TERRORISM REVIEW

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP87T00685R000200210002-3
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 27
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: July 28, 2011
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: August 26, 1985
• Content Type: REPORT

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Directorate of Secret
Terrorism Review
Secret
GI TR 85-017
26 August 1985
532
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Terrorism Reviewl I 25X1
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3 Highlights
Terrorism Analysis Branch, DI/OGI
GAL: Counterterrorism in Spain
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Terrorism in Europe, 1984/85 (Part II)
21 Chronology of Terrorism-1985
Terrorism Analysis Branch, DI/OGI
This review is published every other week by the Directorate ollntelligence.
Appropriate articles produced by other elements of the CIA as well as by other
agencies of the US Intelligence Community will be considered for publication.
Comments and queries are welcome and may be directed to the Executive Editor
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The Red Army Faction (RAF) attack on Rhein-Main Airbase on 8 August
underscores the group's continuing ability to carry out major operations. The RAF
has recovered completely from the 1982-84 counterterrorist successes against it,
recruiting new members and rebuilding its logistic base during 1984. The group's
history of major attacks in short succession points to another attack in the near
future.
The Rhein-Main attack, which killed two Americans and caused $300,000 in
property damage, was the group's first major operation in six months. Several
innovations employed in the attack may portend an increased threat to US and
NATO interests and reduce the potential for warning of forthcoming RAF
attacks:
? The joint claim of responsibility by the RAF and the French Action Directe
(AD) marked the first time the latter had taken credit for an attack in West
Germany.
? The RAF-AD communique was issued in the name of the "George Jackson
Commando," the first time European terrorists have invoked the name of an
American in one of their claims.
? It marked the first time an RAF communique gave specific support to a local
issue~pposition to the runway expansion at Frankfurt International Airport.
The most disturbing new development in the incident, however, was the possibility
that the RAF was responsible for the murder of a US Army enlisted man the night
before the airbase attack. The soldier's identification card was mailed to Reuter
news service on 13 August wrapped in a copy of the RAF-AD communique. If the
RAF did murder the soldier-an assumption yet to be proved-this would be the
first time the group has done so in preparation for an operation; it would also
represent the first time the RAF has deliberately targeted US enlisted personnel.
In the past, the RAF always stole the vehicles
and license plates used in car bomb attacks. The vehicle used at Rhein-Main,
however, was purchased at an auto fair on 28 July by a woman believed to be a
member of the group's hardcore, and bore license plates fabricated by the group.
In addition, the attack was conducted with homemade explosives, even though the
supply of dynamite stolen from a Belgian quarry in June 1984 is unlikely to have
been exhausted. We are concerned that, should the group no longer use stolen
vehicles, plates, and explosives, we will have lost potentially useful indicators of
impending RAF activity.
1 Secret
G! TR 85-017
26 August 1985
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It is not clear whether the Rhein-Main bombing is a continuation of last winter's
"antiimperialist front" campaign-after asix-month lull~r the start of a new
terrorist offensive. In either case, it was probably not an isolated event, and more
attacks can be expected. In fact, past experience leads us to anticipate another
major strike within the next several weeks. The RAF car bomb attack on
Ramstein Airbase on 31 August 1981 was followed by the attempted assassination
of the US Army Commander in Europe two weeks later. The failed bombing at
Oberammergau last December was followed soon thereafter by the assassination
documents discovered in an RAF safehouse last summer revealed
extensive knowledge of US, NATO, and West German installations.
The RAF is fully capable of conducting more attacks. It has recovered from the
last major West German counterterrorist success-the arrest of six members and
confiscation of numerous planning documents last summer-and apparently was
unharmed by the discovery of another safehouse in July 1985. The RAF appears to
have added a new level of personnel to its action cadres, the "illegal militants," and
to have increased its hardcore membership by recruiting from its support
periphery. the hardcore now numbers at
least 20-eight more than previously believed-some of whom are not known to
West German police. In addition, the group has a large supply of weapons and
explosives and a repository of information on a large number of potential targets.
The RAF apparently views the Rhein-Main bombing as another step in advancing
the "antiimperialist front" proclaimed last January. The RAF's collaborators in
the front-Action Directe and the Belgian Communist Combatant Cells (CCC~
may well attempt their own attacks in the near future as they did in the late
1984~arly 1985 campaign. Such activity could include major bombings or
assassinations, as well as nonlethal property attacks against undefended targets,
such as NATO pipelines, by the terrorist periphery in West Germany.
The Rhein-Main attack indicates that the decision of the RAF leadership to create
a multitiered movement, as outlined in their April 1984 discussion paper, has been
successful. The changes in tactics and operational innovations may have been the
work of new militants in the group who are more confident of their own skills than
of those of the former hardcore. If the RAF did commit the murder of the US
Army enlisted man, it is a particularly ominous development: it would lower the
threshold of target selection and increase substantially the risk to all US military
personnel based in West Germany and Belgium.
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Highlights
damage and only two injuries, ETA will probably continue the attacks at least
ETA Antitourism Campaign Continues
The Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA), while apparently displeased with the
results to date of its summer campaign directed at tourists along Spain's Costa del
Sol, still appears determined to continue its antitourist efforts. Although the low-
level bombings along the beaches that began in May have thus far caused little
through August to gain international publicity for the Basque separatist cause
Dusseldorf, Frankfurt, and Munich.
In June, ETA sent letters to Spanish tourist offices in France and Spain claiming
credit for the attacks and pointing out the risks tourists run while vacationing on
Spain's Mediterranean coast. Similar warning letters were sent to the Lufthansa
Airlines ticket office and several travel agencies in West Berlin on 5 August,
following the injury of two Swedes in a bombing on 1 August. These letters-
which the Spanish police believe to be authentic-warned that the Spanish
Government could not guarantee the safety of foreign visitors and that anyone
connected with travel to Spain would be responsible for any misfortune resulting
from such travel. Identical warning letters were sent to travel agencies in Bonn,
disillusionment with the present political system.
National Revolution: New Group or GAL Splinter?
A previously unknown rightwing group calling itself National Revolution surfaced
on 5 August, claiming aloes-level arson attack two days earlier on the
headquarters of the People's Alliance First Party in Arganzuela. A telephone
caller described National Revolution as a neofascist group responsible for 24
attacks on political parties throughout Spain in the last year. He vowed more
attacks, against people as well as political facilities, because of the group's
Antiterrorist Liberation Group (GAL) earlier the same day.
As promised, National Revolution claimed responsibility for an arson attack
against the Pamplona headquarters of the political arm of the Basque group ETA,
Herri Batasuna (Political Unity), on 17 August. The caller claimed the attack was
in retaliation for the ETA murder of a suspected member of the rightwing
violence.
Self-proclaimed antiterrorist groups-the Anti-ETA Terrorism, the Anti-
communist Apostolic Alliance, and the Spanish Basque Battalion-have appeared
in Spain since 1975. The counterterrorist efforts of the best-known such group,
GAL, have been larger in scope and had more impact in both France and Spain.
Recent press speculation on Spanish Government connections to GAL may have
led to the emergence of this new rightwing group in another attempt to curb ETA
3 Secret
GI TR 85-017
26 August 1985
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six weeks.
Syrians Blame Fatah for Damascus Bombings
On 31 July two satchel charges exploded in downtown Damascus; the first near the
Syrian news agency SANA and the second under a military bus parked at Marjah
Square. Seven people, including the bomber, were killed in the Marjah Square
bombing. These were the latest in a series of sabotage attacks in Syria over the last
Palestinians and tightened security in Damascus.
Morocco-Algeria Algerian-Trained Terrorists Arrested
Moroccan security officials announced that atwo-month investigation had
resulted in the arrest on 8 July of two armed Moroccan nationals for planning to
commit terrorist acts.
following arms and explosives training from Algerian security officers, they were
provided with weapons and money. At least two similar groups were arrested by
Spanish and Moroccan police. Trials are scheduled before the end of August. ~
him with the deputy director.
National Police Indicted in Political Killings
On 1 August, Chief Investigating Judge Jose Canovas issued his long-awaited
report on National Police involvement in the killings of three Communists in late
March. He charged that 14 policemen were involved but claimed that, as a civil
judge, he lacked jurisdiction to prosecute military personnel. Shortly thereafter,
Chilean President Pinochet dismissed the National Police director and replaced
Canovas's charges, which followed on the heels of late July antigovernment
violence, presented the Pinochet regime with its most serious public crisis since late
1984. There is widespread suspicion that the regime is not moving rapidly to
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prosecute those charged in the March killings. Opposition groups are expected to
try to capitalize upon what they perceive to be regime weakness. Recent violence
has included numerous bombings since the car bombing of the US Consulate in
Santiago on 19 July. Since 9 August, there has been a bombing virtually every day
against police stations.
bank.
Continued Urban Terrorism
Sendero Luminoso terrorists conducted several attacks in Lima on the night of
7 August that left the entire metropolitan area without electricity for about two
hours. Among the targets in Lima were a prison, where a car bomb injured three
civilians and one policeman; the City Hall, where police discovered about 40 sticks
of dynamite in a second-floor waiting room; an Aprista Party office; and a state
The 7 August attacks are evidence that, despite recent arrests of Sendero
Luminoso cadre, the group retains the ability to carry out coordinated urban
attacks with relative impunity. Since 1982, Lima has been blacked out 14 times-
the last total blackout occurring on 7 June.
resume the cease-fire negotiations they severed last month.
Guerrilla Group's Strategy
A recent press report indicates that guerrillas of the M-19 organization have sent a
message to President Betancur listing five conditions under which they would
Betancur has ordered the Army to end its encirclement of an M-19
Central African Republic Mobilizing Against Libyan Meddling
Libya appears to be increasing its subversive activity in the Central African
Republic. Fifteen Central Africans-reportedly a dormant support apparatus-
were arrested in early July for conspiring with the Libyan People's Bureau in
increase its official presence.
(similar to those it has with Chad and Cameroon), and denied a Libyan request to
beefed up its counterterrorism capability, discussed closer security ties with Zaire
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Antiterrorist Security Force Created
The National Security Guard (NSG) was created recently to deal with regional
separatist unrest such as the Sikh and Assamese problems, which have proved
difficult to handle in a more conventional manner. It will have four primary
responsibilities: security for the Prime Minister; support to the Army in quelling
serious internal disorder; protection of sensitive government facilities; and
combating external aggression. As of early August, some 3,000 persons, including
two Army generals and 200 other officers, had already been assigned to this unit,
whose planned complement reportedly will total 27,000. The majority of the
NSG's personnel will come from the armed forces, the police, the border security
force, and the central reserve police force.
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in Spain
Since December 1983 the Antiterrorist Liberation
Group (GAL) has targeted members of the Spanish
Basque separatist group Fatherland and Liberty
(ETA),' in southwestern France. GAL activities have
not, however, deterred ETA, which in the spring of
1985 launched an assassination campaign that to date
has claimed the lives of 25 Spanish officials. Recent
press speculation that the Spanish Government is
involved with GAL and the arrests of several GAL
operatives by the French could damage the
counterterrorist cooperation between Spain and
France. If evidence connecting GAL to high-ranking
Spanish officials is made public, some of the waning
public sympathy for ETA in the Basque provinces
may be revived-slowing down the progress the
Gonzalez government has made in resolving the
longstanding Basque terrorist problem.
The Group and Its Activities
The Antiterrorist Liberation Group first claimed
responsibility for an operation in December 1983-
shortly after the Gonzalez government hardened its
attitude toward the Basque terrorist group in the
wake of the particularly senseless kidnaping and
murder of a Spanish Army pharmacist. Although
Gonzalez remained open to behind-the-scenes talks
with ETA, he publicly renewed his vow never to
negotiate with assassins, rebuked the moderate
Basque Nationalist Party's call fora "political
solution" to the terrorist problem, and asserted that
only rigorous police measures could eliminate ETA.
GAL's first publicly claimed act occurred in the
French Basque town of Hendaye, when a Spanish
Basque businessman was kidnaped and held for 10
days. In a communique, GAL announced its
determination to respond "blow for blow" against
ETA, which GAL stated was directed by Spanish
' ETA (short for Euskadi to Askatasuna, or Basque Fatherland and
Liberty) has split into several factions since its emergence in the
late 1950s as a terrorist group composed largely of nationalistic,
anti-Franco students. Today the larger and more militant faction is
the military wing (ETA-M); the smaller and now almost depleted
faction is the political-military wing (ETA-PM)~~
Basque refugees living in France. During the next
three months, GAL assassinated six Spanish Basques
in France. By June 1985, the toll from GAL bombers
and assassins had reached 15 dead and two dozen
wounded.
In May 1985, Spain's leading news magazine,
Cambio 16, reported that the French police and
judiciary believe that GAL grew out of the Spanish
Basque Battalion (BVE),Z a rightwing group founded
during the Franco era. The magazine claimed that
over half of the mercenaries operating in GAL's name
also worked for the BVE. Some of the BVE members
with ties to GAL included:
? Andre Pervins, 49, a naturalized French citizen of
Czechoslovakian birth. Pervins, a much decorated
offiicer in the French Army, had served in
Indochina, Algeria, Zaire, and Angola. Before
entering the BVE, he had worked as a translator
with the Spanish General Security Directorate.
Pervins, who spoke five languages, had a reputation
as an accomplished hitman. He was arrested
following an attempt to assassinate ETA leader
Eugenio Echeveste in March 1981 and died in
prison the following year.
? Jean Pierre Cherid, now deceased, born in Toulouse,
France. A paratrooper sergeant during France's
Algerian war, he later joined the rightwing terrorist
Secret Army Organization (OAS). Condemned by
France to 30 years in prison for these activities,
Cherid escaped to Barcelona, where he collaborated
with the Franco regime. Cherid was killed on 19
March 1984 by a bomb that exploded prematurely.
~ Self-proclaimed antiterrorist groups similar to GAL-the Anti-
ETA Terrorism, the Anti-Communist Apostolic Alliance, and the
Spanish Basque Battalion-appeared in Spain as early as 1975. But
GAL's counterterrorist efforts have been larger in scope and have
had greater impact in both Spain and France than any of the earlier
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G! TR 85-017
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? Jose Maria Boccardo Roman, 29, the son of an
Argentine military dentist. He was forced to leave
Argentina in 1975 because of his involvement with
the murderous rightwing group Argentine
Anticommunist Alliance (AAA).
year later by the Spanish police for transporting
illegal weapons. In March 1977,
According to the Cambio 16 article, GAL originally
had two components-one directed by a French
gangster, Gilbert Perret, and the other by Jean Pierre
Cherid and an Italian ultrarightist, Mario Vannoli.
The Cherid/Vannoli group furnished the explosives
experts, and the Perret group-mostly common
criminals from the Marseilles and Bordeaux
underworld-the triggermen. The article asserts that
the two groups of gunmen have operated for the past
eight years. In the late 1970s, during the time of the
Central Democratic Union government, the attacks
were claimed in the name of the Spanish Basque
Battalion, but now they are claimed in the name of
the Antiterrorist Liberation Group.
After GAL's initial successes against ETA, the group
began to run into difficulties. The Cambio 16 article
stated that unidentified members of GAL revealed to
reporters that Jean Pierre Cherid's death was a
turning point for the group. Cherid apparently had
provided GAL with a central leadership, although
several semiautonomous operational commands had
operated in the French Basque country. Each
command was provided with a list of 10 to 20
terrorists within a designated territory whom they
were to track down and eliminate. After Cherid's
death, however, GAL attackers apparently began
killing persons not on the lists and not necessarily
involved with ETA. In November 1984, for example,
GAL gunmen assassinated Dr. Santi Brouard, who-
although aleading member of Herri Batasuna
(Popular Unity), the political arm of ETA-M-was
not personally involved in terrorism. Since 1983,
French police have captured numerous GAL
operators including:
? A former master sergeant in the Spanish Foreign
Legion was arrested for involvement in the
kidnaping of a Spanish Basque businessman in
Hendaye, France (December 1983).
? Five suspected GAL operators were arrested. One
was described as a runner of contraband. The others
were caught after an unidentified Spanish
industrialist allegedly paid them to assassinate a
Spanish Basque (March 1984).
? Ten gangsters suspected of working for GAL were
arrested in a coordinated police sweep in Bordeaux,
Bayonne, and Paris' (April 1984).
? Police arrested four alleged underworld figures
suspected of participating in GAL operations (June
1984).
? Two suspected GAL operators-one French and
one Spanish-were arrested in Biarritz. They were
each sentenced by a French court to serve five years
in prison for illegal possession of weapons and
planning an armed attack (September 1984).
Press Speculation and Government Response
Since GAL's appearance, ETA supporters have
charged that the Spanish Government was behind the
group. In the Basque provinces, suspicion that Madrid
might be involved with GAL runs deep. As early as
1983, EI Pais, the country's most influential daily,
documents, including pictures of potential GAL victims. Eight of
the arrested were indicted for belonging to a criminal association
and imprisoned. However, on 15 May their release was ordered by
an Appeals Court at Pau, which cited procedural irregularities-
stating police had acted in "bad faith" by releasing one of those
initially arrested in order to follow him and pick up other members
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solemnly warned the government against pursuing a
"dirty war" against ETA. Newsmen in France and
Spain, however, only began seriously checking ETA's
claims following three GAL armed attacks in March
1985 that left three Spanish Basques dead and five
wounded. The press findings appeared to support
ETA's allegations. Spanish journalists discovered that
the Interior Ministry had granted a pension to the
family of a GAL member who died while working on
a bomb, while the French press reported that French
police had traced the license plate of a car used in a
rendezvous with a suspected GAL member back to
the Spanish police.
The Gonzalez government has taken a hard line in the
face of press allegations of official complicity. Interior
Ministry spokesmen stated that the bomb victim's
family was compensated for undercover work he had
performed before the Socialists took office. Spanish
officials also refuted the second story, claiming that
the license plate identified by the French was no
longer in use when it was sighted. In addition, earlier
this year, when a Spanish newspaper publicized a
disgruntled former prosecutor's charges that the
government was withholding information about
certain GAL operations, the Spanish Interior
Minister responded by suing the paper for libel.
Several other incidents, however, had earlier fueled
press speculation about aGAL-Spanish Government
connection. In April 1984, a convicted counterfeiter,
whom France was trying to extradite for anti-ETA
activity, was granted a weekend leave from prison and
never returned. The following month, a Spanish court
suspended for three years a leading police official who
refused to cooperate in the investigation of a 1980
antiterrorist operation. Although this operation
preceded GAL's emergence, the press has linked it to
a long history of extralegal counterterrorist operations
by the Spanish Government.
The GAL Issue in Spain
Thus far, the Spanish Government has suffered little
domestic political damage from press speculations
about GAL's links to the government. Neither
President Gonzalez nor any high-ranking official has
been tied directly to the GAL's operations. The
public, moreover, remains ambivalent on the issue.
Most Spaniards, inured to the stormy complex politics
and attendant bloodletting that characterize life in
the Basque provinces, barely noticed the emergence of
yet another violent group there. Few non-Basques
have been inclined to dispute Gonzalez's public
analysis of GAL. Although they declare the violence
is deplorable, most non-Basques view the emergence
of GAL as a logical response to ETA's use of violence.
Many citizens may actually enjoy the sight of ETA
members as terrorist victims. According to a recent
press poll, more than 75 percent even among Spain's
Basques think ETA should immediately lay down its
arms and 45 percent feel ETA no longer has a reason
to exist.
Impact on France
After the October 1982 Spanish election returned a
Socialist government to power, France began to
reexamine its longstanding unwillingness to deal with
fugitive ETA members. Even before GAL emerged,
French police officials had increased cooperation with
their Spanish counterparts and made plans for a
crackdown on ETA. The arrival of GAL appeared to
stimulate this process.
The French also moved against GAL itself. Following
the removals, expulsions, and extraditions of ETA
members from France in 1984, French police in April
1985 arrested GAL operatives and, for the first time,
a French court sentenced two others to prison terms.
Three months later, several French civil rights
organizations attacked GAL, urging French and
Spanish authorities to assure the security of French
national territory. However, any suspicions that Paris
may have had concerning links between GAL and the
Spanish Government did not deter Paris from signing
a public pledge of friendship and cooperation with
Madrid in July 1985. The agreement called for
regular meetings of government chiefs and greater
cooperation against terrorism, drug smuggling, and
other forms of cross-border crimes.
Prospects
A continuation of high-visibility attacks by the
Spanish Basque terrorists may lead to a resurgence of
anti-ETA attacks by those operating in the name of
GAL. Despite the pressure from GAL and
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counterterrorist successes by the Spanish and French
Governments, ETA violence has continued. Since
October 1984, ETA has conducted over 100 terrorist
attacks, although the terrorists' increased problems
have meant that these attacks were carried out with
less preparation and against softer targets than
previous attacks. Indeed, in May 1985 ETA launched
a new two-front campaign to demonstrate its
continued viability, in order, we believe, to boost the
morale of the beleagured ETA members themselves
and persuade the government to ease up somewhat in
its demands for the virtual unconditional surrender of
the ETA. One part of the ETA campaign-bombings
along Spain's Costa del Sol directed against the
Spanish tourist industry-has continued throughout
the summer of 1985. The other more vicious ETA
campaign has been directed mainly against Spanish
policemen. In the three-month period June-August
1985, the group has killed 25 people and wounded
another two dozen. Continued GAL activities in
France could at least temporarily reduce France's
willingness to cooperate with Spain against ETA-
especially if evidence confirms links between GAL
and high-ranking Spanish officials. This, in turn,
could help revive public sympathy for ETA in the
Basque provinces. Public opinion remains volatile,
despite the introduction of home rule and ETA's own
continuing terror, which has led many Basques to
oppose violence as a means of achieving greater
autonomy.
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Chronology of Claimed or Suspected Attacks
by GAL Since December 1983
Hendaye, France. Kidnaping of a Spanish businessman. Claimed by GAL.
19 December Bayonne, France. Assassination of a reputed ETA-M member. Claimed by GAL.
28 December Saint-Jean-De-Luz, France. Assassination of an ETA member. Claimed by GAL.
1984
8 February Hendaye, France. Assassination of two ETA-M members. Claimed by GAL.
25 February Mendy in Pyrenees-At[antiques, France. Assassination of ETA-M leader Eugenio
Gutierrez Salazar. Claimed by GAL.
1 March Hendaye, France. Assassination of a French railroad worker. GAL suspected.
23 March
3 May
15 June
10 July
9 August
13 August
18 November
20 November
Biarritz, France. Assassination of a Spanish Basque refugee, the brother-in-law of
an ETA-M leader. Claimed by GAL.
Saint Martin-DArossa, France. Armed attack on two ETA-M members, one of
whom died. Claimed by GAL.
Biarritz, France. Remote-controlled car bombing at a bar frequented by Basque
refugees. Two Basques were seriously burned and five others wounded. Claimed by
GAL.
Saint-Jean-De-Luz, France. Bombing of a bar frequented by Spanish Basques.
Three Basque patrons were injured. Claimed by GAL.
Saint Martin DArossa, France. Arson attack on a furniture company. GAL
suspected.
Bayonne, France. Arson attack against a company with alleged links to ETA.
GAL suspected.
Biriatou, France. Assassination of a French Basque leader. Victim's brother was
also wounded. Claimed by GAL.
Bilbao, Spain. Assassination of Herri Batasuna leader Dr. Santi Brouard.
Claimed by GAL.
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11 December Hendaye, France. Car bomb injures an unintended victim. Claimed by GAL.
1985
1 February Bayonne, France. Remote-controlled car bomb injures a Basque activist. GAL
suspected.
4 March Bayonne, France. Armed attack on a bar. Two Spanish Basques were wounded.
GAL suspected.
29 March
30 March
14 June
26 June
2 August
Saint-Jean-De-Luz, France. Gun and grenade attack on a bar. Two Spanish
Basques and several bystanders were wounded. The bar premises were heavily
damaged. Claimed by GAL.
Bayonne, France. Armed attack on a cafe. One Spanish Basque was killed and
three others wounded. Claimed by GAL.
Saint-Jean-De-Luz, France. Assassination of a photographer employed by a
Spanish Basque newspaper. Claimed by GAL.
Ciboure, France. Gun and grenade attack on a bar. Two patrons-allegedly non-
Basque-were killed. Claimed by GAL.
Bayonne, France Assassination of a Spanish Basque who had recently requested
refugee status from France. GAL suspected.
Saint Jean Pied de Port, France. Assassination of ETA member Juan Maria
Otegui. Claimed by GAL.
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Terrorism in Europe: 1984/85
(Part II)
Terrorism From the Middle East
The third major source of terrorism in Europe is the
massive spillover from the issues and antagonists of
the Middle East. Some 62 terrorist attacks involving
Middle Easterners occurred in European countries in
1984, and a similarly active pace has prevailed so far
in 1985. Common targets have been diplomats and
diplomatic facilities, especially those of moderate
states like Jordan, and officials of various Palestinian
groups. Most of these attacks have been blamed on
Palestinian terrorists, who often act at the behest of
some Middle Eastern governments. In addition,
emigre opponents of certain Middle Eastern regimes
also suffered numerous attacks. Below are a number
of examples demonstrating the nature and range of
Middle Eastern terrorist activity in Europe.
The Libyan Vendetta. In 1984, seven anti-Qadhafi
Libyan expatriates were murdered and two others
were wounded, along with dozens of European
bystanders, by Libyan agents in at least 16 terrorist
incidents in various West European countries. One
striking indication of how far the Libyans would go to
intimidate and punish expatriate opponents of the
Qadhafi regime occurred on 17 April 1984 in London,
when a British policewoman was killed and 11 anti-
Qadhafi protesters were wounded by gunfire
emanating from the Libyan People's Bureau. This
incident, along with a bombing at Heathrow Airport
the next day that wounded 25, finally caused the
United Kingdom to break diplomatic relations with
,Libya and expel its diplomats. Such Libyan behavior
has continued in 1985, albeit at a somewhat reduced
level. In April, for example, a Libyan dissident was
murdered in West Germany. The West German
Government subsequently expelled three Libyan
diplomats implicated in the crime.
The Ladispoli Seven. In November 1984 Swiss
customs authorities arrested a young Arab in
possession of a kilogram of explosives, four blasting
caps, and documents indicatin his final destination
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police in Italy arrested seven pro-Iranian 25X1
Lebanese students living in Ladispoli, on the outskirts
of Rome. In the group's apartment police found
diagrams and casing reports of the US Embassy in
Rome. The Swiss later deported their suspect to
Lebanon, while the Italians released two of the seven
they had arrested, having been unable to link them to
apparent plans by the other five to attack the
Embassy. The Italians plan to try the five remaining
students on terrorism charges, despite numerous
threats of violent retaliation from radical Lebanese
Shias.
The New Black September. Beginning in November
1984, Jordanian personnel and facilities in Europe
have been confronted by terrorists using the name of a
group long thought defunct:
? On 29 November 1984, a Jordanian diplomat in
Athens was accosted by a terrorist who tried to
shoot him, but failed when his gun jammed.
? On 4 December in Bucharest, the deputy chief of
the Jordanian mission was murdered by an
assailant.
? On 21 March 1985, grenades were lobbed almost
simultaneously at the ticket offices of Alia, the
Jordanian national airline, in Nicosia, Athens, and
Rome.
? On 3 April in Rome, a rocket was fired at the
Jordanian Embassy.
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? On 4 April outside Athens, a rocket was fired at an 25X1
Alia aircraft as it was beginning to take off; the
rocket penetrated the fuselage but failed to explode.
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GI TR 85-017
26 August 1985
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On 6 August 1984, Italian police in Trieste
unknowingly achieved one oJ'the most significant
counterterrorism successes ojthe year when they
arrested a young Arab male trying to enter Italy
aboard the Orient Expresslrom Yugoslavia. He
carried a false Moroccan passport in the name of
Abdallah Mohammad al-Mansuri, train tickets to
Paris, and some 8 kilograms oJ'the Czechoslovak-
made plastic explosive Semtex-H. Subsequent police
investigations established that "Mansuri "was a
member of'the Lebanese Armed Revolutionary
Faction (LARF).
The arrest constituted the,first break in the
international eJJ`ort to combat this shadowy
international terrorist group-one of the most lethal
organizations operating against US and Israeli
targets in Western Europe. Between 1981 and 1984,
the LARF was responsible for at least six attacks
against US and Israeli diplomats in France, in which
Jour persons were killed and Jour wounded. The
group claimed credit Jor the February 1984
assassination in Rome of US citizen Leamon Hunt,
Director General of the Multinational Force and
Observers (MFO) in the Sinai-an act for which the
Red Brigades also claimed credit.
the French police arrested
a second member of the LARF, George Ibrahim
Abdallah-subsequently identified as the leader of
the group. Soon theregf'ter, other members of the
LARF apparently.fled Europe and returned to their
native Lebanon. In December, however, Italian police
apprehended a third LARF member, Josephine Abdu,
as she was transiting the Rome airport en route to
Madrid. Police suspect she was traveling through
Europe closing LARF scslehouses and disposing of
evidence that would link specific members ojthe
group to their past terrorist operations.
On the basis oJevidence developed by the French and
Italian investigators, it has been established that
most oJthe members of'the LARF comeJrom two
small villages, Qubayyat and Andagat, in Syrian-
controlled northern Lebanon. Although they are
Lebanese Christians, they adhere to a Marxist-
Leninist ideology. Some oj'the group s senior
members were originally associated with the Popular
Front Jor the Liberation oJPalestine (PFLP), whose
leader, George Habbash, is also aChristian-albeit a
Palestinian. It is probable that the LARF maintains
contacts with PFLP terrorist splinter groups such as
the PFLP-Special Command.
There have also been some indications of ties between
the LARF and certain West European terrorist
groups, notably Action Directe and the Red Brigades.
Although Action Directe is a French group, it has a
multinational membership and afew ojits members
may have participated in LARF operations in 1982. It
is also possible that, although both the Red Brigades
and the LARF claimed credit as individual groups
for murdering MFO chieJHunt in Rome, it was
actually a joint operation-or at least an operation
involving members of both groups.
LARF Threats Unavailing. In response to the arrests
ojtheir comrades, the remaining members threatened
"bloody reprisals" against Italy and France if'the
three `armed strugglers" were not released. On 23
March 1985, LARF operatives kidnaped the director
ojthe French Cultural Center in Tripoli, Lebanon,
intending to swap him.lor Abdallah. Through
intermediaries, an understanding was apparently
reached between the terrorists and the French
Government, which had been considering releasing
Abdallah Jor lack of evidence anyway. On 1 April the
LARF released its captive. The same day, however,
the French police located a LARF cache in Paris that
contained evidence linking Abdallah to several
terrorist attacks. Under these circumstances,
releasing him was out o,1'the question. Abdallah has
been charged with complicity in the 1982 murders in
Paris of US assistant defense attache Lt. Col. Charles
Ray and Israeli diplomat Yaacov Bar Simantov.
Meanwhile, despite the threats against them, the
Italians brought Mansuri and Abdu to trial in May.
They were convicted and sentenced to long prison
terms.
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? On 1 July in Madrid, three terrorists (two men and
a woman in an Arab dress) tossed a grenade into the
Alia office (it failed to explode) and sprayed it with
a submachinegun. The same attackers probably
were also responsible for a bomb placed slightly
earlier at the nearby British Airways office. The
bomb exploded, destroying the office, killing one
person (a Spaniard), and wounding 24 others
(including an American), who happened to be in the
vicinity.
Anonymous spokesmen for a group calling itself Black
September claimed credit for all the anti-Jordanian
incidents, while a spokesman for the Revolutionary
Organization of Socialist Muslims (ROSM) claimed
credit for the attack against the British Airways
office. It is probable, however, that the infamous Abu
Nidal Group was actually responsible. The original
Black September was a covert component of the
Palestinian group Fatah more than a decade ago, but
Fatah is not believed to have been connected with
these latest attacks.Z
' The name Black September commemorates the month in 1970
when Jordanian forces attacked the Palestinian forces based in
Jordan in an ultimately successful effort to drive them out of the
country. Fatah, the largest Palestinian group, originated the name
as a means of claiming credit for its retaliatory terrorist attacks
against Jordanian Government targets and other perceived enemies
of the Palestinian cause. The massacre of the Israeli athletes at the
1972 Munich Olympics was among the most notorious attacks of
this group. It was disbanded in 1974, however, after Fatah leader
Yasir Arafat, bowing to pressure from Saudi Arabia and other
quarters, declared that Fatah and the rest of the PLO would no
Although currently based in Syria and in Syrian-
controlled Lebanese territory, the Abu Nidal Group is
believed to be a semiindependent actor in the Middle
Eastern theater. The most accomplished and lethal
arm of the Palestinian terrorist groups, it has a long
record of attacking officials of moderate Arab
governments (and Palestinian groups) and has
mounted attacks in more than 25 countries. The Abu
Nidal group is believed to use the name ROSM to
claim credit for attacks against British interests-in
an attempt to extort the release from UK prisons of
several Abu Nidal operatives convicted of trying to
murder the Israeli Ambassador there a few years
ago-and to use the name Black September to claim
credit for attacks against Jordanian interests. The
operation in Madrid enabled the Abu Nidal Group to
claim credit in both names at once.
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Chronology of Terrorism-1985
Below are described noteworthyloreign and international events involving
terrorists, or the use of'terrorist tactics, which have occurred or come to light
since our last issue. In some cases, the perpetrators and their motivations may not
be known. Events and developments that have already been described elsewhere in
this publication are not included.
Northern Ireland: Guerrillas./ire mortar shells at British Army base near border
with Irish Republic. No injuries were reported. The Provisional IRA claimed
responsibility for the attack.
Angola: UNITA bomb attack kills two Cubans in Lubango. In a communique, the
Union for the Total Independence of Angola claimed credit for planting the bomb
in Huila Province. UNITA also claimed to have destroyed a war material depot in
the same explosion. ~~
attack.
West Germany: Three Iranian monarchists attacked in West Berlin by 15
apparent supporters of Ayatollah Khomeini. One of the three died shortly after the
early August.
Sudan: Libyan intelligence o,,~icer declared persona non grata for subversive
activity. Muhammad Ali al-Nayeli, who was responsible for liaison with the local
Libyan-backed revolutionary committees, was ordered to leave the country by
effect their release.
Mozambique: RENAMO kidnaps two Italian monks in Luabo. The Capuchin
Order is pursuing informal contacts with the National Resistance Movement to
responsibility.
Northern Ireland: 200-kilogram car bomb wrecks shopping center in
Ballynahinch, County Down. Five persons were injured. No group has claimed
Northern Ireland: Hotel in Dunmurry severely damaged by 150-kilogram bomb.
No injuries were reported and no group has taken credit for the attack.~~ 25X1
South ~jrica: New London shootout claims one police o.,~cer, two terrorists. A
large cache of Russian-made weapons, allegedly intended for use against the main
power station, was also seized. Ciskei police reportedly arrested several other
suspects.
21 Secret
GI TR 85-0/7
26 August 1985
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release.
Mozambique: RENAMO kidnaps British citizen and Irish national in raid on
Luabo sugar refinery. The National Resistance Movement has specified that
direct negotiations with their respective governments are a condition for their
31 July, 2 August Portugal: Suspected FP-25 members arrested in Coimbra and Porto. One of the
two arrested in Coimbra is believed to be a leading member of the Autonomous
Revolutionary Group (GAR), which police believe is a faction of FP-25.
taken credit for this attack, the Basque group ETA is believed responsible.
Spain: Bomb injures two Swedes in Benidorm. The bomb-the first to cause
injury in a rash of such bombings in resort areas this summer-exploded outside a
telephone booth in which two Swedish citizens were standing. Although no one has
near a grocery store in East Talpiyot.
West Bank: Bomb defused in Jerusalem. An ex-policeman discovered the explosive
Mxenge, who was murdered in 1981.
South Africa: Prominent civil rights attorney Victoria Mzenge slain in Umlaz.
The United Democratic Front blamed the South African Government. The victim
was an African National Congress activist and widow of radical attorney Griffiths
of Vice Admiral Fausto Escrigas Estrada on 29 July.
France: Antiterrorist Liberation Group (GAL) claims killing of ETA member in
St. Jean Pied de Port. The murder was probably in retaliation for ETA's murder
several suicide attacks against Israeli forces in the security zone.
Lebanon: Israeli planes bomb SSNP camp near Shtawrah, killing 1 S persons and
wounding 20. The Syrian Social Nationalist Party has claimed responsibility for
responsibility.
Lebanon: 100-kilogram bomb at Christian Phalange Party o,~ices in Juniyah
causes heavy damage but no casualties. The blast was caused by an explosive
placed under a car parked in front of the office. No one has so far claimed
trained dogs after an anonymous telephone warning.
Honduras: Two bombs deactivated in Tegucigalpa hotel often used by US military
and diplomatic personnel. The powerful explosives were detected by specially
3 August Spain: Civil Guardsman killed while trying to deactivate bomb in Luyendo bar.
ETA-M claimed credit for planting the device.
Plana. Twenty cars were also damaged in the explosion.
Spain: ETA-M suspected of bombing that destroyed restaurant in Castellon de la
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4 August Spain: Retired Civil Guardsman shot and killed in Elgiobar. ETA-M claimed
credit for the attack. ~~
Spain: Bomb damages restaurant in Salamanca. The bomb caused no casualties
and was not claimed by any group, although ETA-M is suspected. ~~ 25X1
Israel: Bomb defused in Hadera. Several sticks of dynamite were discovered in a
bag at a pickup station for hitchhiking soldiers. 0 25X1
South Africa: ANC suspected in bombing of Member of Parliament's house. The
legislator, of Indian descent, who was uninjured in the attack, had publicly
expressed approval of the government's emergency declaration.
6 August Northern Ireland: Homemade rocket detonates prematurely in Londonderry,
killing one suspected IRA terrorist and seriously wounding another. An armored
police vehicle driving through the town was probably the intended target
Lebanon: "Donkey bomber"attacks South Lebanese Army headquarters in
Hasbaya. Two baskets containing 100 kilos of TNT exploded, killing the rider and
injuring a bystander. The Communist Lebanese National Resistance Front, which
has claimed credit for most of the attacks against Israeli and SLA forces in south
Lebanon, took responsibility.
Lebanon: Two embassy bombings injure one child. Two charges exploded in
downtown West Beirut, the first near the abandoned Saudi Arabian Embassy and
the second near the Moroccan Embassy. No group has claimed responsibility for
7 August
The Libyan Government has denied any involvement.
Egypt: Security o.,6icials foil Libyan-sponsored plot to kill Libyan exile living in
Alexandria. Two Egyptians-reportedly controlled by two Libyan intelligence
agents-went to Alexandria in May and contacted criminals to help them in the
assassination attempt; they were arrested with three others while attempting to
murder Ghayth Said al-Mabruk. The two Libyans have been sentenced to death.
West Beirut four days earlier.
Lebanon: Lebanese manager ofABC Television released unharmed. He was
reportedly rescued by Druze militiamen of Transport Minister Walid Jumblatt's
Progressive Socialist Party. He had been kidnaped by unidentified gunmen in
Lebanon: Rocket fired at former Prime Minister Sayib Salam's home in West
Beirut. An unidentified caller claimed the rocket-which hit a car but caused no
injuries-was a warning connected with recent political statements made by
Those bombings killed 86 in New Delhi and three northern Indian states.
India: New Delhi police charge 58 for involvement in Sikh bombings on 10 May.
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several bombings in Jakarta's Chinatown last October that killed two people.
Indonesia: Muslim terrorist sentenced to life by Jakarta court. Mohammad
Tasrif, a Muslim religious teacher, had been convicted for his role in organizing
suspects.
West Germany: Unidentified terrorists interrupted by janitor while attempting to
set fire to Amerika Haus in Hamburg. The janitor was injured by the two
Lebanon: Four dead in Israeli attack in Bekaa Valley. Israeli Defense Force
planes bombed a camp of the Popular Front for the Liberation of
Palestine-General Command near Barr Ilyas. It was the ninth such attack against
Palestinian camps in Lebanon this year. 0
southern Lebanon, however, denied any knowledge of the kidnaping.
Lebanon: Canadian head of Mennonite Church's agricultural development project
abducted in south Lebanon. His two kidnapers-who identified themselves as
members of the Amal Militia-released him 14 hours later. Amal leaders in
Consul, who is also a prominent banker and businessman in Guayaquil.
Ecuador: Dominican Republic Consul kidnaped in Guayaquil. The Colombian
M-19 (19 April Movement) has claimed credit for the abduction of the Dominican
Movement ambushes in late June.
Mozambique: RENAMO kills I5, wounds 42 in attack on passenger buses. The
attack occurred in Gaza Province near the site of two National Resistance
Imphal. Separatist tribal groups are suspected.
India: Former state minister killed in Manipur. Three unidentified gunmen shot
former state Finance Minister Z. Solomon at his home in the state capital of
9 August West Bank: Policeman's home firebombed in Balta refugee camp near Nabu/us.
There was minor damage, but no injuries were reported.
10 August Lebanon: Kidnaped Kuwaiti press attache released. Wajid Dumani, abducted by
unidentified gunmen in West Beirut on 11 July, refused to identify his captors. He
thanked prominent Shia officials, including Hizballah cleric Shaykh Muhamad
Husayn Fadlallah, for arranging his release.
I1 August Portugal: Key prosecution witness in FP-25 trial dies from wounds received in
earlier murder attempt against him. Portuguese legal experts believe the witness's
death may undermine the case against the 76 suspected FP-25 members, whose
trial reconvenes in October.
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12 August
has claimed responsibility for the explosion.
West Germany: Letter bomb wounds Iranian Embassy sta,6`er in Bonn. No group
Lebanon: Christian passengers en route to airportJrom East Beirut detained by
Shia gunmen. The kidnapers demanded and obtained the release of a Shia
abducted en route to East Beirut the day before.
West Bank: Israeli settler stabbed by two Arab youths in Hebron. A curfew was
imposed when the incident threatened to set off anti-Arab rioting in the city. The
Palestinian Revolution Forces General Command has claimed responsibility for
Israel: Five Jewish Underground terrorists ask.for amnesty. The requests were
submitted to President Herzog, who has been under popular pressure to grant
amnesty for the group convicted of terrorist attacks against Arabs.
and Financial Associations, an organization that represents Guatemala's private
business sector, was shot by unidentified assassins while riding in his automobile.
Guatemala: Agricultural association president killed in Guatemala City. The
director of the Coordinating Committee of Agricultural, Commercial, Industrial,
West Germany: Incendiary devices discovered in Frankfurt on US Berlin-
Frankfurt duty train. Two anonymous letters claimed the aborted attack was a
"contribution to the fight against the NATO infrastructure."
Sri Lanka: Seven-kilogram bomb defused in Colombo railway station. The
gelignite bomb, found on an early morning train from Jaffna, was set to explode
during the morning commuter rush. Tamil separatists are probably responsible.0 25X1
Nepal: Tough antiterrorism law enacted. The Terrorist Offenses Act of 1985,
which makes "terrorist crimes" punishable by death, came in the wake of a series
of bomb blasts in Kathmandu and other towns that killed eight persons on 21 and
Thailand: Bomb explodes outside Israeli Embassy compound in Bangkok, causing
slight damage. No group has claimed responsibility. ~~ 25X1
paralyzed rail traffic.
Chile: Security o,,6`icer killed defusing bomb on rail line near Valparaiso. A
second officer was injured in the explosion, which destroyed the rails and
14 August Lebanon: Large car bomb explodes in East Beirut residential area. Initial reports
indicate 12 people were killed and 120 injured. No group has claimed credit.
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been no claims of responsibility.
Pakistan: Two bomb blasts shake town on AfShan border. Fifteen persons were
killed and 48 were wounded when a bus and a marketplace were destroyed in the
most lethal such incident since the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. There have
17 August Spain: ETA claims murder of restaurant owner in Castellon de la Plana. The
victim was allegedly connected to the rightwing Antiterrorist Liberation Group.
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