SOVIET DOMINATION OF SINKIANG/SHENG SHIH-TSAI'S REIGN OF TERROR

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-00809A000600030561-6
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 7
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 2, 2011
• Sequence Number: 561
• Publication Date: March 4, 1953
• Content Type: REPORT

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CLASSIFICATION
Curl^nr'~iL I , IUGI~v~nv~:vii '
INFORMATION REPORT
COUNTRY C i. .e (Sirkiang),
PLACE
ACQUIRED
DATE
ACQUIRE
Soviet Domination of Sinkiang/Sheng Shit`-toai's
Reign of Terror
REPORT
CASE
CD N0.
CRR NNO?
DATE DISTR. 7 33
cIIDDI ETMrKT Tr)
REPOR j
THIS IS UNEVALUATED INFORMATION
iished er the Soviet.-sponsored Kuldfa uprising and
took in the Ili, Tarbagatai and Altai Re ions of Sinkiang. DePpite their
denials to the contrar., he complete Soviet domination
of Sinkiang. not only the initial step by which the Srfviets
began do gain ccntr o inkiang, i.e. the military forces whi h they
Bent to help defeat the Moslem leader, General & Chung-yin, bat.
also the steps that followed, which finally gave the Soviets complete
control, over not c ally all the resources, but also the people and every
aspeYt of life in Sinkiang. These steps were, namely? the influx of great
numbers of Soviet military, political and economic advi=_,-,rs and rechnioians,
fJllcved by equal numbers of GPU agents. Governor Sheng, rot without great
personal financial gain, and his officials took on the role of puppets..
A Soviet adviccr was assigned to every important Foot in the p:c?ince,
These advisors, however, d:,d not advise, but ordered their ChJnese, or
Moslem, counterparts to do their bidding.
The man who was the real power in Sink,,~ia~nqg~,,,during this period was not
Sheng, but the Soviet Consul General IJUJJM. He was of Russian Tatar
extraction and his real name was AvdeyM!%lik, Malikov being a Ru.9sianized
version of his name. Shang also commissioned him a Lieutenant General in
CLASSIFICATION C0NFIDENTIAWSECURi YINFoRMdTION
1, Soviet and pro-Communist ~and writers deny that the USSR h
nnn-rn inhiang during ,,he governorship of S Shih-teal,
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CONFIDENPIAL/SECiJRITY LFORMATION
Shortly after Sherg Shih-tzai became Governor of Sinkiang, he issued an "Eight
Point Proclamation". The eight points of this proclamation were: Establishment
of Racial Equalit,; Guarantee of Religious Freedom; Equitable Distribution of
Agricultural and Rural Relief; Reform of Government Finance; Clean-Up of
Government Administration; Expansion of Education; Promotion of Self-Government;
and Improvement of the Judiciary. Fe supplemented this proclamation with his
"Six Great Principles of the New Sinkiang". These six "great" principles were:
Anti-imperialism; Kinship to Sovietism; Racial Equality; Clean Government;
Peace; and Reconstruction. The only principle that was followed closely was
that of "Kinship to Sovietism". Some of the changes that did take place after
those ly c a werr+.
his alliance with the SOViete, besides t4VD0 prol ~vi:c.y wsmta..-f.......,
a. The arrest and execution of all wealthy and influential people.
b. The confiscation of their land, other real estate and personal property.
The land and real estate was rented by the provincial government and not
redistributed among the needy. The personal property was divided among
the provincial officials.
c. The replacement of all neutral, or anti-Soviet, officials of Sinkiang with
either Soviets, or pro-Soviet natives.
d. The substitution of ekiating teachers by Soviets, or pro-o-Ceeuauntst natives,
e. The,apbeti.tution of Soviet text books for all those previously used in
Sinkiang schools.
f. The encouragement of students to complete their education in the USSR.
g. The forcing of both adults and youth to Join the Ante-Imperialtatt Society.
This society!e main goal was io teach Corset nist doctrines through the media
of..lectures,, group singing and Soviet movies.
h. The abcl.ishmert of free speech and religion.
i. Full government control of the radio, newspapers and all other types of
publioaticnp.
;. The diacontinuemte of mall service to points outside of si+akti~ag.'
k. The prahi4tiom against prive,t.e posaesnicna or ownership o 'cansrap{ radios
and motor vehicles.
1. Full governmont control over travel, within Sinkiang.
m. The satablishment of a curfew.,
a. The formal division of the popalaoeof,Stnkiaag into 1/. different races,
some of the divisions betng completely false-add unwarranted. This wfa
done for a political reason, to disunite the Moslem peoples of dinkipng.
sepond large influx oo'&usisn emigrants into Sinkiang
Of the
,
ma yr later turned out to be Soviet secret agents. These Soviet 5p omOers"
pettled in all regions of Sinkiang. When the Soviets did acquire control of
the, rovinoes these planted agents were ready to point an accusing finger at
those oitiaeas of Sinkiang who held anti-Soviet political views. As they threw off their gull a of being refugees from the M and came out in the open,
the unsuspecting populace which had helped and befriended them learned, much
to their horror,, that they were either Soviet Army offiaers, or QPU agents.
After the initial arrest, imprisonment and-execution of the six White lueeiar.'
leaders, of Sinkiang, who had tried to prevent Shang from handing over Sinkiang
for Soviet exploitation and control, the wholesale purge, of not only White
Russians, but also of the other races of S.nkiaag, began.
OOVI7JS:1 IA1;/SNO1mY INFOaM ION
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CWT P_V y4L?/SEFwit'1' Ii dln,
..hinh leaad_=_ the outsides a
As . the aides lad the prisarer tcgougn the ueu'v.
person standing outside vould?paste a paper over his. face and. push him+.zto
b t P. w.' feet doe . If in falling into this pit the-paper
p?
er pit vha.oh was a o1
remained stuck to his face.then'he would-be helped out and returned to his
coll. .However,. if the pace-'. became dislodged,. he would receive. bard. lOJ8 to
the head and.be pushed into an.adjoining, deepp.coa.L.shaft. This was considered
great sport by the Soviet and native interrogators and prison employees. Thus,
thousands.oil. prisoners piled. up.in-this old.abandoa)d coal.shaft for ao reason
other than.Sor the amuseaent.of these sadistic individuals..
mit suicide s,hile.1a.prison, however, because of
d t
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o
10. Many priegnsrs attemp.,e
the many precautions taken by the authorities, heard on only one successful 50X1-HUM
attet.: The man was Pavel Petrovich ~y~v. He was a fine old gentleman
who succeeded in committing suicide by throwing himself, he Pirat. to a 50X1-HUM
Ti" following is a..1ist ef.White Russians,
_..A__
-
perished in Shang's prisons, 50X1-HUM
1. vans , Pavel Petrovich, President .of Sinkiang White Russian Cossack
Orga dam+4em,.General in the Chinese.Arny,.Ccmmender of the Whits Rtssian
cavalry detachment of the Sinkiang Army.
2. ,( skin, Konstantine Vasiilievioh, Sinkiang agent of Brenner Bra, Owner of
firm .MoHain?-Me.whish dealt in'.furs.,.hides and easing., large lanGoSaner,
personal advisor to both G7varnore Yang and Ohin, Director of Coamunioations,
Qsnsral in the.Chinere.Army. .. .
g. ASktJM ILkoi-i'ITanovich, manager of casings division of Sao Hain Rao,
General in the Chinese Army, former Senior Oftioer of Orenburg Geasaoks.
4. l(pg,p, Ivan Vasilievioh, General in they Chinese Army, former Oenturlon
?W.A aalooehi* Gossaika.. . ' '
5% Ajjjk&Uj~ A VI Ohuguchak rswesentative of Mao Hain loop Colonel in the
Chinese Army.
6. Va4dirAw Pavel Petrovich, naval architect, Lioutearnt in the Chinese Az-y,
former L.Leutenant in the 8uesian Imperial Wavy.
7. ahe,s,; ; Dimitriy Karpovioh, manager of fur division if Sea Haim ae,
OOlbnel. in 344 Chinese Arm,, former Captain in 8emiteohiA Cossack..
d. Aiiilii ila iVf:w4ai Aloxa:uirovioh.; ohid ao"r Atmnt of MAkt h Co,.Oue .
It. the Chinese Army, "armor 0hisi- of Staff of Semirsohie Cosseoks.
9, J& &&M Alsliandrs I3anilavioh, Colonel La the Chinese Army, former officer
in the Georgian uvaliry.
10. , yr- Irakliy VanLLiovich., narebant,? Colonel in the Ohtnw Army.
U. jVA&kjWgb YlkeleL .Nikolaev4ah,? architect and *e .uger omp14yc-l by the,
Dapastment of 0onnnunioattonap liajer.in. the Chinese Army, former Captain
in Seaafsech.e Oasaoka.
12. yyLUJA, Nikolai Nikolaevioh, Colonel in the Chinese Army, fonner L ting
Atamsn of.8nireahie 0easacks.
. 13. ='& iit k ., i V, doctor.
14. ~phal !,? Victor Androevioh
15.? ysh keva , Altai representative of Hao Hain Hao, Colonel- in- the Chinese Army.
16.. Htepen Vseilievioh, Major General in the Chinese Ara~Yr.fermer & sign
burg Coaaaoka.
CCDl4='IiL/SROIA x, IW0MMAT10N
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C0H 1PE T.!L/STsCURlTY' L' F08MAP.IOiJ .
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17.
Iii y Ivan Peodcrovich, Major. in the Chinese Prny, former Cr ue=inn
Semir~e>hie Cossacks.
18.
I4andruilin, M F., poet, Lt. Colonel in the Chinese Army.
19.
Sf,+rokin. Efgeny. Loginovieh, cattle breeder, Lt. Colonel in the Chinese
former Ensign in Semireehie Cossa^ks.
20.
Starkey,. Lazar,. Lieutenant in he Chinese Army.
21.
A ete=;. Nikolai I4.hailovich, owner of only pharmacy in Uromehi, former
Colonel in Orenburg Cossacks.
22.
Petrev.?Sergei Sofromovich, Major in the Chinese Arayy, former Lieutenant in
-
Semirechie Cossacks.
23.
Podoinikov, V I, mining engineer employed by Omirkin in Altai, Lieutenant
in the Dkinese Army.
24.
yjg , F, farm overseer for Csnirkin in.Altai.
25.
jai,,Petra Ivanovich, fur. sorter for Hao Hain Rao, Major in the Chinese
Army, former Lieutenant in Semireohie Cossacks.-
26.
AU",,- 0rigoriy Ivenovinh, Colonel in the Chinese Army, former officer
in Orenburg Coesaoks.
27.
J %L=, Qrigorty Leonidovich, Lt. Colonel in the Ohineae Amy.
28
Akj N N, Major in the Chinese Army, former Lieutenant in Bemtreohie
Cassaeks. .
29.
, chauffeur, mechanic. -
30.
,;gg, V I, chief bor~&eeper for Has Hain Ego in Altai, Lt. Ca1one1 in the
Chinese Army, formw Captain in Semir eohie Co&saaka.
31.
J&LaL P A, Major in the uhineee Army.
3r.
Aatp=,V N,. mining engineer, former officer in Semiseohie Ceseacks.
33.
, SY fere:rcat phc.tographer in Urumchi., Major in the Ohimese kz .
34.
Mcrozhnikov, V F, fnrm f;xemn for Qairkin in Altai, Major in the Chinese Army.
35.
ZZUX, A I, Lt. Colonel. in the Chinese fray, former Centurion in Orenburg
Cossacks,
36.
Proskasvakav. A I, baker, Lt. Colonel in the Chinese Army.
37.
Di ovskiv. Honatautine Iosifovieh., .aargeon,large .feel owner..
38.
IDia49, L N, Major General in the Chinese Army, former Captain in
Semirechie Goseack. -
39.
Ant '', Nikolai Nikolaevict2, businessman, Major General in the Chinese
-
Army., former Captain in Semirechie Cossacks.
40.
UV,, Nikolai Pavlovioh, Vsrmer secretary in the Russian Consulate in
Chuguchek.
in Semirechte Cossacks.
t
i
C
f
41.
on
ur
en
ormer.
&amanQV,
42.
h 7vae-7. P A, Ensign in the Chinese Army.
CONFID=i&/SNCBkFf 1 ION
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43. ... tnr A V, foremost photographer in Urumeiui., 2 per
44.gl? iv9 Z A, Lt. Colonel in the Chinese AL-V, former Gentarion in
Semirechie Cossacks.
45. Desenteey- P ?
46. jgaa@oy, Aisa, representative of Rao Hein Hao in Maness, Major in the Chinese
,former Ensign in Semirechia Cossacks.
47,. as h3Z, Pavel. Petrovich, baker,M&jor in the Chiaesa:Armg. .. .
4s ? La",, T
49. } =%n VV
5Q. Lama. i
51. 1 I, Colonel in the Chinese Army, former Captain in
$omlre.hie Cosaaoks.
52. farmer. -
53. g Ivan Grigorsevich, urologist in ih^taoohi.
I&AM dentipt in Urumohi.
5g, A, Major in the Chineev Aruy, former Caut=ion in Orenburg Oossaoks.
36. AM=,. Markuriy Nikitiob, Mr4ar in the Ghineee Army,,Sormar Osaisr.Offioor
in.6smLrichis Cossacks.
57. QW, Filip ?akovlsvioh,,farmer Vice President of the Ausaiar,.Asiatio
Hank in XuldjA and later In Ohuguohak.
58. ZUVkt LYi, Aleiosy Ilsiah, ajar in the Chinese Army,, former officer in
Crenbt.rg Oossao're.
gg, y, A A, Major In the Chinese Army, former 0aptain in 8emirsehic
Osesavkp.
+~?.iih .3, trader.
61. 1W;A"jX, r E, Altai fur buyer for 190 Nsin Nary
62, asrahfiat.
63. dWuulii, V
64. ]mpg, A N, Major in the Chinese Army, former Nneign in Ssmi:schie
Oessacks..
65. . r M S
66. Bpi, A G, merchant.
67. 14ULM, Vladimir Yakovlevioh, Lieutenant in the Chinese Army.
6a. Z&1UFi ?" P P, merchant, Lt. Colonel in the Chinese Army'.. former Senior
Officer in Semirechis Coeseoks.
69, r ?bte ?. V P, Major in the Chinese Army,
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11. 'Al n wishing to do a'tay with a person, other methods besides imprisonment, tortu:?e
Thera vpre many ;_n=?anceo when reople were
and exec a ix:
poisoned a.t offic:isl banquets, or killed while receiving medical attention. In
hospitals., whore. Soviet doctors were in full control, people were given innoculations
operation, purposely
tart an
l
.
so s
or injections, which killed then, They would a
let the pat-lent die and their operation was not successful. One
such case was that of a young When receiving routine medical
attention, he was told that he needed an appendectomy. Because he har none of
the svnptoms, be was afraid of what they might do to him and tried to refuse.
to his his -4-r.
He was forcibly taken to the hospital and his body was roturned ?o
several hours later with a single deep incision, across the full width of his
stomach.
12. Thus, approximately 4!x,000 residentsef Sinkiang periahad. The bodies of those
+ d 'h shot or beheaded were always disposed of at
oa
d
o
whq ware elth tor-u.: e
night, after c:urrfrw hours. They were usually trucked out of town and thrown into
abendonad coal shaft.9, or berried in large common graven, k Uighur truck driver
told me that he was often required to drive a truck, out of the city at night,
laden v th mutilated bodies and also to transport live prisoners to the Soviet
border at Khorgcs, their.heads covered with woks to prevent identification.
There were times, however, eapecially when the purge first began, when the
bodies were merely thrown outside of the city walls, thus allowing the semi-
wild dogs to devour the bodies.
13. Prior to the execution of a White Russian prisoner, or he transfer to the USSR,
he.was always photographed and this photograph was printed in a monthly publication,
11 d +h arimea he had
together with a sketch of his "bourgeois bat * ` was then diatri,buted
coipmitted against the USSR, This p,ialication
in the -agion of the USSR from which the prisoners, whose photographs appeared
inea pertio.4ar insue,, originated. The purpose of tbs. publication was to
teach the Soviet people that no matter where ''enenien of the
they ere ultinately :aught and apprehended for their crimes.
14. Prisoners were much nn^eLtraged when word reached them that. Germany had invaded
thD USSR However, then came the wsrd the' the US hxi ents:*d
Iiediar.+.2,v ;~enle in Ainkiang, both
iot Union
S
th
.
7v
e
the war on _ e d
1- 01 U
in?prisons and on the outside, realised that their doom na' oc inuar. That with
US aids the USSR would ultimately win and that they t~) Puffer
under the Soviet heel. This was the disheartening fatter that- completely crushed
all resistance within the people of Sinkiang to Governor Shang and to his pro-
Soviet policy.
15. eneral SJU Shao-lieng flew to Urumnhi to talk to Shang,
the pu;po..e of persuading him to abandon his pro-Soviet stand and to return
hin allegiance to C,' Kai-shek. Later that year he again visited Shang, s
bejng accompanied bz Madaa.4 Chiang and + Chun heirs who was Governor Shang a
successor in Sinkiang two -reare later. Sheng himself flew
.to. Chungking to confer with Generalissimo Chiang Kai-s ek. It then became
apparent that.Sheng, be.canes the war was not going in favor of the USSR, bad
decided to do an about face and abandon his policy of "Kinship tothe Soviet
Uuion". This flight waa followed by Ohungki.ng sending officials and troops
into Sinkiang, the release nC all political prisoners, and the order for all
Soviets to leave the province. The Soviets cccmenced to leave, ordering all
CONFIDENTIAL/SECURITY LWOR ATION
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-rA White Rusaiansi who hafl`been fo r~h Soviet ^ititieassiiiphle, to to Start nioc to
an
Kuldja (Ining), There they were
aprising? arla-Anarata the Ili Tarb ata an from the rest u
Sinkiang. Sheng was ready to 'shift back to--the
Soviets, for it became even would emerge from the
war mare powerful then before. iie'3+?arted to arrest officials
who were loyal-'to Chungking. Chungking ap-o tees were arrested,*.imprfsoned
end-ax xeeuted-without trial.- Shang insisted on going to'the priso'every
might and himself beheading each man that was-imprisoned during that-day.
_ ..w
Ue thus diaposed of over 200 t;hungkvcig ofiiBia.~o and ... began to 9pread
into the Soviet
that he had asked Generalissimo Stalin to incorporate Sinkiang
Unions
to Urumchi and
16. General Chu was, for the third time, diap=tchad by ChtYdv inw
was euaceaefnl in re from Sinkiang. This was done by hiving
Slang accompany to the Urum:hi airpc?t,'arresting him'and
him
plaeing him aboard his plane bound for Chungking. This, Shang Shih-t'sai's
~~~ elated
ten-year, bloody reign was over. The populace of Sinkiang was
at first, but were equally-disappointed later to learn'thathe was not`'punishrad
for his errimes,"but instead appointed Minister of. Agriculture and Forestry
-Evidently Shang was successful in buying his way to freedom,
in Chungking.
:ocith the use of the. vast amounts of gold and other wealth that'he was able
#,e, eeq*Lre from his. vie bins and transfer to his home in Lanchow,, Sansu
Province. he is presently alive and living on Taiwan.
and