ATTACKS IN EUROPE SEEM COORDINATED

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP90-00965R000100650010-2
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 7
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: December 20, 2011
• Sequence Number: 10
• Publication Date: March 11, 1985
• Content Type: OPEN SOURCE

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ARTIf'l C'P?EARED
By Andrew Borowiec
V*AH G1CN Te poaeiou aeMVICE
PARIS - A French general and a
West Gertip itldus ar shah
dead putside their, homes. Moran'
she& explode amidst Wesanrnwae'
ships in Lisbon harbor. In an Athens
bar, a bombiNJUM 69 U.S. ---'
that have signed their names in place Jan. 15.
blood. There is the Red Army Fac- Significantly, both groups are said
tion in West Germany, which to have been involved in the killing
Gen. Audran outside his home in
recently united with Action Directe of suburban La Celle St. Cloud outside
(Direct Action) of France. Paris only 10 days after the reported
Attacks ? E"ope seem groups. While still using hysterical
anti-Western slogans, their perform-
ance has been far from o sterical,
almost
aW showing a high
C ~ military coordination.
? The targets invariably have
This is the first of four reports
about mounting terrorism in Europe
and do Middle East.
STAT
been connected with- NATO or the
Western arms industry. Thus, Gen.
Rene Audran, assassinated last Jan.
25, dealt with French arms sales
abroad. Ernst Zimmerman. who was
killed five days later outside West
Munich home, was a leading
German arms manufacturer.
? While not diminishing the threat
posed by terrorists, experts action
against exaggerating their The terrorist slayings have not
impaired the West's ability to defend
itself, they say, and the number of
terrorists is smaller than during the
1960s and 70s.
ary
the "Euro-voce
currency, leaving a trail of blood and assured Italy that it will not be so the number r of terrorists
appears to b less of terrorists
warnings across Western Europe. . generous in granting political asy- Still,
The targets were selected carefully. in to terrorist suspects on the run hr accuracy aimportant
Almost all were connected with the - provided there is adequate proof In short, the and n disparate coopn bands scat
West's arms industry and with the of their guilt. tared through Western Europe have
North Atlantic Treaty Organization. The French no longer node to
been replaced by a better organized
Italian intelli ence on fu tive ter- and obviously better trained "Euro-
been appdred to have rorists. For examp e, acting on infor- brotherhood of terror
ttlated, often involving -inaTtion received from Rome last peso
been coodi
more than one terrorist organ- Feb. 19, Paris police arrested Sergio. The most significant development
t, Da rdwfirecptantty ama- lbrnaghi, condemned to life impris- in the murky world of European
teur bungling of the 1970s they were went by an Italian court for his urban terrorism was the apparent
carded out with. a cooly almr st role in the notorious Red Brigades. linking of two major organizations:
Across Western Europe, giant Germany's Red Army Faction and
detached, orofessionalistri headlines speak of the new groups' France's Direct Action. This took
I I
organizations an a re tively low
level of international cooperation, at
least in the early stages of responses
to attacks.
Recently, however, cooperation
among the nations concerned has
grown considerably. For example,
France and West Germany have
"Euroterrorism" - a new word in decided to institutionalize informs-
"-hasgained tion sharing. France has also
i tie 3uuo"'..... - c18i1~
and the often' conflicmg confuse
were part of the strategy
the "enemy" - which happens to be
the Western political system.
Although the initial, wave of
attacks in late January and early
February subsided, the "red alert"
continues - in Paris, Rome, London,
Brussels, Bonn and other capitals.
Formerly reluct ooh is ttti%+
son, or simply incapable of it in
many cases, the Europeans are'noW
pulling together to combat Euro-
terrorism.
"It is more dangerous because of
its selectivity' an Italian expert said
"Fight it as if you were fighting a
dirty war;' according to instruction
issued by the French Direction
Generale de Exterieure
DGSE (General Directorate for
External Security).
Fear of Euroterrorism has spread
across the Atlantic. In Washington,
Reagan administration officials'are
said to be concerned about the
mobility of the various terrorist
WASHINGTON TIMES
11 March 1985
The Red Brigades, which
acquired a sinister reputation dur-
ing Italy's "reign of terror" in the
1970s, are back in the news. A dozen
or so other leftist organizations have
been identified.
Do they have a joint command?
Are they inspired by the local com-
munist parties? Are they infiltrated
viet or any
or manipulated Y TO 9
1. ,? mat urooeaf intelligence
services?
ms of experts are trying ho
unravel this deadly puzzle.
stakes are exceptionally high: the
survival of Western democracies
and NATO's ability to function.
The experts' findings are by no
means conclusive, but they stress
three points:
? There has been a dramatic ideo-
logical and military radicalization of
several key extremist left-wing
alliance between the two groups.
. Experts divide the known terror-
ist organizations into three distinct
groups, each using different meth-
ods and claiming different ide-
ologies.
The first, and oldest, are
"traditional" independence move-
ments with strong regional bases.
They include the Irish Republican
Army, the Basque separatists in
Spain and southern France, Cor-
sican nationalists, whose favorite
weapon is the plastic explosive, and
the Armenian Secret Army for the
Liberation of Armenia. The Arme-
nians have found Western Europe a
convenient arena for attacks against
'lurks. They seek not only a separate
Armenia, but revenge on Turkey for
alleged massacres of Armenians in
the 1920s. ConI niled
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Then there is a proliferation of
various subgroups and splinter fac-
tions of terrorist organizations with
roots in the Middle East. They
include the' Islamic Jihad, or Holy
War, and the Abu Nidal group, whose
leader is said to be alive and well in
Syria, despite various claims of b
death.
The Middle Eastern groups are
easier to identify and observe,
because they tend to use Arabs
rather than Europeans as,their hit
men.
The terrorists who concern Euro-
pean capitals most belong to
extreme communist groups. Their
enemy is the capitalist state, which
their publications describe as "the
puppet of American imperialism."
Their favorite slogan is "war against
warmongers," meaning NATO.
The recent demonstrations of
their professionalism and coordina-
tion have caused the mobilization of ?
thousands of experts in Western
European countries. The results are
coming in. For example, during the
past two weeks, it has been estab-
lished that the West German Red
Army Faction and the French Direct
Action are cooperating with a shad-
owy Belgian group calling itself Cel-
les Communistes Combattantes, or
Communist Combat Cells:
The authorities are a long way
from dismantling or neutralizing
this new form of terror. Tb charges
that the attention given the recent
attacks tends to inflate their impor-
tance, officials reply that a maxi-
mum alert is needed before too
much damage is done.
Ibmorrow: Germany - the cruci-
ble of Euroterrorism..
Frbm IE Rom OF TERRO.
signs of orchestratinga reign of terror.
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vIASH1NGiON TIMLS
ARTICLE A"=ZARID
ON PAGE
Germany called heart, soul of new Europe
West Germany is the crucible of
today's Euroterrorism. This is the
second of four reports.
By Peter Almond
THE WASHINGTON TIMES FOREIGN SERVICE
LONDON - More terrorist acts
occur in Paris than anywhere else in
Europe. IRA killers are probably the
continent's most proficient. Italy
I may still produce Europe's largest
number of terrorists.
But experts believe the heart and
soul of Europe's new wave of terror-
ism is West Germany's Red Army
Faction.
The timing, targets and evidence
point to profound German
involvement, although terrorists'
anti-NATO ideology is considered
broad enough to accommodate the
anarchic communism of the other
groups in what the press is calling
"Terror Inc"
"One should not underestimate
the separate power of the Red Bri-
gades or Direct Action or any of the
others, but the Red Army Faction is
probably the most determined, the
most technically proficient, the
most genuine in making efforts to
coordinate actions with other
groups," said Prof. Paul Wilkinson of
Aberdeen University, an interna-
tional expert on terrorism.
"The Germans have a major role,
if only because of their relative size
and extensive underlying support;"
he added.
an anarchy
The evidence of German origins in
recent bombings and killings is consider-
able:
Item 1: The upsurge since December
has coincided with a hunger strike by 35
Red Army Faction (RAF) terrorists who
demanded "prisoner of war" treatment
in German jails. With the assassination
of Munich arms executive Ernst Zim-
merman on Feb. 1, the eight-week-old
hunger strike of RAF leaders Christian
Klar and Brigitte Mohnhaupt ended
almost immediately. So did a hunger
strike by Regis Schleicher, jailed leader
of the French terror group Direct Action.
Item 2: Among the targets for bomb
attacks in West Germany last summer
were the offices of three American com-
panies: Litton, MAN and Honeywell, in
that order. The first targets of the Bel-
gian Celles Communistes Combattantes
(Communist Combat Cells) last fall were:
Litton, MAN and Honeywell, in that
order.
Item 3: Shortly before French Army
Gen. Rene Audran arrived home on Jan.
25, his daughter received a telephone
call, reportedly from a woman speaking
with a strong German accent, asking
when he was expected to arrive. Gen.
Audran was assassinated shortly
afterwards.
Direct Action claimed responsibility
and said it had joined forces with the
RAF. Police remarked that the letter con-
taining the claim, posted in Paris the day
before the killing, was written in flawless
German. The French translation was
said to be "laborious." A telephone caller
said the murder was the work of the
"Direct Action Elizabeth van Dyke Com-
mando," named after an RAF member
shot by West German police in 1979.
Item 4: Police regard it as significant
that a target of Portugal's Popular Forces
of April 25 terror group was 18 cars
belonging to West German personnel
near the training base of Beja, southeast
of Lisbon. The same Portuguese group
fired three rocket-propelled grenades at
six NATO ships in the 'Pagus River estu-
ary near Lisbon.
NATO is the key to recent attacks in
Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, Hol-
land and Belgium. And it is in front-line
Germany where anti-NATO sentiment is
strongest, most extreme and where such
terrorists are most feared.
Certainly, Direct Action founders
Jean-Marc Rouillan and Nathalie
Menignon did not hold much fear for
French authorities in 1981 when Pres-
ident Francois Mitterrand released them
from jail under a now much-regretted
amnesty. After a spree of bank robberies
to refinance Direct Action, the two are
believed to have gone to Belgium to help
found Communist Combat Cells and to
have helped steal 816 kilograms of plastic
explosives from a quarry near Brussels.
Some of it later appeared as unexploded
bombs in Paris and West Germany.
In Germany, the government has never
relaxed its guard, although last year it
IL -
In Germany, th
e
government has never
relaxed its guard,
although last year it
estimated only about 20
members of the Red
Army Faction were still
at large.
estimated only about 20 members of the
Red Army Faction were still at large,
with perhaps 400 potential helpers.
These potential terrorists worry Ger-
man authorities. Most are believed to be
frustrated members of the Greens peace
movement who failed to stop the deploy-
ment of cruise and Pershing II nuclear
missiles.
These sympathizers are believed to
have been responsible for 70 bombings
and cases of arson against German, U.S.
and NATO targets in West Germany
since December.
Mostly from middle-class families,
these "revolutionaries" and their hard-
core RAF leaders do not have the intellec-
tual status of their predecessors in the
Baader-Meinhof Gang of the late 1970s.
That may change with the recent admis-
sion by West German Public Prosecutor
csu
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Kurt Rebman that the Red Army Faction
has been underestimated and "has suc-
ceeed in making good their losses 100
percent."
German terrorism, according to gen-
erally accepted accounts, was born of a
youthful rejection of a materialistic West
German society whose elders had wal-
lowed in guilt over the nation's Nazi past,
abandoned the nation to permanent
front-line NATO status and tied Germany
unashamedly to American culture and
domination.
One German government official
noted that Germany became a nation
only under Bismarck in the 1870s, but
never found secure boundaries or a soci-
ety from which the concept of the state
naturally flowed.
Germany historically looks East as
much as West. Its eastern border, which
is not officially recognized, cuts off mil-
lions of other Germans. Understandably,
there is some extremist discontent under
a NATO led by 'American imperialists"
The discontent is thought to manifest
itself as much in right-wing as left-wing
groups, but the latter are more violent
and better organized.
Former German Chancellor Helmut
Schmidt, speaking during the cruise-
missile deployment debate in the Bun-
destag in November 1983, echoed an
oft-heard sentiment that Germany needs
visionaries. Quoting German poet Hein-
rich Heine he said:
"The Russians and the French have the
territory. The English have the sea, but
the Germans have power in the empire of
dreams."
There has been speculation - and
comment from German
an e elan o j-
cials - that the Soviet KGB is res nsi-
e or the trans- uropean rise in
terrorism. fete Soviets may e
delighted by the attacks on NATO there
has been no persuasive new evidence
linking the RAF Direct Action the CCC
or any other terrorists to KGB direction.
In the 19 Os owever, t an o ce were
persuaded that the K B n ayP a ?n,K
terrorist action there.
The "vion" oGerman terrorists is
believed to be inspiration enough for ter-
rorists throughout Europe.
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. -1 V1.111
WASHINGTON TIMES
13 March 1985
French police give; no quarter
in battle against Direct Action
Coordination and professionalism
are hallmarks of the new Euroter-
rorists. Here is the third of four
reports.
By Andrew Borowiec
I THE WASHINGTON TIMES FOREIGN SERVICE
PARIS - Robert Broussard does
not mince words, rarely talks to
reporters and believes in going
straight for the target.
His present target is formidable
and elusive: Tb destroy "by infiltra-
tion and any other expedient
method" an organization the
authorities believe is threatening
French democracy.
The name of the organization is
Direct Action. Since 1979 it has
robbed banks, placed bombs in offi-
cial buildings.and distributed tracts
attacking the Western system, par-
ticularly "American imperialism on
French soil."
Last Jan. 25, Direct Action
working with the West German Red
Army Faction - "executed" Gen.
Rene Audran, who supervised the
French arms sales program in the
Defense Ministry. Gen. Audran died
of eight .45-caliber bullets fired into
his head in the Paris suburb of La
Celle St. Cloud.
Direct Action thus entered a new
stage - and the French police appa-
ratus was put on virtual war footing.
Mr. Broussard, 49, one of France's
top policemen, was put in charge of
coordinating the vast anu-terrorist
effort. He previously served in Cor-
sica and is credited with reducing
the number of bomb attacks carried
out by the undetgroud Corsican
National Liberation Front.
The two main state organizations
involved in the struggle are UCLAT
(French initials for the Unit for
Coordination of the Fight Against
Terrorism) and DGSE (General
Directorate for External Security).
Because of the close links - only
recently established - between
French and West German terrorists,
both French state organizations cooper-
ate closely with West Germany's Bundes-
kriminalamt (BKA-roughly translated,
the Federal Crime Office). The BKA is a
vast and powerful organization. It has
,
1
sI
ka )k
lilm
3,000 experts on all forms of crime,
sophisticated equipment and files on no
fewer than 4 million existing and poten-
tial suspects.
Little is known about Mr. Broussard's
mandate beyond the curt directive at the
time of his appointment Feb. 6. But the
French establishment has not been hid-
ing its concern about the new aspect of
urban terrorism that -. according to
some overly optimistic statements last
summer - had previously been consid-
ered virtually eliminated.
7b quote a recent statement by Gen.
Jeannou Lacaze, French armed forces
chief of staff, Direct Action and its mem-
bers have "thrown down the gauntlet at
the free world in order to destabilize and
demoralize it."
"It is a new form of war," the general
said.
Direct Action is not new to French
security agents. The organization was
born in September 1979 in a modest
apartment on Rue Titon in the 11 th arron-
dissement (ward) of Paris. Its first
"action" was an attack on the Ministry of
Labor, followed by a rash of bank robber-
ies, which apparently provided money .
for the gang.
a result of recent arrests while seven
identified members are fugitives -,
including Mr. Rouillan.
The band has hit many targets, mainly
representing either what it considers to
be "Western capitalism" or "militarism"
Among its objectives were the armored
car manufacturer Panhard & Levassor,
the Atlantic Institute for International
Affairs, the Naval Research Con-
struction Center and the European Space
Agency.
Until the death of Gen. Audran, Direct
Action claimed only the killing of two
French policemen and one police
informer. According to French police
analysts, these were "reactions rather
than actions."
As Commissioner Broussard starts his
new assignment, the authorities are hold-
ing a number of notorious Direct Action
members. They include Frederich
Oriach, Regis Schleider, Christian
Gauzens and a young woman identified
as Frederique Germain and known as
"Blond-blond"
All of them -and particularly "Blond-
blond" - have talked. As a result, the
French police have been able to establish
a certain number of facts:
Direct Action has had links and con-
tacts not only with the West German Red
Army Faction but with the Italian Red
Brigades, the Corsican separatists, the
Irish Republican Army and the Spanish
and Belgian communist extremist under.
.ground.
.. ,
The interrogations further confirmed
what the French describe as "dramatic
radicalization" of the movement as well
as its increased professionalism.
And here all information slops. There
are hints that Direct Action is "helped
from outside;' but officials simply refuse
to speculate about who is providing such
And in those days it was hardly more
than a gang, led by a man identified as
Jean-Marc Rouillan and a group of
"activists" from various leftist groups
that had been dismantled by the police or
were in the process of disintegration.
The organization's aims were soon
obvious on the basis of documents, tracts
and testimony of its arrested members:
" 7b attack the capitalist society wher-
ever possible, to create a unified commu-
nist guerrilla movement in Western
Europe"
Unfortunately for Mr. Broussard and
his policemen, a number of Direct Action
isuspects and convicted members were
released from custody.during the 1981
presidential amnesty.
However, Mr. Broussard is not starting
from scratch: The French say that 19
Direct Action members are in custody as
help. They agree that "the political sig-
nificance" of this help is considerable
and that "foreign interests are involved."
"Their aim is geopolitical, and our aim
is to destroy them;' one official said.
"Talking about it would be counterpro-
ductive"
7bmorrow: Italy's Red Brigade sur-
vives.
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E
S
,.. WASHINGTON TIMES
- 14 March 1985
Red Brigades hurt by arrests,
thr
stiR ose
but e
In Italy, the authorities have headline writers, the "spiritual
father" of international terrorism is
learned something about terrorism, I Mario Moretti, who escalated urban
red or black. Here is the last of four guerrilla warfare in 1979 with the
articles on Euroterrorism. urchase of two Soviet assault rifles
By Andrew Borowiec
THE WASHINGTON TIMES FOREIGN SERVICE
ROME - "Hit the magistrates,
the ruling political class, the press
and the industrial barons! Then
strike at that multinational criminal
syndicate calling itself NATO!"
That excerpt from tons of printed,
typed and mimeographed doc-
uments seized in recent years by the
Italian police shows the general on--
entation of what is known here as
"red terrorism"
Tb the outside world, it is personi-
fied by the Red Brigades. Attacked
systematically by the police and the
crack Gruppo Interventi Speciali
(Special Intervention Group),
"destroyed" time and time again in
official communiques, the "Brigate
Rosse" appears to have survived.
Some 1,100 of its members are in
prison, an estimated 200 have fled
abroad, mainly to France. The
organization has lost much of its
support among left-wing intellec-
tuals following the 1978 kidnapping
and murder of former Premier Aldo
Moro. Nonetheless, it has remained
a threat, a plague over Italy that the
West European press has been call-
ing the "birthplace of Euro-
terrorism" -
According to West European
p
from West German leftist gangsters.
It has been established that even
after his arrest, Moretti master-
minded from his prison cell the kid-
napping of U.S. Gen. James Lee
Dozier, deputy chief of staff of
NATO ground forces, in December
1981. '
Gen. Dozier was freed by the Ital-
ian "carabinieri" and special inter-
vention units (aided by the Central
Intelligence Agency) on Jan. 28,
1982 - after 42 days of trepidation,
during which no one was sure
whether he was dead or alive or how
much he-had revealed under torture.
By then the Western. intelligence
services had reasonable proof that
the Red Brigades wore c osely
with the Soviet KGB and that some
of the organization's early leaders
had been trained in camps set up in
various Soviet bloc countries,
mainly Czechoslovakia.
Apparently, Gen. Dozier said
nothing, and NATO survived that
"attack" by the Red Brigades.
Today, the guerrilla war contin-
ues, its intensity varying from day to
day and month to month. But the
danger is there, and Italian Defense
Minister Giovanni Spadolini had
some personal satisfaction when the
French admitted that, alas, they had
not taken his warning about "exiled"
terrorists seriously enough.
Today, the Red Brigades is far
from the omnipresent underground
organization of the late 1970s. It has
lost some fringe groups such as the
New Revolutionary Armies and
Tbrza Posizione (Third Position), the
main effect of which was to confuse
the authorities tracking down the
nucleus.
"But it would be a folly to dismiss
red terrorism as a broken force;" a
Western expert here said.
To anyone familiar with Italy, the
stress on "red" terrorism is clear. In
this country there is also "black ter-
rorism:' recruiting supporters and
"hit squads" among frustrated neo-
fascists without much following but
enough weapons and explosives to
disrupt Italy.
Thus, the bomb attack Dec. 23 on
the crack Milan-Naples express (15
dead and 116 wounded) is generally
blamed on "black terrorism." It
could have been "Ordine Nuovo-
Ordine Nero" (New Order-Black
Order) or some of -its splinter
groups. None of these groups has
mass support or even any hope of
imposing its system on a country
adequately "inoculated" against fas-
cism.
But they do exist and strike, usu-
ally in indiscriminate but
exceptionally bloody attacks - as
distinguished from the precise ones
carried out by the Red Brigades.
Through the confessions of
accused Red Brigades members -,
and particularly those of "convert"
members who have voluntarily sur-
rendered to the police - the Italian
police have learned a lot about the
organization.
The existence of terrorism in
Italy is generally explained as an
"outburst" against that country's
corrupt administration, its ineffi-
ciency and general political fatigue.
While "black terrorism" has
remained isolated, "red terrorism"
has joined a vast network generally
thought to be connected with the
Soviet strategy of undermining,
Western society. A number of
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_. 7
prominent Italian officials have
gone on record as saving that much.
The radicalism of the left wingers
was thought to be a reaction against
rel-
the Italian Communist Party's
ative moderation and periodic
claims of willingness to cooperate
with the existing order.
Of particular interest to analysts
of the "red terror" " was the so-called
"Document 142, spelling
"international connection" of the
Red Brigades.
The document identifies cooperating
national organizations coop
with the Red Brigades by numbers.
I For example, France's communist
terrorists (as distinguished from the
the
legal Communist Party)
code number 394 and Switzerland is
identified as 389, although so far no
links between any Swiss organ-
ization and the Red Brigades have
been established.
Like many other directives, Doc-
ument 142 specifies that "we must
attack. everywhere in cooperation
with foreign revolutionaries:' of
The massive Western pursuit
"red terorism" continues. to as
increasingly being referred
"the war" is far from over. For many it h policemen and and no end is yet in
merely begu
sight.
Former Red Brigades terrorists Mara Nanni, left, and Catarina Piuniti behind
steel bars in a Rome courtroom last December. They were appealing the
sentences they received earlier for the 1978 kidnapping and murder of
former Italian Premier Aldo Moro and the killing of his police escort.
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