RECONSTRUCTION OF EUROPE

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP08C01297R000400260004-8
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 71
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 21, 2012
• Sequence Number: 4
• Content Type: MISC

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A L L R I G H T S R E S E R V E D
BY ZACHODNIA AGENCJA PRASOWA
C O V E R D E S I G N E D B Y:
JERZY STANISZKIS AND CZESLAW WIELHORSKI
*
GRAPHICALLY ELABORATED BY:
JERZY HRYNIEWIECKI, JERZY STANISZKIS
AND CZESLAW WIELHORSKI
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RECONSTRUCTION OF EUROPE
POLAND
ZACHODNIA AGENCJA PRASOWA
}'O/N ~\
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The life of Europe today is governed by one postulate. From under the
influence of this factor none of the states and none of the nations of the con-
tinent can escape or withdraw. All forces must be put into operation in ser-
vice of the task of an economical and social rebuilding of Europe. It is par-
ticularily important for the proper organising of such a reconstruction to bring
forward and to promote in devastated Europe all creative possibilities of la-
hour and not to leave any dead or inactive zones.
Disturbances of the present economic state of Europe are caused by two
factors. The first one - distinctly noticeable - is the result of terrific war
destruction which covered nearly the whole of Europe. In order to understand
the second factor, it is necessary to proceed to a more detailed analysis of con-
ditions as created by the erroneous political and economical decisions of the
Versailles Treaty, which found their expression in the establishment of boun-
daries.
Poland - devastated and depopulated during the German occupation, was
sentenced by the agressors to liquidation and extermination. Now she has
begun the task of reconstruction with an energy which hardly could have
been exracted after all the hardships and misery she went through. The most
prominent factor which called to life this surprising energy of the Polish
people was the Recovered Territories. Plunged in devastation but abounding
in potential possibilities of labour and productive power, those territories
became the main rebuilding area of Poland. As a result these provinces,
which after the end of the war were a dead desert of ?burned out soil", today
are already working for the economy of Poland and Europe, supplying as im-
portant products as coal and food not to mention other branches of production.
Most important conditions for an economical reconstruction were successfully
created: an extensive settling process was carried out and the devastated
communication system was rebuilt. In addition to the above it should be
taken into consideration that only now the Recovered Territories are starting
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to recover all the productive capacity and power, offered by the natural re-
sources of this part of our country. Whilst united with Germany these re-
sources formed a colonial reserve, which did not participate in the econo-
mical life of Europe. Germany, drawing everything out of her production
centres in the West and in Saxony could afford the luxury of maintaining
this colonial reserve - a fact unheard of from the point of view of European
interest. It was indeed symbolic to speak of the river Odra as a ?steppe-
river". As to Poland, these territories are the starting point which enables
the country to undertake a remodelling of the political and social structure:
from a rather agricultural state into an industrial-agricultural one. In this
way their role of a reservate came once and for ever to an end. The
potential state of natural resources in now changing into direct exploitation
and this is opening to Poland the possibility of an absolute increase of pro-
duction in comparison with the pre-war state of affairs.
This is the big part which the Recovered Territories, as a part of the Polish
state, might play in the task of rebuilding Europe. And this is also the main
meaning of the importance of the modification performed today in the chap-
ters of the Versailles Treaty instead of tearing, the Potsdam decision is lin-
king in a natural way the economic areas of the Odra district with the eco-
nomical organism of Poland. A new building is slowly arising in this part of
the continent, the great work of economical and social reconstruction of
a sector of Europe, and this time the problem was solved in a logical and
right way.
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Nazi Germany is doomed. The German people will only make the cost
of their defeat heavier to themselves by attempting to continue a hopeless
resistance."
It is our inflexible purpose to destroy German militarism and Nazism and
to ensure that Germany will never again be able to disturb the peace of the
world."
,,We are determined to disarm and disband all German armed forces; break
up for all time the German General Staff that has repeatedly contrived the
resurgence of German militarism; remove or destroy all German military
equipment; eliminate of control all German industry that could be used for
military production; bring all war criminals to just and swift punishment and
exact reparation in kind for the destruction wrought by the Germans; wipe
out the Nazi party, Nazi laws, organisations and institutions, remove all Nazi
and militarist influences from public office and from the cultural and ecoonmic
life of the German people; and take in harmony such other measures in Ger-
many as may be necessary to the future peace and safety of the world. It is
not our pupose to destroy the people of Germany, but only when Nazism and
militarism have been extirpated, will there be hope for a decent life for Ger-
mans, and place for them in the comity of nations."
,,The three Heads of Government consider that the eastern frontier of Poland
should follow the Curzon line with digressions from it in some regions of five
to eight kilometres in favour of Poland. They recognise that Poland must
receive substancial accessions of territory in the North and West. They feel
that the opinion of the new Polish Provisional Government of National Unity
should be sought in due course on the extent of these accessions and that the
final delimitation of the western frontier of Poland should thereafter await
the Peace Conference."
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Before Poland became the Slav state extending farthest eastward over
1000 years of bitter fights had to pass.
A look at a historical map is sufficient to ascertain the fact that is mediae-
val times the Slavs were occupying territories due East of the rivers Laba
and Sola. These rivers during the Charlemagne epoch determined the borders
of purely German soil.
The collapse of Charlemagne' s monarchy not only did not check the con-
quests, but on the contrary, the German Empire with still greater vehemence
started to widen its territories towards the East achieving this at the cost of
the Slav tribes, which had occupied them for centuries. Such conquests were
facilitated by the fact that Slav tribes settled between the rivers Laba, Sola
and Odra did not create any proper form of independent states and were not
christened, thus giving the German Emperors and excellent excuse for armed
intervention. In this way the Laba Slavs had to yield to violence and force.
When the Germans in their progress towards the East reached the Polish
and Czech frontiers, they were stopped for the first time. Realising the dan-
gerous threat the first historical rulers of Poland - Mieszko I and Boleslaw
the Brave - succeeded in creating a protective wall along the rivers Odra
and Nissa at the break of the X and XI centuries.
So long as the Laba Slavs were backed by the Polish state they could defend
themselves against the Germans flood, but after the death of Boleslaw the
Brave, this support was lost and they had to suffer extermination and de-
struction.
This rebuilding work is now performed by Poland. Her task of bringing
back to life the Recovered Territories is the subject of the pages which
follow. Poland's share is a tremendous one and worthy of the common aim
of rebuilding Europe and the peace.
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GERMAN ATLAS:
?KARTEN UND SKIZZEN AUS DER GESCHICHTE DES MITTELALTERS ' (?MAPS AND
SKETCHES CONCERNING THE HISTORY OF MIDDLE AGES") PROF. DR. EDWARD ROTETR
SLAV TERRITORIES -- YEAR 1000 - FRONTIER OF BOLESLAV TIiE BRAVE.
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After a terrible war, overcome by an united effort of the whole world,
Germany today is submitting a conception of a ?just" Polish-German frontier.
During a period of 1000 years of Polish-German neighbourship this frontier
was subject to many changes. Although this changes always took place at
the cost of a loss of Polish territories, according to the German point of view
each frontier was ?wronging them", and for a period of 1000 years they were
always claiming the necessity of a frontier revision.
In 1018 Boleslaw the Brave after three wars with Henry II Emperor
of Germany united the Western Slavs under his sceptre. The Budziszyn Peace
determined a frontier which was running due East of the river Odra.
In 1136 Boleslaw Krzywousty united all the Polish tribes. The rivers Odra
and Nissa were the Polish frontier. The Laba Slavs found themselves under
German domination
In 1370 the Teutonic Knights ruled in Pomerania and Prussia. West Pomera-
nia was a vassal state of the Emperor. Brandenburg was occupied. Silesia,
divided into small duchies, became a vassal country of the Czech kings of the
German dynasty of Luxembourg. Wladyslaw Lokietek and Kazimierz the
Great again united Poland, but at the cost of the loss of Silesia, the Lubush
district and Pomerania.
In 1525 Poland defeated the Teutonic Knights. Pomerania and Warmia
returned to Poland. The last High Master of The Order - Albrecht Hohen-
zollern - became a vassal of the Polish King and the Duke of Prussia.
In 1795 the partition of Poland took place. The river Niemen, Bug and
Zbrucz became the frontiers of Germany. Poland ceased to exist as an
independent state.
In 1918 the Versailles Treaty gave back to Poland only a part of her old
provinces, leaving the rest under German rule.
In 1939 Hitler's armed forces overran Poland and in the East the old Frede-
rician border came into existence again.
The Potsdam decision settled the western frontier of Poland as it has been
in the year 1100. Poland was given back territories which were the cradle
of the Polish state. We returned from where we were expelled by force
through the German conception of a ?just eastern frontier".
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,,D R A N G N A C H O S T E N"
Through the entire German history, like a red thread winds the idea of
a conquest of the East. Epochs, dynasties and rulers changed, new systems
and ideologies were adopted, yet still unchanged and everlasting remained
the idea of the conquest of the East and the mastership over Eastern Terri-
tories disregarding the means and ways of achieving this aim. In the service
of this insane idea the robber-knights, the monk and missionary, the merchant
and the peasant stood up in unity attracted by the image of new gains and
new territories robbed from the conquered Slav landlord.
In the German expansion towards the East exact periods can be defined
which differ only in the means and ways of action. Whilst during the earliest
periods the pressure towards the East was carried out by the Germans through
armed assaults in order to liquidate the remnants of still independent and free
Slav tribes, already in the early mediaeval period the methods of peaceful
penetration was adopted.
A political instrument of great importance and range, results of which are
reaching our times, was the extensive activity of the merchants whose tracts
lead far towards the East, especially towards the Baltic Sea. The coalition
of towns known under the name of ,the Hansa" in which Germans were
playing the main part became a mighty political weapon cleverly used by
the German state.
The mediaeval colonising system known under the term of ?colonisation on
bases of the German law", although of minor range, was another form of
peaceful penetration of German elements into Eastern Europe.
The history of the Knights of the Cross Order is another episode in the
German ,Drang nach Osten". This Order was not only an incarnation of the
German idea of bloody conquests but at the same time was creating a base
for the new Prussian state which had in the future to pay such a fatal role
in the history not only of Germany itself but also in the history of Europe
and the whole world.
In recent times (in the XVIIIth century) a new epoch of political and econo-
mic pressure towards the East was starting. The partition of Poland on one
hand and the colonisation of remote eastern territories on the other hand
became a new link in the realisation of the eastern plan.
With exactness and precision Germany started her task of germanising
those territories which she annexed after the partition of Poland. The ,Frede-
rician colonisation" in the XVIII century, ,The Colonisation Commission",
,,The Hakata", ,Kulturkampf" in the XIX century - all these were inseparable
elements of the Polish-German relations.
The entire policy of Hitler's Germany was nothing less than a realisation
of the traditions of centuries and a basically unchanged political line.
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y - TEUTONIC KNIGHT
- BRANDENBURG lb - THE HABSBURGS
4- HANSA
l -- PRUSSIA
+ - GERMAN EMPIRE
4 - THIRD REICH
Did the Germans achieve their aim of germanising the East? In 1930 a pro-
minent German scientist and one of the most devoted adherents of the ideology
of the ,Drang nach Osten" stated with a bitter feeling of regret:
...The task (of help to the East) is a tremendous one... If it will not be
achieved... our grand-sons will witness the river Laba to became again
the eastern border of our country. Poland shall penetrate and possess
the territories east of the river Laba... and 1000 years of German history
shall be wasted". (W. Volz, ,Die Ostdeutsche Wirtschaft", page 104).
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Attempts of Boleslaw the Brave to unite all the Slavs with the Polish
nation in order to face the German expansion created a reaction which under-
mined and finally destroyed his great kingdom.
Despite Poland's glory in the beginning of the XIIIth century, the Germans
in our rear started a political conquest of the unconsolidated Baltic nations,
like the Prussians, the Latvians and the Estonians.
After the conquest of East Prussia was achieved by the Teutonic Knights
Order, out of this comfortable base they started to enforce upon the Poles
a territorial union with the eastern March of the Reich - Brandenburg.
In the beginning of the XIV century due to a concentric German pressure
we lost Pomerania for the first time. The Polish kingdom, cut off from the sea,
was liable to a simultaneous assault from the North and the West - from
Klajpeda to the Silesian frontier. Slowly but systematically this pressure cut
its way through into the heart of Poland, along both sides of the Vistula.
When the German dynasty had to give up the throne of the Czechs a new
encirclement of Poland from the South started. The strategic plan of destroying
Poland in 1331 was setting as a meeting spot the very heart of Polish soil -
the Kalisz district. One of the armies came through the Sodet Pass and Silesia
and poured into Poland whilst another army fought its way through Bydgoszcz
towards the left bank of the Vistula. The left arm of this pincer movement
did not succeed in closing and during the retreat from Kalisz the Teutonic
Knights suffered a heavy defeat in the battle of Plowce.
But the fight was going on and in the course of it Poland had to give up
Silesia, although the union with Lithuania and Ruthenia brought as a result
the defeat of the German Order in the battle of Grunwald in 1410.
The power of the new Prussian state was slowly but steadily gaining in
strength and from the very beginning the new state started by means of
diplomacy or war to accomplish the task of uniting the main Brandenburg
territory with the enclave of East Prussia.
In 1772 the Prussian state finally achieved the first partition of Poland and
took hold of Polish Pomerania. In 1795 all Polish territories became the booty
of two German states: Prussia and Austria.
After the first world-war the restoring of Poland did not coincide with
a liquidation of East Prussia. Once again the ?corridor" came into existence
and once again the strategic bases on the right bank of the Odra river were
a threat to our possibilities of defense. On the 1st September, 1939, using
the 900 years old and well known tracks, the five German armies attacked
Poland out from the old cradle of the Teutonic Knights through the corridor
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TRACKS OF THE GERMAN INVASIONS
XIV-TH CENTURY,
THE LUXEMBURGS AND THE TEUTONIC
KNIGHTS.
XV-TH CENTURY,
BRANDENBURG AND THE TEUTONIC
KNIGHTS.
XVI-TH CENTURY,
BRANDENBURG AND THE TEUTONIC
KNIGHTS.
XX-TH CENTURY,
THIRD REICH.
and along the left bank of the Vistula, from Silesia through Czechoslovakia
and the Slovak state. Armed forces from East Prussia and those from the right
bank of the Odra river met in the very heart of Poland with armies which
started their assault from the southern mountain passes.
Never can this happen again and it never will.
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G E R M A N B A S E S O F A D V A N C E
4
The Versailles Treaty granted Germany the permission to maintain an
army of 100.000 men. This army consisted of 7 infantry and 3 cavalry divi-
sions of which 6 divisions were located in the East. The infantry divisions
were dispersed as follows: in Prussia (Konigsberg), in Pomerania (Stettin), in
Silesia and in Brandenburg; the cavalry units were stationed in Prussia and
Silesia. Few years after the first World War the Germans were preparing
already for another war against Poland and that it had to be a war of agres-
sion is easily proved by plans of the German High Command and General
Staff.
As soon as the reorganisation of the German army was completed by Hitler,
the garisons in the east of Germany were increased. The Reichswehr divisions
became corps. In peace time in East Prussia were 4 infantry divisions and
one cavalry brigade, in Pomerania 3 infantry divisions, in the Lubusz area
1 infantry and 2 fortress divisions (the fortified Steinberg line), and in Silesia
there were 3 infantry divisions. Beside this dispersed over the whole terri-
tory were armed an air-force units.
An interesting moment in these preparations was the creation of four re-
serve commands of corps in Pila, Walcz, Slupsk and Wroclaw, which bore
numbers of former imperial corps. These units were stationed on territories
recognised by the Versailles Treaty as Polish territories. When the Septem-
ber campaign was over these reserve units were transfered to Poland and
became new corps. The ?symbol" turned into reality in another bloody war.
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D uring the last war Poland lost 6.028 thousand of her citizens. A particu-
larly severe blow was the loss from the ranks of the Polish inteligentsia,
amongst others: 5.610 lawyers acting in Polish courts of justice, 10.500 doc-
tors, dentists and people serving in the welfare activity, 794 professors of
universities and scientific associations, approx. 5.700 teachers of high schools
and professional schools, 9.000 officers, over 3.000 priests (catholic and pro-
testant), 455 musicians and actors, 15.000 people from the railway services,
the post service, insurance companies, technicians and officials.
Material losses amounted to:
damage to capital invested in estates . . . . . . . . $ 2.495.974.235,10
taken from the production and services during the Ger-
man occupation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1.078.904.991,95
Indirect losses including the cost of rebuilding, loss in production inflicted
due to damage immediately after the war, loss in surplus production due to
loss of human lives and invalidship and decrease in efficiency of labour and
capital interests in the post war period gives a total of $ 6.827.697.262,48.
Finally, sharing the task of stabilising the bases of a world peace, Poland
ceded in the East:
Poland resigned
Gained
Difference
Territory
69.866 mil
38.986 mil.
30.880 mil.
Populating capacity
12.000.000 mil.
8.200.000 mil.
3.800.000 mil.
Agriculture land
25.947.458,68 acres
14.826.822,71 acres
11.119.500 acres
Woods
10.131.100 acres
5.683.300 acres
4.447.800 acres
Apart from this Poland had to cede oil fields, calcium salts, basalts and
newly discovered coal mines in the Sokal district.
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P O L A N D S U F F E R E D G R E A T L O S S E S
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THE FRONT STABILISED ON THE ODRA
During their retreat behind the Oder line the Germans behaved towards
monuments of the Polish ancient culture in the most brutal way. Nearly all
the towns were burnt during the German retreat. Old quarters of the towns
which were built under the rule of the dukes fron the Piast dynasty were
destroyed by fire. What did not perish in the flames was mined and blown
up by the Germans.
Frontal fights did the rest and as a result Poland took over the Western
Territories in a state of vast destruction. Out of 4 million inhabitable apart-
ments only 1.427.000 - i. e. 35?/o - remained intact. The destruction of hou-
ses amounted to 65?/o and of public buildings to a still higher percentage.
The industry was 70?/o destroyed. The main bulk of destruction was in the
synthetic fuel production (1000/0), coal-products (95?/o), artificial fertilizers,
zinc and glass production (900/0), stone and lime mines, production of ma-
chines and fashioning machines (80?/o).
Railways were 58,2?/o destroyed. From a total of 6.653,33 mil. of railway
lines 4.699.648 mil. were destroyed. Railway bridges were demolished 58,2?/o.
From a total of 60.620 r. m. of other bridges 33.555 r. m. were destroyed. 50?/o
of railway buildings were blown up or burned out.
25?/0 of the hard-surface main roads were destroyed.
The country-side was deprived of live-stock. The few farms which suc-
ceeded to evade destruction were poor, the rest suffered severe damage.
14?/0 of the existing farms were destroyed 15-40?/0, over 40?/o destruction
suffered further 11?/0 of farms.
In this way Poland took over the Recovered Territories in a state of ruin
and devastation.
The new life had to start with the rebuilding of all branches of economic
life. The Polish nation started this task with zeal and energy, as here is the
land of its fathers and its future.
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Oc OQ
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? ZNI3ZCZONE MIASTA
ZNISZCZONE TORY KOLEIOWE
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D ue to the fact that the Germans carried out their programme of biological
extermination of Polish people in a most consistent way, losses in human life
amount to 22,2?/o of the entire Polish population in 1939. In penal or concen-
tration camps aimed for extermination, during the liquidation of the ghetto,
the pacification activity in the country in public executions as well as due
to overwork, sufferings and misery approx. 5.384.000 persons found their death.
Beside losses in human life which together with losses inflicted by hostili-
ties amount to 6.028.000, due to a conscious occupation policy, the war became
the cause of a considerable decrease in the birth rate, which in comparison
with 1939 figures amounted to 1.215.000. Overall it gives a total loss of
7.250.000 persons in the biological potential of the nation, which means approx.
30?/0 of the present population figures.
Difficult war circumstances also increased the death rate from 13?/0 to 180/0,
in case of babies from 10,9?/o to 26,5?/0.
Polish losses on the fighting - fronts amounted only to 123.000 -- 0,5?/o
of the total population figure which in comparison with losses inflicted by the
extermination activity of the Germans, is the best proof of German guilt and
responsibility, the more if we take into consideration that German losses
caused to the German population by bombing and front casualties amount
only to 5?/o of the 1939 population figures. But this was the German aim: to
achieve a biological destruction of the Polish nation.
German hopes. and plans happily did not work out. On territories consisting
of a part of Poland today, in 1938 - 29.600.000 persons were living. At present
there are only 24 million settlers but this figure is liable to increase very
soon. It must be taken into consideration that 300.000 Poles will return from
Germany, another 100.000 from other western countries, 574.000 from the
U. S. R. R. and 300.000 German citizens of Polish origin should come back
from Germany and the U. S. R. R. (now being prisoners of war as former
members of the Wehrmacht). Beside this out of 800.000 pre-war Polish
emigrants to France, Belgium and Germany approx. 400.000 will return to their
home country, which gives a total of 25.674.000 persons.
This is our starting figure which begins the march towards a new and better
future.
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GERMANS POLES
SOLDIER'S FIGURE = 100.000 FALLEN SOLDIER'S FIGURE = 100.000 FALLEN
ON THE FRONT. ON THE FRONT.
CIVIL PERSON'S FIGURE = 100.000 KILLED CIVIL PERSON'S FIGURE = LOSSES AT-
BY THE BOMBS. TAINED OWING TO THE CONCENTRATION
CAMPS.
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The Polish authorities taking over the Recovered Territories had to cope
with the question of a nearly complete devastation. An idea of this destruction
is given in the comparative table of devastation on the Recovered Territories
and the rest of the rest of the country:
Total number
of farming
estates
Total number
of municip.
real estates
destroyed
or damaged
The total amount of losses in dollars amounts for farm- and municipal
buildings to:
Old Territories . . . . 1.195.734 dollars
Recovered Territories . . 1.092.079 ?
Total . . 2.287.813 dollars
The above figure does not include buildings of the communication system,
military and industrial buildings.
Total
number
of farms
destroyed
or damaged
Total of
losses
in thousands
dollars
Buildings
destroyed
or damaged
in m3
Total ?/o of
destruction
compared
with
the amount
of farms
Total figure
of losses
in thousands
dollars
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D uring the last century a constant and numerous withdrawal of the popu-
lation from the eastern territories of Germany was taking place. Two factors
were simultaneously co-acting in this phenomenon, namely:
an emigration to foreign countries, and
a dislocation of human groups towards the West of Germany to towns
and industry.
This movement of the population towards the West was caused by a change
in the social structure and the economic conditions of these territories. The
phenomenon known as ,the flight from the East" (Ostflucht) or ?flight from
land" (Landflucht) was - so to say - nothing else than the sympton of a slow
deterioration and dying out of these areas of Germany:
Influx - (plus)
Withdrawal - (minus)
Influx - (plus)
Withdrawal - (minus)
of the population
of the population
in thousands
in thousands
1840---51
plus
146,8
1861-70
minus
431,1
1871-80
minus
547,6
1881-90
minus
1170,6
1851-60
minus
70,9
1891-1900
minus
928,4
1900-10
minus
842,9
1910-25
minus
85,9
1925-33
minus
325,7
1933-39
minus
207,9
Adding losses inflicted by the withdrawal of the population as result we are
obtaining a considerable figure which in less than a century (1852-1939)
amounted to 4,7 million persons. At the same time on the Recovered Terri-
tories which consisted then of the eastern parts of Germany, the same figure
amount to 2,8 million persons, that means nearly 70% peasants of this area.
The table below illustrates in approx figures the withdrawal of the popu-
lation from,particular territories:
Thousands
of persons
1910-1939
Regeneration
Thousands
of persons
1910-1939
Krdlewiec
+ 6,3
Koszalin . . . . .
- 70,0
Gqbin
- 81,8
Frankfurt . . . . .
+ 4,1
Olsztyn
- 121,3
Pila . . . . . .
48,6
Gdansk
Wroclaw . . . . .
- 121,0
Kwidzyri
- 28,1
Opole
158,8
Szczecin
+ 23,4
Lignica . . . . . .
33,8
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~WRpp~ J~ ~
A
,~.J~~
Therefore in the middle of the XIX century the quota of country and town
population of this area was 3: 1 (more exactly 77 : 23). After 90 years had
passed (in 1939) the figures changed into 1 : 1 (52 : 48).
This withdrawal of German country population even a long time before the
war was placing the agriculture of the Recovered Territories in a very difficult
situation forcing the latter to turn to hired labour of Polish seasonal-workers.
During the period 1900-1937 the figures for Polish workers on Recovered
Territories amounted in some years to 800.000.
The Potsdam decision was a just and reasonable act. Germany lost farming
land which the Germans did not want or could not cultivate themselves. Since
then the former farm-worker, a Pole who for years was cultivating this soil
as hired labour, now started to cultivate the land as its owner and on his
account.
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POLAND-GERMANY: POPULATION STRUCTURE
In spite of the escape of German people from the eastern territories, one
of Hitlers main slogans was the famous ?Volk ohne Raum", a nation deprived
of living space.
Was the Third Reich really overpopulated? In 1939 the density of popula-
tion in Germany amounted to 148 inhabitants to the sq. km. (371 to 1 sq. mile).
At present the figures for the Reich are 171 to the sq. km. The population
density on territories adjudicated to Poland in Potsdam and including the
industrial area of Upper Silesia was approx. 159 inhabitants to the sq. km.,
which is a characteristically low rate as the real figure is only 50 inhabitants
to the sq. km. The same rate for the whole of Poland amounted to 92 inhabi-
tants, in the central Voievodshpis - 110, in the Silesia Voievodship - 299,
and in the Krakow Voievodship - 131.
Industrial countries like Germany can and should afford to have more in-
habitants per 1 sq. km. than agricultural ones. In Germany only 20,91/0 of the
population were farmers, in Poland - 60,9?/o and in the Netherlands - 20,6?/o.
In Germany there were 0,47 inhabitants to the hectare of farming land, in the
whole of Poland - 0,56 and in the overpopulated central areas - 1,56. So it
was not Germany but Poland who was overpopulated. The best proof of it is
the regular season-emigration to Germany in search of farmwork. This emi-
gration reached the figure of 800.000 persons yearly. The German East was
depopulating at a fast rate.
The high birth rate in Poland increasing from year to year was another
factor which caused the overpopulating of our countryside. In the period
1932-1938 this increase amounted to a 12?/o average of the whole population,
in towns - 3.2?/0. This unusual high birth rate in the country and in towns
was causing further trouble to our demographic structure.
In Germany in spite of all efforts Hitler did not succeed in increasing the
birth rate over 7,3?/0 (in 1939 - 3,5?/o). It should be added that the death rate
in Poland was 14?/o whilst in Germany it amounted only to 11,6?/0.
German scientists realised only too well what a demographic catastrophe
was threatening Germany. In 1939 a prominent German demograph prof. Burg-
dorfer in his publication ,Zuriick aum Agrarstaat" stated that the year 1945
should become a turning point and after this critical date a steady decrease
of population figures would take place in the Reich. According to his
expectations the population of Germany would decrease at the following rate:
in 1945 . . . . . 67.000.000 inhabitants
in 1960 . . . . . 65.000.000 inhabitants
in 1975 . . . . . 60.000.000 inhabitants.
The war has speeded up this process.
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BLACK COLOUR GERMANY 1939
GREEN COLOUR - POLAND 1939
ONE SYMBOL - 2 MILION INHABITANTS
UPPER ROW - POPULATION OF VILLAGES
LOWER ROW - POPULATION OF TOWNS
THE BLACK LINE REPRESENTS THE CHANGES IN POPULATION STRUCTURE OF GERMANY
AND POLAND IN CONNECTION WITH CHANGES OF FRONTIERS
POLAND HAS LOST 11 MILION OF INHABITANTS (2 MILION OF URBAN POPULATION)
RECEIVING PLACE FOR 8 MILION INHABITANTS (6 MILION OF URBAN POPULATION)
In the course of change in population standards caused by the war through
repatriation of Germans from Czechoslovakia (2,4 mill.), from Poland (approx.
3,6 mill.) and war losses in human life (approx. 3,5 mill.) the population
density of Germany should increase approx. 100/o and reach the figure of about
188 inhabitants to the sq. km. But it can be expected that a slow but steady
decrease will take place in the future.
The high level of German industry and an agricultural reform shall facilitate
the dislocation and transfers of the population. But if the calculations of
prof. Burgdorfer, Sauermann and others are correct, a further considerable
decrease in population figures and the density to the hectare of farming land
can be expected in the future.
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As a rule after each military conquest in the East, a wave of German
colonists poured over the new territories populated by Poles. Those colonists
were backed in everything by their Prussian state yet did not succeed in
ejecting the Polish population from the land.
When in the XIX-th century a strong wave of national feeling was rising,
the German policy attacked with all her might the Polish minority which -
although oppressed and deprived of rights - stubbornly stuck to the soil
of their fathers. Bismarck started a cultural fight against the Polish language
and the church, and finally a new law was issued which expelled the Poles
from their land. A new period of extensive German colonisation was started
but without greater success. Soon the Polish peasant not only was given back
what he lost but very often could increase his possession.
The ?democratic" character of the Weimar Government did not interfere
with the Bismarck policy, but the peak of German chauvinism was reached
by Hitler's Germany. The new inheritance law and the prohibition of stay
in the frontier zone for Poles was undermining the economical bases of Polish
life. Mass reprisals for speaking Polish and finally murders and concentration
camps were aimed at a biological extermination of Poles.
The Polish population, for centuries settled on these territories, suffered
great losses, was decimated, but in spite of all held on to the homes of their
fathers.
When the front moved ahead the German population was in havoc with-
drawing from territories where they never did feel at home. The Soviet and
Polish troops in their advance were greeted and cheered everywhere by Poles
who, after being for centuries under foreign rule and torn away from their
mother country, were bearing up against odds and did not forget their language
nor abandoned their fathers' faith.
The Polish authorities started immediately the task of granting Polish
citizenship to persons of Polish origin. As result of the verification operations
Opole Silesia . . . . . . . . .
850.000 Poles
Warmia and Mazury . . . . .
117.000 Poles
Gdansk and district .
25.000 Poles
in Szczecin Voievodship
24.000 Poles
in Wroclaw Voievodship
15.000 Poles
in the Lubusz District
6.000 Poles
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A
?886
The verification process is not yet finished, but even now the fact of the
existence of such a great number of Poles after centuries of extermination is
amazing and remarkable and testifies of the vitality of Polish elements in the
Recovered Territories, which always were and never ceased to be Polish.
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At the moment when the Recovered Territories were taken over by Polish
authorities, over a million persons of Polish origin was settled there. Since
March, 1945, an unbroken tide of repatriants and settlers, Poles, started to pour
towards the West, reaching in the last months of 1946 a total of approx.
3,5 million persons. The average increase amounted to 162.000 monthly.
This figure would have been undoubtedly much higher, but only in January,
1945, an agreement with the authorities of the British occupation zone in
Germany based on the Potsdam decisions and laying out the repatriation rates
for Germans, was concluded. Therefore a regulated and organised immigration
process was started only in February, 1946, reaching a total of 1.500.000 Polish
settlers. During earlier periods - till February, 1946 - in course of a spon-
taneous immigration, over 2 million Poles poured into the Recovered
Territories.
The following table illustrates the increase of the Polish population in the
Recovered Territories:
May 1945 . . . 1.000.000 purely Polish inhabitants
14. Feb. 1946 . . . 2.800.000
15. Nov. 1946 . . . 4.237.000
1. Dec. 1946 . . . 4.392.000 ?
1. Jan. 1947 . . . 4.474.000
Amongst the repatriated Polish citizens now settled in the Recovered Terri-
tories, the main part consists of elements which arrived from the East
(1.400.000) the rest are persons repatriated from the West.
It ought to be mentioned that the majority of those repatriated from the
East are peasants who often bring with them their live-stock, implements and
tools which greatly facilitate the possibility of restoring agricultural life of
the land on which they were settled.
The figure of 4.5 million Poles who settled on the Recovered Territories is
a considerable achievement but by no means is the limit of our possibilities.
Approximately 2 million persons from the overpopulated central parts of
Poland shall be transferred to the Recovered Territories. A further 1.600.000
Poles are expected to return from abroad. In this way in course of the
rebuilding activity on the Recovered Territories this part of Poland shall
receive the same number of population as existed there in 1939 when they
were intact. The speed at which the populating of the Recovered Territories
is being carried out dispite the difficult post-war conditions, is the best test
and guarantee that Poland's frontiers on the Odra and Nissa Luzycka are
inviolable.
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During hostilities as a result of evacuation and repatriation approx. 88?/0
of the German population left the Recovered Territories. In this way the
demographic problem on these territories was basically solved by the Germans
themselves.
From a total of approx. 3,5 million Germans still residing in these territories
after they were taken over by the Polish administration by Feb. 1946, nearly
1,5 million of Germans had willingly left for the West. In frame of an organised
deportation to Germany according to the Potsdam agreement and the decision
of the Supreme Council for Germany dated 20 Nov. 1945, 1.602 thousand
Germans left the Recovered Territories.
The decision forming a legal basis for the repatriation stated: ,The entire
German population due to be transferred from Poland (3.500.000) shall he
received by the British zone (1.500.000), and the Soviet zone (2.000.000) of
occupied Germany". This decision was based on the agreement of the Potsdam
Conference which was considering a ?resettlement to Germany of the German
population and the elements thereof still remaining in Poland".
The human procedure of the carrying out of the above repatriation to the
British zone was layed out by a special agreement between the Polish
Government and the British authorities, co-acting in the repatriation scheme.
The Germans are handed over at several points: in Silesia and in Pomerania
to British authorities who are organising their further transport. From the
moment of their departure the repatriated are provided with food and supplies
for the journey according to norms layed out for the Polish population and
medical treatment is being provided for them. The British authorities emphasi-
zed often the human way of the repatriation methods. One cannot help to
think of the deportation of Poles from territories annexed in 1939 to the Reich...
The repatriation was carried out as follows:
14 Feb. 1946
the German population of the Recovered Territories amounted to 2.076.000
1 Jul. 1946
the German population of the Recovered Territories amounted to " 1.307.000
1 Oct. 1946
the German population of the Recovered Territories amounted to 787.000
1 Jan. 1947
the German population of the Recovered Territories amounted to 474.000
The still remaining amount will be repatriated during 1947 and at present
amounts to 101/0 of the population of the Recovered Territories.
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THE RECOVERED TERRITORIES FREE OF GERMANS
The final removing of Germans creates the possibility of settling an accor-
ding amount of Poles on these territories. During 1947 when the repatriation
of the German population shall come to an end the total amount of Poles on
the Recovered Territories will be approx. 6 million.
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T O W N S ARE A L R E A D Y P O L I S H
In 1939 the population of towns amounted in the Recovered Territories to
3.767.413, but in 1945 they were depopulated as the inhabitants in view of the
approaching front line left their homes built on robbed Polish territory and
fled to the mother-country behind the Laba river. E. g. in Stettin where the
figure of the pre-war population was 268.421 in May, 1946, were only 6.000
inhabitants of German nationality, as the population willingly was leaving
our Recovered Territories.
Their place was taken by the Polish population which faced ruined and
devastated towns. The first task and the chief condition of populating those
towns became the problem of rebuilding destroyed and damaged flats and
houses.
According to statistics on the 1-st Sept. 1946, the Polish population of the
towns on Recovered Territories amounted already to 1.845.958, nearly 500/0
of pre-war figures. The inhabitants of towns were occupying 1.427.000 rooms
in comparison with 4 million rooms in 1939. The density of population norms
is in this way much higher than before the war. In the greatest cities of the
Recovered Territories the figures of inhabitants pro room are:
1939
1946
Wroclaw (Breslau)
0,98
1,3
Szczecin (Stettin)
1,0
1,3
Gliwice (Gleiwitz)
1,2
1,2
Zabrze (Hindenburg)
1,3
1,3
Bytom (Beuthen)
1,3
1,4
The population of the towns is increasing with the rebuilding and as a rule
the number of inhabitants is increased first and the new-commers are re-
building their new homes. The speed at which the population of towns is in-
creasing is particularily noticeable for Stettin where the figure of Polish inha-
bitants in Nov., 1946, was 110.000 persons.
The example of Stettin is as characteristic for other towns of the Recovered
Territories. It is the Poles who are rebuilding them and Poles are popula-
ting them.
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The German authorities started in 1939 to deplace from territories, annexed
directly to the Reich, all the Polish population. At the same time Germans
from the Baltic states, Volynien, the Chelm district and the East of Galicia
were ?imported". Thus till 15-th October, 1940 - i. e. during a period of
18 months - 146.700 were transferred and the Germans propaganda claimed
to have achieved a major success. In later periods the total amounted to
over a million, but through the whole period of the war only 150.000 Germans
from the Reich settled on Polish soil. In spite of all efforts of the German
propaganda the German people were most unwilling to move to the new
?German Lebensraum".
When in February, 1945, the front was moving towards the Recovered Terri-
tories, the German population on their own accord were leaving their homes
and fleeing to the interior of the Reich. Only one quarter of former German
inhabitants remained on the spot. The abandoned areas soon were filling up
with Poles coming from the central parts of the country and at later periods
from territories which in accordance with the Yalta agreement were ceded
to the U. S. R. R. After a period of 18 months the Polish population of the
Recovered Territories reached the figure of 4.392.000 inhabitants. This great
success has its origins in the fact that:
1. to the Recovered Territories was arriving the Polish population from
areas of Poland ceded to the U. S. R. R.;
2. the Polish country-side was overpopulated;
3. Polish towns and villages suffered great destruction during the war.
Polish population on the Recovered Territories can be divided in the follo-
wing groups, according to the place of their origin:
a) the native Polish population (autochtones),
b) settlers arriving from the central districts,
c) repatriants.
Repatriants from behind the Curzon line are the most numerous group of the
population of the Recovered Territories. This group will still increase as after
the winter is over the repatriation from the U. S. R. R. shall be continued.
The urban population on the Recovered Territories (1.784.500) consists mainly
of the population from destroyed towns of central Poland.
In the country the number of inhabitants amounts to 2.316.000. They were
mostly settlers repatriated from territories taken over by the U. S. R. R. These
settlers brought with them:
76.000 horses, 70.000 pigs,
169.000 cattle, 80.000 goats.
They are now organising their new farms and starting a new life.
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I HUMAN SYMBOL 180.000 PEOPLE
1 BESTIAL SYMBOL = 50.000 HEAD OF LIVE-STOCK
BLACK COLOUR = GERMANS. BROWN COLOUR = POLES.
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LIFE IS STRONGER THAN DEVASTATION
The Polish farmer took over and became settler of 326.000 free farming
estates.
The recalling to life and productive capacity of those farms was a tremen-
dous task, as damage and debris had to be removed, fields cleared from mines
and planted, houses had to be made habitable after they had been taken over
by the Polish peasant.
This was not an easy job. 123.701 farms were devastated:
It was not a safe job either. In the Legnica district alone 30 tractors during
ploughing work were blown up by mines and such accidents are happening
nearly every day on the whole territory.
The clearing of mines had to be performed with the help of the authorities
and the army.
By the end of 1946 saper units and miners checked up
and cleared . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.134.886 mil.
Checked up for the second time . . . . . . . . . 27.020.000 mil.
Demining and checking up of roads . . . . . . . . 57.841.776 mil.
Demining and checking up of railways . . . . . . 4.756.195 mil.
Demining and checking up of bridges . . . . . . . 1.546.665 mil.
Destroyed mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.890.657 pcs.
Destroyed amunition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.881.696 pcs.
Still undestroyed mines . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.750.000 pcs.
Still undestroyed shells . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.500.000 pcs.
Amongst these dangerous works is growing the new, exuberant Polish life.-
stronger than devastation.
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449 701
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The Recovered Territories constitute 32?/o of the entire Polish territory. They
are giving shelter to approx. 30?/o of the Polish population. Poland deprived
of her Recovered Territories would become a political organism similar to
the one, which was created in 1807 by the Tilsit Treaty under the name of
,,The Warsaw Duchy". Forced into such frontiers Poland would be in a state
of overpopulation and poverty, unable to exist and to be a useful factor of
stabilisation of this part of Europe.
In spite of all destruction inflicted during the war, the share of the Recovered
Territories in the economical life of Poland in 1949 is shown in the following
table:
The whole
of Poland
Recovered
Territories
The share of
Recov. Terr.
in ?/o
Coal
80.000
27.000
340/0
Coke
1.500
510
341/0
Pig-iron
1.300
326
25?/o
Superphosphate
400
95
240/o
Timber and wood industry
90
40
44?/0
An average of 40-50?/0 of
the entire Polish productive capacity
can be
figures
established for the Recovered Territories. The importance of these
in the economical life of Poland cannot be denied nor underrated.
The Recovered Territories were 22% of the entire German state but were
inhabited only by 11,8?/o of the German population. Their productive power
in 1939 amounted to approx. 10?/o of the entire German industrial output giving
work to only 9?/o of people employed in the industry. The power production
of these territories amounted to only 6,31)/o and load-circles to only 79/o of the
German potential.
It must be remembered that the above percentage applies to a period when
the German Reich was already using an autarchtic economy system in pre-
paring for war, f. e. at the time when results were adequate to capital invested
with an aim to achieve a definite purpose. Nor should it be forgotten that
this percentage applies to the Recovered Territories before their devastation.
To Germany these territories had the meaning of an important base of their
imperial policy towards neighbouring states in the East. They were also
a territorial backing for Prussia and the Prussian Junkers, today for new
Germany they are superfluous.
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'seF,.. ..?...
eei8:89i:ei:ee'
:c::ieiee8i8i8eE'sBiiEieeeee:::~
...............
z6i'seee999e3::::::::::::?
N"
it
INDUSTRY OF THE RECOVERED TERRITORIES
WITHIN GERMANY WITHIN POLAND
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Although the German propaganda was insisting that the Recovered Terri-
tories were Germany's granary, it can be easily pointed out that in accor-
dance with German specifications this statement was not true. Refering to the
opinion of the German scientist Volz, the above slogan can be looked upon
as politically and economically fantastic.
A considerable disproportion exists between the range of territories, ceded
to Poland, (101.000 sq. km. = 21?/o of pre-war German territory), and their
importance to the problem of supplying central and west Germany. Export
surplus of the territories amounted to:
grain 325.000 t. equal 3,2?/o of the supply quota of the whole of Germany
potatoes 670.000 t. equal 2,5?/o of the supply quota of the whole of Germany
pigs 900.000 t. equal 4,5?/o of the supply quota of the whole of Germany
cattle 200.000 t. equal 1,5?/o of the supply quota of the whole of Germany
(the above figures are extracted from statements refering to the years 1927
and 1928 when crops were extremely good).
The phenomenon of such a low degree in the share of supplying Germany
and the total of Germany's possibilities can be explained by the following
reasons:
a) the soil of the Recovered Territories was much poorer than the average
German standard,
b) atmospheric conditions were more difficult,
c) the great percentage of woods and fallow land,
d) a lower cultivation standard and therefore worse crops,
e) the underpopulating of the country-side that e. g. in 1932 did not permit
cultivation of 150.000 ha of farming land in the frontier zone (Grenzmark),
f) the so called ,Ostflucht - Landflucht" - an escape of German farmers
towards the West,
g) difficulties in selling crops of these territories in the rest of Germany,
h) in view of the abundance of produced wares and great distances, central
and western Germany - being rather selfsupporting in the production
of potatoes and grain - preferred to cover the supplies deficit with
a cheap sea-import from overseas than to support the agriculture of the
Recovered Territories.
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rHE RECOVERED TERRITORIES WERE NOT
...nur ein reIatib befcijeibener Inteil bed lift=
Cicfjen Ueberfctjuffe.~ finbet s?.Cbfat im RteicC (oft
f ogar $u bDUig un3ureidjenben .3reif en) unb ein
grojer Zeil bWeibt unbertoertet.
,, ie Zftbeutfc e Virtidjaft"
$rof. Zr. U. 3ot6
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Those who did believe that Poland would succeed in rebuilding and mana-
ging the Recovered Territories used to call the latter ?A Great Experiment'.
But although on all sectors of this task the Poles had to overcome innumer-
able and tremendous difficulties, they proved that in solving problems of
organising their economical life they are not inferior to other nations who
suffered much less destruction and losses. The same applies to all branches
of our industry which are showing an uninterrupted increase. The above
can be proved by figures:
Mines of brown coal which at the time of German retreat had been flooded
now are being rebuilt.
Coal output was recently stabilised at the average rate of 4,5 million tons
monthly.
Extraction
in 1946
Extraction
rate at the
end of 1946
Extraction
expected
in 1947
Pre-war Polish coal mines
32,8
37,4
37,8
Opole Silesia district
11,6
14,5
16,2
Lower Silesia district
2,9
3,1
3,5
Total 'output 47,3 55,0 57,5
These good results were achieved also in another branch of the most
important economical sector - in smelting works:
Productive capacity of Polish smelting-works in tons.
after the realisa-
whilst taken
over in 1945
at present
tion of the
3-years plan
in 1947
Coke production
1.100.000
1.100.000
1.500.000
Smelting-works
400.000
850.000
1.300.000
Steel-works
1.500.000
1.500.000
2.000.000
Rolling-mills
550.000
800.000
1.500.000
The uninterrupted output increase is the best guarantee that the Polish
nation shall succeed in rebuilding their devastated country and overcoming all
post-war difficulties.
The Recovered Territories are for Poland a creative and fully exploited
element, the profits thereof being enjoyed not only by Poland but by the
whole of Europe.
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METALLURGY:
PIG-IRON, COKE, STEEL.
COAL PRODUCTION,
301/e THE RECOVERED
TERRITORIES,
70?/e THE REST OF POLAND.
11
Ca
v v~ .r v
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3.200.000 HECTARES C U L T I V ATE D
In the course of the 1946/47 farming. period the Polish farmer will cultivate
at least 3.200.000 ha, i. e. over 2/3 of the arable land of the Recovered Terri-
tories. These figures can be better understood when considered with respect
to conditions in which they were achieved.
The Germans removed from these territories the entire live-stock. House-
hold equipment and tools were in a state of destruction or devastation.
123.795 farm-cottages suffered destruction or damage amounting to the value
of 910,3 million pre-war Zlotys. The percentage of destruction amounts to
27,5?/o of the total number of farm buildings. Therefore the Polish state had
to face tremendous difficulties in the task of restoration in the most unfa-
vourable circumstances. Similar difficulties had to be overcome by the far-
mers who settled here after their arrival from former Polish eastern territo-
ries and the central districts of Poland. The results achieved are the proof
of Polish heroism, labour and strain.
The solving of the population problem was by no means the limit of the
task of restoring normal life in the Recovered Territories. The settlers were
in bad need of inventory. The following is a table illustrating difficulties
which still are to be overcome:
1939 1946 (Dec.)
860.000 horses 230.000 horses
3.920.000 cattle 470.000 cattle
From the above figures settlers who arrived from territories ceded by Po-
land to the U. S. R. R. brought with them:
75.911 horses
168.903 cattle
and from U. N. R. R. A. supplies amounting to 79.458 were allocated.
In Spring 1945 a total of 832.000 hectares was cultivated leaving 3.811.000
fallows. During 1945/46 a total of 1.360.000 hectares was cultivated with only
3.282.000 fallows. In Automn 1946/47 1.628.856 hectares of land was ploughed
and 1.231.228 hectares sown, which together with field work during the Spring
gives a total of 3.200.000 hectares of cultivated land.
During the farming season 1947/48 a total of 4.200.000 hectares is expected
to be cultivated and no fallow land should be left.
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GREEN COLOUR - CULTIVATED AREAS
BLACK COLOUR - FALLOWS
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C 0 A L F 0 R E U R 0 P E
The following table illustrates last year's results of Polish coal campaign
as well as some pre-war figures concerning results of the coal-regions, now
belonging to Poland. 1929 is especially emphasized as the top year in their
coal production. 1933 represents the extraction in the years of economic cri-
sis. 1938 can be taken as a basis for comparison, being the last pre-war year,
in which the coal industry developed almost in full its possibilities in view
of the approaching war.
Collieries of the region:
in millions of tons:
1929
1933
1938
1946
Poland within the 1938 boundaries . . .
46,2
27,3
38,1
32,8
Opole Silesia . . . . . . . . . . .
22,0
15,6
26,0
11,6
Lower Silesia (Walbrzych) . . . . . .
6,1
4,4
5,3
2,9
Total:
74,3
47,3
69,4
47,3
The table demonstrates that the 1946 extraction equals that of 1933.
The
year 1933 was a year of crisis. Nevertheless, the average extraction for 1929
and 1933 amounts to 60,8 million tons.
Polish mining is already approaching that average , 1946 yearly results are
as follows (December extraction being taken as a basis for the yearly
estimate) :
1938
in millions
1946
in millions
of tons:
o/?
of tons:
0/,
Poland
within the 1938 boundaries . .
38,1
100
37,4
98
Opole
Silesia . . . . . . . . . .
26,0
100
14,5
56
Lower
Silesia (Walbrzych) . . . . .
5,3
100
3,1
58
Total: 69,4 100 55,0 79
This table demonstrates the dynamism of rehabilitation of production in
the respective coal basis.
Polish coal production within the 1938 boundaries already attained pre-war
figures. Those results were due to a large increase of efficiency. In April,
1945, the general capacity amounted to 486 kg for head of miner, and in terms
of underground crew, 1043 kg. Up to September, 1946, the capacity increased
to 1053 kg and 1580 kg respectively.
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AUSTRIA
BULGARIA
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
DENMARK
FINLAND
FRANCE
YUGOSLAVIA
NORWAY
ROUMANIA
SWITZERLAND
SWEDEN
HUNGARY
ITALY
U. S. S. R.
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The entire water sys.~m of the river Odra amounts to a total of
118.611 sq. km. of which 105.000 sq. km. - i. e. 89?/o - is inside the Polish
borders. Similarly almost the entire river basin of the Vistula, over
198.000 sq. km., is in Polish hands. It can be said without exaggeration that
on the banks of the Vistula and Odra lies the whole of Poland.
The Odra has particularly developed the right affluents their river basins
being 70,4?/o of the entire river system. The most important place is alloted to
the river Warta as her water system is directly linkgd with the Vistula basin
thorough the river Notec, the Bydgoszcz canal and the river Ner. Whilst it
is rather difficult to determinate the demarcation line between the Vistula
and the Odra, on the left side the demarcation line is clearly noticeable and
runs directly due west of the Odra and the Nissa Luzycka.
In view of this geographical configuration the Odra in the German water-
system during the period 1919-1939 was supplying only a part of its basin.
The great economical importance of the river Odra arises from the
fact that she supplies a cheap and comfortable water-route for the industry
of Upper Silesia, the agriculture of the Poznan Region and Lower Silesia, and
gives possibilities of transit from Czechoslovakia to Szczecin as well as being
a link between the Danube and the Baltic.
At the time when the Odra was,taken over by Poland the following transport
stock was available there: 6 tug-boats and 30 barges instead of 600 tug-boats
and 2.500 barges used on the river in 1939. All harbour and port facilities
were destroyed and submerged boats were stopping any traffic. In 1946 a total
of 70 barges was made serviceable and 11 tug-boats repaired.
In 1947 when the sailing season starts, Poland will be in a position to under-
take the transport of 60.000 tons of coal monthly on 200 barges which will
supply ores for Silesia on their journey back.
The Three Year Plan in reference to the Odra includes investments of
a value of 5 billion Zlotys value during the period 1947-1949. 615 barges of
a total tonnage 217.000 tons will be raised from the bottom of the river and
made serviceable. Another 203 barges - total tonnage 101.000 t. - will be
supplied by the home industry. Poland intends also to purchase abroad 134
barges of 500 tons each and tug-boats totalling 20.000 HP. Another 57 tug-
boats will be repaired at home. The capacity of water-reservoirs will be
increased by 1949 to a total of 338 million cub. m.
The realisation of this programme of reconstruction will put Poland in
a position to use the Odra as a transport route for 2,5 million tons of coal
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and 1,8 million of ores. The export and import from Silesia, instead of being
directed to Gdansk and Gdynia by land-routes - will be despatched by
natural water routes to Szczecin thus permitting Poland to participate in the
rebuilding task of devastated Europe.
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PORTS IN THE ECONOMY OF POLAND
Pre-war Poland in 1920 found herself in the tragic situation; the only port,
Gdansk, was not in her hands. The construction and immense development
of Gdynia were a logical outcome of the fact that Poland was at this time
placed in the Vistula river-basin and all her greater industrial centres were
located within direct reach of this river, their natural ports being Gdansk and
Gdynia, at the estuary of the Vistula.
The new Polish frontiers brought a change of the economical system. At
present the main industrial centres are located in the Odra basin. The natural
route towards the sea and the world at large now leads along this river and
Szczecin. Today the economical system has changed its pattern and the
greatest industrial and minig centres are located along the mountains.
The ports of Szczecin, Gdansk and Gdynia are supplying Poland with foreign
wares and through these ports her export will be directed. Szczecin might
become the port for mass-products - coal and ore. In 1913 the exchange
of goods in the Szczecin port amounted to 6.296.000 tons, in 1937 - to
8.331.000 tons. In 1947, Poland shall be in a position to export 28 million tons
of coal. One half of this export - 14 million tons - will probably be directed
on sea routes and of this amount 50% through Szczecin. The coal export only
would then equal the pre-war German figures for the exchange of this port,
not taking into consideration the import of ore and other raw materials, the
export of the Lower Silesia district and the provinces of Poznan and
Pomeranie.
In 1938 the turnover figures for Gdansk and Gdynia amounted to 17 million
tons. In 1946 - to 10 million tons. In 1949 - after the three year plan shall
have been carried out, when ports and the industry will be rebuilt, these
figures will exceed pre-war statistics. Ports of the Vistula estuary shall take
over the task of serving the central Polish industrial centres - Lodz and
Warsaw having a rather minor importance.
Polish ports will also be the destination of transit traffic. Comfortable
communication possibilities with the Danube basin and primarily with Czecho-
slovakia in some way are forcing upon Poland the duty to act as intermediary
between her southern neighbours and the world. This task has been taken
into consideration in the three year plan. Polish have to work for the recon-
struction and the welfare of the whole of Europe.
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GDAJ sx It
91.ASK
'St'
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W hen in May, 1945, we received our coast it appeared that years must
pass before we should succeed in making it usuable. The main ports -
Gdansk, Gdynia, Szczecin, Kolobrzeg were stubbornly defended during a long
period by the German army and - according to a personal order of Hitler,
what was not destroyed by normal hostilities - had to be destroyed, burned
out or blown up. Conscious of the fact that they never would return to this
soil, the Germans intended to leave us a desert. And indeed, they did leave
ruins and ashes.
Poland took on the task of reconstruction, as it was one of the most urgent
and most important demands. Ports were the link with the world from where
we could receive help and supplies so indispensable to us. Through our ports
we had to export coal needed badly by devastated Europe. During 1945
Gdynia and Gdansk exported an average of 100.000 tons of coal monthly. Out
of 214 km long coast line of Gdansk and the 11,5 km line of Gdynia in July,
1945, was put in working order `3,8 km in Gdansk and 3,5 km in Gdynia. At
present the figures are 5,6 and 6,3 kms.
From a total of 179 cranes used in 1939 in both the above ports, in February,
1945 none was in working state. In
in July - 49. Another 20 cranes are
in Silesia.
The above figures are a proof of
It should also be emphasized that
state as our ports.
January 1946 already 40 were working,
being refitted and 45 have been ordered
our work and strain at the rebuilding task.
our industry was in a similar devastated
shipping took place. In comparison with the 1945 monthly rate of 100.000 tons
already in January, 1946, 300.000 tons were transschipped, in March -
500.000 tons, in June - 837.700 tons, and in October - 900.000 tons. At
present the yearly average rate amounts to approx. 9 million tons in compa-
rison with 17 million tons in 1939. Taking into consideration the size and
range of destruction we achieved considerably more than could have been
expected.
Destruction in Szczecin port was even greater than that of the Vistula
estuary. Out from the 20 km long wharves, only the stone parts were in
a usable state, but none of the loading facilities. All the 123 cranes were
either damaged or destroyed. Out of the 121.800 sq. m. of store-surface one
half was completely destroyed and all the inner arrangements of the remaining
part. Until now 17,2 km of the wharves with 27 cranes and 24.326 sq. m. stores
has been taken over by Polish authorities.
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U4-
The remaining Polish ports Elblag, Puck, Hel, Leba, Postomin, Ustka and
Kolobrzeg - are mainly fishing harbours and have a rather local importance,
They too suffered great damage and destruction, particularly Kolobrzeg. Their
rebuilding is carried out in parallel with the reorganisation of open-sea
fishing.
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he populating and managing of the Recovered Territories became the
main problem of Polish economy during the last two years. Parallel to social
and economic processes was arising another process; that of uniting the
cultural sector of the Odra dictrict with the mother-land. On these territories
the population was of various social groups, various traditions, customs and
living standards. There were repatriants from behind the Bug, settlers from
overpopulated central districts of Poland and the local Polish population which
succeeded in holding on in spite of German oppression; finally, there were
Poles who during the war spread all over the world.
In this way on the Recovered Territories new community came into
existence, elements there of being backed by the still remaining traces of the
former Polish life and forming the new face of these territories.
A great part in this change is being alloted to schools. Below are figures
which illustrate the present achievements of the educational branch on the
Recovered Territories.
A. Elementary and other schools.
1. Homes for children 139 8.244 children 463 tutors
2. Preparatory schools 1521 58.351 children 1.726 tutors
3. Elementary schools 4592 548.169 pupils 12.192 teachers
4. High schools 210 35.400 pupils 1.467 teachers
5. Professional high schools 165 18.113 pupils 695 teachers
6. Evening schools 1.549 49.431 pupils
B. Universities.
1. University and Politechnical Academy in Wroclaw . . . 7.000 students
2. Politechnical Academy in Gdansk . . . . . . . . . 2.300 students
3. Medical Academy in Gdansk . . . . . . . . . 700 students
4. Politechnical Academy in Gliwice . . . . . . . . . 3.000 students
5. Trade-Academy in Szczecin . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.000 students
6. Engeneering Academy - in organisation state
7. Law and Administration - College in Olsztyn
8. Space-Architecture - College in Wroclaw.
At the end of 1945 in the Recovered Territories 32 newspapers and other
periodicals were being issued. Four broadcasting-stations were set in action,
10 theatres, 86 cinemas, 612 choirs and 65 folks-bands.
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: 01
e.s 771
5JG
V
~:,~nu' 1411 990
J
fit
177.6 1851
FP, III
` li _
~''f 585! 2376
9773 400;1
u;u 1'/.192 9592
?
u ouu
r_
una'1
roi
?
CC 0u ~C
^rCD
-~,~; 759 145
~cw'1 1162 Ifz
t.) iuu 14f,7 7.10
- _
~ uoauun ~
J~Illli'i
~1C!1"
ftiJ
co[co_a
ar,~ Z1 61
374 108
695 165
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A characteristic feature of the geo-economical structure of pre-war
Germany was an obvious contrast between the agricultural and general eco-
nomic level between the central German territories and those beyond the line
of the rivers Odra and Nissa. Territories due east of those rivers were inferior
in each branch of their economical life to the central and western parts of
the Reich, in spite of the fact that they had equally favourable natural possi-
bilities. This state of things was the consequence of the unfavourable location
of the Recovered Territories within the frame of the German geographical
and economical organism. This handicap was the cause of another pheno-
menon: any attempt at selling products of these areas on markets other than
local was as futile as unprofitable because those territories were, so to speak,
peripheral of central markets and were deprived of appropriate and adequate
communication lines. The German population was being supplied by the close
lying productive agricultural and other centres of Brandenburg and Saxony.
Therefore, being cut off from expansion possibilities towards the West and
at the same time checked by tax-barriers in the East and separated from the
natural communication lines in the river-basins of the Vistula and Warta,
the Recovered Territories found themselves in a state of isolation which must
have had a paralysing effect upon their economical development. This was
the reason why they could not develop fully all their possibilities and if they
did not submerge in a state of complete destitution it was only due to the
fact that there existed an exceptional, purely political reason, for intervention
of the central German authorities; this expressed itself in some economical
privileges and in an exceptional financial assistance, although the latter
constituted a deficit in the German balance.
At present, being a part of Poland, these territories have been given a chance
of full and normal development which never before existed. This will grant
them the assurance of full and free expansion to our markets and at the same
time enable them to become not - as it was before - the Cinderella, but
one of the main factors in our economical life; this is the role the Recovered
Territories have to play in the future industrial-agricultural Poland. For the
first time in centuries the economical interest and concern of those provinces
will be the same as that of the whole state and therefore, the whole of Europe
shall receive in the Recovered Territories a new and never before fully
exploited economical factor.
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 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/09/21 :
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T H E R E C O V E RED T E R R I T O R I E S
A
0
FOOD-STUFFS INDUSTRY
TEXTIL INDUSTRY
METALLURGY
CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
POWER PRODUCTION
o?o BUILDING INDUSTRY
4
CLIMATIC CENTRES
OPTICAL
COAL INDUSTRY
METAL INDUSTRY
TIMBER INDUSTRY
RESORTS
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E C 0 N 0 M I C P L A N
The first stage of feverish work on setting in working order the less or
partially destroyed industrial establishments in the Recovered Territories is
already coming to an end.
The Polish nation decided to include in frame of her political economy the
problem of an appropriate linking and exploiting of these territories. An
expression of it is the 3-years investment plan.
The aim of this plan is to create a possibility fully linking into one unity
the already existing production apparatus of the Recovered Territories, and
the apparatus of the rest of Poland. The task of this plan is to start the
building up of a new industry in these territories which in the future would
become the main instrument of the exploitation of all the natural treasures
in which this part of Poland is abundant.
And so the metal-industry, chosen here as example, included as four great
groups:
1. The Vistula estuary district (Gdansk and Elblag),
2. The Wroclaw district,
3. The Szczecin district,
4. The Silesia district of Opole.
In 1939 the factories and works of the Recovered Territories employed
a total of 65.000 workers of which 45.000 were in large and medium esta-
blishments. As a comparison it should be emphasized that the pre-war metal-
industry of Warsaw employed 25.000 workers, i. e. approx. one half of the
above figure for the Recovered Territories.
The industrial Gdansk district ceased almost completely to exist. Both
districts of Wroclaw and Szczecin suffered considerable losses. Almost com-
plete destruction was inflicted on the Warsaw metal-industry which at present
is giving employment to 3.000 workers - i. e. l20/0 of the pre-war figures.
At the cost of over half a billion of Zlotys approx. 70 establishments have
been rebuilt in the Recovered Territories, this includes two rolling-stock
plants in Wroclaw and Zielona Gora.
Production-value increased from 1 million in December, 1945, to 9 million
in August, 1946, which is nearly 30?/0 of the total Polish production. Employ-
ment amounts to over 17.000 workers. But all this is still not compensating
the losses suffered by the Polish metal-industry in Warsaw alone.
The investment plan is alloting for the purpose of restoring the metal-
industry a total of 1,5 billion Zlotys for the Recovered Territories, i. e. 28?/0
of total home expenses. This investment should increase the value of our
production to 27 million Zlotys (pre-war value) equaling 28?/0 of the entire
home production and 50?/o of the Polish pre-war production.
Employment figures in the metal-industry should at the same time increase
to 45.000 people.
Increase of employment for all establishments managed by the Ministry
of Industry should amount to:
in 1946 in 1949
216.000 Poles 312.000 Poles
18.000 Germans 6.000 Germans.
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T H E 3-YEARS E C O N O M I C P L A N
The percentage share of some of the branches of the industry in the Reco-
vered Territories in the Polish industry for the year 1949 is expected to
amount to:
coal production . . . . . . . 34?/0
smelting-works . . . . . . . . 25?/o
railwy-carriages production . . . 84?/o
building materials . . . . . . . 48?/o
cotton wool mat. . . . . . . . 501/o
metal-industry . . . . . . 28?/o
The total share in the Polish production as a whole will amount to 28?/0
in 1949 for the Recovered Territories.
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W R O C L A W
During the last stage of the war Wroclaw suffered great devastation. In
course of the 80 days siege 10.000 hectares of the town territory was almost
completely destroyed and the remaining 7.000 hectares suffered severe de-
vastation.
Approximately 77?/s of buildings were destroyed. Some of the town quarters
were 70% destroyed.
The industry, of which Wroclaw was a great centre, was over 60?/s
destroyed.
Public utility buildings, the town communications and monuments of ancient
architecture were either destroyed or severely damaged.
In spite of such losses and destruction Wroclaw is today inhabited by 186.535
people which amounts to 35?/s of the pre-war population of this town. This
population consists of:
166.629 Poles
and 19.907 Germans.
In the 70 existing industrial establishments of Wroclaw 22.000 persons are
employed.
The National Rolling Stock Works in Wroclaw are employing 4.050 Polish
workers. In January, 1947, the works had an output of 390 railway-lorries. At
the same time they started the production of tenders, locomotives and
passenger-carriages.
Beside the above works of greater industrial objects Wroclaw has: Water-
meter Works and a factory of artificial silk; these establishments employ
a total of 2.000 workers each.
It was extremely important to organise in a town as much destroyed, as
Wroclaw, an appropriate welfare and health service. Therefore, Wroclaw
already at present has 12 hospitals with a total of 2.500 beds and a University
clinic with 300 beds. At the first stage all the hospitals were managed by the
municipal authorities. At present, a considerable number is under the admini-
stration of congregations.
Thanks to the existence of a Municipal Hygiene Institute which recently
was taken over by the Government and at present is carrying on bacterio-
logical researches and the control of supplies and wells, the town is not
threatened with the danger of an epidemic.
In frame of the three year plan all traces of destruction should be removed
as they particulary are making the life of the population most difficult.
A planned reconstruction of the industrial and dwelling districts of the town
will restore to Wroclaw its meaning as the capital of Silesia.
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T
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The population of Stettin amounted in 1939 to 268.000 inhabitants. During
the hostilities the town suffered great damage, caused mainly by two big
allied air-raids in 1944. The German forces during their retreat inflicted further
planned damage in 1945.
On 5-th Aug., 1945, the Soviet authorities handed over the town to Poland.
At this time the figures for Stettin were as follows:
Population Poles Germans
84.600 600 84.000
On 1-st Dec., 1946, the population of the town increased to 89.000. On
1-st July, 1946 the figures amounted already to 101.668 inhabitants, and on
1-st Jan., 1947, they reached a total of 125.997 inhabitants.
At the same time the figures of the Polish and German population of Stettin
changed as follows:
Poles
Germans
1 Dec.
1945
29.000
60.000
1 July
1946
84.926
16.742
1 Jan.
1947
112.221
13.776
Simultaneously with the increase of the population the setting in working
order of the industry and the rebuilding of destroyed cities and towns was
carried out.
A number of houses (living quarters) were rebuilt. Buildings of mediaeval
art were secured or in some cases rebuilt, e. g. the old town hall, the ancient
castle of the dukes of Stettin (Piast dynasty), old churches, ect., etc.
A number of industrial enterprises were set in working order, in the first
place the sugar plant in Gumieniec (a subburb of Stettin). The rebuilding
of the smelting works of Huta Stolczyn are still being carried out and the
same applies to the industrial objects in the harbour area.
The harbour stores were destroyed 50?/o, unloading and reloading arrange-
ments 100?/0. The value of harbour facilities on 1-st Sept., 1939, amounted to
200 million pre-war Zlotys.
The damage of harbour arrangements was on 1-st Sept., 1939, valued to an
amount of 80 million pre-war Zlotys.
In Jan., 1947, a final taking over by Polish authorities of the Stettin harbour
was taking place. Stores of oil-products are already put in action with
a surface amounting to 7.400 m3; further 30.000 m : are being rebuilt.
The three years reconstruction plan includes 3 milliards Zlotys for the
rebuilding of the Stettin harbour.
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E C I N)
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The western and northern frontiers of Poland were settled during the
Potsdam Conference of the Big Three and taking in consideration the opinion
of the Polish Government. The relative extract is as follows;
,,The three heads of the respective Governments are agreeing that before
a final settlement of the Western frontiers of Poland shall take place, former
German territories East of the line running from the Baltic Sea directly West-
wards from Swinoujscie and from here along the river Odra till the spot where
she joins the western Nissa and along the western Nissa to the Czecho-
slovakian frontier and together with this part of East Prussia which is not
included under the administration of the U. S. R. R., according to the arrange-
ment achieved during the above Conference, and including the Free City of
Gdansk shall remain under the administration of Poland and therefore, should
not be considered a part of the Soviet occupation zone of Germany".
An equally important part of the Potsdam agreement concerning the exile
of Germans states:
,,The Conference achieved the following understanding concerning the exile
of Germans from Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary:
The Three Governments after considering all points of view are
expressing their approbation that it is necessary to undertake a resettle-
ment to Germany of the German population or the elements there
of remaining in Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary. They agree upon
it that this resettlement should be carried out in an orderly and human
way. As a great rush into Germany would increase the burden of the
occupation authorities, it is considered that the Allied Control Commis-
sion in Germany should primarily investigate this question, taking in
view in the first place a just distribution of these Germans amongst
the various occupation zones. In accordance with the above they
advise their representatives at the Control Commission to despatch to
their Governments as soon as possible statements of the extent of such
persons from Poland and Czechoslovakia and Hungary returning to Ger-
many and to definite approximately the time and speed at which the
further resettlement could be carried out taking in consideration the
present situation in Germany.-
On this ground and after an acceptation of the resettlement plan of the Ger-
man population by the Allied Control Commission in Germany the Polish
Government in a human and organised way carried out the repatriation of
Germans from Poland.
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The decisions of the Potsdam Conference permitted Poland to settle on these
territories the Polish population evacuated from the lost territories due east
from the Curzon line.
Taking in consideration the above international understanding, Poland
is looking upon the whole of her territories as one unit, defined by frontiers
settled by resolutions of the Three Allied Powers, and in the firm belief that
the adjudication of ?a vast territorial increase in the North and in the West"
is an already accomplished fact, beyond discussion, and only a final delimi-
tation of the frontiers affords a formal sanction at the Peace Conference.
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1. Reconstruction of Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2. Churchill - Roosevelt - Stalin . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3. The Year 1000 - Slavs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4. History of the Polish Western Borders . . . . . . . . . 10
5. ,Drang nach Osten" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
6. Tracks of the German Invasions . . . . . . . . . 14
7. German Bases of Advance . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
8. Poland Suffered Great Losses . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
9. The Front Stabilised on the Odra . . . . . . . . . . . 20
10. Concentration Camps and the Front Break-down of Losses 22
11. War Destruction of the Recovered Territories . . . . . . 24
12. The Germans Did Not Want to Settle In the East . . . . . 26
13. Poland-Germany Population Structure . . . . . . . . . 28
14. A Million Survived . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
15. 4,5 Million Poles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
16. The Recovered Territories Free of Germans . . . . . . . 34
17. Towns Are Already Polish . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
18. Repatriation and Settling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
19. Life Is Stronger than Devastation . . . . . . . . . . . 40
20. Indispensable for Poland - Superfluous for Germany . . . 42
21. The Recovered Territories Were Not Germany's Granary . . 44
22. Production Is Increasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
23. Coal for Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
24. 3.200.000 Hectares Cultivated . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
25. The River Odra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
26. Ports In the Economy of Poland . . . . . . . . . . . 54
27. Ports and the Coasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
28. The Culture-offensive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
29. The Recovered Territories . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
30. The 3-years Economic Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
31. Wroclaw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
32. Stettin (Szczecin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
33. Potsdam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
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