TERRORISM REVIEW

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP87T00685R000200330002-0
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 31
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 22, 2011
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: March 1, 1986
• Content Type: REPORT

Directorate of
Intelligence
Terrorism Review
DI TR 86-004
March 1986
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Secret
This review is published every other month by the Directorate of Intelligence.
Appropriate articles produced by other elements ofthe CIA as well as by other
agencies of the US Intelligence Community will be considered for publication.
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Terrorism Review I 25X1
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The Terrorism Diary for April
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Focus The Lebanese Armed Revolutionary Faction Unmasked
The Lebanese Armed Revolutionary Faction (LARF) terrorist group '-which
posed a serious threat to US and Israeli diplomatic personnel in France from 1981
until 1984-is now on the defensive as a result of effective counterterrorist
operations by the Governments of France and Italy. The group carried out six
attacks on US and Israeli diplomats in France, killing four persons and wounding
four. The group also was implicated in the February 1984 assassination in Rome of
Leamon Hunt, an American serving as Director-General of the Multinational
Force and Observers for the Camp David Sinai accords. Italian and French police
arrested three key members of the LARF-including its leader-in late 1984 and
probably disrupted its European infrastructure. The remaining members of the
group returned to their homes in Lebanon, where they reportedly are planning
attacks against France and Italy in an effort to free their imprisoned comrades.
Lessons Learned
The LARF was one of the most mysterious terrorist groups operating in Europe
until the investigations that followed the arrests of its members revealed a great
deal about its origins, ideology, composition, and methods of operation.
? The LARF-a small but dedicated band of radicals-was able to carry out
lethal attacks against vulnerable diplomats by establishing an infrastructure in
which its operatives were able to blend. They carefully planned and prepared for
every phase of their operations-from selection of the target to the escape route.
The effectiveness of their attacks has demonstrated the need for enhanced
security for diplomats-both midlevel and senior-operating in seemingly
friendly environments.
? The LARF is a Marxist-Leninist movement that was born in the Lebanese
Christian community. Its growth and development indicate that at least some
Lebanese Christians-like Palestinian Christians and Lebanese and Palestinian
Muslims-hold the United States responsible for Israeli policies in Lebanon and
are willing to resort to terrorism to demonstrate their vehement opposition to
such policies.
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DI TR 86-004
March 1986
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The Italian and French counterterrorist successes against the LARF have also
demonstrated that:
? Law enforcement investigations of all aspects of cases involving suspected
terrorists can lead to conviction and imprisonment of those terrorists, as well as
produce openings into seemingly impenetrable groups.
? International cooperation in the forms of information exchange and investigatory
support is one of the most productive means of combating international
terrorism.
Diminished Threat
The Italian and French counterterrorist successes probably have reduced the
LARF's threat potential for the present. Its founder and leader is imprisoned in
France, and we believe this has caused a leadership vacuum in the group. Its
remaining members do not seem to possess his revolutionary fervor and ability to
motivate the group to action.
The LARF currently appears to be limiting its activities to northern Lebanon. The
group's only operation in 1985 was the kidnaping in Tripoli of a French diplomat,
whom it intended to exchange for its comrade imprisoned in France. The French
negotiated the release of their diplomat, but reneged on freeing the LARF leader.
The LARF's failure in this operation probably further reduced its morale, which in
turn has contributed to its operational paralysis.
Syria's control of northern Lebanon and its efforts to establish order throughout
the country probably are causing it to place additional restraints on the LARF.
Damascus will ensure that its own interests are not threatened by the group,
probably putting a damper on any prospective LARF operations in Lebanon
directed against French or Italian diplomats. This may extend to US and Israeli
interests as well.
Down But Not Out
The LARF probably is now in a transitional phase. The group may seek to regain
its operational capabilities by allying with one of the Marxist-Leninist Palestinian
groups; the most likely candidates are the Popular Front for the Liberation of
Palestine (PFLP) or the PFLP-Special Command (PFLP-SC). We believe the
LARF grew out of the PFLP and has a number of important contacts within the
PFLP-SC. A marriage of convenience with the PFLP-SC would give the LARF
access to Palestinian networks in Europe and perhaps enable the group to renew its
operations there.
A number of the LARF's hardcore activists remain at large. Should the group
succeed in reorganizing and rebuilding, it could reappear as a serious threat,
attacking not only US and Israeli targets, but also those associated with Italy and
France. The group could elect not to return to France but to operate in other
European nations or countries along the Mediterranean littoral.
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group Direct Action.
GRAPO Weighs Anti-NATO Campaign
A leading Spanish newsweekly reports that the small leftist terrorist organization
GRAPO (the First of October Antifascist Resistance Group) is weighing anti-
NATO actions. The group apparently is reassessing its tactics following police
roundups of many of its operatives in January last year. Spanish police officials
note that GRAPO's leaders have been operating out of Paris and that a key
element in the organization's rebuilding has been support from the French terrorist
Spanish officials reportedly fear that GRAPO will become a branch of
"Euroterrorism" and attack "Alliance interests" in Spain. Since there are no
Alliance facilities as such in Spain, we believe US personnel and bases used by US
forces would be GRAPO's most likely targets. Indeed, some Spanish security
officials believe that GRAPO may have played a role in the bomb attack last April
at the "El Descanso" Restaurant.
In spite of the possibility of isolated terrorist actions, we believe GRAPO's
ability-and even its intention-to mount a major effort against Western interests
in Spain remains in doubt for at least the near term. GRAPO lacked the numbers
and sophistication of the major European terrorist groups even before the arrests
last year decimated its ranks, and the terrorists themselves, moreover, are divided
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leader, Manuel Perez Martinez, is trying to lead the terrorists away from direct
action and into electoral politics through participation in the Reconstituted
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French Guiana, Tripoli Provides Terrorist and Paramilitary Training to French Guianese Students
Libya The students-who number about 10-are members of the French Guianese
separatist movement. They allegedly received one month's training in small arms,
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reportedly returned to French Guiana in November 1985 and may initiate "anti-
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French Guianese separatists have not engaged in terrorist activities since 1983.
Should they begin again, we expect their prime targets to be French Government
offices and institutions and not US interests. Terrorist attacks by separatists in
other French Caribbean locations-except in one instance-have been limited to
French political and economic targets.
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DI TR 86-004
March 1986
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officials, including the chief of the US military group,
Urban Terrorist Plans
Over the past few months, guerrillas have photographed or surveilled several US
the city.
reportedly has about 500 youths in the metropolitan area prepared to escalate
urban violence. The guerrillas apparently want to initiate the attacks in the capital
because of the pressure from the Salvadoran armed forces on rebel bases outside
last month and may continue to escalate.
During the same period, rightwing death squads also have increased activities and
are presumed responsible for the murders of seven Salvadorans during the first
week of February. The rightist violence is possibly in response to peasant and labor
unrest over a series of unpopular economic measures President Duarte imposed
been implicated in several of these attacks.
Attempted Bombing of Moderate Sikh Newspaper
Canadian authorities defused a bomb outside the pro-Khalistani Indo-Canadian
Times in Vancouver on 26 January. The newspaper's editor, Tara Singh Hayer,
strongly supports the Khalistani separatist movement, but was threatened last year
when he urged Canadian Sikhs to pursue legal means for an independent
Khalistan. Police questioned two leaders of the International Sikh Youth
Federation (ISYF) in Canada in connection with the attempted bombing.
Moderate Sikh leaders have been the targets of three attacks in the United
Kingdom and numerous attacks in India since November 1985. The ISYF has
Corsican Separatists Resume Bombings
The National Front for the Liberation of Corsica (FLNC) apparently has decided
to renew its terrorist activities. It bombed a courthouse in Marseilles and police
headquarters in Aix-en-Provence on 1 February, and a tax office in Ajaccio,
Corsica's largest city, on 6 February. The blasts caused substantial property
damage but no casualties. The FLNC probably will continue to attack its
traditional targets-government offices, police stations, and private businesses.
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troublemakers" and released the rest.
Government Sweep Against Muslim Radicals
On 12 February, the Directorate of Territorial Security (DST)-the internal
security service-detained and questioned 64 Middle Easterners suspected of
involvement in terrorist activities. France expelled 13 of them as "public
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The Hague.
Palestinian Sentenced in Verona on Weapons Possession
On 11 December, Italian authorities in Verona sentenced Umar Sadat Salim Abd
al Fatah, a Palestinian, to a 14-year jail term for illegal possession of arms and
explosives. Abd al Fatah testified that the weapons in his possession were to be
used in an attack against the Syrian Embassy in the Netherlands. An Italian,
arrested and sentenced with Abd al Fatah for collaboration in illegal possession of
arms, claimed there were other targets as well, including US interests in Rome and
Abd al Fatah claims to be a captain in the PLO,
Trial witnesses claim he contacted PLF leader Abu Abbas in
Force 17.
Yugoslavia-implying that the explosives may have been destined for use in an
attempt to free the four Achille Lauro hijackers jailed in Italy. Al Fatah's initial
claim that the targets were Syrian, however, tracks with a series of operations in
Western Europe against Syrian targets last year apparently conducted by Fatah
Florence, Lando Conti, in Florence.
The Return of the Red Brigades
Members of the Communist Combatant Cells-believed to be in the Red Brigades
terrorist organization-shot and wounded presidential economics adviser, Antonio
da Empoli, in Rome on 21 February. Da Empoli's bodyguard killed one of the four
terrorists, and Italian police reportedly arrested two others. Earlier in the month,
the Brigades claimed responsibility for the murder of the former mayor of
The two attacks represent the dramatic reemergence of the Brigades following 11
months of inactivity. The organization had been hurt by Italian counterterrorist
successes in recent years and has been unable to sustain a terrorist campaign
similar to those it conducted in the 1970s. The amateurish nature of the most
recent assassination attempt-the terrorists apparently did not know da Empoli
had a bodyguard-also suggests that the organization still lacks the expertise it
once exhibited. The Brigades apparently are concentrating on unprotected
domestic targets, although ro a anda released by the organization continues to
be strongly anti-American. _ -p g
Nicosia and Larnaca.
Threat Against US Interests in Cyprus
Four Palestinians, said to be affiliated with the Abu Nidal Group, reportedly
traveled to Cyprus in late January with plans to attack US and Israeli targets in
An Abu Nidal operation in Cyprus directed against the United States
aimed virtually all of its past attacks against Middle Easterners.
would be a change in targeting for the group. The Abu Nidal organization has
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Lebanon, Israel, Israeli Airstrike Damages Palestinian Targets
Syria Israeli aircraft on 29 January heavily damaged three buildings south of Sidon used
by Palestinians. An IDF spokesman claimed the buildings belonged to Abu Musa's
Fatah dissidents, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-General
Command and the Abu Abbas faction of the Palestine Liberation Front. The
Israelis stated the strikes were in retaliation for recent attacks and for what they
described as a Palestinian buildup in southern Lebanon. The bombings were the
first since the installation of Syrian SAMs in Lebanon last November.
Deported Palestinians Arrive Under PLO Sponsorship
Four Palestinians, deported from Greece to Tunisia in December, may have ties to
Fatah's Force 17. At the time of their arrest, the four were believed to be members
of the Abu Nidal Group planning to attack US and Israeli interests in Latin
Sendero Luminoso Answers Garcia
Terrorist bombings on 21 February were the first since newly elected President
Garcia imposed a state of emergency in Lima on 7 February. The coordinated
attacks on the US Embassy-which escaped damage-and at least three other
embassies, as well as several offices of the ruling American Popular Revolutionary
Alliance (APRA), occurred on the eve of the APRA party founder's birthday,
Terrorists also hit several other Lima targets and
human rights abuses and has promised to control.
The latest terrorist acts, in our view, are Sendero Luminoso's answers to Garcia's
recent emergency measures. Evidently timed to coincide with an important ruling
party observance, the bombings were designed to embarrass Garcia and gain
maximum international attention while underscoring the government's inability to
maintain law and order. Garcia almost certainly will act to regain the initiative he
briefly held. In so doing, however, he risks playing into the insurgents' hands by
giving wider authority to the security forces, which he has criticized for alleged
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South Africa Increase in Insurgent Incidents
according to the South African Institute of Strategic Studies.
Total ANC incidents in 1985 were over double the previous year,
the marked upsurge in terrorism in recent months,
the African National Congress's
increased training of recruits inside South Africa is in large part responsible for
Pretoria's efforts to stem ANC infiltration from neighboring countries and the
ANC's desire to exploit the continuing unrest probably will lead to more attacks
on soft targets by inexperienced recruits inside South Africa who can easily be
trained to use mines and grenades. South Africa most likely will respond to
increased insurgent activity-which contrasts with the recently reduced intensity
of township unrest-by striking at ANC targets across its borders
were overt.
Chukaku-ha Setbacks
Recent statements by several Chukaku-ha members arrested last November for
their involvement in disrupting Japanese National Railway operations appear to
indicate that the group has insufficient personnel either to stage another JNR-type
operation or to launch other attacks this spring. Chukaku-ha probably also suffers
from financial problems resulting from both last summer's expensive but
unsuccessful election campaign and legal expenses stemming from the defense of
48 members arrested in November. Moreover, adverse public reaction and tough
government action after the JNR operation cost Chukaku-ha cooperation of the
engineers' union and several other groups. The confessions may also have deepened
the schism between overt and clandestine branches~~ members arrested
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Table 1
Dawa (Islamic Call) Organizations in the Persian Gulf
Bahrain Founded in the late 1970s. Several hundred Ahmad Qasim No terrorist acts to date.
Used Islamic Enlightenment
Society as a cover until its clo-
sure in February 1984. Engages
primarily in propaganda efforts.
Group's newsletter reported to
be one of the most inflamma-
tory publications directed at
Bahrain.
Began in 1959 primarily as a Claims 8,000 members Shaykh Muhammad Several bombings in
religious party, but has become in Iran, 3,000 in Iraq-- Mahdi al-Asifi Iraq and assassinations
largely political. Armed strug- probably exaggerated. of minor officials. At-
gle began in 1980. Despite use tempted assassination of
of terrorism, moderate wing ad- Saddam several times.
vocates political organizing as
principal means to gain power.
Members found in business
community, military, parlia-
ment, and the Shia cultural so-
ciety. Little known about activi-
ties or organization.
Radical wing of Iraqi
Dawa and Hizballah re-
sponsible for major ter-
rorist acts.
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Dawa Parties in the Persian Gulf-
A Growing Danger
The governments of several Persian Gulf states are
facing a growing threat from fundamentalist Shias,
many of whom receive Iranian support. Foremost
among the challengers is the Dawa (Islamic Call)
Party, which has autonomous factions in virtually
every country in the region. Dawa members have
staged some of the more spectacular terrorist attacks
in the Persian Gulf, and there appears to be little
doubt that they will continue their activities in 1986.
What is Dawa?
The first Dawa Party was founded as a religious
organization in Iraq in the late 1950s. The party
subsequently sent missionaries to all the main Shia
communities in the Islamic world, and there are
autonomous Dawa factions in most of the Gulf states.
Dawa organizations are known to exist in Iran, Iraq,
Kuwait, and Bahrain.
The success of the Islamic Revolution in 1979
encouraged more politically activist policies among
Dawa members.
banned in most Gulf states and operate clandestinely.
Their strategy, as exemplified by the Iraqi Dawa, is to
build a clandestine cell structure; engage in open
propaganda activities; and to overthrow the existing
Not all Dawa factions use terrorism. The Bahraini
Dawa has yet to commit a terrorist attack and
engages primarily in propaganda activities,
The mainline Iraqi
Dawa also prefers propaganda and covert political
activity to terrorism,
On the other
idical faction of the Iraqi Dawa advocates
terrorism as a primary tool of policy and has strong
links to Iran's Revolutionary Guard. We believe that
Hizballah (Party of God)-a Shia fundamentalist
movement in Lebanon-has close links to some Dawa
factions. Many Hizballah leaders were once Dawa
Party members, and some Hizballah members joined
Dawa members in conducting the 1983 bombings in
Kuwait. The release of the prisoners in Kuwait is an
immediate Hizballah goal because three are
Lebanese, one with close family ties to a Hizballah
leader. We believe this Hizballah official also is
primarily responsible for the kidnaping and continued
detention of US citizens in Lebanon and has tied their
fate to the prisoners in Kuwait.
this Dawa faction may have conducted the 1983
bombings in Kuwait, as well as several other
bombings and assassinations inside Iraq since 1980.
The Dawa Threat
The Iraqi Dawa Party has been especially active in
Kuwait in recent years:
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? In December 1983, members of a faction of the
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Iraqi Dawa Party and Lebanese Hizballah bombed
the US and French Embassies in Kuwait, several
Kuwaiti Government facilities, and the compound
of a US defense contractor.
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? In December 1984, Dawa supporters hijacked a
Kuwaiti airliner to Iran.
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DI TR 86-004
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? In May 1985, a suicide car bomber attempted to
assassinate the Amir of Kuwait.
Dawa Party members continue
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US Embassy in Kuwait after the December 1983 bombing (top);
Kuwaiti airliner hijacked to Iran in December 1984 (middle); and
burned automobile that was accompanying the motorcade of the
Amir of Kuwait at the time of a suicide car bomb attack in May
1985 (bottom).
Virtually all of these terrorist attacks were staged to
free the 17 men imprisoned for the 1983 bombings.
For example, the hijacking of the Kuwaiti airliner in
December 1984 and the assassination attempt on the
Amir in May 1985 both involved demands concerning
the release of the Dawa supporters imprisoned in
Kuwaiti
Iranian Support
Iran provides Dawa groups with extensive support.
The groups are based in Iran, and some financial
collections are passed through the Bahraini branch of
Bank Melli Iran,
Tehran is also directly financing training of Dawa
members in several camps in Iran.
claim to have identified more than 300 Bahraini Shia
who have undergone military training and
indoctrination in Iran, Syria, or Lebanon. Moreover,
the Iranian Embassy in Bahrain has also passed
propaganda materials to Dawa members,
Tehran exerts influence over Dawa groups through
key clerics sympathetic to Iran and Iranian-controlled
organizations. In 1982, the Iranians created the
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Table 2
Major Terrorist Incidents Associated
With Dawa Organizations, 1982-85
2 January Iraq General headquarters of the
Popular Army Command in
Baghdad destroyed by car
bomb.
April Iraq Al-Dawrah refinery near Bagh-
dad bombed.
May Cyprus Bomb explodes at Iraqi airline
office.
6 July Iraq Truck bomb explodes outside
Army recruitment center; sev-
eral dozen dead and wounded.
President Saddam Husayn's covered to contain bombs.
motorcade ambushed by gun- 4 December UAE, Iran Kuwaiti Airlines flight hijacked
men in assassination attempt. from Dubayy to Tehran. Hiz-
1 August Iraq Car bomb destroys Iraqi ballah involved. Release of pris-
Ministry of Planning building. oners in Kuwait charged with
15 December Iraq Car bomb explodes at Iraqi 1983 bombings demanded. Two
news agency, Baghdad. US officials killed.
5 March Iraq Bomb explodes at Air France
office in Baghdad, killing the
office manager. Similar device
defused at nearby Kuwaiti Air-
lines office.
21 April Iraq Iraqi radio and television sta-
tion and Air Force Intelligence
headquarters bombed.
27 March Iraq Two car bombs explode in Pres-
ident Husayn's hometown of
Tikrit. At least 36 people killed
and several more wounded.
25 May Kuwait Attempted car bomb assassina-
tion of Kuwaiti Amir. Attack in
response to Kuwait's failure to
release Dawa prisoners.
French Embassies and Kuwaiti "a"""?
Government facilities. Hizbal- 13 October Iraq Dawa Party members engage in
lah involved. Seventeen persons firefights with Iraqi security
convicted and imprisoned, with forces in two communities near
three sentenced to death. Baghdad.
Tehran-based Supreme Assembly of the Islamic
Revolution in Iraq (SAIRI) to serve as an umbrella
organization to coordinate the activities of Iraqi Shia
dissidents and enhance Iranian influence over them.
Disagreements over strategy and allegiance to
Khomeini and Iran among SAIRI's groups, however,
have divided and weakened the organization.
Outlook
We believe Dawa Party members will continue to
pose a serious terrorist threat to the Persian Gulf
states, especially Kuwait, and to US citizens and
facilities in the region. In the longer term, rising
Dawa political networks may threaten the stability of
the regimes in Bahrain and Kuwait, and, hence, the
US presence in these countries. The Bahraini Dawa is
led by a group of resident clerics whose legitimate
functions give them enormous scope for inflaming the
the Dawa organization in Bahrain and Iraq, the
Kuwaiti Dawa also may be engaged primarily in
covert political activity through its clandestine cell
structure to prepare for a future revolution.
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Key Personalities
Presently or Formerly
Involved in Dawa Activities
Shaykh Muhammad Mahdi al-Asifi
Leader, moderate Iran-based faction
of the Dawa Party
Muhammad
al-Asifi is a highly skilled political organizer who is
almost single-mindedly dedicated to replacing Iraq's
current Bath regime with an Islamic government
controlled by the Dawa Party. Despite his clear
commitment, Asifi apparently has limits on the
methods and means he is willing to employ.
is a member of the pro-Iranian Supreme Assembly of
the Islamic Revolution in Iraq (SAIRI), Asifi does not
support the religiopolitical doctrines of Ayatollah
with SAIRI is a tactic to ensure his continued stay in
Iran and to secure financial support from that
country. Press interviews with Asifi indicate that he
holds strong anti-French, and, to a lesser extent, anti-
US views. We believe his opinions about this country
stem largely from his personal perception that the
United States somehow helps Iraq's Bath regime
remain in power. We have no indication how he views
the USSR.
Shaykh Ali Kurani
Member, Supreme Assembly of the Islamic
Revolution in Iraq (SAIRI), since at least 1982
Ali Kurani is an ethnic Lebanese and a fanatic Shia,
who currently resides in Tehran. Like the majority of
his SAIRI colleagues, he professes strong loyalty to
Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini and Iran,
goals. Kurani also led a radical faction of the Dawa
Party that was active in Kuwait, where he was a
egitimate instrument for furthering his political
clergyman from the 1960s until his expulsion by
Kuwaiti security authorities in the late 1970s. He
remained the titular head of that faction until mid-
1985 when he broke with the Dawa Party. He
probably did so because of disagreements over the use
of terrorism and rivalry with Asifi for leadership.
Isa Ahmad Qasim is the most competent Shia leader
in Bahrain, a has
headed the Islamic Enlightenment Society (IES) since
its inception in 1974. In 1979, Dawa Party founder
Muhammad Baqr Sadr appointed him leader of the
Bahraini branch of the party, which serves as the
covert wing of the IES. Qasim is a political survivor
who follows a path dedicated to personal expediency
rather than ideology.
degree in Shari'a law and Arabic, and is a "teacher"
by profession. During 1973-74 he served as a member
of the Bahraini Constituent Assembly (parliament).
Qasim is about 45.
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Lebanese Affairs
The Syrian Social Nationalist Party (SSNP), a small
party with close ties to Syria, propelled itself into the
Lebanese political limelight last spring, when it
launched a series of suicide bomb attacks in south
Lebanon against Israeli and Army of South Lebanon
(ASL) targets. Syria has found the SSNP to be an
effective and versatile surrogate willing to help
Damascus in confronting Israeli occupation forces
and punishing those Lebanese factions opposed to
Syrian aims in Lebanon.
The party currently receives the vast majority of its
support from Syria, with a smaller portion from anti-
Arafat Palestinians. The SSNP has demonstrated its
willingness to accept Syrian direction and would
probably mount attacks against US targets in
Lebanon if Assad directed such operations. The
SSNP probably hopes its willingness to act on behalf
of Syria will promote the party's own political
fortunes. The notoriety it acquired as a result of the
suicide bombings, for example, helped attract new
members from a variety of sects throughout Lebanon.
Although the SSNP remains a minor party in terms
of its geographic and political base, it stands to
enhance its influence significantly by maintaining its
close attachment to Syrian policy objectives in
Lebanon.
A History of Tumult
The SSNP (originally known as Parti Populaire
Syrien) was founded in 1932 by a Greek Orthodox
Lebanese, Antun Sa'da, who formed his organization
into a Pan-Syrian, paramilitary, Fascist youth
movement. The SSNP agitated against both
Lebanon's French colonial rulers and the local
governments that succeeded it. The party finally was
charged with subversion in 1949, resulting in Sa'da's
implicated in a coup plot in 1961, many of its
principal activists were jailed and it was forced
underground.
During the next decade, the political tenets of the
SSNP were almost completely reversed. The notion of
a Greater Syria was abandoned in favor of the Pan-
Arab ideology then popular throughout the Arab
world. The party sympathized with the Palestinians in
the aftermath of the 1967 Arab-Israeli war and
formed a close association with the PLO. The SSNP
was again legalized in Lebanon in 1970 and began to
organize in the Greek Orthodox enclaves in Al
Khoura and the upper Matn.
The SSNP leadership viewed the outbreak of the
Lebanese civil war as an opportunity to further its
political ambitions by fighting for the abolition of the
confessional system of government. After some initial
dissension among rightwing and leftwing factions in
the party, the SSNP joined other leftist militias
against the Christian forces. Although the SSNP
relied on the Syrians for support, the party
maintained its political autonomy in the face of
repeated Syrian attempts to co-opt it.
The Syrian retreat in the face of invading Israeli
forces in 1982 created dissatisfaction among SSNP
members with their political bosses. Party members in
the north remained under Syrian control, but SSNP
leaders in the south began to direct their operations
with Libyan aid and Palestinian support.
execution and the SSNP's disbandment.
After a stormy relocation in Syria, where its
activities-including the assassination in 1955 of a
popular Alawite officer-led to its banning, the
SSNP returned to Lebanon. When the party was
Syria, in turn, chose to rely increasingly on the SSNP
and other factions to press the attack against Israeli
forces in south Lebanon. At Syria's invitation, SSNP
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The SSNP in 1985 staged numerous spectacular
operations in south Lebanon:
12 March A suicide car bombing south of
Jazzine. The person carrying out the
attack was a Druze from the Sofar
region. There were no other casualties.
9 April A suicide bombing in Batr A-Shuf. It
was carried out by a female Shia from
the village of Aqnun in south Lebanon.
Two other people were killed, and two
were injured.
9 July A suicide attack in the Hasbayya
region. It was carried out by a 20-year-
old Syrian from Aleppo. His religious
affiliation is unknown. Two Army of
South Lebanon (ASL) men were killed
and three wounded along with eight
civilian fatalities.
A suicide attack in Biyada carried out
by a 28-year-old female psychology
student at the University of Beirut. She
leaders began making frequent trips to Damascus in
the summer of 1983 to seek military assistance and
political support. Although the Syrians were generous
in supplying arms, they balked at allowing the party
to reestablish itself in Syria.
When the Israelis began to withdraw from Lebanon,
the SSNP competed with other factions for territory
in the Shuf mountains and West Beirut. Despite its
professed commitment to cooperate with other
Syrian-backed militias, some within the SSNP feared
that the Shia Amal and Druze militias would attack
Greek Orthodox villages in the south. The relatively
small size of the SSNP militia, however, gave them
little choice but to seek a modus vivendi with these
militias in the hope that Syria would protect SSNP
interests.
was possibly a Druze from the Batr A-
Shu . Two Israeli soldiers and two
ASL men were wounded.
6 August A suicide attack against Israeli
military headquarters in Hasbayya. It
was carried out by a 23-year-old man
whose origins and religious affiliation
are not known. The attack was carried
out on an explosives-laden donkey and
resulted in the attacker's death.
4 November A suicide car bomb attack against an
Israeli patrol in Armin. The driver was
a 24-year-old Syrian from Baniyas.
Three people were reported killed and
two injured in the attack.
The SSNP has added to the drama of these attacks
by broadcasting videotaped interviews with the
suicide bombers on Syrian television shortly after the
attacks.
Syria Calls the Shots
As Israeli ground forces withdrew from areas where
SSNP operation centers were located, party policy fell
increasingly under Syrian influence. The split within
Fatah in 1983 dried up a substantial source of aid to
the SSNP, and party leaders were forced to abandon
their pro-Arafat allies in favor of pro-Syrian
Palestinian groups to restore this funding. In addition,
differences between Libyan leader Qadhafi and
Syrian President Assad over the Palestinian split
resulted in Syria's cutting off Libyan arms and money
to the SSNP.
As the Syrians reestablished their preeminence in
Lebanon in 1983-84, more SSNP leaders accepted the
practicality of subordinating their interests to Syria.
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The SSNP could thereby safeguard its source of
arms, reduce its vulnerability to larger militias
aligned with Syria, and be in a position to be included
in a reconstituted Lebanese government.
The participation of the SSNP militias in the war of
the camps in Beirut last May created controversy in
the ranks and strained Syrian-SSNP relations.
According to press reports, elements within the party
sympathetic to the Palestinians were given an
ultimatum by pro-Syrian members, with implicit
Syrian backing, to toe the line or be purged. The
members of the SSNP Supreme Council eventually
agreed to an alliance with Amal, the mainline
Lebanese Shia militia.
The SSNP's alliance with Amal, as part of Syria's
loose coalition of Lebanese factions, has afforded the
party the opportunity to carry out frontline military
operations against Israeli and ASL positions in south
Lebanon. Although many of these attacks have
questionable military value, the spate of suicide car
bombings in 1985 has given the Israelis and the ASL
cause for concern.
Formal Structure
The highest SSNP decisionmaking body is the
Supreme Council, composed of approximately 12
members. Trustees of the party, who are themselves
appointed by the council, elect the members of the
council and the president every three years. The
president of the council exercises executive power and
is the commander of the militia.
The party depends on local administration to carry on
day-to-day operations. The party is administratively
divided into several regions, and its members are
organized in village and neighborhood sections.
in areas where it has taken
over undisputed control, such as in Al Khoura, the
SSNP has assumed the responsibilities of civil
administration.
Despite the SSNP's multiconfessional composition,
there have been no reported instances of confessional
strife within the militia or the party.
contrary,
Christian SSNP members, working with Amal and
Hizballah, have infiltrated East Beirut to bomb
Christian targets and surveil Western interests.
the decision to
embark on a suicide bombing campaign was made by
more militant lower level party officials. Led by As'ad
Hardan, the SSNP commander for resistance
operations in south Lebanon, this faction has sought
to promote its point of view by ingratiating itself with
the Syrians.
Syria, realizing the propaganda value of these attacks,
tacitly supported Hardan despite opposition from
some party leaders who resented his renegade tactics
and feared Israeli reprisals. Press reports
indicate that the Syrians aided Hardan in
July 1985 in eliminating his staunchest critic, SSNP
Defense Minister Muhammad Salim, although
Damascus headed off Hardan's subsequent power
play against the largely pro-Syrian Supreme Council
in the interest of party stability.
attacks, the Syrians hope to portray them as
expressions of Lebanese resistance to Israeli
occupation and thus avoid Israeli reprisals
Prospects
The SSNP's political and financial reliance on Syria
virtually assures its compliance with Syrian directives
for the near term. The SSNP will continue to
ingratiate itself with the Syrians in the hope of
enhancing the party's role in any future Lebanese
political settlement. SSNP compliance will also deter
the Syrians from intervening directly in the party's
political processes.
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Syria is likely to increase its use of the SSNP to prod
intransigent factions to accept Syrian-sponsored
political reforms.
If a political settlement based on reform of the
confessional system emerges, the SSNP may attempt
to establish a canton in the areas it now controls in the
upper Matn and Al Khoura. In the meantime, the
SSNP will probably continue to attract new recruits
in the environment of chaos and confused loyalties
wrought by political instability in Lebanon.
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The Terrorism Diary for April
Below is a compendium of April dates of known or conceivable significance to
terrorists around the world. Our inclusion of a date or event should not by itself
be construed to suggest that we expect or anticipate a commemorative terrorist
event.
Armenians. The month of April is dedicated by Armenian groups to the memory of
the massacre of Armenians by Turks during 1915-18.
1 April 1955 Cyprus. EOKA (National Organization of the Cypriot Struggle) Day (beginning of
guerrilla struggle for Greek Cypriot independence).
1 April 1970 El Salvador. Founding of Popular Liberation Forces (FPL).
1 April 1979 Iran. Islamic Republic Day (commemorates Isfahan riots).
1 April 1980 El Salvador. US Cultural Center in San Salvador bombed and strafed by FPL.
1 April 1981 El Salvador. Rocket and gun attack on US Embassy by FPL.
2 April 1982 Argentina, United Kingdom. Argentina invades Falklands. Terrorist group 2 April
Command takes its name from this event.
3 April 1984 Guinea. Coup d'etat.
4 April 1945 Hungary. Liberation Day.
4 April 1947 Syria. Founding of Bath Party.
4 April 1950 Western Europe. NATO established.
4 April 1960 Senegal. Independence Day.
4 April 1979 Pakistan. Ex-President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto executed; the terrorist group Al-
Zulfikar is named for him.
6 April 1978 Philippines. Anti-Marcos demonstration; the terrorist group April 6 Liberation
Movement takes its name from this event.
6 April Thailand. Chakri Day (founding of Thai royal dynasty).
7 April 1916 Ireland. Beginning of insurrection that led to independence.
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7 April 1963
7 April 1976
8 April 1947
9-10 April 1973
10 April 1941
11 April 1979
12 April 1980
13 April 1975
13 April 1985
13 April 1986
14 April 1931
14 April 1967
14 April 1974
15 April 1912
15 April 1916
16 April 1980
17 April 1946
Yugoslavia. Republic Day (commemorates adoption of current constitution).
Libya. Student revolution.
Iraq. Founding of ruling Bath Party.
Israel, Lebanon. Israeli raid on Beirut.
Yugoslavia. Proclamation of Croatian independence.
Uganda. Liberation Day (fall of Idi Amin).
Liberia. National Redemption Day (celebrates coup overthrowing Tolbert
government).
International. Solar New Year (Buddhist, Chinese, Southeast Asian, and Hindu
cultures).
India. Guru Gobind Singh founds Sikhism as a militaristic religion.
India. British troops fire on Indian civilians in Amritsar (commemorated as
"Jallian Wala Garden Massacre").
Lebanon. Phalange militiamen attack bus, triggering Lebanese Civil War.
Sri Lanka. Beginning of two-day Tamil and Sinhalese New Year celebrations
(new calendar).
Latin America. Pan-American Day (first international conference of American
states).
Spain. Founding of Second Republic.
Togo. Assumption of presidency by Gen. Gnassingbe Eyadema.
Niger. Accession of President Kountche.
North Korea. Birthday of Kim 11-song.
Ireland. Easter Uprising.
Jerusalem, West Bank. Palestinian Prisoners' Day.
Syria. Independence Day.
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17 April 1961 Cuba. Air Defense Day (commemorates Air Force success against Bay of Pigs
invaders).
17 April 1975 Cambodia. Liberation Day (Khmer Rouge victory).
17 April 1984 Libya, United Kingdom. Libyan radicals fire on protesters outside People's
Bureau in London, killing a policewoman and wounding 11 other persons; start of
siege by British security forces.
18 April Israel. Commemoration of the Holocaust.
18 April 1949 Ireland. Inauguration of the republic.
18 April 1978 Panama, United States. US ratification of Panama Canal Treaty.
18 April 1980 Zimbabwe. Independence Day.
18 April 1983 Israel. Independence Day.
18 April 1983 Lebanon. US Embassy bombed by Islamic Jihad.
19 April 1960 Namibia. Founding of South-West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO).
19 April 1960 South Korea. Unrest triggered by student uprising forces President Syngman Rhee
to resign and leave country. Usually commemorated by student demonstrations.
19 April 1961 Cuba. Day of Victory at Playa Giron (Bay of Pigs).
19 April 1970 Colombia. On this day the populist National Popular Alliance (ANAPO) does
poorly in national elections. Three years later, ANAPO extremists found the 19th
of April Movement (M-19) to try to take by force what they could not gain by
ballot.
19 April 1971 Sierra Leone. Proclamation of the republic.
21 April 1967 Greece. National Resistance Day (anniversary of military coup).
21 April 1971 Haiti. Jean-Claude Duvalier installed as President for Life upon death of his
father, Francois Duvalier.
23 April Jewish world. Pesach (first day of Passover).
24 April 1915 Armenians. National Day of Sorrow (commemorating Turkish massacre).
24 April 1965 Dominican Republic. Beginning of civil war.
24 April 1970 The Gambia. Republic Day.
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25 April 1945 Italy. Liberation Day.
25 April 1967 Swaziland. Kingdom constituted.
25 April 1974 Portugal. Revolution Day; Liberty Day (commemorates military coup that
overthrew rightist government and paved the way for democratically elected
government). Leftwing terrorist group Popular Forces of 25 April (FP-25) takes its
name from this date.
25 April 1982 Egypt, Israel. Sinai Day (commemorates Israeli withdrawal).
26 April 1949 Jordan. Transjordan becomes Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan.
26 April 1964 Tanzania. United Republic of Tanzania formed through union of Republic of
Tanganyika and People's Republic of Zanzibar.
27 April 1945 Austria. Second Republic established.
27 April 1960 Togo. Independence Day.
27 April 1961 Sierra Leone. Independence Day.
27 April 1978 Afghanistan. Conservative Daoud regime ousted by leftwing coup.
28 April 1937 Iraq. Birthday of Saddam Husayn.
28 April 1965 Dominican Republic. US military intervention.
28 April 1983 Colombia. Death in plane crash of M-19 leader Jaime Bateman.
29 April 1926 Japan. Emperor Hirohito's birthday.
29 April 1967 Colombia. Founding of People's Liberation Army (EPL).
30 April 1975 Vietnam. North Vietnamese capture Saigon.
30 April 1980 United Kingdom. Iranian Embassy seized by radicals; hostages eventually rescued
by Special Air Service team.
30 April 1981 Guatemala. Bombing of storage tank of US oil company in Guatemala City by
FP-25.
30 April 1982 Guatemala. Bombing of US fast-food restaurant in Guatemala City by FP-3 1.
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Late November 1985
1 January 1986
2-7 January
Chronology of Terrorism-1985 and 1986F_____1 25X1
Below are described noteworthy foreign and international events involving
terrorists, or the use of terrorist tactics, which have occurred or come to light
since our last issue. In some cases, the perpetrators and their motivations may not
be known. Events and developments that have already been described elsewhere in
this publication are not included.
Turkey: Police arrest suspected Dev Yol (Revolutionary Way) members/
sympathizers in Istanbul. Several members were arrested for the killing of a
Turkish National Police (TNP) officer in the late 1970s and early 1980s.
3 January
9 January
Turkey: Arrest of three Dev Sol (Revolutionary Left) members in Istanbul leads to
discovery of arms cache in Giresun. The militants were captured during a meeting.
The weapons apparently were buried during the September 1980 military
South Africa: Mutilated bodies of two policemen found near Moutse. They were
investigating an arson case that occurred during clashes among residents over the
district's incorporation into the Kwandebele homeland.
Munsmuili, Tangi Muzaffar Fort, Balyamin, and Sadda.
Pakistan: Time bomb explosions in Kurram and Khyber kill and wound some 45
people, including Afghan refugees. The explosions occurred in Landi Kotal,
Philippines: Armed men kidnap mayor and driver. The kidnapers killed the mayor
and released the driver. Authorities suspect the New People's Army is responsible.
South Africa: Boobytrap bomb explodes at electrical power station in Durban,
injuring five persons. They were investigating an earlier explosion that occurred in
the same area. Authorities suspect the African National Congress is responsible.
10 January South Africa: Former community councilor dies in firebombed house in Mlungisi.
No one claimed responsibility.F__~ 25X1
Inkatha are responsible for the murder.
South Africa: United Democratic Front leader stabbed to death in eastern
Transvaal. He was to have met with American envoy Chester Crocker during his
three-day visit. South African authorities believe members of the Zulu group
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12 January South Africa: Police detain eight suspects and uncover six arms caches in wake of
bomb attacks in Durban. The caches bring to eight the number uncovered in the
area in recent months.
13 January South Africa: Two homemade bombs found in garden of house in Brandfort. The
bombs were destroyed, and police arrested two suspects.
India: Dashmesh Regiment claims responsibility for killing a dozen people in
Punjab. The militant Sikhs are violently campaigning for independence for their
Punjab homeland.
Nine other cars also were damaged.
Japan: Unidentified persons burn car belonging to Okinawan self-defense official.
14 January Djibouti: Offices of ruling party bombed, causing minor damage. The attack
occurred on the eve of a heads of state meeting on drought control and
development in East Africa. Authorities suspect the Somalian National
Movement.
Themba.
South Africa: Gasoline bombs damage home of employee of Bophuthatswana
president, office of local government and housing, and post office in Mabopane.
The incidents occurred after the funeral of a local man who was gunned down in
responsibility for planting the bomb.
Sri Lanka: Bomb explodes in Colombo shopping center, injuring a civilian and a
policeman. Police had cordoned off the area and were waiting for a bomb disposal
unit when the civilian tampered with it, causing it to explode. No one has claimed
Front.
Philippines: Passenger bus ambushed by dissidents in Zamboanga del Sur,
killing eight people, including two soldiers and the bus driver. At least 30 others
were wounded. The attackers reportedly belong to the Moro National Liberation
claimed responsibility.
South Africa: Two bombs damage electrical substation in Durban. No one was
injured, but this was the second power station attacked recently. No group has
released if she was not involved.
Sri Lanka: Eelam Revolutionary Organization of Students kidnaps British
journalist in Mullaitivu. The kidnapers apparently suspected that the journalist
worked for a foreign intelligence agency and later stated that she would be
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Philippines: New People's Army robs and burns passenger bus in Misamis
Occidental, killing 15 passengers and injuring 30 others. Police pursued the
attackers but lost them in a nearby forest.
19 January Afghanistan: Explosion kills three rebel leaders and wounds many others in
Peshawar. No one has claimed responsibility for the attack.F__~ 25X1
South Africa: Police find Soviet arms at Maseru Bridge border post in Lesotho.
The arms-including limpet mines, handgrenades, antipersonnel mines, and
demolition charges-were discovered on a train en route from Lesotho.
Angola: Car bomb explodes outside Cabana Airlines office, causing slight
damage but no injuries. One attacker was killed and the rest were wounded and
captured by Angolan authorities. The National Union for the Total Independence
of Angola claimed responsibility.F_~
Pakistan: Violent explosion rips through Pakistani Airlines office in Peshawar,
killing at least five and injuring two dozen others. The blast set the entire
building ablaze. Officials suspect the Afghan secret service "Khad" is involved.F_~ 25X1
22 January Zimbabwe: Unknown assailants murder farmer in Matabeleland. He is the fourth
farmer to be murdered in three months. No one has claimed responsibility.
Pakistan: Bomb explodes in bathroom of mosque in Gandahab, killing one and
injuring five others. The bomb detonated as police were coming to the mosque for
noon prayers. No group has claimed responsibility.
and heavily damaging the bus. No one has claimed responsibility.
destined for Angola.
South Africa: Explosion rips through post office sorting section at Cape Town
railway station, injuring one employee. The bag containing the device was
30 January Greece: Unidentified individuals throw plastic explosive device at US-owned
Shell Company in Kallithea. The blast caused only minor damage and no injuries.
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31 January Spain: Bomb damages bank office, slightly injures passer-by near Bilbao. No one
claimed responsibility for the attack.
Lebanon: Second secretary at South Korean Embassy kidnaped by five gunmen in
Beirut. The "Organization of the Oppressed" and two previously unknown
groups-the "Fighting Revolutionary Cells," which provided a photograph of the
diplomat, and the "Green Brigades," which demanded ransom-claimed
responsibility
2 February United Kingdom: Explosive experts defuse bomb found at National Coal Board
headquarters in Cardif. No group claimed responsibility
France: Corsican National Liberation Front (FLNC) claims responsibility for
bomb attacks against law court buildings in Marseilles and Aix-en-Provence.
The explosions caused slight damage, but no injuries.
is probably affiliated with the leftwing ASALA group.
Lebanon: Three Armenian-owned shops in Beirut bombed. An unidentified caller
claimed responsibility on behalf of the Armenian Revolutionaries Union saying the
group is targeting Dashnag Party members. The Armenian Revolutionaries Union
claimed responsibility for the blast.
Northern Ireland: Bomb kills Ulster Defense Regiment (UDR) soldier on border
patrol. Five other members of the patrol escaped injury. The Provisional IRA
responsibility.
Spain: Bomb defused at US Avis car rental firm in Bilbao. There was no claim of
abduction and murder of three Communists.
Chile: Santiago car bomb wounds 16 policemen. The bomb, detonated by remote
control, exploded as a police bus stopped at an intersection. The Movement of the
Revolutionary Left claimed responsibility, stating that the attack was to protest
the Supreme Court's acquittal last month of two police colonels accused of the
called the government-sponsored festival a "circus" of the dictatorship.
Chile: Attack on powerlines by the Manuel Rodriguez Patrotic Front (FPMR)
disrupts nationwide telecast of annual Vina del Mar Song Festival. The FPMR
police suspect the Basque Fatherland and Liberty-Military Wing.
Spain: Machinegun attack on naval vehicle in Madrid kills vice admiral and his
driver, and seriously injures his aide. No group has claimed responsibility, but
Another tax office was attacked earlier in the week
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