REVIEW OF ALBANIAN WORKERS PARTY JOURNAL, APRIL AND MAY 1956

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP81-00280R000200160009-0
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 17
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: April 8, 2011
• Sequence Number: 9
• Publication Date: November 19, 1956
• Content Type: REPORT

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REVIEW OF ALBANIAN WORKERS PARTY JOURNAL, APRIL AND MAX 1956
Editorial
The editorial (pages 3-11) in the April issue of Rruga e Partise, ehtitled
"The Triumph of the Ideas of Leninism," written to celebrate Lenin's birthday,
gives the following figures for the achievements of the present world socialist
system. The system comprises 35 percent of the world's population and 25 per-
cent of its territory, and accounts for 30 percent of its total industrial pro-
duction. The article claims that Communist and workers parties have about 30
million members and guide the daily struggle of hundreds of millions of workers.
It says that more than 1.2 billion people in India, Indonesia, Burma, etc. have
been freed from the colonial yoke and are cooperating with the socialist camp.
After recounting the successes of Leninism, the editorial notes that the
20th Congress of the CPSU severely criticized weaknesses in party and state
work since the 19th Congress, such as the cult of personality, especially of
Stalin; the violation of collective leadership and socialist legality; ar-
bitrary measures; the spread of bureaudracy; neglect of initiative in the mas-
ses; and failure to develop ideological work and the Marxist-Lennist theory.
The author points out that when Lenin came to the conclusion that war was
unavoidable as long as imperialism and capitalism existed, there was no world
system of socialism, whereas now a great group of states in Europe and Asia is .?
against war and has the power to stop it. He says, however, that?vigilance must
not be relaxed and unity of action must be maintained between Communist and so-
cialist workers parties.
The article praises the 20th Congress for adopting the idea that different
countries may arrive at socialism in the way best suited to their individual
conditions.
Artistic Activities as Aid in Mobilizing the Masses
Uaahnor Mamagi contributes an article (pages 45-53) on "Expanding and
Raising the Amateur Artists' Movement to a Higher Level," which seems largely
to mean using them more efficiently for propaganda purposes.
He states that 5,060 artistic collectives with about 60,000 participants
performed in Albanian festivals in 1955, and that over 4,049 of these perfo='m-
ances were given by artistic groups from houses of culture.
Such artistic collectives exist mainly in cities; they are limited in
number in the villages. The artistic level of these collectives is low in cen-
tral and northern Albania; reading rooms and schools in these regions do not
combat the "fanaticism" which preventE collectives from appearing on the stage
of reading roams. False excuses are given for this situation.
Artistic collectives lack stability. Many amateurs join them before
a festival and leave immediately forward.
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There is a great scarcity of musical instruments and stage props, and
a tendency exists in some groups to feel that these should be furnished gratis
by the state.
Repertories are not always chosen to mobilize workers to do their duty
on the economic front. For example, the Berat Rreth Party Committee formed an
artistic brigade to etid collectivization, but no piece on collectivization was
ever given. Moreover, plays which are too difficult for ardateura, such as those
of Shakspeare, are staged, instead of plays of current interest.
Assistance in interpretation is insufficient and sporadic.
Mamagi concludes that trade unions, educational and cultural sections in
executive committees of rreth people's councils, and the Ministry of Education
and Culture itself fail to show sufficient zeal in solving the problems of
-these groups and giving them sufficient guidance in aiding the masses to do the
tasks set before them by the party and government.
D?ecovery and Utilization of Internal Resources in Mining and Industry
An article (pages 26-35) by Adil Carcani, Minister of Industry and Mining,
reports that this is the second year of a movement to discover and utilize in-
ternal resources in Albania, and that the movement now includes all branches of
iaduetry and the national economy, as well as all workers. But Carcani admits
.t1-pt many such resources are still unutilized. For example, a repair shop left
lying outside several tons of old iron and steel which could have been recovered.
Enterprises which used their internal resources .to exceed the 1955 production
plan include the Krrabe Coal Mine, the Rubig Copper Mine, the?Timan Footwear
Enterprise (NISH-kepuceve), and the Korce Food Enterprise (NISH-ushgimore).
Carcani makes the following criticisms: same directors and workers still
dc' not know how to utilize internal resources; often discovery and utilization
of these resources are not organized on a sound technical basis; records of im-
provements made by using these resources are not kept; and party primary organi-
za:ions fail to evaluate such shortcomings.
Carcani calls full two of production capacity one of the main factors in
increaeing labor productivity. Today, he s&-ys, Albanian industry is equipped
with new, modern machinery, which is not effigLently used. For example, the
percentage of machinery upe obtained in acme enterprises is as follows: En-
Works, about 70; Stalin Town Repair Shop, 60; workshops of the Textile Com-
bine and the Vlore and Cerrik cement factories, not even 50. Moreover, the En-
vs?r Works and other workshops could produce many spare parts, now imported at
a cost of millions of leks. National and local ca3fpentry shops, sawmills
and brickyards are equally inefficient.
Another factor in improving labor productivity, according to the article,
ir_ increasing the planned coeffi&ient of effective opek'ation, which many enter-
prises fail to do for such reasons as work stoppages, scarcity of materials,
breakdowns in machinery, etc.
Still another source of Increased labor productivity given by Carcani is
ma:hanization of production processes. Yet many entexgrises, such as olive oil,
soap, footwear, and rubber factories, still cling to primitive methods with low
productivity.
Avoidance of lobs in working time is called another great internal resource.
Although 50 percent less time was lost in 1955 than in 1954, the record is far
from satisfactory, the article says, since 87,928 workdllw vure lost without
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justification cause in 1955, representing a loss of 80,190,336 leks in indus'-
trial production at the statistical price. Carcani criticizes enterprise di-
rectors, party primary organizations, and the ministerial apparatus for failure
to enforce discipline in such cases.
Car ani lists sy4tematization of norms and wages as another great resoux'ce.
He cites as an example the fact that revising and raising norms in the industrial
ana mining sectors saved millions of leks in 1955. He says, however, that the
Central Ccmmtittee of the party found many errors in 1955, in norms being fixed
so lox that they were too easily exceeded. He criticized enterprises which
classified jobs incorrectly, so that wages were higher than the type of job mer-
ited.
He also considers inventions, rationalization, and dissemination of pro-
gressive experience as sources of increases In labor productivity. Yet, he
says, directors of enterprises and mines and the omission on Inventions
and Rationalizations itself often let months=go by without examining workers'
suggestions or putting them into effect.
Internal resources are not sufficiently utilized, Carcani adds, to re-
duce production costs. For example, in 1955, while 29 enterprises reduced
their prtoduction expenses by this means, 15 others raised theirs. The Durres
Macaroni Factory (fabrike?,e makaronave) reduced its production costs by 228,000
leka,. arhile a s imi 1 s, -factory in Harande increased'j.ts costs. The Kz rabe Coal
Mine reduced production costs 7.11 percent, but the Menaliaj Coal Mine did not
reduce its costs. Other enterprises which increased their costs in 1955 are
the Tirana Brickyard (NISH-tullave), 46.79 percent; the Bulgise Chromium Mine,
12.72 percent; Gjirokaster Leather Factory (NISH-lekurave), 22.44 percent; and
the Vlore Food Enterprise (NISH-ushgimore), 9.69 percent.
Other means of reducing production costs, according to this article, are
reducing unproductive expenditures, such as expenditure on transpox%tation and
etor%ge, and correctipg the imbalance between production workers and the cleri-
cal or administrative force.
Carcani also censures lack of care in the protection of the people's prop-
erty, wh:l.ch costs the government millions of leks.
He urges utilization of internal resources to increase the assortment and
impp?;?ve the quality of industrial products. Although there has been much im-
provcment along these lines, he finds many shortcomings, especially in the food
and clothing industries. These shortcomings he says are due partly to the scar-
city if engineers and partly to directors who do riot stimulate their engineers
to pliin -.he manufacture of more and better goods and to improve production meant.
This "reeist:an^:e" to planning may be found even in the Ministry of Industry.
Among enterprissea which failed to improve their goods for this reason wire the
Korce Knitted Wear Factory (NISH-trikotRZhi); the (Tirana) Footwear Enterprise
leather enterprises, especially the one in Gjirokaster; an4_various sawmills.
Carcani admits 'that in same. cases of poor quality, the excuse of scarcity of
raw se.teriale, too frequently given by directors of enterprises, is justified;
but. h?; finds that more often the reason for poor ~,uality is that party primary
orga.tizat,ione, and enterprise directors do not know how to discover the many
avui~.seb1R internal resources.
M.ireov>r, he blames many directors of enterprises for being content to
fulfill th^ir production plans in quantity only, while permitting manufacture
of aube+tandnr!J goods The party primary organizations in these enterprisese
lutvr railed to pena:Lize such practices.
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Cas .,ani confesses that proper standards have not been set up for all in-
dustrial article- and that existing standards are often violated. He points
out that the establishment of correct standards and technological methods for
each artiste would be another means of discovering int(`rnal ree4nrces. The
government, he= instituted technical inspection offices and many enterprises
have laboratories, he says but they often not only fail tosexert control over
the quality of raw or semifinished (auxil.ary) materials, but even accept sub-
standard materials.
Furthermore, although he admits much has been done 4.n establishing quali-
fii.tion courses for workers, especially for directors, engineers, and tech-
ni:%i.ane, Carcani finds many4faults in teaching methods and materials and in
attendance at courses. He blames these faults on insufficient control by di-
rentors of enterprises and mines, by party organizations, and by the appara-
tus of the ministry itself.
Development of State Famjs
Mi;i Bozo, in his article (pages 36-46) on "The Strengthening and Develop-
ment of S};ate Farms," states that -area under crops at state.farms was 2.4
tiff's greater in 1955 than in 1950, while yields during this period increased
by the fUll--twing amounts (in percent): wheat, 430; vegetables and potatoes, 90;
su.r beet, 400; and milk, 30. During the same period, livestock increased
as follor=. (in percent): horses, 140; cattle, 110; and ptultry, 350.
Although state. farms occupied only 4.3 percent of the total area under
cultivation in 1955, Bozo says, they produced 17.9 percent of the total com-
pulsory deliveries of wheat to the state, 41.7 percent of the (total?) vege-
table coop, and 29.5 pe?z-cent of the milk procured by state and cooperative
trade: organizations; as well as (.1 percent of the meat, 17.1 percent of the
wool, 17.7 percent of the sugar beets, and the total amount of sugar beet
sec 1 end hempseed. (probably of total compulsory deliveries).
Boso also noted. that there were, in 1953, 3??4. times more tractors than
In 1950.. There were also more seeders for bread grain, sugar beets, find hotton;
mor`, self-propelled combines; more electric mi'kers and shearers; and a better
supply of large incubators and instruments for artificial.-insemination, etc.
The state, according to Bozo, has invested heavily in reclamation, irriga-
tion, housing, road building, stabling, repair shops, clubby and schools. Thus,
at any state farms. such as those in Maliq, Sukth, Kam e, Lushnje, and Fier,
the state has built workers' housing centers. Yetkthe results obtained by state
farce cannot be considered at all satisfactory, he says, since many of them fail
to fulfill production plans, attain only low y9.el.ds, and display great technical
and organizational weaknesses.
Bow reports that in June 1955, the State Farm Administration and its aux-
il.isary bran;hes set forth the national requirements for each enterprise, but
that: lack of coordination between the State Farm Administration and state farms
hat caused an iibalance between agricultural production for trade and for ani-
mrel hu-bandry. In 1952, for example, wheat occupied only 20 percent of the to-
tal area under cultivation on state farms and decreased to 14.9 percent in 1953,
while fodfier ^..ropr were di&proportionally large. Fodder crops, especially bar-
ley and oats, hold first place; next cage perennial graabes; and lastly annual
grasses. he average yield of fodder grains is only 75 percent of that of per-
ennial grasses and 50 percent of that of annual grasses, while the production
c. Det? of a fcx34er unit from these grains is 2-3 times greater than from hay. Al-
though- he sage some consideration has been given to this disproportion, Bozo
fec1N that insufficient attention is paid to the fact that a large part of state
fa-m land has not been improved. He points out that a much larger yield per
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unit of area coull ba obtained on unimproved land from annual grasses than from
fodder grains, ani at a much lover cost. He also finds fault with the ratio of
annual :tall and spring grasses. For example, in the fall, state farms plant
only : ; an,,! in the spring only corn and a very small sugar beet crop for fod-
der. He blsmt this system for the lack of fresh fodder during certain periods,
when, by proper planning, freeh fodder could be available all year. Another
criticism he makes is that fall annuals used for winter fodder are more expen-
sive, since they reauire more manpower, while spring annuals can be planted on
larger areas an,,i, when ensiled, serve as a sufficient winter fodder.
ln,iuWtrial crops also are too restricted in state farms, Bozo says, and
iaaistE :that more eipa oe should be devoted to them.
5e advisee sele ting auxiliary branches in s-t*ate farms with cares taking
nto conidera.tion the conditions and area of each farm. An unsuccessful case
which he city= was the attempt of a farm to start an auxiliary branch for rais-
ing all types of livsato k, with the reatxlt that only a few head; of cattle were
produced, at a high cost. 'On the other hand, he gays, Kamze State Farm makes'
a susses of pig raising because pigs can eat vegetable scrap which would not
SitLerwi.se be used, and Fier State Farm makes a profit on poultry, which con-
sumes grain waste that other animals cannot eat.
Bozo c.on*iters the proper ratio of different animals in a herd or flock
an impor-t factor in livestock raising. For example, Kamze State Farm, with
53 toww Ps- 100 animals, obtained 26 percent more milk than Maliq State Farm
with 42 ;.owe per 100, Sheep-F+'aising Enterprise No 5 (ndermarje blegtorale Nr 5 )
produ;.ed 21 per. e..nt. mare milk and 22 percent more wool than Sheep-Raising Ein.er-
pr'se No 1, bec.ar~i:se No 5 had 81.6 bearing ewes per 100 head, while No 1 had only
67.1 per !CO. These errors are being corrected, he says, but it will take 2-3
years to complete the job,.
B--,zo criti.irea the General Directorate of State Farms for not enlisting
party c=ganizatiove and heads of farms in organizing work and production. He
gives the following figures for 6'-me spent annually on various agricultural ac-
tivities by state .farm w rkers (in workdays per hectare): planting corn, 35-40;
planting wteat, 14-20; and planting vegetables, 230-250. Workers' wages per
mttric quintal of olives amount to 51 percent, and of milk, to 31.6 percent, of
tya.'te total annual production .-oats of these products. These figures show a low
dr:g??ee of me~'.haniz.e.tion, he pays, and low labor productivity, which depends not
only on me.chani:.:,a.tion but also on labor organization and technical methods, such
a; prcps,r corn thinning and sugar beet planting.
rn animal hu--:bun,try, Bow reports, eta.te farms are now milking cove and
feeding pigs ?-4 time,x a, day; pigs and poultry are fed prepared food to in-
c:see-~ the7. weight; r- 'orris axe kept of the 'quantity of milk at each milking;
tut y is f-,! t ^.carc* in..geed of. their being pastured; and pigs and poultry are
fed :onrer_trated.'rood 2 c.imes a day, He claims that, there is an excessive
rtttlo rat nonprodu':Ilion to production workers. For instance, every year state
fe,rm.= ',p." 1.5 million lek for 60-(O workers who carry drinking water to
fiF12 -pork-r.~. Hr pain*-~; out. that while workers must have drinking water, it
b~ -~uppli+l by mc?re we11a in the fields and. more personal canteens. He
A r iri' t +Yr:,r .?t' Avery 17 vvork.`rs do not take part in direzt- production,
nil-'i th.e' ?() v?rk-r- nn r,rme' t'army could well, be eliminated by reorganization of
-.,rIk.
i'r' -..: t in ^:'u13 b.- gr - t:Ly inrreaa.r'., i3~?zo contends., by uein.g internal
c-4,)ur-'I, ru.'tt n:FAri w, and un^ixltivnte.i land, and by planting 2-3 crops;. 'i
yr..,r In ; :tt 1 . In 1')!, et.tl'4 1'+arnii p.rodu, tt.1. n. rJut:l- ruc.tory gwint l t y or
Io''u.t cl',i r ,p.. Rio d v,+rrt!ib.ie?-, but too t-.mnl1 i yir1.i of bread gr'ins'
 cause a continuous fall rains, inthe.1955 'all planting plan was fulfilled;
mince over 6,000 hectares must be planted to corn in the-enpring of 1956, or
about three times more than in 1955, to ceaensate for the deficiency. He
u:*.ge~ all party organizations, Communists, and workers to put this plan into
e-,'fect.
In animal husbandry, Bozo asserts, state farms have great internal resources;
t?iey have the best do?estic breeds and, in general, are making great efforts to
improve their stock and increase their productivity. Thus, in 1955, the Xha-
fzotaj State Farm obtained from its whole herd an average of 2,325 kilograms of
milk per cow, and 3 kilograms of wool per sheep, while the Kamze State Farm ob-
tained.2,157 kilograms of milk per cow and 2.6 kilograms of wool per sheep.
Many !:et..ate -farms, including those in Lushnje, Goranxi, and Nialiq, maintain in-
adequats fodder bases, thus reducing the productivity of their livestock. The
Pier State Farm began with domestic cows of low productivity, but. as a result
of breeiing them with Jersey bulls, milk production reached 1,839 k~1ograms per
cow in 1955. Ifs Bozo argues, all party organizations and farm directors took
m:tasures to aid state farms, in 3-4 years there 3cREI. be no more livestock of
low productivity.
Bozo gives the following table to show the difference in productivity be-
tveen Kamze Farm, which pays attention to fodder bases, and Lushnje State
l;nrm, xhich is less attentive to this problem. The table shows animal produce
i:, metric quintals per 100 hectares planted to fodder at the two mate farms:
Frrdu.:t
Kamze
Lushn j e
Milk
975
141
Meat
112
31
Wool
3
1.67
Butter
4.9
0.64
At the same time Kamze State Farm produced 24,1000 eggs and Lushnje State
Farm 3,500 eggz.
The difference Bozo attributed to the fact that Kamze State Farm obtained
16,181 metric quintals of fodder from 735 hectares) or 22 metric quintals per
hectare, while Lushnje obtained only 11,077 metric quintals from 1,380 hectares
or 8 mf ric quintals per hectare.
A 'er:gnd table given by Bozo shows the effect of the quality of fodder
or. pz~_?nuce at. the two state farms. The table shows produce in kilograms per
1,000 fodder units, unless otherwise noted.
Product
Kamze
Lushnje
Milk
423
177
* at
51
38.5
Butter
2.2
.8
W,;.:)1
1.37
2.1
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Bruno criticizes the General Directorate of State Farms in the Ministry of
Agriculture for not pfs'ing more attention to the collection and quality of hay
and envilage of green foaLder. The directorate, party organizations, and
? ..e farm heads, he says, should do more patient, systematic work in educat-
ing t~.sarey. and workers, especially young workers and brigade leaders, in tech-
nolagic_al pro_-esses. He deplores the tendency of state fasn directors -- for
example, in Maliq and Sukth -- co look for "trained" cadres, instead of teach-
ing yotiag ca re3, and says that this tendency should be rigorously censured by
party orgr3nizationti. The Ministry of Agriculture has opened one-year courses
to =ualify lower-grade cadres, but often those who have passed and are appointed
tr raspon:ible jobs are not given the most elementary in*tructions about direat-
irg -
verk. He. cites the case of an appointee to a sector in Lttehnje State. Farm,
who -lid net know for 2 months how production there was organized or vhat he
=nould organize. Bozo criticizes the fa-m's director and party primary organi-
zati:,n for permitting such a situation.
Although he admits that there have been great improvements in the tezhni-
c_.al training of simple workers to fit them to operate complicated machinery,
su_h as milking machines, Bozo protests against existing shortcomings, especially
irregulsr attendance at courses, and courses which are not intelligible to the
li=te_n-r.
State farms have a double duty, according to Bozo: to be an example to
others and to obtain high yields themselves, but some state farms -- for in-
stance, those at Sukth, Lushnje, Gorani, and Fier and Sheep-Raising Enterprise
No 4 (NSH-blegtorale Nr 3) -- have done neither duty well. He calls upon qark
party organizations and local authprities to help eradicate errors by going to
the farms personally, and begg them to restrict their work to "asking for a re-
port" or "making an analysis." He concludes that there is every possibility of
eradicating errors, but "the real problem is how the General Directorate of
State Farms, party committees, and executive committees of qark and rreth peo-
ple'_a councils a.re to improve their manner of directing and to give more aid
to Mats farm-':t."
Agricultural Collectives
In an article (pages 54-61) entitled "Our Work for Agricultural Collec-
tive-" He brings up ther-r 'iis-
?url tng - 1-T'sz ?.hi ?h t ri'3 t.:, "eo- confusion" in the Tirana party c nz ference,
end urger t t clnr. tin- !.elf-: :rit.iciem; especially rr iti: irn from beloi. "to
eliminn?- -,?rythi!:g ''.tli?h ~-epts.krne;i.nner-party democracy." He calls for eo1l,-rive
i acts.-t:1p .sn + ?h., bntz .> bc?:vfen the party and the masses to be ntrengthen"d
an. perc~ x: )n`n-tt, 'i*h the people -o be increased. "To obtain a lively par-
t.i,iprt i.--r. mr,e,.et'" in p- -*orm.ing th< duty of socialist ^onet_rt.vvt i ,n,"
it i r=::ate i+l '. wug, e bitter right against anything whi"h obe?tru't~ the de-
vNlolun- n i' ? M iv1ty 1t,?, ??reeatcrr. A dpcIrlve battle mutt. bn ?uutht against
1114--elu ?n ??? ?ny ?? hlt:'uy nctr, Whi^h violate etoclniir.t, legnl.Ity tent ltI?r?mC
r.e?hr.
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'r. '-e._'1?.=ton, ahs su*h-r, oskp for more ideological work among cadres and
all _ __. =ts ro enable ,hem to direct industry, agriculture, and all -f-her
econt?xri : se-t,-r53 1n. a-r expert manner, and to fulfill the great program which the
rnlri ?_ong:-~4c ie tc approve.
Role of the M Ees in Building Socialism
In hie ar icle (pages 11-19), Thanes Leci explains the Marxist-Leninist
theory of the people as creators- of history. He attributes the grains in the
national e_o~ncmy to the efforts of the Albanian people, directed by the
party, and side.e, by the USSR and the Poople'a IRmocracies.
Eo_ialist competition, according to Leci, has been introduced into 367
cooperatives in industry, mining, construction, trade) and handicraft. Col-
le-tivization is spreading, and there are now more than 600 agricultural col-
lecrive_e A is ge number of valuable suggestions have been made by workers,
which saved 25,518,000 leks in 1954, but too little encouragement is given to
the lnitiatiwe of the worker. Like the editorial in the April issue: this article
poin's out the ,-rationing of certain industrial articles and recent price re-
duction= -rh_cugh ;Chi,h the people gained about 1.5 million leks.
In he poii--i al field, he explains the participation of the ;corking masses
ae _f ollows h' v?,)rking masses have the right of participation in directing
governmen- e`fa_-t ;hr:ugh !heir representatives, elected to people's councils,
beginning with village an.i `1'unicipal ='ard councils, up to the People's Assembly.
At, a fug- h-.r ai; in solving economic, cultural, and economic problems, the peo-
ple't -_"n eppoint permanent and temporary commissions.
-h* e-*_ive psr_i:.ipa_.ion of the masses in directing government affairs
and buil_ing eo7iali_m, Leci contends, is demonstrated by the widesp:eai dis-
cu- tlo_ of the :e:and rive-Year Plan draft in all factories and production
centers. But with all the party suecssees in strengthening its bonds with the
maeres. he there are many irnatan:,es of bureaucracy and inattention to the
voice of ".he people in the state apparatus.
In the ;ulturai field, he argues, only socialism raises the masses from
ignorance and. illiteracy and arms them with advanced education, culture, and
science. As proof of this, he mentions the great number of artistic anti. ama-
teur groups in ,itiee'and "villages, the hundreds of new schools, and the es-
tablishment of higher, institutes of agronomy, animal husbandry, engineering,
and pedagcgy.
Lori attributes such good results in part to the party's ideological
viewpoint on the cul: of personality. In July 1954 and April 1955, he notes,
the C,n-.ral Committee brought up the problem of combating this cult in what-
ever farm and +herever it appeared, and called it one of the chief future du-
ties of the party to strengthen the role of the masses and of Leninist prin-
ciple? in the national lit' However, the fight against the personality cult,
says Levi, has nothing to do with the true role of leaders, with their author-
ity, or with the faith and collaboration due them. "Party and state leaders,"
he aiaert~,, "are p,crple vno have come from the people, aho have devoted all
their -.r.ergy and strength to the people's problems, and. who, by tireless struggle
an' -.?:~rk f,:~r the interests of the people, have. gained the people's faith, re-
,E,r_- t,,yn1 b,aanil-,T love."
-'h'.fiin th- needed participation of the masses, he urges more edu-
a?,ioa "in h- apt,-L4, of devotion to the party, the country, the people, the
U i~?2 go.` .1 r a ~ igli t amp'',
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Moreover, he insists that propagandists and agitators must learn that'all
political and ideological work is closely-c6nnected with economic problems, such
as increAs ing production and labor productivity and reducing production costs.
They must not conceal any shortcom3ng_si or difficulties in work, he says because
only by telling the truth can t4te7 mobilize wel*kers to fulfill their tasks.
He advises propagandists and members of all party, state, and social organi-
zations against talking too much and indulging in idle bombast about competitions
and initiative, instead of taking practical steps to mobilize the masses. So-
cial organizations, such as people's councils, front organizations, trade unions,
youth and women's unions, and cooperatives afae a great factor in strengthening
party bond-3 with the masses and educating them in socialist "awareness," ac-
cording to Leci.
Functions of Party Conferences
An article (pages 39-1-8) on "What Party Conferences Show Through Render-
iFtg Accounts and Voting," by Msrika Isak, ascribes special importance to the
party conferences in March and.-4 ril 1956, because they came between the 20th
Congress of the CPSU and the Third Albanian Party Congress. The latter, she
feels, will consequently be "penetrated by the spirit of the resolutions of the
20th Congress-"
She observes that great interest was shown at the )p rch and April conferences
in voting, and rendering accounts, as well as in discussions, in which 60 percent
of those present took part.
Leak points out that party directives call for close bonds between party
work and economic problems. She also notes various criticisms made in the con-
ferences of Tepelene, Tirana,and Cerrik rreths and of Elbasan. Qark. Among
those criti;ized were members of party primary organizations or commmittees,
which chose as delegates or instructors to be sent to mines, enterprises, or
agricultural zolleetives persona who were ignorant of the economic problems of
these organizations. These= delegates often talked only to directors and not
to workers in the establishments visited, and gave only general, superficial
orders. There were similar occurrences, she claims, at the:Cervik Refinery, the
Napo Spiru Lumber Corrine (kombinat e drurit "Nalco Spiru"), the 'Mborje-Drenove
Coal Mine, and.a collective in Lesh Rreth. leak cites complaints from newly
formed collectives that no practical aid was given them. She adds that secre-
taries of party committees were severely censured by delegates to conferences
from Lesh, Koplik, and Gjirokaster rreths for sending instructors instead of
going among the people themselves and listening to their requests.
leak stresses the importance of criticism, self-criticism, and criticism
from below in. developing initiative in the masses, since real progress can be
made only if the workers, not simply the directors, are inte]tested in eliminat-
ing shortcomings. She accuses many mass organizations, such as the Democratic
Front, women's and youth unions, trade unions, and people's councils -- but es-
pecially women's organizations -- of formalism in mobilizing workers.
M. Isak claims that despite acme successes, many party committees fail to
prepare cadres to at as directors, accountants,; and brigade leaders, particu-
larly for agricultural collectives. For example, in Kukes. Rreth, about 80
percent of the cadres of various sectors had only practical training; in the
trade sector, only seven out of 130 persons had attended any courses. This
statement; eatema somewhat contradictory to her following statement that during
the past year 1,500 persons finished party school courses, and that many more
are ontinuing their studies, while a large number are attending general schools.
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Teak claims :hat the :- poaition of party committees is improving. For
example, the party committee in Puke Rreth, which used to have seven members
who were workers, now has 13, while the Nirdite Rreth party committee has ten
instead of four. Mae 2eay5 that in general, 16.7 percent instead of the ear-
lier (date unxp.~cifled) 10.8 percent of party memberships are now held by work-
ers.
In con_lueion, leak says that the work of party primary crganization meet-
ings and conferen.es has been an expression of the unity of party ranks around
their Marxist-Ie_ninist leadership, the party Central Committee. But she in-
veighs against so?e "sickly elements" in the party conference at Thane "which
with sn-ipa_rty and ho&rile intent, while abusing Inner-party democracy, at-
tempted to uee the right to criticize in order to make scandalous and antiparty
statement.A to hit am the unity, political; and economic line, and leadership of
the party. By provo;ative, antiparty questions and statements, they were able
to disorient the conference by denying the successes achievedtbr people and party
under the leadership of its Central Committee. They sought a revision of the
party economic policy and of the just resolutionstaken by the Central Committee
against various hottile and antiparty groups. But the Tirana conference gave
theme and their instigators the reply they deserved*.... Inner-party democracy
is broad and boundless as long as the correct party line and interests are not
touehed'a...The disclosure and defeat of this hostle action against the party
were a great victory for our party, which protected and strengthened party unity
even more."
Duties of Psrty Primary Organizations
In an anti:le (pages 49-60) on "The Duties of Party Primary Organizations
in StrenBt-hening R~r Agricultural Collectives," Nevruz Malindi reports that
358 colle-rives wz re added in the first 4 months of 1956 to the 318 established
by the end of 1955. With the aid of party primary organizations he says most
new collectives are so organize! that they can serve as an example to individual
farmers in the spring planting campaign. However, Malindi feels that if timely
steps are not taken, certain shortcomings in new collectives may impair develop-
ment and that of collectivization.
Among these shortcomings, he mentions retention of too much land for per-
sonal gardfnr, overvaluation of personally owned cattle, low work norms, too
little mechanization of labor, and insufficient utilization of MTS. He says,
moreover, that not all members of collectives, especially not women, are Wt
to work, proper discipline is not maintained, and not enough surplus crops are
sold to the stare.
Among the duties of party primary organizations, as defined by Malindi,
are studying advanced methods of agricultu--e and animal hpsbandry and the me-
chanization of pro:eaees; solving practical pralems, such as irrigation; and
drawing up detailed plans for crops, fruit. growing, and livestock. Party pri-
mary organizations, according to Malindi, must also organize co Petitions and
meetings, an-i make good use of such meetings for political propaganda and mo-
bilization to fulfill production and procurement plans.
Communist Attitude Toward MankinFl
An article (pages 61-6'T) on educating people into a Communist attitude
and mann'r of conduct toward mankind, by Hamit Beqja, argues that as a re-
eutt of d^ep e...onomic and social changers and of the political and educational
work of the party, social organizations, and state institutes, a new man has
been born with vx:rld knowledge, a new Markiat-Leninist view of life, and a new
attitude 'toward work, state (socialist) ownership, and collectivism. Communist
morality, he ins1.t~, must be expressed in the personal life of this new man by
hie, love of h.i- ^ountry, his peopl.e, and mankind and by his attitude toward mem-
ber'i of his i aml iy, eeprr_ially toward women and Chi ld en.
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. Bagja pays particular attention to the correct attitude toward women. Women
must no longer be men's slaves or chattels, he says, or depend upon men eco-
nomically, as in bourgeois countries. In a Communist society like Albania's,
women have equal political, social, and economic rights with men. He criticizes
:nen who keep their wives at home and who do not permit their wives to raise their
cultural level by sharing in the life about them.
Beqja censures couples who seek divorce for anybut th-- gravest reasons, and con-
tends they should seek it only after a serious endeavor to make the marriage
work. He especially disapproves of men wtio commit bigamy. Worst of all, he
mays, is the case of a man of 60, who divorced the wife who had lived with him
until then, to marry a 20-year-old girl.
Beqja also censures fathers and mothers who are indifferent toward their
children or thoughtless of them. Children allowed to play in the streets will
become street Arabs and later even vagabonds.
As for the Communist man himself, says Beqja, he must be high-principled,
modest, sincere, and honorable. He must eschew megalomania, arrogance, "sickly
familiarity," auarrelsomeness, idle gossip, scandal, and servility. Courtesy
is not merely a bourgeois trait, he says, and Albanians "are rather backward"
in this quality.
Although Begja claims that alcoholism is not widespread in Albania, he
says that. public opinion, schools, publications, and party organizations should
be roused to combat this evil and others inherited from the past, and should
mobilize Communists and nonparty members, especially in youth organizations and
trade unions, to attain a Communist spirit of morality.
The 2truggle for Peace
Shyquri Ballvora, in an article (pages 20-28) on "A Great Progiram in the
Struggle for Pee e," claims that socialism has emerged from the boundaries of
a single country to become a world system with about a billion adherents and a
strong industrial potentrial. Citing the same figures on the strength of social-
ism given in the .:ditorial of the April 1956 issie of Rruga e Partise (see above),
Ballvora contends that the camp of socialisir not only has the desire for the es-
tablishment of peace, but also has the means needed to give "the merited reply
to any aggressor who dares to touch countries in the socialist camp."
Miscellaneous
Hamdi Sollaku contributes a long article (pages 68-79) on the Egyptian
Republic.
Hekuran Mars, in an article (pages 29-38) "On the Basic Economic Tasks of
the Soviet Union," compares production, manpower, and wages in US and the USSR.
He claims that the USSR will equal in the US in per-capita production in 1970
and surpass it in certain products.
Thie issue of Ftruga e Partise publishes an article (pages 8G-100) from
KCmmunist, No 5, April 1956, on "Measures, the Party, and leaders in the
Struggle for Communism," devoting a good deal of space ?~,o combating tthe cult
of personality..
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 Party Chronicles
A short unsigned article (page 101) on "Putting Into Effect Party-
Direc-tives on Listening to the Voice of the People," gives the following account of
the Peshkopi Rreth Party Committee meeting in April 1956:
Delegates to the meeting justly criticized the party -cimittee bureau
for its insufficient aid to party primary and mass organizations, and for vio-
lating the Central Committee's directives on placing cadres in jobs.
Problems brought up in this meeting were divided among responsible
.members according to sectors (organization, economics, and agit-prop). Two
men were appointed to see to the security of offices which had secret party or
State papers. Other members were appointed to aid newly formed party primary
organization,
A second unsigned short article (pages 101-102), entitled "When Ideological
Party Work Is Connected With Practical Work at Bases," calls such a connection
a healthy weapon in the hands of the party and of every Communist.
The article gives examples of good'results obtained in Pegin Itreth by party
work. In certain villages, the party committee educated Communists to exceed
the 1955 production plan. In another village, where some'CUcmmunists used to
observe Ramadan, the author boasts that the party committee educated these Con!
munists to put science above religion, so that now no Communist in that village
fasts or believes in religious teaching.
The third unsigned article (pages 102-103), entitled "Every Difficulty
Can Be Overcome-b7 Effort and Good Organization," tells about a new agricult4ural
collective in Sue, Burrel Rt,eth, which waited for the MTS until cattle feed was
scarce before going to work. Finally, the secretary of the party primary com-
mittee and the head of the collective, the author says, organized the work with
good results.
The fourth chronicle (page.103) criticizes the Fier Rreth Party Com-
mittee Bureau for drawing up resolutions in regard to a letter of the
party Central Committee,without proper' discussion and procedure. The au-
thor asks what profit there can be in drawing up such useless resolutions.
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