SHAPING TOMORROW'S CIA

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP90-01208R000100070058-3
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 11
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: February 22, 2011
• Sequence Number: 58
• Publication Date: February 6, 1978
• Content Type: OPEN SOURCE

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The embattled agency is opened up, aired out and t mmed down
It has also, not incidentally, comlorted ea the Killing of Viet Long terrorists. to
those who work against the CIA. ASoviet Chile,-'the?`CL -gave money =and.-other
KGB agent told a TIME correspondent in help to opponents of Marxist Salvador
Cairo last week: "Of all the operations Allende. But there is no evidence con-
that the Soviet Union and the U.S. have netting the CIA to the coup that over-
conducted against each other, none have threw and killed Allende in 19.73, though
benefited the KGB as much as the cam- the episode gave the U.S. a black eye.
paign in the U.S. to discredit the CIA. In The CIA's surveillance of American cit-
our wildest scenarios, we could never have izens was grossly exaggerated by much
anticipated such a plus for our side. It's of the press. One clear abuse by the agen-
-the kind of gift all espionage men dream cy, which it apparently carried out to-
about. Today our boys have it a lot eas- tally on its own initiative, was exper-
ier, and we didn't have to lift a finger. nventing with LSD and other drugs on :
You did all our work for us." unwitting victims.
In an. effort to restore the CIA's es- Paradoxically, more is expected of the
teem, reorganize the U.S. intelligence CIA. just when its capabilities are being re-
community, and deflect further criticism stricted. Last week, when a Soviet spy sat-
from the agency, President Carter last elute broke up over Canada and invaded
week signed an Executive order that the atmosphere like a streak of fireballs,
places all nine U.S. intelligence. agencies it served as a blazing reminder. that the
under the direct budget control and loose world remains a dangerous place, far from
ever before has a secret agency re- coordination of one man: CIA Director a Utopia where a democracy can conduct
ceived such public scrutiny. It is Stansfield Turner, 54. Incorporated in the all its business openly.
indeed a unique event that a mod- order were sharp curbs on the kinds of Detente or no detente, the Soviet
em nation is exhaustively exam- clandestine practices that brought the CIA Union is a formidable antagonist that
O,'PtGE (Q
would support them, the agency has found dies analysis). The sackings reflected a a decision."
its very, functions and rationale severely longstanding desire to :reduce the size .f
questioned. it has had five directors in of the CIA and scale down its covert' Good intelligence has made it pos-
five stormy years. Its chiefs seem to spend operations. sible to cooperate with Russia to
more time before congressional commit- It was the exposure, and to. some ex- contain the arms race. :Mutual tees than in planning and administering. tent the misrepresentation, of these co- spying by satellite enables the
Its agents, never public heroes because of vert activities that got the CIA into so I.U.S. and the Soviet Union. to monitor the
the secrecy of their work, are .now por- much trouble. While zealous agents some- weaponry in . each country and provide
trayed in the harshest of press accounts times overstepped legal limits, the agen- some prospect that the other side is not
as conspiratorial villains. Somehow the cy more often took the rap for activities cheating. Says a State Department off-
rules of the spy game changed and, as that were ordered or approved by higher cial: "The SALT initiatives would not have
the CIA men keep telling themselves, authorities. The abortive Bay of Pigs in- been possible withoutintelligence."
.changed in the. middle of the game. vasion was approved by Presidents Eisen- The rise of Third World forces-has put
The result has been inevitable-sag- hower.and Kennedy. It is still debated an additional burden on American Intel-
ging morale, deteriorating' ability to col- whether Kennedy and % Lyndon Johnson ligence: Most of the new nations have au-; lect intelligence, and declining quality of knew of or .supported. assassination at- thoritarian regimes that do not freely su-
s
analysis. Increasingly, this has worried. tempts against foreign. leaders, such as. "ply the kind of political 'and 'economic'
Government policy framers, who are all the bizarre plan to supply, poisoned ci- information that is routine in the West. If
too well aware of the need for prime in- gars to Fidel Castro. L.B.J. approved Op- the U.S. expects to stay abreast of devel-
telligence sources and evaluation. eration Phoenix, in which agents direct- opments in these vast areas of the globe,
ining one of its chief weapons of defense much of its criticism. continues seeking power and influence,
for all the world to see-including its ad- The new appointment and the new di- or at least the ability to apply pressure,
versaries. Yet this unprecedented expo- rectives were received with mixed emo- all over the world. Spending a higher
sure of the Central Intelligence Agency tions in the U.S. intelligence community.. percentage of its gross national product
is perhaps the inevitable result of at- There was skepticism that the overall on weaponry and troops than the U.S.
tacks on a vast bureaucracy that oper- problems of intelligence, coordination does, Russia is striving to outstrip Amer-
ated too long out of the public eye. Amer- and direction could be cured either soon ican military prowess in many areas.
ica's premier defense agency has been or simply. In addition, since taking over This means that a secret service capable,
under intense fire both at home and the CIA last March, Admiral Turner has of ferreting out Soviet intentions as well; abroad for violating what many critics become one of the most controversial men as capabilities is vital to U.S. security.
felt were proper standards of international in Washington. His unpopularity in his Says Cord Meyer Jr.., a much-decorated
conduct. own agency stems in part from the retired CIA official: "We need a very, ; '
Once a proud company of proud men brusque way in which he eliminated 212 very alert advance warning capability,
acting with the confidence that not only jobs in the Directorate of Operations, the not only for weapons but for-times when
would their accomplishments serve their arm that deals with covert activities and Soviet leaders may have reached a de-
country but that their fellow citizens intelligence gathering (the other arm han- cision or when they are tending toward
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l~., end nnIrirnl and ocnnnmit anal vsis in a dangerous and increasingly complex world.
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it needs a sophisticated and sensitive in-
telligence apparatus. Says a former dep-
uty director of the CIA: "Totalitarian
countries can use naked power, an open
society has to, depend on its wits." On top
of the normal -tensions of national rival-
ry, there is now the added danger of in-
ternational terrorism. The U.S. has es-
caped serious incidents so far, but it needs
intelligence to help protect its allies from
this latest scourge of political fanaticism.
Among their responsibilities, the CIA
and the other U.S. intelligence agencies '
have provided psychological profiles of
such key leaders as Egyptian President
Anwar Sadat and Israeli Premier Mena-
chem Begin. Intelligence has supplied
background information to Secretary of
State Cyrus Vance on every step of his di-
plomacy in the Middle East. The CIA is
probing the. likely consequences of the
French and West German. elections later
this.year, the course of Sino-Soviet rela-
tions, the ethnic conflicts that could rend
Yugoslavia after Tito dies, and the pos-
sibility of intervention there. Attempts by
the. U.S. to prepare for world.political de-
velopments would be inconceivable with-
out intelligence: .
All this work is jeopardized if the in
telligence community is unreasonably
weakened by public attacks. Policymak-
ersand intelligence officials abroad are es-
pecially worried 'that outside pressures
could all but incapacitate the CIA. They
fear that Americans are too susceptible
to periodic bouts of moral. outrage, that
they fail to understand their cherished
democratic freedoms must be protected
from a world that in large part does not
cherish them. Appearing on the David
Susskind Show in January; Jack Fishman,
I British expert on intelligence, said he
was "appalled by the way the American
public is falling into the trap of slander-
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same o e ost. sophisticated ..year. Meanwile, the Soviets have gained an intelligence, edge.
'methods for antherino Aata-
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without interference, to police arms control pacts. In lain """?"''""' Wnj not revisit
p Etig the Spacelab system until the new space shuttle is launched in
lish spy satellites were legal . ,., rv 1980. The Soviets have another advantage in space : the -hunt
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a
igence ofucials believe :
SATELLITES. In 1972 the .US and Soviet Union agreed that:the Russians are likely. to keep cosmonauts in space from now -
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' ipig and smearing its own security orga-
nization. The CIA may have made many
mistakes, but that does not mean you
should smash your own security in the
name of freedom of speech. You can't de-
stroy yourself."
Last week former CIA Director Rich-
ard Helms made much the same point:
"If we treat people who do this kind of
work as second-class citizens, we are not
going to be able to get anybody to do our
dirty work for us."
Most foreign intelligence officials do
not think the damage has gone so far that
it is not containable. Says a top West Ger-
man intelligence officer: "The CIA's work
is still very good, but it's not up to past 1ev-
his staff for revision. Says a top Admin-
istration official: "Only practice will tell
if the reorganization works, but there was
plenty of anguished howling as well as cel-
ebration in drawing up the order.' The
controversy suggests that, like any other
bureaucratic reshuffle, this one will work
only as well as those involved want it to
work.
The document aims to achieve great-
er efficiency by streamlining the intelli-
gence community under Turner. and to
curb misdirected actions by imposing new
restraints on covert activities. Says Da-
vid Aaron. deputy director of the Nation=
al Security Council: "It was important to
end once -and for all the notion that ef-
onator. carrying the vibrations back to the eavesdroppers re
Such gear has allegedly been used for a U.S. surveillance pro-- "`
'=versations conducted by members of the Soviet Politburo .in:;
- The :laser shoots a,narrow stream of light against a window,
'which -will . vibrate front the sounds in the room; the beam
grabs an image" of the vibrations, which is. then converted
-back to sound by a special receiver:
CAMERAS. If a spy wants pictures to go with the dialogue he
:er or an, Intensifier Camera, made-by Law Enforcement;"
Associates,. Inc., a New Jersey electronics fine. Compact hand-
held devices, they retail for about $3,000 and can be operated'
Artist's conception of U.S. "Big Bird reconnaissance satellite along with earphones and a parabolic reflector or "dish" that
can pick: up normal speech up to 800 yds. away in an open
fastest manned airplane, the SR-71 can travel more than 2,000 space or in a room across a noisy street. The Starlight Viewer.
m.p.h. Though the U.S. has honored Eisenhower's promise, in amplifi es light 30.000 times. and. is-perfect:for nighttime sur-
their first hyd ogen bomb, they were stunned by a blip;mov- sharply detailed photographs Z1
ing across the radar scope; Blackbird was photographing the'.-,,_.` What.the spy trade calls ELINT (for electronic intelligence)
can map most of the U.S. in three passes, as well as three-di- "is a tinkerers dream so long as intelligence wizards bear in
&a- mi. so precisely as to locate a mailbox on a country: road., think dirty:- But all their gadgets, no matter how effective and
'BUGS." Last month the Pentagon warned defense contras- obsolete. Satellites and planes and bugs might dig up secret in-
tors to be wary' of what. they said in-messages carried by cons: formation faster, but HUMINT (for human intelligence) is need-
loon-supported towlines;. trailing from: submarines, that-act as
2,000-ft. antennas, the Russians pick-Up - microwave transmis
ug
- i c -v
"----- _
cept messages ' sent from the US overseas At _,KGB
outer analysis of. mil es of taped,transmissions_.,The. US:can
scarcely complain; some 4,000 Americans employed by:the Na=
tional Security Agency, CIA, Defense Intelligence Agency-and
secret private contractors;are. doing exactly the same-thing.
Both Soviet and American technicians use advanced comput-
ers programmed to react-to trigger words; a Soviet, analyst;for
Cobra Dane, a new radar installation in the Aleutians, or.Tri-
dent, the giant US. submarine now underconstruction...,, `.
Microwaves, the short radio waves that have been adapt-;
ed to cook roasts and heat frozen dinners in compact kitchen
s o e
arb
s in
satio
onve
........
--
e
.
?
o ve s, as a also used to bug .
hides. Metal resonators buried around a room: will' vibrate `:-Hand-held viewer used with "dish" eavesdropper--- .
.....sy...:i:i~``.Ya~i~~ww,
els. What the CIA urgently needs now is
to settle down, get a clear sense of di-
rection and confidence again. This is vital
for all of us, not just those in intelligence
work."
Carter's Executive order on intelli-
gence is intended to restore this balance
and confidence. The President said that
his reorganiiation directive was the prod-
uct of the most extensive and highest-level
review ever conducted. Just under a year
in the making, the order expresses a rough
consensus among the intelligence and de-
fense communities, the White House and
Congress.
Carter, characteristically, had been
hard to please. He returned four drafts to
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fective intelligence can't be carried out
within constitutional limitations."
Under the new Executive order, re-
sponsibility for CIA and other intelligence
operations is clearly lodged with the Pres-
ident and his top aides. Presidential pass-
ing of the buck for any unsavory covert
activities will now be much harder, if not
impossible. The National Security Coun-
cil remains at the top of the intelligence
pyramid. Two of its committees, set up
last year by NSC Director Zbigniew Brze-
zinski, will have expanded powers. The
Policy Review Committee will continu-
ally examine all intelligence operations.
Chaired by Turner, the committee will in-
clude the Vice President; the Secretaries
of State, Treasury and Defense; the Na-
tional Security Adviser, and the Chair-
man of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The Spe-
cial Coordination Committee, chaired by
Brzezinski, includes the members of the
NSC, along with other senior officials who
are chosen to attend. It will be respon-
sible for special intelligence operations,
thus sharing with the President the su-
pervision of all sensitive covert activities
carried out by the CI..
This committee will also take over co-
ordination of counterespionage, an activ-
ity that is handled by the FBI within the
U.S. and by the CIA abroad. No..one is
sure how this change will work, since
counterespionage has become the un-
wanted stepchild of intelligence. The FBI
admits flatly it no longer has the man-
power to keep track of all the Soviet KGB
agents flowing into the U.S. and its ef-
forts, like the CIA's, have been impeded
by growing restrictions on surveillance.
Admits one Carter aide: "Counterintel-
ligence is still a mess. We haven't resolved
anything except to deal with it in the clas-
sic bureaucratic sense: move the function
and rename it."
The new set of prohibitions is exten-
sive and severe. Perhaps most important.
the Attorney General is drawn into the
heart of intelligence to ensure a legal ba-
sis for all domestic operations. His ap-
proval is needed for an intelligence agent
to open mail sent through U.S. postal
channels, to join any domestic organiza-
tion, or to contract for goods and services
in the U.S. without revealing his identity.
INTELLIGENCE CONTROL
-Advice and
counsel
Natl. Foreign
Intelligence
Board
Surveillance of American citizens within
the U.S. can be conducted by the FBI only
in the course of a formal, lawful inves-
tigation; surveillance of a U.S. citizen
abroad is allowed only if he is thought to
be -involved in some activity inimical to
national security. The Attorney .General
is instructed to make sure that any "in-
telligence activity within the United
States or directed against any United
States person is conducted by the least in-
trusive means possible."
Assassinations are flatly prohibited.
So is any experimentation with drugs, un-
1`ess it is done with the subject's consent
under Health, Education and Welfare De-
partment guidelines. U.S. spies will not
be permitted to join any other federal
agency without their identity being dis-
closed-a directive that has drawn fire
from CIA officials, who rightfully claim
there are very few .places left where their
agents gents can get secure cover.
When last week's executive order was
finally hammered out, Admiral Turner,
perhaps only half in.jest, threw up his.
arms, sighed and toldBrzezinski: "They
call me the intelligence czar, but you're
the boss." Theadmiral had a point, but
then .he has. nothing to complain about
from, the reshufe. For the first time, one.
'man has been told to take charge of the
Tnine all too often freewheeling, intensely
competitive and sometimes overlapping
intelligence agencies.
Precisely how much power -Turner
will wield remains to be seen. The legisla-
tion establishing the CIA in 1947 gave the
DFrect control
..-., Tasking and coon5natior' contiW
Budget consoled by
Director of Central h Vvrice
Director of
Central
Intelligence
Natl. Intelligence
Tasking Center
Treasury
Drug
ense -:
National
'.. State='
MiOtary
Department
Department
Enforcement
lntelligence .
Security
Intelligence
JjDepartment'.. ooDO
Intelligartco'.
Administration
Intelligence
.Agency
Agency
CIA -
Budget: (1978) est. $800 million
Employees: est- 20,000
Mission: To collect foreign intel-
ligence and provide support for
other U.S. intelligence agencies.
Domestic intelligence activities
.must be coordinated with FBI and
have approval of. the Attorney
Employees: est. 24,000
Mission: To monitor U.S. and
foreign communications coming
from satellites, land-based trans-
mitters and submarines. To break
foreign codes and ensure the se-
curity of the Government's own
communications. . .
State Department Intelligence
Budget: $11.5 million
FBI Employees: 315
Budget $513 million Mission:. To collect-overtly-for-
Employees: 20,000 eign political, economic, scientific
Mission: To investigate federal and sociological information, and
crimes and conduct counterintel- coordinate with the CIA director
ligence within the US., and co- to ensure that U.S. foreign intel-
ordinate such activities with other ligence activities help U.S. foreign
agencies. . policy.
National Security Agency Defense Intelligence Agency
Budget est. S 1.2 billion Budget: est. $200 million
t..?.o???o?u a..??ou?a?.o.u?^>?S.?u? ?.??.ua???u>ou?????s.uu` ??u..o.vo. -??.....w....ro
lip,
Employees: 4,300
Mission: To provide and coordi-
nate military intelligence for the
Secretary of Defense, the Joint
Chiefs of Staff and non-defense
agencies.
Military Intelligence
Budget: Unavailable
Mission: To provide tactical and
strategic intelligence and counter-
intelligence for each branch of ser-
vice (Army, Navy, Air Force and
Marine Corps). coordinating for-
eign work with the CIA and do-.
mestic duties with the FBI.
Budget: est. 5926 rain tone
Employees: Unavailable
Mission: To collect-overtly-for-
eign investment and monetary in-
formation, and produce and dis-
seminate foreign intelligence re-
lating to U.S. economic policy.
telli
t I
-
gence
n
Energy Dcpartmen
Budget: $24.7 million _
Employees: Unavailable.,.-
Mission: To produce and dissem-
inate intelligence about foreign en-
ergy supplies, production, inten-
tions and policies.
Administration
Budget: $188 million
Employees 4,365 . ..
Mission: To collect, produce and
disseminate intelligence on for-
eign and domestic narcotics pro-
duction and traf cldng. :. ,
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director, a's his title suggests, a certain de-
gree of authority over all the intelligence
agencies: he was charged with "coordinat-
ing" their activities. But he only loosely
performed that function. The new execu-
tive order considerably enhances the di-
rector's authority and responsibility..He
has control of the total intelligence budget.
(an estimated S7 billion a year) and the
right to give assignments to all the agen-
cies. Turner's position ultimately depends
on the power realities of Washington and
his own abilities.
o one who knows Stan Turner
doubts that' the driving, fiercely
ambitious admiral will make the
most of his new job. He is one of
the armed services' new breed of activist
intellectuals who pride themselves on
their grasp of nonmilitary matters: poli-
tics, economics, psychology. Bom in
Highland Park, I1L, a Chicago suburb,
Turner decided on a naval career instead
of joining his father in real estate. After
graduating 25th in his class at Annapolis
(Jimmy Carter finished 59th out of 820 in
the same class of'46), he studied at Oxford
on a Rhodes scholarship. He served on a
destroyer during the Korean War, from
1972 to 1974 he was president of the Na-
val War College, where he gained a rep-
utation as a man of unconventional opin-
ion. As he wrote in an article in Foreign.
Affairs, he preferred to "focus on trends
rather than statistics."
Named commander of the Second
Fleet in the Atlantic in 1974, Turner re-
sorted again to unconventional tactics. He
checked on the readiness of his ships by
making surprise visits by helicopter. Then
he would toss a life preserver into the
ocean and order sailors to save a hypo-
thetical man overboard. His ambition was
to become Chief of Naval Operations, but
his plans were interrupted last March by
his Commander in Chief. Since Turner re-
mains in the Navy, he is accused by crit-
ics in the CIA of using the intelligence post
Powers hearing sentence In Moscow (1960)
A world that does not cherish democracy.
as a steppingstone to the Joint Chiefs of
Staff. The truth is, he probably could have
found a safer route.
At the office through long days and
into the night (his average work day is
12 hours), Turner spends his remaining
time with his wife Patricia at their home
in northwest Washington. His son Geof-
frey is a Navy lieutenant stationed in
Monterey, Calif. Daughter Laurel is mar-
ried and lives in San Diego. Turner, who
seldom drinks and does not smoke, likes
to play tennis and squash.or swim when
he has the chance. His social life usually
involves old friends from the Navy, not
new ones from the CIA.
Turner's difficulties at the agency '
come, at least in part, ' from his carrying.
out the duties assigned to him. It has been
common wisdom in recent years that the
CIA had become too large. Staff reduc-
tions began under James Schlesinger, who
was director in '1973, and continued un-
der his successor, William Colby. When
Turner took over, he found various op-
tions on his desk for eliminating some
1,500 positions over five or six years.
Rather than leave people in suspense for
so long a period, he decided to make a
quick cut of 820 jobs over two years.
He did it none too diplomatically.
With scant regard for the feelings of peo-
ple who had served their country unsung
for decades, he permitted a photocopied
memo informing 212 employees of their
dismissal to be distributed last Oct. 31.
Some of the people fired thought he bore
them a personal grudge. Says one of his
former aides: "Stan is deeply suspicious
of the clandestine services. He is very un-
comfortable with their basic uncontrol-
lability. He doesn't like their fine clothes
and accents, their Cosmos and Yale and.
Georgetown clubs. They're simply not
good sailors. He finds them sneeringly el-
liptical. It drives him crazy. He just can't
get hold of this maddening quicksilver."
Turner could not have been pleased
with his victims' undisciplined response:
They dubbed the occasion the "Hallow-
een massacre." and passed around a take-
off of the admiral's song in Gilbert and
Sullivan's F.M.S. Pinafore.
"Of intelligence I had so little grip
That they offered me the directorship.
With my brassbound head of oak so
stout .
I don i have to know what it's all
about. " . .
Only 45 people, in fact, have been
fired outright Others have been retired,
and the CIA personnel office is' looking
for Government jobs for the rest Sums
up Turner on the agency's cutbacks:
"What do you want-happy spies or ef-
fective and well-controlled spies? The
gripes are mainly from those who were
asked to leave. It is ironic that the media
are so enthusiastic about all those good
old experienced spies-who brought all
those things that the media railed against
for all those years." _
he CIA boss has support where it
counts the most At the signing of
the executive order last week, Can.
ter went out of his way to stress
"my complete appreciation and confi-
dence in Admiral Stan Turner." Carte
sees Turner more often than previous
Presidents saw their CIA chiefs.. The ad-
miral has briefed the President once or
twice a week in hour-long sessions, usu-
ally alone. Turner prepares the agenda.
and spends ten 'to twelve hours reading
background material for each session. Ac-
cording to a presidential aide: "Carter
likes Turner's crispness, his grasp, his `yes
sir, no sir; no-nonsense naval officers
style."
All the furor over the CIA's real and
putative misdeeds has obscured its solid
accomplishments over many years. Ex-
cept for rare periods of war, the U.S. did
not even have an overall intelligence ser-
vice until the Office of. Strategic Services
s ~ri'~ r1tiJ8a
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was created in 1942; it provided Amer-
icans with a hazardous and exhilarating
cram course in espionage. OSS members
formed the nucleus of the CIA, which was
started in 1947 in response to Soviet ex-
pansionism. The.agency attracted talent-
ed recruits from campuses in the 1950s,
and its activities spread adventurously,
and occasionally recklessly.
Now, as the 1980s approach, what
kind of CIA'can-and should-the nation
have? To hear Turner and other intel-
ligence authorities, the agency will be
smaller, with more sharply focused anal-
ysis, and with covert operations scaled
down and sparingly used.
While the quality of CIA analysis in
general is not what it used to be, the agen-
cy is still unsurpassed in interpreting tech-
nological data. The American public was
exposed to the awesome possibilities of
aerial espionage when a U-2 spy plane
was brought down over the Soviet Union
in 1960, and its pilot, Francis Gary Pow-
ers, was put on trial and jailed for two
years. Since then the U-2 has been sup-
plemented by an ever expanding array of
observation satellites and eavesdropping
devices. As a senior member of the Na-
tional Security Council puts it, "The agen-
cy is best when there's something very
specific that you want to know, prefer-
ably a question that can be answered with
numbers, or, if not with numbers, then at
least with nouns. The fewer adverbs and
adjectives in a CIA report, the better it
tends to be." But since this is a world of ad-
verbs and adjectives-that is, of emotions
that cannot be measured scientifically
-more subjective analysis is needed.
"We're neglecting soft input, the human
factor," says a top foreign policy adviser
to the White House. "There is insufficient
keen political analysis."
White House officials complain, per-
haps excessively, that the agency has
failed to give them advance warning of
crucial developments. Why, they ask, was
the CIA not better informed about the re-
action Vance would receive when he took
his SALT proposals to Moscow last March.
Common sense, however, might have in-
dicated that the Secretary would run into
trouble because the proposals were too
sweeping to be acceptable to the Soviets.
The White House felt that the CIA should
have had some inkling of Sadat's- deci-
sion to go to Israel; yet U.S. intelligence
had warned that Sadat was frustrated and
looking for a bold step. The CIA had sat-
ellite photos of a secret South. African nu-
clear facility in the Kalahari Desert, but
had not interpreted them. The White
House was considerably embarrassed
when it learned that the Soviets had al-
ready discovered the installation. -
Policymakers sometimes fail to use
sound intelligence when it is offered. Pres-
ident Johnson disregarded the discourag-
ing CIA reports on Viet Nam; they were
not what he wanted to hear. The White
House rejected CIA warnings of a Middle
East war in 1973. Why would the Arabs
want to start a war they could not win?
reasoned the policymakers. It did not oc-
cur to them that the Arabs could win
something just by fighting better than they
had the last time.
As the CIA has grown bigger, it has be-
ting a coup against the government of
Saudi Arabia, thereby threatening the
world's oil supply? Surely the U.S. would
need a clandestine force to support the le-
gally constituted government and oppose
such a disruptive act. Says former CIA Di-
rector Colby: "There. really has to be.
something between a diplomatic protest
and sending in the Marines."
It is difficult to prescribe exact behav-.
for for a covert undertaking. Strict rules
of conduct could be damaging in certain
situations. Suppose terrorists manage to
obtain and hide an atomic weapon, then'
threaten to blow up 'a city-a not incon-
ceivable happening in the decades ahead.
Vietnamese being led to CIA plane (1974)
New safeguards against excesses.
come more bureaucratic. Too much su-
perfluous paper is circulated. Analysts are
more conscious of job and status, and less
daring and imaginative than they were
in the '50s and '60s. Says an ' Adrninis=
tration official: "There's a lot of bureau-
cratic ass-covering that goes on when guys
write long-range stuff. They don't want
to be wrong, so they tend. to be glib and
platitudinous."
Though covert operations involving
intervention in the internal affairs of oth-
er countries are being reduced, some have
been successful. The CIA-backed over-
throw of Iran's Premier Mohammed Mos-
sadegh in 1953 and of Guatemala's Pres-
ident Jacobo-Arbenz the following year
headed off threats of Communist take-
overs and stabilized conditions to the ben-
efit of the Western world. Other oper-
ations were more dubious. In the
Dominican Republic, Dictator Rafael
Trujillo was assassinated in 196.1. by reb-
els supplied with guns by CIA agents.
The ensuing chaos forced President John-
son to send in the Marines four years
later. Notes New York University Law
Professor Thomas Franck: "By using dirty
tricks that backfired, we set ourselves .
up as the 'universal scapegoat for every
disaster caused by either God or incom-
petent governments."
ut not all covert CIA operations can
-or should-be ruled out. "There
is a mean, dirty, back-alleystrug-
gle going on in which many other
governments are participating," says for-
mer Secretary of State Dean Rusk. "If we
withdraw unilaterally, they aren't going
to stop. We must maintain 'a first-rate co-
vert capability."
Potential dangers exist in many parts
of the world, especially where the ever ex-
panding KGB is active. What if a revo-
lutionary group with Soviet ties were plot-
Alalende in presidential palace (1973)
Hard to prescribe clear-cut rules.
Says Telford Taylor, a law professor who
served in intelligence during World War
II "If the safety of a city were at stake,
I'd say go ahead and burn up their toe-
nails. Absolute morality is a little hard to
But all agree that proper authority
must be exercised over covert operations.
It'"~ is much debated whether-and how
much-successive Presidents knew about
the various CIA projects; practically ev-
eryone else was kept in the dark. "I didn't
learn about the Castro assassination plots
until two years-ago," admits Rusk. "That
islpintolerable. The Secretary of State must
know what is going on. There has to be.
an inventory of ongoing things."
) . Yet former CIA Director John Mc-'
Cone, among many others, -argues' that
only a few leaders of the Administration
a nd Congress should be informed of sen-
sitive intelligence projects, and other of-
ficials should be let in on'secrets only if,
they "need to know." After the rush of dis-
closures about the CIA, everybody on Cap-
itol Hill wanted to find out what the agen-
cy was doing. Oversight was spread
among eight, sometimes sievelike, con-
gessional 'committees. The eight still
!..
exist, but Turner increasingly is reporting
to only two intelligence committees, one
each in the House and Senate. The new
executive order confirms this arrange-
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ment. The trend is toward reducing the
number of people involved in oversight,
though they will be more watchful than
their predecessors in the'SOs and'60s.
With the new supervision and tough-
er regulations, the national uproar over,
the CIA can be expected to subside. Dam-
age has been done, but the U.S. intel-
ligence community will survive. Jonathan
Moore, director of the Institute of Pol-
itics at Harvard, feels that the attacks
on the CIA might have "put, us at a dis-
advantage under certain circumstances,
e urner: --i vvsme ime tPTRIcLaea
but I'd put it in the category of run-
nable risks. After the debate is ended,
after Chile, Viet Nam and Watergate,
we say we are going to clean up our act,
but we sure as hell are going to have
an act. We might be more potent than
before."
There even seems to be a swing of pub-
lic opinion in support of the CIA, a rec-
ognition of the basic point that it is not
a contradiction for an'open democracy
to have a secret intelligence agency. Sen-
ator Daniel Inouye, the Hawaii Democrat
who formerly chaired the Senate intel-
ligence committee, feels that: "If a poll
were taken today, it would find spying
is still essential. We hate wars, but we
must maintain our defense posture. Our-
spies are not monsters." Nor will they
be saints in a world and an occupation
that produce very few. A certain real-
ism and perspective is necessary. Intel-
ligence must be recognized for what it
is: occasionally dangerous, sometimes
dirty, sometimes exhilarating, often 'te-
dious, very necessarywork.
- ' EY[PrDLS_ `- Y ' :avert. action.. While it. has been much.-:- On : assassmation. I am: categorically
Let me not leave any doubt. The Soviet in my pocket and have a plan there, surd situation. But nobody wants to do
from the two focuses of intelligence for On how a covert, action is undertaken. I'm ':: like a hijacking, why, at least we could