SCIENTIFIC - ORGANIZATION

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-00809A000600120043-1
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 16
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: May 19, 2011
• Sequence Number: 43
• Publication Date: December 11, 1956
• Content Type: REPORT

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IPJNGARIAIY AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH IN THE
A Magyar TutLomany Tiz Eve, 1945-1955
state farms, producer cooperative groups, and machine stations; Simultane-
foundations for socialized-agriculture were laid with the organization of the
possible time those new agricultural production techniques which could enable
the rapid increase of production levels above the old production levels, and
how to supplement the domestic animal stock, which had suffered great losses.
The problems of the improvement of poorly yielding sodatc soil, the develop-
ment of modern soil cultivation, fertilization, and crop rotation systems,
expansion of the irrigation systems in the regions of the country with lit-
tle natural precipitation', the development of a method for rapidly increas-
ing the quantity and quality of domestic animals, etc, suddenly and simul-
taneously became problems of primary importance. It became an urgent task
to acclimatize and cultivate certain new types of plants which previously
had not been grown in Hungary on an industrial scale, but which are well
suited to the favorable cultivation conditions utilizing the achievements
of science and technology and modern large scale mechanized so'ialist agri-
cultural cultivation. In another respect, the commencement of socialist
reorganization of agriculture necessitated the solution of an entire series
of work organization, labor management, mechanization, and other problems.
The successful solution of the tasks arising from the new situation
would have been impossible -without adequate aid from the field of scientific
research. However the entire agricultural experimental system had to be re-
organised, modernized, and expanded in order that the agricultural research
..ould effectively solve the tasks imposed upon it. To those who evaluated
the situation realistically there was no doubt that the tasks involved in
the development of agricultural production could not be solved under the fa-
cilities of the old experimental system. Many new tasks arose in the period
immediately following liberation in connection with which experimental Jork
could not even be undertaken under the old experimental system. Adequate
scientific investigation of the exceptionally varied and complex tasks of
plant cultivation was impossible when only one plant cultivation institute
and Ia or 5 experimental stations were available for such research. There was
no national central research institute in the fields of animal husbandry, ag-
ricultural mechanization, or forestry.
pacity of Hungarian soil which had been ruined by the wasteful management
practices of the preliberation regime, how to develop within the shortest
Sven in most of the existing institutes, insteau of research involving
deep concentration, he ._2oc ew. rs w ass maim to routine
the ova`s of vuc .?"Ch
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investigations. Another fault which hindered the development of agricultural
research in the period preceding liberation was the fact that researchers
served the profit-seeking quest of the dominant capitalist groups instead of
concerning themselves with the solution of problems of national importance.
The little outstanding research which was produced in individual cases
under the conditions prevailing at that time was due primarily to the un-
tiring and selfless devotion of individual Hungarian scientists of interna-
tional reknown. Hungary's most outstanding scientists (Treitz
Sigmond
,
,
Hutyra, Marek, Cserhati, Szekacs, Baross, Fleischmann) often were forced to
;cvp.diza their ivi.ernat.zonai :ceputaiiohs in order to continue their scien-
tific work.
this field prior to liberation is best indicated by the following data. T
total of 215 researchers were active in the field of experimental agriculture
at the beginning of World War II in 1939-1940. The total area of experimental
farms necessary for the research work of the experimental institutes, In-
cluding the training farms of universities and fame was 3,400 cadastral
yokes. Of the latter, the tilled area of the exclusively experimental farms
totaled only 500 cadastral yokes. In the field of higher agricultural edu-
cation there were only approximately 200 teachers. The number of students
graduated in 1940 did rot even reach 200 (178).
At that time there was no planned publication of scientific books in
this field. The privately owned publishing enterprises published only those
types of books which ensured a profitable sale.
There was no adequate state institution for the documentation of foreign
technical literature.
In orcar to provide for the effective solution of the large number of
tasks which arose in the field of agricultural research following liberation
the material and personnel resources of the agricultural research field had
to be built up. The main task in this field was the rapid expansion of the
agricultural experimental system through the further development of exieting
institutes and through the creation of new institutes.
In the personnel aspect of this developme:t, the facilities for the ad-
vanced technical and ideological training of research workers had to be
created as soon as possible. The task of raising the level of scientific
work was perhaps even more important than the former. The solution of the
new agricultural production tasks through the application of the old, and in
many respects outmoded scientific research methods would have been impossible,
and it was absolutely necessary to study and to utilize the leading Soviet
agricultural biological research methods. At first the work progressed very
slowly and with great difficulty. It was a great disadvantage that none of
the Hungarian researchers was well read in Soviet technica'_ literature, nor
had a thorough knowledge and was able to properly apply the principles of
Michurin biology. Because of this there was no substantial development in
this field in the first 2 years following liberation. The expansion of the
agricultural experimental network also was neglected during the first years
because of the emphasis on other, more important problems. The largo scale
expansion of the experimental network could not be considered before the
land reform was successfully concluded and the necessary measures for the
recommencement of agricultural production were at least partially satisfied
(seed, tractor power, artificial fertilizer, etc). Therefore in the first
years following liberation research work was conducted only in the old in-
stitutes, mostly with the application of the old research methods.
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The first important achievement in the reorganization of agricultural
experimental research occurred in 194$-1949, with the creation by the govern-
ment of an entire series of new agricultural experimental institutes. The
institutes which were formed at that time included the Martonvasar Plant
Cultivation and Improvement Institute, the Animal Husbandry Research Insti-
tute, the Agricultural Mechanization Institute, the Scientific Institute of
Forestry, the Horticultural Research Institute, etc. The creation of these
new institutes provided an adequate basis for commencement of the solution of
an entire seriee of research problems.
Simultaneously with the creation of the new institutes, the modern re-
organization of the old institutes also was begun. (Institute of Agricul-
tural Biology, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agrochemical Institute)
During this period the supplementation of the institutes with adequate
experimental farms also was begun. Instead of the few cadastral yoke ex-
perimental farms of the old system, the new experimental farms were large
enough to enable large scale modern socialist agricultural operations.
In 1949 the Agricultural Scientific Center was formed for the purpose
of providing unified central direction of the constantly increasing agri-
cultural research system. This also provided an organizational center for
the direction of agricultural research.
In the same year the old Academy of Science was also reorganized. In
the course of this reorganization an independent department was formed for
the work of the agricultural sciences, and-thus Hungarian agricultural sci-
ence acquired a place in the newly reorganized Academy of Science which be-
fitted its importance.
After the initial difficulties were overcome, the rate of development
increased- considerably in 1949-1950. During the year 1949-1950 there was
an important qualitative change in the development of industry. This period
represented a basic turning point in the field of agricultural research in
Hungary.
In the field of the organization of scientific work this qualitative
change was represented by the creation of the Agricultural Scientific Center,
later called the Agricultural Experimental Center. Qualitative changes also
were reflected in the modern expansion of experimental network, the creation
of new institutes, the expansion of existing older institutes, the addition
of large experiuental farms to the experimental institutes, the separation
of routine investigutions from research work conducted by the individual
institutes, and the creation of the department of agricultural sciences,
which was formed as a result of the reorganization of the Academy of Sciences.
In the field of the direction of experimental work the Agricultural Ex-
perimental Center remained under the direct control of the Minister of Ag-
riculture as & department of the Ministry of Agriculture, and later as the
experimental and propaganda divi,icn, and functioned in close cooperation
with the production departments which control practical applications. The
department of agricultural sciences of the Academy of Science, in close co-
operation with the Ministry of Agriculture, participates in this work through
the investigation of basic theoretical problems which further the development
of agricultural sciences, through the direction of the ideological struggle
for the dissemination of Michurin biology, and through the organization of
scientific congresses and debates.
The first assistance in tt_- field of the study of Soviet agricultural
science literature was the beg '_^_ -iz of the transatIon of Soviet technical
literature into Hungarian. At' that time the Agricultural Publishing House
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assisted in the dissemination of the Michurin biology primarily through the
publication of Hungarian language editions of more basic Soviet books. An-
other great assistance was provided by I. Ye. Glushchenko, Soviet professor
of agricultural biology, who gave many lectures on the bases of Michurin
biology during the period of his first visit to Hungary. In the discussion
periods following the lectures Glushchenko clarified the most important de-
batable questions in his profound answers to the questions of the Hungarian
Center extended great aid in the domestic study of foreign, especially So-
viet scientific literature.
experimental field appeared during the first scientific session of the 1950
iLnnnual conference of the Academy of Science. The reports presented at the
conference had stated the results achieved in the domestic dissemination of
Michurin biology. (Kurt Sedlmayr reported on the application of Michurin
biology in plant improvement, Karoly Pater reported on the role of the Vil-
yams system in the development of agriculture, and Arthur Horn reported on
the assertion of the principles of Michurin biology in the raising of small
animals.) From the reports and from the debates which followed the reports
it was evident that Hungarian researchers are beginning to comprehend Michurin
biology, they see the superiority of this system over the Morganist-Mendelian
view which is founded on an idealist world outlook, and for this reason they
are beginning to convert to the application of Soviet agricultural biological
methods in their own work. But at the same time this session also showed
that most of the researchers still are on the old path. They do not euf-
ficiebtly understand the essence and the methods of Michurin biology, and
for this reason cannot properly apply the latter in their research work.
These researchers have not surpassed the mechanical, formal applications of
the methods.
From the reports presented at the conference of the Academy of Science
it also was apparent that the theoretical scientists, who are occupied in
areas of research more or less remote from agricultural research work, show
a tendency to undertake investigation of the problems uncovered by agricul-
tural practice.
The great increase in agricultural research and the enormous increase in
the rate of development necessitated extensive open debate of the work which
had been-done previously. This was done at the first national conference of
agricultural researchers 41 December 1950. During several days of debate
the conference members discussed the status of scientific research in agricul-
ture, which resulted in great aid to the further development of research work.
At this conference the most important tasks in the field of the development
of agriculture were defined. In this connection the conference members
pointed out that in the interest of rendering plant cultivation more produc-
tive the Vilyams grass rotation system should be introduced in Hungary. Ag-
riculture in the dry Trans-Tisza regions should be converted as soon as pos-
sible to irrigation facing. Mechanization should be increased to ameliorate
the constantly Increasing problem of the labor shortage, etc. To effect the
realization of the above practical tasks, research was assigned the task of
determiaiag the proper types of plants of the grassy clover sections of the
individual cultivation areas, the extent of these sections within any single
crop rotation, the time when the grass section should be broken up, the best
types of plants to be used in crop rotation, in short, clarification of the
special tasks accompanying domestic introduction of grassy crop rotation.
The large scale expansion of irrigation farming necessitated the development
of the proper agricultural engineering methods for irrigated crops (crop
rotation, soil cultivation, fertili!otion, etc). In the interest of speeding
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up the mechanization of agriculture greater study was devoted to the possi-
bility of mechanization of the individual work movements involved in plant
cultivation.
The conference of agricultural researchers was the first such conference
in Hungary, in which both researchers and practical experts discussed the
tasks of science with each other. In this conference most of the scientists
presenting reports and those who raised comments fully exercised criticism
and self-criticism, and thus a Lowed how development can be speeded _p and the
work of the researchers can be made more effective through objective con-
structive criticism.
From the cc*nments of the practical experts who participated in the con
.ference it was apparent that moat of the research workers still have not de-
veloped adequate contact with practice. Therefore, one of the most urgent
tasks in the interest of broad utilization of the results achieved in the
field of research is that of establishing greater contact with practice.
The most important results of the first agricultural scientific con-
ference was the establishment of the further tasks of scientific research
through exhaustive criticism of previous developments and disclosure of the
existing faults in the research work. According to the latter the greatest
hindrances to the-further development of research are: (a) lack of theo-
retical and ideological preparation of individual researchers; (b) lack of
a close interest of researchers in practical work; (c) disorganized status
of the central direction work; (d) confusion of research (multiplicity of
research themes) resulting from lack of coordination of research work; and
(e) theoretical scientists extend little assistance to researchers in the
field of applied agricultural sciences.
The results achieved in the development of agricultural sciences were
due in large part to the publication in 1950 of the fundamental books ex-
plaining the theoretical questions of Soviet agricultural biology. These
books included AgrobiologIja Agricultural BiologyT by T. D. Lysenko,
A noven k vegetativ hibridizalasa ,Vegetative Hybridization of Plant7
by I. E. Glushchenko, Tale tan Soil Scienc 7 by V. R. Vilyams, Novenyter-
mesztes CPlant Cultivation by Yakushkin, and others.
Various scientific periodicals were founded in rapid succession for the
publication of the research results. The department of agricultural sci-
ences of the Academy of Science undertook the publication of several foreign
language periodicals, entitled Acts, Agronomics, Acts, Veterinaria, Acts,
Botanica, and Acts Zoologica, for the purpose of acquainting foreign scien-
tists with the results of Hungarian agricultural research. The Osztalykoz-
lenenyek jeparrtmental Publication) inform Hungarian readers of the latest
research results. In addition to the latter the following periodicals carry
information on the research results of the individual branches of science:
kemia as T taa CAgricultural Chemistry and Soil SciencJ,
Agro Allatorvosok La "a The Hungarian Veterinarian's Journa17, Allatten sites
Animal Hus , Noven ermeles LPlant Cultivation), and Erdesseti
Kutatasok ~orestry Researc_W. The research results of the academic chairs
of higher educational institutions are published in their yearbooks.
A periodical entitled Agrartudc an]- CAgricultural Science7serves in
the popular dissemination of the results of scientific research among prac-
tical agricultural workers.
In the field of advanced technical training the 3 Provincial agricul-
tural colleges were temporarily inactivated in the interest of improving the
quality of educational work and the best teaching staff members were trans-
ferred to the Budapest center of the Agricultural Science University.
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With the conclusion of the initial developmental period, marked by the
1950 first annual national agricultural science conference, the pace of the
development of agricultural research work increased considerably. The ex-
perimental system was further expanded during the First Five-Year Plan, al-
though the development in this period consisted of correction of poor plan-
ning of the individual institutes and experimental farms (exaggerated dimen-
sione, poor select.ion of sites, etc) and improvement of thou ,,,,ality. of the
research system, instead of the previous developments in the form of the
creation of new institutes and exvansion of experimental stationta en{1_ farnss_
The academic direction work of the agricultural sciences department of
the Academy of Science was considerably increased by the conversion of the
Martonvasar Plant Cultivation and Improvement Institute (now the Agricul-
tural Research Institute), the Animal Health Research Institute, the Yacra-"
toti Botanical Research Institute, and the Sopron soil science department
into institutes of the Academy of Science.
The Soviet scientists who have visited Hungary since liberation bane
contributed greatly to a more thorough understanding of Soviet agricultural
biology through their lectures, through the organization of debates, and
through their technical advice, in the course of which they always gave de-
Gluehchenko, P. A. Baranov, K. Ya. Skryabin, and A. Ya. Oparin) Hungarian
researchers who had made a study trip to the Soviet Union v~ ~ Ie to
study the methods and results of Soviet agricultural research and agricul-
tural biology at close range and brought back much valuable experience with
them upon their return to Hungary. The committee of agricultural experts
which visited the Soviet Union in 1951 was of particularly great assistance
to agricultural research. On the basis of the recommendations made by this
committee the central direction of agricultural research was reorganized
according to the Soviet model, a new method of work planning was introduced
(the preparation of detailed research plans), the system of the preparation
of final reports on the results of research work was introduced, etc. Also
based on the recommendations of this committee, scientific councils were
formed within the research institutes and research collectives were or-
ganized for the solution of complex research tasks which require greater
effort than the usual tasks. The committee m?,mbers also were able to con-
tribute to the clarification of certain theoretical problems.
The so-called corn heterosis collective (members: researchers Endre
Pap, Laszlo Berszenyi-Janosits, and Ferenc Beke), which was formed for the
development of hybrid corn species, is cited as an example of the beneficial
effects of the above organizational changes and of the new methods aimed at
the improvement of research work. This research team took as its task the
development of hybrid (heterosis) corn species which are suited to condi-
tions prevailing in Hungary. During a period of 3 years a hybrid species
was produced from the experimental crossing of the large variety of species
which were being investigated when this work was begun and from the utiliza-
tion of the results of the previously independent plant improvement work of
the members of the collective, which has a 20-30% greater average yield than
the beet corn species previously grown in Hungary (Martonvasari M.5 Hybrid).
In addition to the latter several other promising species were developed, of
which 3 new hybrid types will be .ready for comparative experimentation in
1955. In the course of se:.ectiam of the new combination types 70 species
were selected which in th= opinion of the collective members are good basic
material for further plant improvement.
Since 1950 the achievements of the increased development began to ap-
pear more fr quentl, in all f .elds of agricultural research. Since that
time increasing numbers of reports dealing with theoretical and practical
problems of MichurIn biology have been presented at the lecture meetings of
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the department of agricultural sciences of the Academy of Science. The in-
creasing ir'".erest in Michurin biology is even more apparent at the debate
meetings of the agricultural department. The outstanding debates were those
on the subjects of the purposeful control of plant growth, the process of
pollination, the production of intra and extraspecies hybrids and the im-
provement of plant resistance. Most of the researchers participating in the
debates offered their own experimental data in support of the general validity
of Michurin biology.
The developmental achievements which have been attained are best il-
lustrated by the results attained in practical York. The outstanding work
in this field is the work of academician Kurt Sedlmayr on the improvement
of beets. The "Beta" K 91 new sugarbeet developed by bedsmayer Y.Leias Sp
proximately 3 quintals of sugar more per cadastral yoke than the best pre-
viously cultivated domestic and foreign species. One great advantage cf the
new species is that it is not sensitive to the Cercospora beticola beet disease.
The domestic light red fodder beet is one of, the outstanding international de-
velopmenty in the field of fodder beet improvement. During recent years this
fodder beet placed first in the national species comparison tests. The many-
year average yield of this species was 25% greater than the beet previously
cultivated fodder beet species. The new types of beets developed in Hungary
have attained excellent results abroad also, and they are being planted in
constantly increasen&' areas. DuriL,x the past year the production of the seed
of the best type' of Meets had been increased to the extent that the seed of
these types of beets are now entirely domestically produced.
Significant results have been achieved in the improvement of other plants
as well. For example the types of spring malt barley developed by the Mar-
tonvasari Agricultural Research Institute (nearly and FB 102) are much
better than the older types.
In the field of corn improvement, t',a hybrid corn developed by the corn
improvement collective mentioned above will contribute to the development of
considerably better species of corn than hae been previously cultivated in
Hungary.
E)rno Kurnik, director of the Iregszemcse Experimental "gric altura].
Institute, has pr.Auced outstanding results in the improvement of sunflower.
The types of sunflower developed by Kurnik have greater oil content and de-
velop more rapidly than the older types.
Several valuable new species have been developed by horticulturists
also. Outstanding in this field has been the development of a blackberry-
raspberry species hybrid which combiues the most valuable attributes of both
plants. The juice of this hybrid is superior in all respects to the juice
of either blackberry or raspberry. The new K 363 caLning tomato and K 42
and Kecakemeti dwarf early season tomatoes developed by Gyula Meszoly are
valuable supplements to the presently cultivated types of tomatoes. Lambert
Angeli, lecturer at a horticultural college, succeeded in developing a new
type of sweet red pepper from the Cecei regional species.
The results of the work of the National Variety Certification Council
up to the present gives a good survey of the development of the entire field
of plant improvement. Since its founding in 1951 the council has examined
11?4 species, of which 10 species were recognized in the national species
registry, 64 were recognized as definite varieties, the cultivation of 305
varieties vas authorized, and the cultivation of 95 varieties vas ordered
discontinued. The significance of these results becomes apparent when com-
pared with the fact that in a prewar 3-year period, from 1936 to 1939, the
variety certifying agency in existence at that time examined only 98 plant
varieties.
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Important achievements have been attained in the field of genetics also,
which is of vital importance to the work of plant improvement. Outstanding
in this field is the work of Barns Gyorffy, director of the Genetics Research
Institute, and Gyorgy Redei, a graduate student, who succeeded in developing
a type of spring wheat from the Bankuti 1201 winter wheat.
Agricultural Research Institute has developed data on wheat species and
family hybrids which are of international Prominence. This work has greatly
increased .he variability of species and family hybrids, ubich improves the
basis for wheat improvement work.
The theoretical questions and practical methods of Michurin biology must
be studied further in the interest of the further perfection of plant im-
provement work. All Hungarian plant improvement scientists must learn the
practical significance and the methods of practical application of controlled
growth, selective pollinization, and vegetative hybridization and approxima-
tion. The broadening of the scientific bases of plant improvement is es-
pecially important because it will become increasingly necessary to resort
to interfamily hybridization for the development of new varieties in the
future which may lead to success in this field. The new varieties of grain
developed by the Sov'et academician Teitsin (wheat-grass species hybrids)
are excellent examples of the enormous possibilities which are offered by
Michurin methods.
"Szeged bearded" variety of rice, which had been developed from the Dunghan
Shall and Arpa Shall rice types, and which has been the most successfully
cultivated rice type in Hungary. The new hybrids are especially resistant
to the-very potent bruzone rice disease. The above group also has developed
,a method for the cultivation of rice in the alkali soils along the Danube,.
been obtained with the acclimatization of various types of rice. At the
Szeged Plant Cultivation Research Institute a group headed by corresponding
member of the Academy of Science Erna Obermayer, director Ferenc SomorJai,
and soil scientist Sandor Herke succeeded in further improving the so-called
The work of plant improvement however cannot end with the development
of new varieties. The plant improvement scientists, together with the farm-
ers, should do all within their power to ensure the rapid modernization of
domestic seed production, and that within a short time the old species cul-
tivated on the farms can be replaced by the newly developed varieties.
In the field of plant cultivation research the most outstanding results
have been achieved in crop rotation research. After several decades of work
Vilmos Vetsik, head of the Nyiregyhaza Experimental Sand Farm and Kossuth
Prize winner, perfected a modern crop rotation method for the sandy soil of
the Nyirseg region. In the course of his crop rotation experiments he proved
that with the use of proper green fertilization (lupine) and proper crop ro-
tation the average yield of rye, which is the principal grain crop of these
sandy regions, can be increased 2-3 times that obtained by the old peasant
crop rotation methods.
Brno Kemenesy and his associates have done work on clarification of
the main problems of the crop rotation, soil cultivation, and fertilization
systems of the m rehln,,i in the Lake Balaton vicinity- The methods de-
veloped by this group are being applied in practice, and have resulted in
greater yields in this area, which comprises 40,000 cadastral yokes.
Great strides have been msd in the field of exploitation of the poor
soil of the Danube-Tisza Intervale and of humus-lacking sandy soils in general
through application of the sand improvement method developed by researcher
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Sandor Hgerszegi. Through the increasing addition of crgdnic matter to sandy
soils improved by this method plants with very exacting soil requirements may
be grown in this soil for the first time. According to the experimental re-
sults the crop yield may be increased from 3 to 5-fold through the use of the
above method.
Ia,ios Kreybig, Kossuth Prize winning academician, has obtained important
which he developed involves the biological recovery of raw phosphate (Kola
phosphates, etc) through the mixture of the latter with manure.
In the field of the cultivation of fodder plants corresponding member
of the Academy of Science Janos Suranyi has enabl