
branches.
sible by reading the Chun 'Chia,
Spring and 'Autumn Annals, of
Confucius' day, VIth century B.C.,
and the earlier Book of History,
to calculate back the cycles of
days, as those books tell you the
cyclic letters for events of im-
portance, notably for the eclipses
recorded. .
To the 12 branches there are
corresponding animals-rat, ox,
tiger, hare, dragon, snake, horse,
sheep, monkey, cock, dog, pig. If
1950 is Keng Yin, then the branch
Yin corresponds to Tiger, and this
year is Tiger Year.
The 10 stems correspond to the
five elements-water, fire, wood,
metal, earth. So that every hour,
Spring Cow and Spirit of Vegetation
(by Paau Tak-cheung)
Manipulation required for cal-
culating the astrological and for-
tune telling side of ? the Almanac
needs a knowledge of the 10 stems
and 12 branches, which combine
to give a cycle of 60. This cycle
commenced in 2637 B.C. Thps
1950, cyclic letters Keng Yin, is
the 27th year. of the 77th cycle.
The 12 branches correspond to
the times of day divided into
periods of two hours from 11-1,
1-3, 3-5, 5-7, 7-9, 9-11, for a.m.
and p.m. hours.
The Eclipses
T HE combination of 60 not only
applies to years. Every lunar
month has its cyclic number,
given in the table of years just
mentioned above., Also every day
has its cyclic number. It is pos-
every day, every month, every
year corresponds to thesa stems
and branches.
The actual Calendar occupies 48
pages out of 300 of the Tung
Shing.
If we consider the 10th Moon,
we observe that in the centre of
the column is Lunar Calendar,
while at the top is Solar Calendar,
11th Moon. That is November.
The 1st of the 10th Moon is
November 10th and the last day,
the 29th of the 10th Moon, is
December 8th.
At the head of the 10th Moon
section are the days devoted to
various deit'es and spirits. We
cannot call these birthdays, as one
spirit. may have more than one
day, in the year, or even in a.
month.
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01 : CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
1st Day-Eastern Sacred Moun-
tain, that is Taishan in Shantung.
2nd Day-General Chow, one
of four quardians of Kuan Tai.
. 3rd Day-Master Mao No. 2,
was the second of three brothers
who became fairies at Maoshan in
Kiangsu.
' 5th Day-Tamo, a Bhuddist
bonze, who carried two sandals in
his hands when dying to return to
his home in the West. He once
crossed a river on a reed and
spurted out wine to extinguish a
fire.
6th Day-certain heavenly offi-
cials.
10th Day-Mr. and Madame
Flowers, connected with marriage
making.
15th Day-Minister of Small-
pox. Marshal Wen, for disease.
16th Day-The fairy of Wushan
in Shensi.
20th Day-Master Hsu Ching,
his name was Chang, a famous
Taoist philosopher, who made a
red powder which could compel
,dragons and tigers to hide, 'and
cocks and dogs to come out. He
is reputed to have placed the
world in a nut and enclosed' the
earth in a teapot.
27th Day-Five Sacred Moun-
tains, that is in North, East,
South and West, and also central
China.
Local Temple
T ZU Wei star spirit, reputed to
be husband of 20th daughter
of heavenly mother. This is the
Emperor's star.
However we do not have to
enter into the genealogies of the
Chinese fairies, as there would be
no end to it. All these are minor
spirits, which for some reason or
other a person may favour. How-
ever it is unlikely that anyone
would come into contact with
such a spirit unless there should
be a local temple which has a'con-
nection with such.
Below the days special. to
spirits is the head of the month.
"Lunar Calendar 10th Moon-
Small (29 days) Cyclic Number
Ting Hai (24) Constellation
Wei".
It may be noted at this stage
that each of the 28 constellations
has a special character and these
come. round in turn both for
months and days. That means
that as well as using a cycle of
60 days, there are also periods of
28 days, exactly four weeks.
Therefore the constellations come
round on the. same days of the
week, each day having four j con-
tellations corresponding. .
The 1st of the 10th Moon is
under the constellation Lou. : Lou
always belongs to the Western
Friday. Therefore 'if you know
THE ORIENT
Tavio-he spent 10 years facing a wall
what constellation a day belongs
to, you can tell at once what is the
Western day of the week. And
this holds good however far, back
you may go. In problems of
chronology, it is an interesting
fact to remember that in the West
the Calendar was altered in
various centuries for different
countries in order to bring the
year into agreement with the sun.
For England 'this occurred in the
XVIIIth century by shifting
Calendar forward 11 days.
Not Altered
BUT the days of the week were
not altered, and a direct seven
day period goes back to the most
ancient history. Thus an addition-
al connection between the solar
and lunar calendars is afforded
through the 28 constellations.
A previous article mentioned
certain agricultural information
attached to the month. For the
10th Moon, we are in the com-
mencement of Winter. .The . Calen,
dar' lists "Winter Commences" on
the 29th of the 9th Moon, that is
November 8.
4th Day-ground begins to get
cold. (November 13th)
9th Day-pheasant enters water
for clams. (November 18th)
14th Day-light snow, rain-
bows no longer appear. (Novem-
ber 23rd)
19th Day-celestial atmosphere
rises, terrestrial atmosphere des-
cends. (November 28th)
24th Day-nature clogged up
causes winter. (December 3rd)
29th Day-heavy snow, night-
ingale (croesbill) stops singing.
(December 8th)
In the next article we shall en-
ter more deeply into the system of
good fortune and bad fortune, also
fortune telling that belongs to the
Almanac. Fortune telling seems
to have become an-accepted fact
.for readers of English newspapers
and no apologies are needed- for
introducing the results obtained
by a nation which was civilised
when Britons were running around
in woad.
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
(Continued from page 19)
For centuries, also, Macao was
the centre of Catholicism in the Far
East, but more gambling went on
there than in any other foreign
possession. There were always
more churches in Macao than any-
where else in China, but morality
-in terms of houses of ill-fame
which flourished in a special
street called Felicity Road-was
never too high.
The Portuguese, treated to a
system of tactful balancing by.
the Chinese, replied in turn with
a balance of their own in Macao,
with the result that moral laxity
and Christian intolerance lived
side by side, and convenient ac-
commodations were so natural
that people simply ? ceased to
bother about incongruities.
The colony today is lazy with
the accumulated relics and tradi-
tons of its past. The pace is slow
and the atmosphere distinctly
drowsy, but half a million people
must live, and trade and industry
exists to provide for them.
For its size, the volume of trade
is satisfactory. The principal in-
dustry is Fisheries, and a recent
estimate lists 20.000 people as em-
ployed in it. The fishing trade
reaches a value of $5,000,000 a
year.
The manufacture of firecrackers
is another important industry, and
thousands of poor find part-time
employment in their homes pre-
paring the empty shills which are
then taken to the factories to be
filled before being exported to all
parts of the world, valued at
about $2,000,000 in some years.
Joss sticks provide employment
for many people. To make them
is a thriving industry valued at
over $1,500..000 per annum. The
match factories give work to
many hundreds of hands, with a
turnover running into . well over
several million dollars ayear.
Macao shifted from the old to
the modern with the introduction
of electricity in 1912, and in the
postwar years daylight-type street-
lighting has given impetus to the
city's nocturnal beauty-at once
a mixture of the very old and the
relatively new.
Shipping at Macao, too, has im-
proved in recent years, and effec-
tive dredging work has enhanced
the port greatly. with the result
that vessels drawing up to 17 feet
have been able to enter and dis-
charge their cargoes.
COLOURFUL NAMES
Macao's trade with South China
has not. declined, despite the ad-
vent of Communism. On the
other hand its trade with Hong
Kong has increased by a great
margin. In December last. year,
Macao bought more from Hong
for transhipment elsewhere than
any other part of the. world, in-
cluding the United States.
When China is at peace, Macao
serves as the distributing centre
for the district of Chung Shan
(Heung Shan), and for such parts
of China as are brought in touch
with the district by the new motor
highways which the Chinese au-
thorities are building.
Culturally its mission has not
ended. Out of its repository of
European traditions, many in-
fluences continue to spread which
keep its ideal of universality alive.
Macao's existence has given rise
to a new type of people, the China-
born Portuguese, who combine in
themselves many elements of two
races. Their colourful names, the
lingua franca which they use, the
intense Catholicism which they
exhibit, detract from the occasion-
al Oriental condition of. their
demeanour, so that the argument
of the Portuguese Consul in
Hong Kong, Dr. Eduardo Brazao,
that they will not be "absorbed"
by China may. well prove to be
true.
. But what is their future,' and
the future of Macao? A lot de-
pends on the future of Europe,
and the future of the Free World.
The people of Macao cling
strongly to the promptings of
their religion, and are taught to
believe that the "miracles" which
have always saved the colony in
the past will operate in perpepuity
to preserve Portuguese control. A
story is repeated dogmatically that
when the Dutch launched their
most serious attacks in the 17th
Century, the Virgin Mary appear-
ed over the city and spread her
mantle to receive all the Dutch
gunfire.
Macao is deeply religious. Most
of the inhabitants go to church on
Sundays, and very little beef is
eaten on Fridays. Whenever there
is a religious procession business
stops and the city is almost en
fete.
Catholicism is so strongly en-
trenched that any Communism
which denies freedom of religion
will find little scope for advance-
ment there.
? LIVING HISTORY
Outside of religion, there is the
Portuguese approach to democracy
-which forbids trade unionism
and a too liberal interpretation of
the freedom of speech. Little
evidence of planned repression
exists, but by a common accord
there is no precipitate injection
of leftist tendencies.
The small Portuguese garrison
provides no 'protection, and the,
Barrier Gate which divides Por-
tuguese territory from China is a
symbol, not a stratagem.
But the colony pursues its busi-
ness with no misgivings. Over .the
atmosphere broods a quiet convic-
tion of inalienable right acquired
by four centuries of possession.
The mental attitude is conditioned
by a widespread assumption that
to ruffle Macao's composure is
simply to destroy a good thing.
Therefore why ruffle?
Its peaceful avenues, its great
leafy trees, its nostalgic charm
and its dignity impart to Macao a
temperament incapable of duplica-
tion elsewhere. The place is
unique, singularly intense.
To some, its contribution to his-
tory has ?been achieved. They
feel that as long as China main-
tains her connection with the
West, Macao will be remembered
as the anvil on which the original
links were forged. But to her own
people the colony, as a part of
their lives, remains a living his-
tory. Like Tennyson's brook,
they hope that it will "go on
forever."
LIQUIDATION WARNING
Mr. Daniel Aguinaldo, execu-
tive of the Manila department
store, Aguinaldo's Avenida, warned
recently that forced liquidation
of Chinese capital in the Philip-
pines would likely scare other
.foreign capital, including Ameri-
can, from entering the Philippine
investment field.
The store executive, who was
speaking on "what the Chinese
.community can do to help our
national economy" at the Y's
Men's club meeting at the UNO,
urged Chinese businessmen to
branch out from the importing
and distribution fields to the
broader fields of production and
manufacturing.
He said that greater production
necessitates huge capital invest-
ment and that it was vital for
the Philippines to create a favour-
able climate for outside investors.
"If we have been unsuccessful so
far in enticing desirable ,foreign
capitals," he said, "it is precisely
because, among other things, we
are doing everything to scare
away even those that are already
established in this country."
"Surely," he warned, "forced
liquidation of Chinese capital cur-
rently invested will result in a
most embarrassing question from
prospective investors who might
well ask: `Who is going to be
next?"'
Mr. Aguinaldo further urged the
Chinese community to encourage
the idea of assimilation and to
mix freely with Filipinos. "Point
to the numerous prominent Fili-
pinos of today who are descen-
dants of unknown Chinese immi-
grants of yesteryears. They are
great examples that you can point
to with pride, living proof that
the Chinese can become desirable
Filipinos," he said.
(See Page 36)
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
By
A. C. Scott. AAi 14
Whatever little else the outside
world may know of the Chinese
theatre, the fact that men play
women's roles has long been com-
mon knowledge to be repeated
ad infinitum. Female impersona-
tion is no new thing in dramatic
history, Eastern or Western, but
it is an art which the Chinese
stage has made peculiarly its own.
The female impersonator Was a
necessity dictated by the complete
ban on actresses in China. Dur-
ing the reign of Chien Lung an
imperial edict was issued forbid-
ding women to perform. Th s
rule was rigidly enforced and it
was not until the years before the
Revolution of 1911 that there be-
gan to take place a revival of ac-
tresses appearing on the profes-
sional stage.
THE TABOO
Even so, for many years men
and women were not seen acting
together, and special theatres
for women players were establish-
ed. It is only within recent de-
cades that the complete emancipa-
tion of women on the stage has
taken place.
The actors who played female
parts had to undergo severe train-
ing and attain a prodigious skill.
Here was no burlesque but a
highly specialised branch of
dramatic technique, played by
men who were very often supreme
artists. How supreme can only
be realised by those who have
seen actors like Mei Lan Fang in
Shanghai or Chang Chun Ch'iu in
present day Hong Kong.
With the complete disappear-
ance of the taboo on actresses
there is no longer the same neces-
sity for the female impersonator.
THE ORIENT
THE CHINESE ACTOR'S ROLES
Mr. Scott, in 'his fourth article, describes the
different roles of the Chinese actor and the costumes
worn when on the stage. These articles and
accompanying drawings are strictly copyright.
The highly developed technique of
the latter has been adopted by
actresses many of whom have
studied under the famous imper-
sonators. They carry on the
tradition with a true competence
and delicate skill.
There is little doubt that in the
past the great impersonators at-
tained heights in their per-
formances never reached by the
actress. It is as though having
to concentrate on the essentials
of women's characteristics they
manage to express the essence of
femininity in a manner which is
indescribable in so many words.
Everyone must concede that
here is genuine art. On the other
hand, in the writer's opinion, there
is no question at all that in gen-
eral the first rate . actress, of
whom there are many, is every bit
as effective. There is nothing
more depressing than a mediocre
female impersonator.
A favourite pastime of Chinese
theatre goers when taking for-
eigners to a dramatic performance
has been to ask 'them to guess
whether it is man or woman play-
ing the female role. I have often
been such a victim but in gen-
eral passed the test because of
one thing, the hands of the actor.
The male hand has a character-
istic shape besides being larger
generally than the female hand,
and however skilful the actor,
close observation will often enable
one to detect the difference. How-
ever, it is not an infallible rule.
The hands of Mei Lan Fang for
example are quite indistinguish-
able from those of a woman on
the stage.
It must be confessed that the
great impersonators appear bless-
ed with physical characteristics
most necessary for their art. The
suppleness of the Chinese hand
is notable.
Chinese, on the whole male and
female, are born with small and
naturally graceful hands and the
rigid physical training of the
actor develops this advantage to
the utmost. It casts no reflection
on the art of the impersonator to
note that the heavy make-up and
concealing costume of the female
roles are factors in his favour in
a way no feminine costume could
ever be in the West.
It is probable that the tradition
of the female impersonator will
die. hard upon the Chinese stage,
but it would appear inevitable
that the actress, who has now
come to stay, will eventually
usurp the boards completely. On
the other hand we have the ac-
tresses who play male parts, quite
common within recent decades,
and possibly a legacy from the
times when they were still not
allowed to perform . in company
with actors.
OF WOMEN
Some of these actresses are
equally adept in male or female
roles and their versatility and skill
is quite astonishing. Two well
known artistes may..be named in
the personalities of Miss Tung
Chili Ling of Peking, and Miss Li
Hui Fang of Shanghai,-the draw-
ing of the Lao Sheng in the
second article in this series was
done from a sketch made at a
performance by the latter actress.
Many of the smaller touring
companies possess actresses who
specialise in male parts. In the
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
Nanking-Shanghai area it is com-
mon to find companies, playing the
more localised Shao-Hsing drama,
composed solely of women.
All feminine parts on the
Chinese stage are classed under a
broad heading known as Tan.
This heading is subdivided into
various types of Tan according to
the different kinds of women
portrayed. One of the most im-
portant of these types is the
Ch'ing tan or Ch'ing-i. This is
the part which represents charac-
ters such as the virtuous wife or
faithful lover. The Ch'ing-i is
demure and reserved in move-
ment, the hands are kept in a
graceful or dignified position and
much play is given to the "rip-
pling water sleeve", the long false
white silk sleeve attached to the
cuffs of the jacket.
Short mincing steps characterise
the walk, the feet are kept close
to the ground and there is an air
of fluttering tremulousness about
the. whole part. A very important
feature is the singing. No actor
or actress can hope to obtain suc-
cess in this role without an excel-
lent singing voice.
The most famous Ch'ing-i parts
are noted for long arias, plain-
tive in tone, their drawn out,
trembling note of sorrow is one
of the very characteristic sounds
of the Northern stage. A typical
costume worn in the role consists
of a three quarter length black
satin jacket with a high collar and
"rippling water sleeves." The
whole jacket is edged with a
broad border of blue silk with
narrow white piping on the edges.
Beneath this is worn a long white
skirt pleated at either side, the
feet are hidden from view except
for the occasional peeping through
of the tasselled pom pom on the
toe of the brocaded flat soled shoe.
A white sash is often worn
round the waist and a turquoise
blue sash bound round the head
which is set with plain silver orna-
ments. Sometimes a second pleat-
ed skirt is fastened high round the
waist, the ends attached by a small
ring to the little finger of each
hand. A series of delicate'move-
ments representing sorrow and
anguish are performed in this
costume.
The hair is dressed in a style
known as "Nu Fa Liu" and based
on an ancient coiffure. It is
characterised by a long narrow
"bun" at the back and 'a loose tail
of hair hanging down at the side
of - the face-. The brow , is set
round with seven small flat' coils
of hair kept in place with fixatif
and two long sidepieces curved to
fit round either cheek.
This hairdo, which is a com-
plicated process that takes one
hour to complete in the green-
room, is the basic hair style for a
large proportion of other feminine
roles, variations being obtained by
56e#-/ ' /6 /ID
adding artificial flowers, elaborate
pins, slides and brilliants.
Tan parts are often dressed in
costume which is more or less a
replica of the old Manchu ladies
costume of pre-1911 days. The
elaborate headdress and coiffure
known as the "Liang Pa T'ou",
the long collarless Manchu robe
Chang Chun- CWiu
(making up)
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01 : CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP8O-00926AO03200030003-2
and the curious stilt like shoes,
are reminiscent of such well loved
plays as "Ssu Lang T'an Mu,
(How Yang Yen Hui visited his
mother), which was recently seen
in Hong Kong with Chang Chun
Ch'iu as the Iron Princess.
The Manchu costume has only
been used on the stage since its
disappearance in real life. Ssu
Lang T'an Mu, for instance, is a
play about the Sung dynasty and
is a good example of the little im-
portance attached to historical
accuracy in Chinese stage
technique. The Cantonese ap-
pear to have a strong penchant
for Manchu style costumes in
their own contemporary drama.
A make-up common to all Tan
parts on the Peking stage is as
follows. First a dead white back-
ground is smeared over all the
face and the cheeks are then pow-
dered in with pale magenta, grad-
ed off towards the mouth and chin
which, with the nose, are ! left
white. The lips are painted and the
surroundings of the eyes powder-
ed a deep crimson. Eyebrows are
pencilled and elongated in black.
The eyes are drawn up from the
outside corners by a tape which
has previously been tightly drawn
round the temples under the
foundation of the coiffure, this
gives the "almond-eye" appearance
so characteristic on the stage.
Other important Tan parts are
the Hua Tan, Wu Tan and Lao
Tan. The Hua Tan portrays
characters such as the courtesan
or the amourous maidservant.
The Hua Tan relies more on skill
in acting than singing, although
the latter too is often necessary.
The Hua Tan is full of charm and
seduction, she invariably holds a
large silk handkerchief, and the
fluttering eyes and coquettish by-
play behind this when a famous
Hua Tan comes on is one of, the
high lights of the Chinese stage.
The costumes of the Hua Tan
are characterised by their rich
colour and embroidery, they are
indeed often garments of great
beauty. The headdress is gener-
ally adorned with a profusion of
flowers and gay brilliants which
catch the light in every direction.
A common costume of the Hua
Tan playing maid servant is that
of the jacket and wide trousers,
often boldly patterned with flow-
ers. Sometimes a short apron is
worn over this tied at the back
with a bow. It is in the Hua Tan
parts that the Tz'u Ch'iao are
seen, the special footwear consist-
ing of small wooden false feet
which are bound to the actors own
feet, to simulate the bound feet of
former times. A remarkable fea-
ture of stage technique they are
less seen today and will probably
evenutally die out.
In the past some of the most
famous Hua Tans have been male
impersonators, a never failing
source of delight to their audien-
ces. A Chinese writer quotes the
anecdote of the celebrated imper-
A Nanking Actress
(Ching-I head-dress)
sonator who, when embarking on
one of his stage flirtations, called
up to the gallery "Pull down the
blinds quickly, can't you see what
I'm about".
The Wu-tan represents a mili-
tary maiden, a martial princess or
female bandit. The feminine vir-
tues are very often combined with
those of more forceful character.
They are skilled in acrobatics and
stage fighting. They make great
play with swords and lances and
their cosutmes are often charac-
terised by long sweeping pheasant
feathers in their headdress.
The Lao-Tan represents the old
woman of the stage. The costume
is unvarying. A grey wig is worn
done in a tight knot or bun above
the crown. A bandeau is worn
round the brow. The face is not
made up. The three quarter
length tunic and skirt are gener-
ally in sombre colours, ochres,
whites, greys and black. Always
a heavy staff is carried in the
right hand. The Lao Tan walks
with bent back and faltering step.
It is a singing role and requires
an individual vocal tchnique. Good
actors of this part are said to be
rare.
The most famous Lao Tans have
been men. One of the best known
was an actor named Kung Yun-fu,
who was celebrated in Peking
30 years ago for the innova-
tions he introduced in the part.
founding a school cons-dered to be
the best of its kind. In the play
"Hsu Mu Ma Ts'ao" (Hsu Shu's
Mother reviling Ts'ao Ts'ao") the
Lao Tan plays the part of a scold-
ing old woman pouring invective
on the traitorous prime Minister's
head. The interpretation of an old
lady's anger by a skilled Lao Tan
always receives keen appreciation
by a critical audience.
Sheng is the heading used to
describe all male parts. It is
again subdivided into various
types of Sheng to portray differ-
ent kinds of men. In general the
Sheng characters wear beards,
except the Hsiao Sheng, who
plays parts such as the youth-
ful scholar or young lover.
The Hsiao Sheng speaks and
sings falsetto, a peculiarity of the
role, and always carries a fan.
Flirting with the fan is a not-
able part of his stage technique.
A typical costume consists of
scarlet silk trousers tucked into
the high "Kuan Hsieh", boots
made of black satin with th'ck
white soles about 3" high. Over
these is worn the "Ch'en-i" a
long, decoratively embroidered,
silk or satin robe with cut away
neck beneath which a white stock
shows. Favourite colours are pale
blue, pink and lilac. The hat is
an ornate affair known as "Wen
Sheng Chin", it has a long silken
tassel hanging down at either side
over the shoulder. The facial
make-up is "`pink and white" with
eyes bound back, as described in
the Ch'ing-i make-up, to represent
a youthful countenance.
Two other important Sheng
types are Wu Sheng and Lao
Sheng. The former plays military
heroes and high ranking generals,
is majestic in bearing and must be
skilled in gymnastics and the
highly developed technique of
stage fighting. The Wu Sheng
often wears a full beard of black,
grey or white. Costume consists
of the "K'ai", the ornate military
costume representing armour on
the Chinese stage. Four decorative
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP8O-00926AO03200030003-2
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
flags are strapped over the back of
the shoulders. Heavy swords,
lances and pikes are wielded in
vigorous fashion.
Perhaps one of the most famous
of Sheng roles is Lao Sheng, the
middle-aged scholar or statesman.
Characteristic dress is the hard
double crowned hat with two stiff
"wings" protruding at the sides.
A long robe, richly embroidered, is
worn over the scarlet trousers and
high boots also common to the
Hsiao Sheng. Round the waist,
hanging loose is a large stiff
girdle decorated with brilliants
and known as the "Yu Tai" or
jade girdle. A long beard, gener-
ally black, dividing into three
parts is always worn by the Lao
Sheng.
A good actor must be a singer
of high order, his action, subtle
in character, must be in accord
with the music and the emotion
of the part down to the glance of
an eye and the slight bend of the
body. A first class Lao Sheng
performance is very often con-
sidered the peak of theatrical
entertainment by a Chinese
audience.
The stately stride, subtle pos-
turing and individual singing of
the Lao Sheng, long after per-
formances have receded into the
past, linger in the memory as the
essence of all that characterises
the Chinese stage. One of the
most popular actors of Sheng 3
roles in Peking in the old days
was Ma Lien Liang, who still on
occasion can be seen in per--
formances in Hong Kong.
A third role which stands apart,
unique in the Classical, theatre, is
the Ching, or Painted Face, so
called from the variety of in-
tricate and startling patterns with
which the faces of these actors are
painted in brilliant colours.
. Representing warriors, brigands
and adventurers they roar their
way across the stage in a fury of
sound, colour and vigorous action.
The face designs are symbolical,
and indicative of the character of
the personality portrayed, various
colours are used to implement
these meanings. Red symbolises
fidelity, blue fierceness, white
treachery and so on.
The designs, some of which are
extremely complicated, are ap-
plied by the actors themselves
with a brush. They are executed
with scrupulous care and atten-
tion to accuracy of detail. There
are several hundred different de-
signs, although some are more
commonly used than others and
the actor who plays painted face
parts must be well versed in the
many variations.
The painted face actor is bold
and swaggering in movement. His
voice is full and raucous, rising
to protracted enunciation of
tremendous volume. It has an
aural quality which is quite as-
tounding. Wearing a full beard
with often two tufts of hair stand-
Ma Lien Liang
(in costume)
ink up above the ears like devils
horns, he rolls his eyes and twirls
his whiskers in a fine frenzy, until
the air vibrates with the force of
his personality.
A famous painted face charac-
ter is the brigand named Tou Erb
Tun in the play "Stealing the Em-
peror's Horse". His long beard
is red and his face is blue lined
with red black and white, above
his eyes two hooked swords are
painted to show his dexterity with
these weapons. He wears a
scarlet lined coat of brilliant blue
and presents a figure magnificent
in its savage appeal.
Lastly we have the Ch'ou, the
comedian or clown, the jester
beloved of all drama through the
ages. The Ch'ou speaks in collo-
quial idiom and improvises as he
goes along. Often his allusions
are topical. He takes the au-
dience into his confidence with his
sly leer, ribald jest and crocodile
tears. He plays the part of ser-
vant, waiter, priest, go between,
stupid minister or foolish general.
His face is always painted with a
white patch.around the nose and
eyes and lips thickened with the
same colour. Sometimes he wears
ridiculous dangling whiskers or
protruding moustaches. His eyes
are black crosses or oblique
squares, he bats them continuously
as he shuffles along with buffoon's
gait. He is one with the universal
brotherhood of the fool.
The characters of the Chinese
drama pass across the stage in a
kaleidoscope of rich humanity. In
an essay such as this it is only
possible to touch upon them in all
their variety in the briefest
fashion. The proverb runs "There
is nothing so vast as a stage, a
world can be seen within its
limits".
(Next Article: "The Chinese
Actor's Technique")
Owing to a compositor's error,
part of a paragraph in the pre-
vious article on Reflections on the
Chinese Classical' Drama was mis-
placed. The first five lines of the
third column of page 26 (October
issue) should have been inserted
at the beginning of the second
Column of the same page.-Ed.
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
MALAYAN BREWERIES
III I..1 .0. III
Sole Agents:-
A. S. WATSON ' ' &
fy,,'~~ 1~ / ......... 111X1, Ili 1 (111,10411111'
?~. /A ~ww
CO., LTD.
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
CHINESE CIVILIZATION
CONFUCIUS AND UNIFICATION OF CHINA
By Dr. Cheng Te-K'un
As we think of Confucius, what
a world of splendid and beautiful
visions and memories rises before
our minds!-A handsome and
dignified old gentleman with a
pair of shining eyes, full of
penetrating light, a prominent
nose, almost Jewish in type, long,
thick ears, similar to those of
Buddha, a luxuriant beard hang-
ing down over his breast, a rich
and gorgeous ceremonial gown
over his stately body, and a
graceful little "crown" elaborately
decorated with precious beads of
all sorts on his head. He had all
the wisdom of the Chinese people,
and was a great master of rites,
music, archery, chariot-driving,
caligraphy, arithmetic and other
honoured arts.
As a sage he practised the five
human virtues; love, righteousness,
propriety, wisdom and faithful-
ness, and became the symbol of
those quiet graces of our race-
patience and perserverance; paci-
fism and compromise; the golden
mean or middle course; con-
servatism and contentment; and
reverence for ancestors, the aged
and the learned.
Golden Tablet
His life is adorned with beauti-
ful myths and wonderful legends
of all sorts. His spirit, deified in
the form of a golden tablet,
inscribed with the title "the Most
Sacred Master", 9 V 36 i t en-
joys all the sacrifice of candles
and incense in thousands of
pompous temples erected in his
honour. And above all, Heaven
has bestowed upon him the
greatest fortune, in that his family
line, for more than 2,000 years,
has never been interrupted.
His grandson of the 76th
generation has just returned from
The real unification of China was brought
about by the Confucian School, says Dr. Cheng.
This is the author's fourth article of a series of 10
on Chinese civilisation.
a tour in the United States and is
living among his people to bear
witness to the very blood and
flesh of this great sage, who has
achieved the real unification of
China. He is commonly referred
to as the Su-wang or "Uncrowned
Emperor".
The importance of Confucius in
the development of Chinese cul-
ture cannot be underestimated.
But historical research in recent
years has revealed the fact that
Confucius was but a school
teacher whose life was a failure
in every sense of the word. The
colour of his success, the glory of
his deeds and the light of his
virtues were mostly the invention
and fabrication of later centuries.
It brings forward a most
puzzling riddle in Chinese history,
"How could a plain and common
schoolteacher become the greatest
hero of the world's oldest and
largest state?" No one can really
understand China without under-
standing how the people came to
worship Confucius.
Very Poor
Confucius was born into the
family of a common. working
man. The date of his birth has
been lost in the mist of his
childhood days. In the past, it
was officially fixed on the 27th
day of the 8th moon, but in recent
years the Nationalist Government
considers it more convenient to
observe August 27 in the new
calendar.
The K'ung family was said to
have come from a noble house
of the Shang dynasty (1766?-1122
B.C.), which ruled over the North
China Plain in the . dawn of
Chinese history and was respon-
sible for the building of Chinese
culture. The Shang people were
conquered by the Chou people in
1122 B.C., and Confucius' ances-
tors were obliged to stay in exile
in the State of Sung, which was
located in modern Eastern Honan.
The family lived there for almost
600 years.
Some time in the sixth century
B.C., Father Su-liang Ho found
life in Sung unbearable for him.
He took his family with him to
take up a job in a royal house-
hold in the State of Lu, in modern
Shantung. They were very poor
and young K'ung too, was engaged
to work for their royal master,
sometimes as a granary keeper
and sometimes as a cattle tender.
Associations with the royal
household gave young K'ung the
opportunity to educate himself.
You probably know that in the
early and middle parts of the
Chou dynasty (1122-221 B.C.)
there existed two cultural centres
in China: one in the City of Chou,
the Imperial Capital, in modern
Lo-yang; and the other in the
City of Lu, in modern Ch'u-fu.
The Royal House of the Lu
State belonged to the Chou
imperial family. The hereditary
nobility maintained the cultural
standard of the day, and their
courts displayed all the grace and
splendour of ancient rituals and
ceremonies. Young Kung was
greatly impressed by these aged
old traditions and began to study
them with great enthusiasm.
He was diligent and industrious,
and in a few years he mastered
the six classics and all the court
etiquette, state ceremonies and
the proper conduct of individuals,
which had been handed down
from bygone ages in the royal
household. After this he managed
to take a trip to continue his
study in the Imperial Capital.
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
When he returned from the Chou
capital, he was indeed a learned
man. He started a school in his
home for the elucidation of the
classics and the transmission of
the moral principles of conduct.
He taught any one who could
afford to pay tuition fee.
His Exile
It was a period of political
unrest and social disorder. Con-
fucius took, as his platform, social
and political stability through the
maintenance of the established
order, and advocated esteem for
age over youth, for the past over
the present and established, au-
thority over innovation. The
golden age of the bygone past
became his Utopia. Confucius was
a returned student from abroad
and many students came to him
from all walks of life.
When he was 35 years old, a
revolution broke out in the State
of Lu. King Chao-kung was
expelled by his three ministers
and was obliged to seek refuge in
the State of Ch'i, in modern
Northern Shantung. The re-
bellious behavior of the ministers
greatly annoyed the school-teacher
and he volunteered to accompany
the king in his exile.
The political theories and social
conducts advocated by the school
teacher attracted the admiration
of the royal houses of Ch'i and
Lu. So when he returned to his
native state, several years later,
he was appointed to the minister-
ship of Ta-ssu-k'u. His service
in the government gave Confucius
a chance of plotting the destruc-
tion of the three rebellious
ministers. The conspiracy, unfor-
tunately, was revealed, and the
scholar-minister was obliged to
leave the country once more.
With a handful of his disciples
he wandered from state to state
advocating his ideals and seeking
appointment to other offices.
It is most interesting to note
that he visited only some of the
small feudal states, namely Wei,
Ch'en, Ts'ai, Sung and Cheng.
Sometime in the 7th century B.C.,
the State of Wei was overrun by
a nomadic horde, the Northern Ti,
and the Duke of Ch'i, being the
leader of the feudal states at that
time, was obliged to give the
unfortunate people a new home
further South, where his army
could guarantee their safety.'
History records that it was an
easy job for the Duke, because the
whole population of Wei state,
young and old, rich and poor,
amounted to only 3,79 individuals.
One can readily see how small
these states were.
Wherever he went, Confucius
preached his political theories. He
believed only in achieving social
stability by maintaining the
established order. His active poli-
tical tour proved a complete
failure. Several feudal lords
listened to him but no one cared
to accept his counsel.
His Failure
In this time of political expan-
sion what they needed was a
strong army to protect their
borders. So, after many years of
fruitless wandering, Confucius re-
turned to his native home in Lu,
disappointed and exhausted. He
was already an old man of 68 and
had no alternative but to resume
his teaching activities as before.
The remaining years of his life
were uneventful and rather miser-
able. Confucius died at the age
of 73 with a handful of his
favorite disciples around him. He
passed away as a common school
teacher.
There is no doubt that Con-
fucius was a learned man. He
knew the classics well. He was
sincere in what he was preaching
and stubborn in his way of think-
ing and belief. The chief cause
of his failure might be attributed
to the political and social changes
that were dominating the main
current of his time, and these,
the school teacher refused to
acknowledge and to understand.
It may be worthwhile to point
out that Chinese society before
the time of Confucius was or-
ganised under two institutions:
the family system, established by
the Shang people and the feudal
system, first introduced by Chou
Kung, one of the founders of the
Chou dynasty. The family was
the social unit and the responsible
element in the political life of a
feudal state.
The feudal lords, chiefly mem-
bers of the imperial family, were
appointed by the imperial court,
and they went out to their respec-
tive states to rule over the land
and population of their localities.
The filial piety and obedience
developed in the family, became
the basis of loyalty and dutiful-
ness to the feudal lord. The
family was a microcosm, a state
in miniature.
The power pattern in these two
systems agreed with each other,
though not on the same scale.
The father was a supreme auto-
crat in the family with full control
over the use of all property, and
all members, including his wife
and children. The feudal lord
exercised the same supreme auto-
cracy in his state and over his
people.
This was the established order,
pure and simple, and it kept
the country peaceful and stable
for almost 600 years. This
was. what Confucius had learned
from the classics and he would
have liked to adhere to it. But
since the beginning of the 7th
century B.C., a new political
system had been coming on the
scene. Some of the large feudal
states, especially Ch'i, Chin, Ch'in
and Ch'u, began their programme
of expansion.
Merely Thieves
The Imperial House of Chou
existed only in name. Large-scale
military operations and territorial
annexations gave rise to a political
organisation far larger and more
complicated than the old feudal
system. Relations between the
lords and their subjects became
indirect, and governing relied
more on the enforcement of laws
and regulations than on personal
adjustment and compromise. More-
over, trade and industry increased
and stimulated the concentration
of people in commercial and in-
dustrial centres, which were fast
developing into large cities.
The simple ways and stable life
were replaced by war and
struggle. Confucius could not see
any good in this new development
and he set out bravely to hold
the tide. This was why he found
no place for himself in the large
states. He failed in his political
mission because he was a reaction-
ary and could not adjust himself
to this new environment.
To Confucius the world was
simply chaotic. People were not
behaving according to the prin-
ciples described in the classics.
Kings were unkingly and ministers
rebellious; fathers were unfatherly
and sons merely thieves. He set
out to save the age-old tradition
and social order, but he was a
common person and had no way
of obtaining political power and
position except by talking and
preaching. This was something
unheard of before. So in the eyes
of his contemporaries Confucius
and his disciples were a school of
very queer fish. Their behaviour
was not only new but strange to
them.
After some careful observation
of Confucius, Yen Ying, the well-
known minister and diplomat of
Ch'i remarked:
"As to this group of Confucian
scholars, they are polished and
cunning, living beyond the law.
They are proud and self-
confident and cannot be em-
ployed as subordinates. They
advocate the importance of
death, mourning and grief, and
insist on spending the family
fortune on a pompous funeral;
how can one introduce such a
custom! They wander about,
`talking and preaching, begging
and borrowing; how can they
run a state!" (Shih-chi, Shih-
chia ch. 17, P. 5.)
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
Chiian.g Tzu's story of Con-
fucius' visit to the Captain of a
robber band was most dramatic:
"Robber Che had just en-
camped to the South of T'ai-
shan, and was engaged in
devouring a dish of minced
human liver. Confucius alighted
from his chariot, and advancing
addressed the door-keeper as
follows:
Like Stars
'I am Confucius of the Lu State.
I have heard of the high char-
acter of your captain.'
He then twice respectfully
saluted the door-keeper who
went in to announce his arrival.
When Robber Che heard who
Emperor
it was, he was furious. His
eyes glared like stars. His hair
(stood on ends and) raised his
cap from his head as he cried
out, 'What! that crafty scoundrel
Confucius of Lu? Go tell him
from me that he is a mere
word-mongerer. That he talks
nonsense about Wen Wang and
Wu Wang. That he wears an
extravagant cap, with a thong
from the side of a dead ox.
That what he says is mostly
rhodomontade. That he con-
sumes where he does not sow
and wears clothes he does not
weave. That his lips patter and
his tongue wags, That his
rights and wrongs are of his
own coining, whereby he throws
dust in the eyes of rulers and
prevents the scholars of the
empire from reverting to the
original source of all things.
That he makes a great stir
about filial piety and brotherly
love, glad enough himself to
secure some fat fief or post of
power. Tell him that he
deserves the worst, and that if
he does not take himself off,
his liver shall be in my morning
stew'." (Giles translation,
p.388-9).
The Lun-yii or "Analects of
Confucius" records another in-
teresting story:
"Once when Tzu-lu (one of
Confucius' favourite disciples)
was following (the master) he
fell behind and met an old man
carrying a basket slung over his
staff. Tzu-lu asked him, saying,
'Sir, have you seen my master?'
The old man said, 'You mean
the one who does not toil with
his four limbs and cannot dis-
tinguish the five grains (millet,
hempseed, wheat, rice and pea)
to be your master?' And with
that he planted his staff in the
ground and began weeding,
while Tzu-lu stood by with his
hands pressed together." (ch.4,
p.7: cf. Waley's translation,
P-220).
Contemporary criticisms like
those quoted above can easily be
multiplied, It is most interesting
to find how different was the
picture of Confucius before the
Han dynasty, from what we have
in later centuries. His contem-
poraries had not indeed a very
high opinion of the school teacher.
The behaviour of Confucius has
been summarised by Ssu-ma
Ch'ien, the Herodotus of China,
who wrote in the second century
B.C.:
"When he was in his native
village, he bore himself with
simplicity, as if he had no gifts
of speech. But when in the
ancestral temple or at court, he
expressed himself readily and
clearly, yet with a measure of
reserve. At court, when con-
versing with the higher great.
officials, he spoke respectfully.
When conversing with the lower
officials, he spoke out boldly..
When he entered the palace
gate, he appeared to stoop.
When he hastened forward, if
was with a respectful appear-
ance. When the 'prince sum-
moned him to receive a visitor,,
his expression seemed to change..
When his prince commanded his
presence, he did not wait for
the carriage to be yoked, but
went off on foot. He would not
taste anything that were not
properly cut, as if they were
something like rotten fish or
spoiled meat, and could not sit
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
on his mat unless it ' was
properly placed." (op. cit, p.25;
cf. Bodde's translation quoted in
Fairbank's The United States
and China, p.63-4).
Queer Habits
This sounds as if that the
wandering school teacher had
several sets of faces in dealing
with people and had all sorts of
queer habits. Nothing could be
more appropriate than this passage
to describe the old roguishness of
a highly polished official of our
own days.
Some lovers of Confucius may
say that these criticisms of Con-
fucius are totally unfair. This
wise man from Lu, they may
maintain, wrote six books to
transmit his doctrine and these
have been handed down to us as
our classical canon. Nothing in
Chinese history is more mislead-
ing than this statement. The
Chinese Classics were not'' the
work of Confucius. The scholar
himself confessed that he could
only talk and converse and had
never written anything in his' life.
Recent historical research and
textural criticism have led us to
the conclusions that the Book of
Changes was the record of the
official diviners; the Book of
History, a selection of historical
documents of ancient dynasties;
the Book of Odes, an anthology of
folk poems and hymns used in the
ancestral temples; the Books of
Rites and Music a collection of
programmes of ceremonies and
regulations for proper conduct
which may have been laid down
by Chou Kung, in the beginning
of the Chou dynasty; and the
Spring and Autumn Annals,
chronicles of the State of Lu.
Confucius did not take part in
any of these compositions.
Many of them were in existence
before him. In fact, he educated
himself in these ancient works
and used these books as texts in
his courses of instruction. Lovers
of Confucius have over-estimated
They may, however, insist that
Confucius achieved at least one
thing. He maintained the largest
school of his time with an enrol-
ment of 3,000 students, and
72 of them mastered the, six
classics. Any one with a little
common sense will see that'; the
figure has been greatly exagge-
rated. How could the State of
Lu, which had a a population no
larger than a small hsien city of
modern times, accommodate a
school three times the size of the
University of Hong Kong with
only one professor, not to mention
that the humble home of Con-
fucius itself was supposed to have
housed the students.
The glaring fact was that Con-
fucius failed miserably in his
profession. He could not find
jobs for his students. Not a
single one of them achieved any-
thing worth-mentioning. The best
and most clever of them all was
Yen Hui. He was so miserably
poor, for lack of finding something
to do, that he had to be contented
with a ladleful of thin soup and
a dish of plain rice a day.
Some doctors presume that this
favourite disciple of Confucius
suffered from malnutrition and
was destroyed by tuberculosis.
But it seems more reasonable to
suggest that he died of starvation.
The facts do not allow us to
over-estimate either the number
or the ability of Confucius' dis-
ciples.
A Job
I- have gone into considerable
detail to urge that the ability of
Confucius and his disciples shall
not be over-estimated, but I do not
mean to under-estimate the
achievements of the Confucian
School, which did in later
centuries become the core of
Chinese civilisation,. and it was
quite natural and appropriate that
the founder of the school should
be enthroned as the "'Uncrowned
Emperor".
In the very out-set we must
agree that Confucius was the first
educationalist that China has ever
produced. Before him, knowledge
was a sign of nobility and learning
was a monopoly of the royal
household.
Confucius was not only one of
the first of the common people to
have a chance of receiving such an
education, but also the first to
bring this education to the general
public. He created a job. for him-
self and started the teaching
profession in China. He taught
any one regardless of his class and
profession, provided he could pay
a tuition fee. He invented this
new system without' realising that
it was revolutionary in nature.
He took the classics from the royal
household to teach the common
people.
Education gave them knowledge
and opened their eyes. To use
an up-to-date expression, this was
indeed a great liberation for the
people.
Confucius, however, had his
own plan to carry out. He was
a man of ambition who set out to
hold the current of his time. He
was himself a common man with
no backing of any kind, so by
opening a school he aimed to
produce a group of followers to
assist him in case he had a chance
of attaining power and position.
This he did, and his ? students
actually followed him in his
political tours. He had, indeed,
introduced a brand new way of
achieving power and position,
characterised by as much travel-
ling and speech-making as the
American politicians use in
modern times. What an ingenious
device!
Confucius never realised that
his new profession helped to
accelerate the great social and
political change that had captured
his time and that he refused to
accept. He had unconsciously
created a new class of people.
From the beginning of Chinese
history in the time of the Shang
and Chou dynasties, there existed
a marked stratification in the
social and political set-up of the
country. On the top was the
nobility who ruled over the
common people below. The latter
were classified into four groups
according to their professions,
namely, the soldier, the farmer,
the artisan, and the merchant.
Chief Aim
Confucius' school produced a
new group of people who had
their roots in the lower stratum
but received an education funda-
mentally in the aristocratic tradi-
tion. Their job was only to read
the classics and when they had
mastered them they had two
professions opened for them. They
could either become teachers
themselves and teach those who
could pay tuition fee or receive
an appointment in the govern-
ment and become officials. The
latter would give them wealth
and honour. This was a calling
of double profession, the scholar-
official.
Confucius himself did not profit
much by this new institution.
But the system became the foun-
dation ? of Chinese education. For
more than 24 centuries schools
and colleges developed in the
country and they remained funda-
mentally Confucian in prin-
ciple and in practice. The Classics
have always been used as text-
books and to become an official
has been the chief aim. An
alternative profession has always
been very handy; one could revert
to teaching when one failed in
officialdom.
It is important to note that the
work of a scholar-official is a
very simple and easy job. In the
Han dynasty, any one who
mastered one classic would be-
come a po-ssu or "learned scholar",
and a candidate for many im-
portant posts in the government.
In later centuries any one capable
of writing a simple, straight-
forward essay would be considered
a man of learning and fit for
appointment. There was no need
for any other training.
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
In the last hundred years, many
new subjects have been intro-
duced into the modern school, but
the teaching of the classics and
the aim and function of the school
or university have remained un-
changed. After four years in the
university, a student will receive
the bachelor's degree, and he will
then consider himself a man of
learning, and many will refuse to
take up any other job than teach-
ing or becoming an official.
Physically and mentally, he is
developed in ? the Confucian
pattern. ,
After a few years in official
service, he will behave in the
same fashion as did Confucius two
millenia ago. There will be
nothing to prevent him from
worshipping the teacher as the
"Master of All Ages".
The success of the Confucian
School in the imperial govern-
ment has been far -more spectacu-
lar than it has been in education.
It is one of the strangest facts
in Chinese history that the Con-
fucian school, destined to become
the most powerful political group
in the Far East, did not have a
.single influential man in ? the
government when Emperor Kao-
tsu of Han unified China again
in 206 B.C. after the fall of the
Ch'in dynasty.
Any man living in the 3rd
century B.C. who ventured to
predict that the school would
become, in time, the dominating
power in China would have been
considered slightly crazy.
Political Power
The country had been suffering
from wars and disorder through-
out the last 300 years. The
Confucian, the Mo Ti, the
Yang Chu, the Tao-chia, the Fa-
chia and a dozen of other schools
had been advocating means of
bringing social order out of the
chaos of the late Chou period.
The competition among them
was keen. The political power
finally went into the hands of the
Fa-chia or "Legalists" who were
the champions of violent dicta-
torial methods and cherished a
philosophy of absolutism. They
succeeded in helping the rulers of
the Ch'in State to swallow all the
other states and unified the
country under the Ch'in dynasty.
In 221 B.C. the Legalist minister,
Li Ssu, in a. sweeping gesture of
authority, issued a. proclamation
that all books and histories other
than those of the Legalist should
be destroyed by fire. The Con-
fucian scholars were left without
any books to teach their students.
A few years later, Emperor
Shih-huang"-ti of Ch'iri visited Lu,
the centre of the Confucian school.
His contact With this group of
Ion
so=
4-1i
W
U ED A -V44 =Xo
*I of 0 -
4y 0 1 toiii
ASIATIC
[IO4Nl0aPN0a40a6 p109.1fl
II I
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
344
scholars was most unpleasant, and
in his fury, he buried many of
them alive.
Emperor Kao-tsu of Han was
famous for his contempt of the
Confucianists, and one day he
actually threw one of their hats
on the ground and contaminated
it with his own bodily refuse.
Very few people. had any high
opinion of these scholars.
Emueror Kao-tsu although a
rascal, was shrewd and ambitious.
,After years of hard struggle, he
conquered the whole nation and
brought the gigantic empire under
his heel. But he found himself
immediately confronted with the
problem of governing. Hecon-
quered the empire on horse-back,
but he could not rule his people
from the back of the animal. The
world had been in a state of
chaos and disorder for more than
300 years; peace and order were
essential to his people if he was
to keep the throne.
The decentralised feudalism of
ancient China had already given
away to an imperial government.
Emperor Kao-tsu tried to re-
introduce the feudal system but
it proved to be a great handicap
to his imperial reign.
Emperor Kao-tsu could: not
adopt the gospel of Mo Ti and
practise the principles of Chien-ai
or "Universal. Love" and Shang-
hsien or "sharing the empire with
saintly sages". It was impossible
for a rascal to sacrifice his own
interest and abdicate for the good
of his people.
On the other hand, being the
owner of a huge empire, Emperor
Kao-tsu could not be as self-
centred as the Yang Chu philo-
sophers advocated. How could
such a wealthy figure refuse to
pluck a hair for the benefit of his
subjects? That would be hope-
lessly selfish and too low a taste
for an emperor.
The Legalists
Taoism was also out of the
question. Kao-tsu was a man of
action and he could not allow his
people to retire to the state of
passivity as expressed in the
philosophy in Wu-wei or "Effort-
lessness". Neither could he adopt
the theory that all things were
created equal. ' That was an
outrageous idea and it would lead
his country into anarchy.
The emperor *as in favour of
the Legalists. Their philosophy of
absolutism and their dictatorial
methods were very much to his
taste. But history gave him a
clear-cut warning. The Legalists
had landed the Ch'in Empire upon
the rocks and that had happened
only 15 years earlier. He could
not give his people another dose
of tyranny.
The principles of Confucian
government seemed to be most
appealing after. all. Emperor Kao-
tsu was wise enough to ignore the
queerness of these scholars whom
he used to despise and he brought
their philosophy into practice.
Confucianism was then still in its
theoretical stage, and it took
several decades to formulate a
practical programme of govern-
ment.
The principles of Confucian
government were based primarily
on the concept of the Mandate of
Heaven. As the Son of Heaven
an emperor received the Mandate
from above to rule over all the
people under the sun. Literally,
he stood between Heaven above
and the people below.
He maintained peace and order
by doing the right thing at the
right time for the people. On the
other hand, bad conduct on his
part would destroy the sanction
and Heaven would readily give its
Mandate to another man.
The Book of History told how
the wickedness and tyranny of
the last ruler of the Shang dynasty
caused Heaven to give its Mandate
to one of his subordinates, the
King of Chou, who destroyed the
Shang ruler and established the
Chou dynasty. This ancient idea
was later amplified into the
famous theory of the right of
rebellion. It was here that the
Confucian school played its lead-
ing role.
The moral principles of conduct
and princely rule were the main
subjects of Confucian studies.
They emphasised court etiquette,
state ceremonies and proper be-
haviour according to status as in
the good feudal days of old. They
knew the rules of right conduct
and could properly advise the
emperor in his cosmic role. On
this basis the Confucian scholars
were invited to take part in the
formulation of a stable govern-
ment and they did establish them-
selves as an essential part of it.
Feudal Times
The Confucian scholars of the
Han dynasty centralised the poli-
tical authority in the Son of
Heaven. The administration of
state affairs was exercised on his
behalf by his chief ministers, who
stood at the top of a graded
bureaucracy and were responsible
to him for the success or failure
of their administration. On the
advice of his ministers, the em-
peror exercised the power of
appointment to office. As the
government was organised on the
Confucian principles and ideology,
Confucian scholars began to fill
this gigantic graded bureacracy.
Finally, in the reign of Emperor
Wu-ti (140-87 B.C.), they suc-
ceeded in dominating the govern-
ment and putting a ban on the
many other ancient schools of
philosophy.
In the administration the em-
peror relied upon them not only
in government routine but also in
the supervision of public works,
dykes and ditches, walls and
palaces, cities and granaries, in
drafting. peasant labour, in collect-
ing taxes and in performing court
ceremonies. On many occasions,
they were given authority to take
charge of military affairs. This
group of "Jack-of-all-trades"
supplanted the hereditary nobility
of feudal times and became the
backbone of the imperial regime.
In education, they made Con-
fucian ideology the chief subject
of study and this became the most
successful of all systems of thought
control. Hitler had much to learn
from the Confucian school. More-
over, the philosophy of status and
obedience according to status pro-
vided one of the great historic
answers to the problem of social
stability.
This was indeed a great inven-
tion, and unifiers of China have
been irresistibly attracted to it.
For fully 2,000 years these
Confucian scholar-officials played
the leading role in the imperial
government, held the key to
Chinese education and set the
foundation for social stability.
A glance on the list of pro-
minent government officials in
the Nationalists' regime will
readily show how the Confucian
School, until very recently, was
still playing its important role in
our life. The leader of the party,
though Christian by faith, has
been advocating a new life, which,
in fact, has a history of several
thousand years. In his book,
China's Destiny, Chiang Kai-shek
proclaimed:
"To cultivate the- moral quali-
ties necessary to our national
salvation-we must revive and
extend our traditional ethical
principles. The most important
task is to develop our people's
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
.sense of propriety, righteousness,
integrity and honour. These
qualities are based upon the
Four Cardinal Principles and
the Eight Virtues which in turn
are based on Loyalty and Filial
Piety." (Fairbank's translation,
op. cit., p.60).
It is an open secret that the
book was prepared for him by
one of his close councillors who
is an outstanding scholar-official.
Among. this. group of modern
Chinese leaders, how many have
come from the teaching pro-
fessorial class, who could readily
return to their respective colleges
or universities when they should
fall out of favour. They include
many celebrated scholars like Dr.
Hu Shih of Peita and many en-
lightened educators like President
Chang Po-ling of Nankai. Many
of them were not necessarily
Confucianists, but their lives were
prescribed by the formula which
has governed the lives of Chinese
scholars in the past.
And again, how many of our
very modern leaders who have
had years of scientific training
abroad, would readily advocate
the reciting of the classics for
school children, and would gravely
send their sisters and 'daughters
to the inner household because
they consider it their duty to pay
tribute to the sages and to uphold
the old social order? Countless
Chinese scholar-officials before
them have done the same not only
in the capital but also, in every
village in the country-side.
Therefore, the imperial dynas-
ties might come and go, and the
Son of Heaven- might change from
a royal personage to a rascal,
from a monk to a war-lord, from
a shrewd woman to a helpless
infant, or from aroaming robber
to a "foreign devil", but the Con-
fucian bureaucracy of the scholar-
officials stayed on forever. They
were teachers and officials by
profession and were the real ruling
class in China. They have mono-
polised the Chinese society, educa-
tion and government .throughout
the dynasties.
History tells us that Emperor
Shih-huang-ti of Ch'in was the
first to create the great Chinese
Empire, but histoty also bears
witness that it was Confucius who
really united this country. He
put the whole population under
one rule,. politically, socially as
well as culturally. He has been
the Uncrowned Emperor of China
for more than 2,000 years.
Bitter jungle war
The bitter jungle war in Malaya
against the bandit groups is con-
tinuing unabated.
Although progress is bound to
be slow owing to the nature of
the country, there are signs that
the Briggs Plan is producing de-
finite results.
One feature of the authorities'
new measures has been the in-
stallation of a Post Office Box,
No 500, to which informa-
tion of bandit movements may be
sent anonymously by those people
who are afraid to reveal their
identites for fear of retaliation.
This move has met with success
and a number of bandits have
been eliminated as a result of in-
formation given by people whom
they were terrorising.
In order to counter this move
on the part of the Authorities,
WONG KONG
guerrillas have been forced to
resort to ruthless and wholesale
murder of entire families where
there were the slightest suspi-
cions that information might have
been given to the Authorities.
Well over 100 bandits have
been executed on charges of nav-
ing been caught with arms in their
hands or in the act of exhorting
funds for the bandits from
villagers.
The story of Wong Kong, (see
out), the 106th bandit to be hang-
ed, follows:-
He approached a Chinese
labourer-on arubber estate this
year and. demanded a subscription
of Straits $5 monthly to be paid
to "the people in the jungle." If
would remain in peace, Wong said,
the labourer paid the money he
otherwise he would be forced to
leave the area. The labourer said
that he had no money, but would
pay him later.
Some days later Wong demand-
ed the money saying that he had
already paid it over to the "jungle
people", and that other people
were giving him food as well. He
repeated his threats. The labour-
er then informed hsi employer and
the police with the result that
Wong Kong was captured in a
coffee shop in the act of taking
over marked notes.
Wong was convicted in Johore
under the Emergency Regulations
and sentenced to death. He was
hanged on September 9, after his
appeal had been heard and dis-
missed.
Johore's Elections
The principal of racial repre-
sentation is emphatically rejected
in a report on popular elections
in.the State of Johore.
The report which was drawn up
by a Select Committee of six,
working under the chairmanship
of the British Adviser in Johore,
Mr. J. D. Hodgkinson, said that
it would be a grave mistake to
allow the idea to be introduced
into elections for the Johore
Council of State.
The Committee also considered
that if it is necessary to create-by
some means a balance on the
Council it would be far better to
do so by retaining a provision for
nominating unofficial members. '
The "Singapore Standard'.'
described the Committee's rehom-
mendation as "revolutionary" and
notes with approval that the Com-
mittee has quoted a sentence from
the Soulbury Report on Ceylon
which reads: "We therefore re-
ject any propsal calculated to rep-
inforce the communal' basis of
election and we prefer to' develop
the territorial method."
The newspaper added that it is
particularly encouraging that this
vote against communal repre-
sentation should have come from
a. Committee having a Malay
majority since the Malays had
previously been the most, ardent
exponents of communal ,repre-
sentation.
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
THE ORIENT
Chinese investments in - Philippines
Retail business in the Philip-
pines is predominated by Chinese
merchants. Because of their firm
entrenchment in this branch of
trade, they are generally identi-
fied with the distribution end of
private enterprise rather than with
the production side. This is, how-
ever, a wrong conception.
Even before a flight of capital
to the Philippines from the China
mainland as a result of the col-
lapse of the Chinese Nationalist
Government and the ascendancy
to power of the People's Central
Government, Chinese merchants
have played an important role in
the Philippines' manufacturing in-
dustries.
For some time Chinese traders
have also held a predominating
position in the import and export
field. However, due to creditand
exchange restrictions, they are
today the most affected by these
control.
A number of old established
import-export firms owne&i by
Chinese nationals are closing
down or reducing their scope of
operations. Their traditional
adaptability and resiliency, how-
going out of existence.
MANILA. RUINS
There is little room for further
investment in the import-export
trade in the Philippines. There-
fore, Chinese capital from the
China mainland and elsewhere
from the Asiatic continent will
have to be channelled into the
manufacturing industries
Here, again like in the retail
field, Chinese initiative and enter-
prise may eventually predominate.
The Chinese were among the
first to replace Manila's ruins with
new buildings. Chinatown I; was
among the first areas to be re-
built. In other ways, by their re-
sourcefulness and enterprise, they
have contibuted immensely to the
rehabilitation of Manila after the
end of the war.
. Many. Chinese manufacturers
and exporters have also played an
important part in saving and earn-
ing hard currency. for the Philip-
pines. One of the biggest cocoa-
nut oil industries, the Lu Yu and
Lu Du Company, is owned by a
Chinese. industrialist, and the Sun
Ripe Cocoanut Products Company,
which produces and exports' de-
Capital from Asiatic mainland is now being
channelled into the manufacturing industries;
exchange restrictions adversely affect import-export
business.
siccated cocoanut is also owned
and operated by Chinese national.
There are also the Central
Vegetable Oil Company and the
International Oil Factory which
produce cocoanut oil for export
and for the making of lard for
domestic consumption and export.
Mr. Peter Lim operates one of
the oldest established and biggest
tobacco factories which turns out
cigarettes and cigars. In recogni-
tion of his enterprise and leader-
ship in the tobacco manufacturing
field he had been selected as "The
Tobacco Manufacturer of 1949"
by the Philippines Business
Writers Association.
Mr. Henry Wong, Hong owns
the Manila-Cosmos Aerated Water
Factory. He has also established
a branch of his bottling industry
in Hong Kong. The Avenue
Aerated Water factory is also
owned by a Chinese national.
In the sawmill and general
lumber field there are also Chinese
companies. They include Dee C.
Chuan and Sons, Dy Pac and
Sons, the Go Tau Company and
Vincente Gotamco G Hermanos.
One of Manila's biggest
foundries is owned and operated
by the President of, the Philip-
pines Chinese General Chamber of
Commerce, Mr. Sy En, and in the
distillery field there are the La
Tondefia Company, Lim Tua Com-
pany, the Gonzalo G. Hoc Com-
pany and the La Verdad Com-
pany, all owned by Chinese.
Chinese traders control an es-
timated 90 per cent of Manila's
rattan and wood furniture mak-
ing business. They also operate
some of the leading confection-
ery, cake and biscuit factories.
There is M. Y. San Factory with
branches in Hong Kong.
At the time- of writing, a
Chinese factory is being organised
for the manufacture of aluminum
products.
In addition to these big indus-
tries, Chinese nationals are also
concerned in home or cottage in-
dustries such as foundry and
machinery tools, umbrellas, rattan.
furniture, shirts, handbags, bed-
ding and mattresses.
Chinese capital continues to
lead in new partnership firms. In
1948,_162 of the business partner-
ships registered were Chinese
owned with a total paid up
capital of P10,545,850; 107 were
Filipino companies with a com-
bined capital of P3,400,638; and
nine were American with a total
capital of only P335,500.
In 1949, 116 additional Chinese
partnership firms were registered
with a combined paid up capital
of P8,650,470; Filipino firms in-
creased by 105 with a combined
capital of P3,566,530; and Ameri-
can companies by 10 with a total
capital of P1,287,500.
Mr. B. Ronquillo, a Manila
economic writer commenting on
Chinese businessmen said: "The
Chinese who have come to Manila
to set up manufacturing enter-
prises or who have gone into pro-
duction are here to stay. Their
forefathers had been here long
before the Americans or even the
Spaniards set foot on Philippine
soil.
"Many of them have raised
their families here with some
marrying into Filipino families.
They have considered the Philip-
pines as their home and in their
own way have contributed to the
building of its economy.
"A powerful factor in Chinese
business and a potent influence in
the local business community as
a whole is the Chinese Chamber
of Commerce. It has probably a
larger membership in Manila than
any other trade body.
"It has dedicated itself pri-
marily to the promotion of Philip-
pine-Chinese relationship and
hopes to play the role of
strengthening the bonds among
the various communities in Manila
and in the country as a whole."
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
THE CONTROL 0'F' THOUGHT IN CHINA
By Y. C. Wang, B.Sc. (Econ.) 'Cond.
There are always fundamental
assumptions underlying any kind
of political system. In a demo-
cracy, the chief assumption is the
right to -disagree. This is clearly
illustrated when an eminent
statesman said: "I do not believe
a word of what you said, but I
will fight to death for your right
of saying it."
In a totalitarian regime, the
assumption is that one and only
one creed is correct and all others
are. heresies, which,. if allowed to
develop, would gravely endanger
the existence of the state. On
this, and on this only, can in-
tolerance be justified. Thus the
difference between democracy and
totalitarianism is clear-cut and
belies easily those who accept the
creed but refuse the name.
It follows also that the main-
tenance of a totalitarian regime
depends fundamentally on the
control thought. If the official
creed is seriously challenged there
will be no raison d'etre for the
regime and it is bound to fall
sooner or later. Compared to
this, material weapons of what-
ever nature are less important,
for they can kill but cannot
change people's minds. This being
so, the question of how the
thought is controlled is well worth
the attention of either friends or
foes.
Despite their professed material-
ism, the communists have always
fully grasped the significance of
this problem. Party-members are
being incessantly indoctrinated
even at the hey-day of their
political fortune, and the public
of the `liberated' areas are being
taken. They have spared no
effort-by words and by promises
-to lure back the large number
of rich and . influential Chinese
now in voluntary exile in Hong
Kong, Macao, and other regions
outside China, for it is on the
conversion of the people that the
stability of the new regime de-
pends. I shall, however, deal
more with the party-members and
their followers as the methods
used are more thorough and only
different in degree from those
used for the public.
To begin with, membership of
the party. is very. strict. The
official stipulations are: .
1. Manual labourers, city-
destitute, poor and employee-
farmers, soldiers of the rank of
privates. Memberships for these
people will be granted at the end
of 6 months' probational period if
the applicants are: a) recommend-
ed by two party-members; b)
agreed to at the plenary session
of local party-members; c) ap-
proved by district commissars.
2. Middle-class peasants, white-
collared class, people of know-
ledge and/or of free profession.
Memberships will be granted at
the end of one year's probational
period if they are: a) recommend-
ed by two members, one of whom
must at least have been in the
party for one year; b) agreed to
at the plenary session of local
members; c) approved by district
commissars.
3. People other than the above.
Memberships will be granted at
the end of two years' probational
period if they are: a) recommend-
ed by two members, one of whom
must at least have been in the
party for three years; b) agreed
to at the plenary session of local
members; c) approved by Hsien
or municipal commissars.
4. Ex-members of other po-
litical parties. Memberships will
be granted at the end of two
years' probational period if
they are: a) recommended by
two members one of whom
must at least have been in the
party for 'three (five in case
of applicants who were responsible
members of other political parties)
years; b) agreed to at the plenary
session of the. local members; c)
approved by provincial (central
in case of applicants who were im-
portant responsible members of
other parties) commissars.
5. Members recommending an
applicant are required to submit
a detailed and truthful report on
his political thought, personal
quality, and previous experiences.
Commissars are required to con-
duct a thorough investigation be-
fore they give their approval.
6. The aim of the probational
period is to enable the prospective
member to. accept elementary
party education and to enable the
party machine to factually
examine his -political quality.
7. Promotion to full member-
ship at the end of the probational
period has to be sanctioned anew
by the plenary session and the
commissars in charge. The latter
are empowered to extend' or
shorten the probational period, or
to cancel the probational member-
ship if so deemed fit.
It will be readily seen that the
conditions are not only strict but
discriminative. Poverity is a vir-
tue, for best chance is given to
the destitute. This is attributable
less to the class-feeling of the
party than to the salient fact that
poverty in money means poverty
in knowledge (at least in a coun-
try where there is no free and
compulsory education) and the
least instructed minds are the best
targets for indoctrination.
They can offer no resistance and
roots well planted certainly stay.
This accounts for the absolute
obedience and the fanatic belief
which distinguish sharply the com-
munists from members of other
creeds. The member-list is a top
secret but it was authoritatively
stated not long ago that the total
number is only a little over
4,000,000. The figure is small in
the circumstances and does not
constitute an index of their
strength. By keeping the mem-
bership difficult, the party also
achieves a secondary purpose of
giving it high vanity - value.
Neither vanity nor hero-worship is
wiped out among the. ardent
materialists.
There is 'a number of auxiliary
organisations attached to the
party. The most notable is the
New Democratic Principle's Youth
Corps. Admittance to these or-
ganisations is less strict and
serves as a consolation prize or a
stepping-stone to the membership
of the party.
EASILY CHECKED
From the above it is clear that
the rank and file of the Liberation
Army are mostly not party-mem-
bers. However intensity of in-
doctrination is the same for them
all. As soon as a person joins
the Army, he has no more liberty
of his own. He must first submit
a list of his personal belongings
so that any future addition result-
ing from corruption could be
easily checked.
Boarding, lodging, clothing,
etc., - are `provided for but no
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
salary is paid. No one should
live on another; therefore there is
no question of family burden.
Henceforth he will live a com-
pletely communal life, and nearly
all his time will be spent in study-
ing-groups, meetings, and confer-
ences.
The particular purpose of the
studying-groups is to acquaint
the disciples with the theories of
Marx-Lenin, teachings of Mao
Tse-tung, policies of the govern-
ment, official utterances of 'great
and minor leaders of the party,
newspapers' editorials, etc. There
is a great volume of textbooks
ranging in standard from the
three-worded sentences to the
advanced new version of Marxist
doctrine translated from the Rus-
sian language.
The thesis in the main runs as
follows: The great majority of
the world population belongs to
the proletariat. Capitalism in
placing the control of vital fac-
tors of production in the hands
of a few is necessarily the evil
and is doomed to fiasco in accor-
dance with Marx's analysis and
forecast. In the meanwhile, peo-
ple are great and their interest
must come first in all matters.
Communist Party is the vanguard
of the people, for them and by
them.
Since every person in his senses
must bow to the will of the peo-
ple, he therefore owes allegiance
and absolute obedience to the
party. The governments of Bri-
tain, and the United States are in
the hands of capitalists and there-
fore imperialistic. Stalin is the
only leader of mankind. There-
fore we must obey him and be
deadly against the Ather two
nations with their puppet-satelites,
such as the Philippines, India, In-
donesia, etc.
The whole argument sounds
logical and cuts deep into the
minds of the unsophisticated. In
newly `liberated' cities, the army
men are often asked awkward
questions and told some uuhappy
truth, but to no avail. Anything
contrary to this thesis must be a
downright lie!
The meetings and conferences
are of more various nature. They
are convened to hear lectures of
party leaders, to discuss how to
carry out in practice orders from
above, to pronounce and to hear
frank repentances of past crimes,
to criticise or self-criticise mis-
demeanors, to state and discuss
mental and physical sufferences in
the Army, etc.
The last two. are deemed ex-
tremely important, for the one is
THE ORIENT
a sign of real democracy and the
other by giving ventilation to
sufferences either ends in con-
solidation of belief through per-
suasion, or serves as a danger
sign to the authorities. In latter
cases, which are few in number,
the members concerned ' could
always be transferred-sometimes
to unknown destinations. Each
and every one is encouraged to be
active. Silence is considered to
be a sign of shaken belief and
speech-delivering is compulsory at
times.
The "Ta Kung Pao" in Tientsin
once revealed that as a result of
statistics taken, a certain per-
son was found to have attended
21 meetings in 10 days. The
Communists seem to accomplish
marvels with their time, for the
meetings are always very long!
Apart from the above, there
are also training centres, Revolu-
tion Universities, and Military &
Political Universities. The first
two are chiefly for ex-civil ser-
vants under KMT regime. The
training is of the most rigorous
kind. Students- sent in are re-
quired to do hard-labour-picking
of firewood, fertilising of farms,
carrying of water-buckets, etc.
Besides these, they are required
to get into the habit of self-
critising and publicly repenting
their past mistakes. While such
institutions are generally referred
to as `concentration camps' by
foreign observers, the students do
graduate after a few months bar-
ring recalcitrance on their part.
The Military & Political Univer-
sities are institutes for advanced
Army workers.
The party-members are cau-
tioned against numerous specific
mistakes-dogmatism, empiricism,
unitarism, cliquism, etc. Evident-
ly the only right course lies in
obedience to the central organ. A
public repentance generally suffi-
ces to erase mistakes of no con-
sequences. In other cases, the
member concerned will be sent to
industrial plants, battle fronts, or
unknown places to `learn anew.'
A well-known writer was con-
demned in this way for the unpar-
donable mistake of attacking Rus-
sia's policy in Manchuria. To
avoid such tendencies, disciplinary
movement is launched from time
to time, which means rescrutiny
of all the members and followers.
Amusements of the Army per-
sonnel are provided by the
Literary-Group in each Army
Corps. There are theatrical
operatic and musical performan-
ces, all based on compositions
specially written for the purpose
of indoctrination. Wall-gazettes,
folk songs and dance are the
other convenient means of com-
bining amusement with ex-
pediency. Questions of heart can
be discussed but marriage before
revolution seems to be a mistake
of order.
For a betrothed to carry out
his intention, he has to pass the
standard of `Two - Five - Eight-
Regiment', which, translated into
King's English, means 25
years of age, eight years'
standing with the Army, and the
rank of regimental commander.
Only under such conditions can be
marry with tranquility, for the
people as represented in the party
will then pay for the up-keep of
the family.
One of the main teachings of
the party is that the Army is to
save the people and the world;
but not to benefit themselves.
Hence all appointments must come
from above and no personal soli-
citude can be entertained. Any-
body who makes a complaint of
his work is liable to get into dis-
favour, since it is a definite sign
of his weakened devotion to the
cause of the people.
On the other hand, those who
are obedient and diligent are
often conferred the titles of
`heroes'. It seems a great honour
for Mao Tse-tung himself, who is
worshipped like a God and dis-
played as an all-round genius
second to Stalin, is only the No.
2 hero of the world. Denial of
the embellishments of life, is in-
deed useful to drive men along
their destiny.
The contents of the communist
newspapers can be divided into 4
categories: 1) official speeches, 2)
minutes of official meetings, 3)
stories purported to be written by
workers and peasants to describe
how they suffered under the reac-
tionaries and how happy and com-
fortable they are now, 4) eulogies
of Russia, introductions of its
new accomplishments, and grate-
ful remarks of its help to China.
Even the military successes of
the communists are reported only
belatedly as news of secondary
importance. What a difference
between these newspapers and
their counterparts in Hong Kong
where competition has changed
the whole picture?
Under the circumstances it is a
great compliment to the com-
munist authorities that short-wave
listening-in is still allowed. Per-
haps the generosity will remain as
long as the party is on its upward
trend.
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2
CO6
'C' 04
Next 167 Page(s) In Document Denied
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/01: CIA-RDP80-00926AO03200030003-2