REPEAT SHOCKS IN SEISMIC OBSERVATIONS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00039R000100270012-9
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 42
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: April 25, 2012
• Sequence Number: 12
• Publication Date: April 9, 1952
• Content Type: REPORT

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'AT ,SFi9CKS i 'l IC OB 'ERVAT i01I
A. 1'i, y,epinat~yeva (Gcoohys:ical
Ins-bi-tu-be, !'.cad,erJ~ o: ;ciefces USR)
Izveutiya. Akademil 1 auk S;>SR, ;er ya Geofiz:icheskaYa,
No, , p ayes 13-6o. iJloscow: Ju1y-.August 1.9i.
.
STAT
`STAT
yh", , . .,~;. ,
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STAT
'1'.~Arl SHQC~S fN~ SL:fSM,C~,Q13S ~ VAI IQNS
-+ A. M. yepa t y'eVa
' 's a description of experimen'ta on he deterrni-~
Given hcxr a.
tjrne of appearance of. repeat shocks
nation of the functa:an of the.
and their t , ,ch ;Y,e,pcrt to the rnagniude of the charge
osions The graprls of the f'unctt,ari of
and the death h of an ex~)1.
cessI ve shoclts conform to the theoz'Y ?f
time ~ T betweern two suc
Of .. as globe in a 1iq.u d, taking into conSideration
vibration
boundaries of the section: the surface of the
the acts on of she
water and the bed of the water reservoir. The ratio (A2 A1)
t,
at tie amplitudes of the waves which correspond to the second
'
shack (A2) and the efplosian (Al) is diminished as Q is increased.,
With small values of ~, ` ~ repeat shocks were observed Eaheh were. of
.
greater intensity than the he explasion. Theoretical research has
.
1
been done on the problem of the intensity of repeat shocks. It
shown that the cause of the observed ratios A2 Al
has been
may T be the difference in the .frequency spectrums of the explosion
~
and the pulsation,
rrhe presence of repeat shocks in explasions in water-
ted in a `who! e series of works [1, ..and
reservoirs has been na
others], A. G. 1vanov 1, adduces some data on the difference in
C
time T between the ex.Pp losion and the shock, and on the ratio
~J.
of amplitude of the second shock to that of the first with different
charges in the course of explosions in a river; in the work of A~
A. TsvetaYev and Na I. Shapirovs.kiY [ 2] riatice is taken of the fact
resence of repeat shacks in explosions in the sea during
of the.: p
.
~ %_: P C7((/t11
r A / ` 7` ai/Yr ~ 1 l Cpl ...5?~ ~~1 ~'(
J- ye ?/ l Gl, iCG9 (
/ ( /1 t 7q) /) ' 0.
. . ee C(piC: , r C ej- Soi?
.. Fti4rs.++4FF
Cl Yt
k22 i'r e
(L )
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seismic prospecting using the reflected.wave method. The results
of the majority of works by foreign authors, in which data are
adduced on repeat shocks in explosions in water-reservoirs, are
set forth in Koul's summarizing work [L
]
In certain experimental projects notice has been taken of
repeat shocks in explosions in driilMholes filled with water
? But
this phenomenon is encountered with Considerably less frequency
in seismic research, and we shall not go into it in this work,
The cause of repeat shocks is the vjbrati.ons of the gas
bubble which is formed in explosions in water [3-5], Photographs
which illustrate the pulsation of the gas bubble are given in
work i 5i +'
Theoretical consideration of the problem of v1brat:L oils of
a gas globe in water is given for the special' case w1ic~re the center
of the bubble is motionless and the bubble is located in an un-
bounded :liquid, and for the more general case where the inf' ~
l pence
of the boundaries of the section (the surface of the water
and the
floor or bed) and the migration of the bubble due to the
aCt:t.0i1 of
gravitational force are taken into consideration [L],
In seismic investigations by the reflectecijr
. ti
r!.ei.hod and
the correlation method. of rdfractec~ waves ~, where a SuCCE?SSive por-
tion of the seismogram is used, the phenomenon of repeat shocks in
explosions in water is a matter of great danger. Due t
.. o the prey
serlce of repeat shocks the wave picture may in some case. be so
strongly distorted that utilization of the successi.v
e portion of
the seismograrrt, beginning with the time when the second shock. is
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registered, becomes impo ssi.ble . Ii' the presence of repeat' shocks
cannot be e:abiished by records, work with the successive portion
of the seismograrr- may ~herr lead to erroneous conclusions relative
to the number of seismic boundaries of the section, their shape,
and the angle o?' 'inclination.
The well-known methoci of dealing
with repeat shocks by decreasing tho depth of the explosion or
increasing the charge {L,5]
i:s far from being always applicable
All this makes it essential to conduct special study of the
phenomenon of repeat shocks in seismic investiE:ations. Study of
this phenomenon should, in particular, make it possible to dew
terrmine the conditions under which repeat shocks do riot occur or
are oi' such small intensity that their presence cannot cause any
serious 'distortion of the .yeco rd?
In the seismic` experiments of the Geophysical Institute` in
l9Z~?-l9La.9 we performed experiments to determine the dependence of
the character of repeat shocks (amplitude, period, etc.) on the
magnitude of the charge, the depth of the explosion, etc. We
determined a number of dynamic peculiarities of the record of
repeat shocks which had riot been noted before. Below is given a
description of the results obtained., with an attempt to interpret
therm.
THE i'U SULI'S OF TEtE EXPERI1 ENTS'
Conditions of the experiments.
The explosions were produced in water-reservoirs on the
bottom or at some depth in a layer of water.. In most cases the
reservoirs were closed (quarries, ponds, etc.); the depth of the
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reservoirs wits from 1.5 to 1 'meters, and they measured from 20
to 200 rneteracross. The explcsiorls ~rere usually produced i.n the
approximate middle of the reservoir. To set up vibrations charges
from i eiectro-detonator to 100 kilograms of' dynamit1e were usedm
Registration. of the vibrations was accomplished principally by
means of a multiple-channel aeisrnic station. The maxi.mun of the
frequency characteristic of the amplifiers was at a frequency of
60 cycles, and the T,a.d th oil the ?'requencyMpass band, u1ng a level
of 0,7 of the maximum value, was equal to 100 cycles. A small
scope of observations was achieved. by means of apparatus tuned. to
resister frec:uencies of the order of 80 cycles.
with
In the observations vc,rticai electrodynarnic seismographs
per:.i.ou of natursi.l oscillations c)? about O.OEG seconds were
used, The distance from the seismographs to the point of ex-
plosion varied from 10 to 1000 metersm Repeat shocks were re-
cor(ied. for explosions in different reservoirs in the layer of water
and on the bottom a.f' the reservoirs.
Number of repeat shocks.
The maximum number of repeat shocks noted on the seismogram
was four (Figure l). In a large number of instances two shocks
were noted on the records
Magnitude of the charges and depth of t
e explosion
Repeat shocks were observed with charges Q from 1 e:iectro-
detonator up to the maximum usable charge, equal to 100 kilograms
r1'he depths h of the explosion varied from 1 to l~ meters. In
Figures 1, 2(a,b), and 3 are given the seismograms obtained with
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various charges; the repeat shocks are registered on them.
For a fixed depth h and an increase in the charge Q, the
interval of time L. T between two successive shocks (Figure 2, a,
b) increases, and beginning with some limiting value of the charge
li:m the repeat shocks disappear (Figure 2,
'i'he value q,
lim
i ncre~1ses with increased depth, and i..s different for different
reservoirs. For example, for one of the reservoirs, about 3
meters in depth with an explosion depth (f'rorn the surface of the
water) of h = 1.3 meters, r~lirrl was equal to 300 grains, and with
h 2e5 meter, s Q?1im was equal to 5 kilograsrls? For another
reservoir, 15 feet deep, at h ? 1 meter Q1i.m was equal to 600
'rams, and a.t depth h : 2, 5 meters and with equal to 5 kilo
1a_nl
grams a second shock was still observed. rI'hi.s difference in the
~
values of 1~ m is associated, in all probability, with the different
depths and cross .-measurernent: of the reservoirs, i.?e~ with the
different action of the boundaries of the section on the vibrations
of the gas bubble
The observed values of Q1i111 at which the second shock
disappears, are close to values determined frorrl the following
equation.:
(h + 10
38
where Q is expressed in kilograms, and h in meters,
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(1)
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l;0 gr~i.rrls
J5 meters
Figure 1. Seismogram on which 1i. repeat shocks are indicated.
.w.rwrxw??rHnn+~+w+rHw..wrHrM?MHrY~rwxixnnH~wrw+www~xw?wnrxwrw+w.+..wrr~YwurrNWMwM'w`uruwwlMNxwYWrwwrrrrnr.wYxrMYHMN~rWINrrMrnY'n'nuMWwM?YM+r+nM4vwrwrNMMyMWMMMNr~wMMwMMYYY4WMMMMMwwuwrn M+?w+.LLrnx+e+wuMM1,YwAHw?MWMTM+wrrll~nneHM,n rfwww?MMW
QMlel. det.
a.
b.
~l5
13 `meters
grams
h = l.3 meters
Q = 300 grams
C.
h - 1.3 meters
Figure 2. Seismograms obtained with d
fferent explosions.
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Q : () kilograms
h if:; rtteters
Figure 3. SE..l.s,7io s.rr~rtl obta`.i.ned w1 tb. Q .. 0 kilo ;rarms and h i meters.
c:
_. M ..,.~.M .~_,.__r ~, .~w..r......, .....~..,, .....
~~v,,.,r.r..rrx~wrww,vw~wx+'.rn.n...w.?rr+.r+.rwr..+r+'~Wlwl~w.r.MHi~.~vwv.+'~vwMri+.x.r+~.i+M.Ywvwr,+rlrNr.MlrW w..arMIM1,M~Iwww+w~M.FMI.r~Mlxw.vvx.FM.IRM,M
30 kilograms
h l5 meters
and photograph of water upheaval corresponding to it.
Figure Li.. Seismogram
Equation (1) is obtained f'rorn the formu.l~' which related the
maximum radius Am of the bubble during the
quantities Q and h L~.
fi.r. st
pt
sation with the
1/3 (2)
3.37 '_q__._:\
h+lO
Assumini; in formula (2) that Am = h, which corresponds .to the
boundax case when clurin.g the first pulsation the radius of the bubble
Y
b~, Ito tr>e de1:rth of the explosion and the bubble bursts, ,
acome,.~s equal.
we obtain equation (1).
In Table 1 are given values of Q calculated according to for-
mula (1)?
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Table 1
m 1 :2 3 S 8 10 15' 20 30
Qy ka.lo.
grams 003 2, 5 9G2 Li.9 2L~.0 525 2200 6300 271j.00
Repeat shocks and upheaval of water,
In some articles and reports the opinion has been expressed
that when there is an upheaval of water with an escape of the gas
repeat shocks should not be observed, in the work of Koul [] a
description is furn.isbed of cases where repeat' shocks were ob..
served. when there was an enormous upheaval of water, and an ex.~
planation of this phenomenon is given whose essence is as follows4
A bubble which has forrried during an explosion at a certain depth
is raised upward due to the action of gravitational forces, and in
1
e- c+ es
s
so doing accomplishes pulsating vibrations, With a sufficient
c
depth of explosion the bubble succeeds in accomplishing one or
mare vibratory movements between reaching the surface and bursting,
To these vibratory movements correspond the repeat shocks on seismo~
grams, and the upheaval of water corresponds to the bursting of the
bursting
bubble,
In our experiments repeat shocks were also observed when
there was an upheaval of water, which, conforms to the results
of work [Lt]. In some cases the upheaval, was in the form
of a large .
vertical column of water and was accompla.shed b the escape of
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gases; in: other case a ,mail upheaval of water was observed i.h the
Form of a column of spray rising with a rather large area. The
cause of the upheaval in the first case was probably the rupturing
of the gas bubble, which occurred at the moment when the pulsating
bubble reached the surface of the water.. The cause of the upheaval
i.n the second case may have been the action on the surface of the
water of t,iie shock wave which was .formed durin; the explosion and
propagated in the waters
In Figure 1~. is given a seismogram on which are noted repeat
shocks and a photograph of the surface effect in the zone of the
explosiono which corresponds to this record,
The 'interval_ of time between two' successive 'shocl?:sa
we shall denote by T. the interval of time between
i,i+l
and'(i+i) shocks, holding it t;o be the case that the first shock
is caused by the explosion, and that successive shocks are caused
by the vibrations of the gas bubble, The results of certain in-
vestigations performed for the purpose of determining the de-
pendency of j on the magnitude of the charge Q and the
a., i ~?1
depth of the explosion h are given in Figure , a and b, In
Figure ~a are represented graphs of .L\T12 = f (Q.) for h,.5, and
8 meters, which have been drawn according; to the data of obser-
yata ons of explosions in a body of water l meters deep,
Figure b are represented graphs of L T12 = f (Q) and 1 T L.3
f2(Q)
when h = 5 meters, which have been drawn according to the data of
observation of explosion in another body of water about 18 meters
deeps
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Consideration of the graphs indicates that the va;Lue
f, increases with an increase in Q and a decrease in h, to
quantity (T)/O Q decr?:aSing with an increase in Q. The time
w4w?`N:rMHYYM1YwNYNYwN1HMFM wMNNMNMw~MMwIM1nMW:MiMwJY114MRMIMMMMnw~w'YMMMMMIMMMY'IYM+MY~
X12, seconds
.,..w ,,_._____._ __.___,~..M ~ .... w...~..,. I
{
a
Q, kilograms
~, seco~ilds'
Q, kilograr.S
Figurea Graphs of the dependence of L\T12 on Q, a gives the ob-
served curves (solid lines) and the theoretical curves (dotted lines)
according to formula (3); b gives the same curves according to for-
mina, (L) The individual dots on both graphs correspond to the ob-
served data.
w.nmYw+w,.~w~~'.ww.~Ywiwanwn~wei+~+rnw,wYewYex~rorm~"+'~+'h+enm.'~urw~mn~nn~nRr"n*+
~: ; ; meters,
Fi=18meterss
11
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In. the case of an unbounded medium the dependence of the
value ?;T12 on 1 kilogram) the successive shocks are usually weaker than
the first shock, The amplitude of the successive shocks caused
by the pulsation of the gas bubble decreases with an increase in
the number of the shock,
It has been shown that the observed dynamic peculiarities
of the records of the repeat shocks
the relationship of the
amplitudes; the predominating frequencies, etc, .- may be ex~
plained from the qualitative standpoint by the difference in
frequency spectra of the explosion and the pulsation4 In the
frequency spectrum Sl of an impulse of exponential shape, cor
responding approximately to the explosion, there is little change
in the amplitudes of the harmonic .components .when the frequency
changes from 0 to 400 cycles with a' comparatively small duration
of the impulse. In the frequency spectrum Si of an impulse of
bell. shape, corresponding approximately to the pulsation, the
maximum amplitudes are possessed by the low frequency components;
the decrease in amplitudes with frequency is the more abrupt as
the duration of the impulse caused by the pulsation becomes
36.x;
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greater. In spite of the fact that th4 maximum pressure developed
during the pulsation is considerably less than the pressure deg
-v-eloped during the explosion, the ratio of the amplitudes of the
waves corresponding to the pulsation and the explosion may be
larger then unity due to the fact that the apparatus used regis-
ters the rather low frequencies created 'principally during the
-pulsation.
In further experiments on repeat shocks it appears expedient
to perform a frejuency analysis of the records of the repeat
shocks and the explosion. Aside from this, light must be shed
on problems of the directional characteristics of explosions and
pulsations, on the relationshir, between repeat shocks and the
characte?~ of the bottom of 'the water-body, etc,
The carrying out of further experiments on repeat shocks
will make it possible to determine in more detail the physical
nature of the phenomenon and will facilitate the quest for now
means of attenuating the intensity of repeat shocks or of com-
plete avoidance of theme
Academy of Sciences USSR Delivered to Press
Geophysical Institute March 28, 1981
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Ivanov, A.G0 , t'A. Seismoelectric Effect of the Second Typ
Izv. AN SSSR, Geographical and Geophysical Series, No 5, pp 699
727, 1940
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2. Tsvetayev, A.A. and S.hapirovsk y, N I., "Marine Seismic
Prospecting Projects on the Southern Bank of the Apsheronski.y
Peninsula't, Symp, of Applied Geophysics, No 1, pp 77 - 81, 1945,
3, Axons, A.13., Slifko, J..P, and Carter, A., "Secondary Pressure
Pulses due to Gas Globe Oscillation i,n Underwater Explosions'
JASA, V, 20,
pp 271 w 282, 1945;
Koul, , 'rUnderwater Explosions", IIL, Moscow, 1950.
5? Ewjng, M, , VVoo1ard, G.P, Vine, A, C, , Vorzel, J. L, , "Recent
Results in Submarine Geophysics't, Bull, Geol., Soc. AAner, , V57,
pp 910 w 934, 1946,
6A Itskhoki, Ya.S., Impulse Techniques, Moscow, 1949,
70 Reley, The Theory of Sound, t. II, iVioscoW-Leningrad, pp 25 - 27,
115 116, 1944,
,n* 38
~.
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C,S
c cc
a
a' / I /
/ ryr'~~
U
E
\J-%-- .-
n^^ .Y
w
.-
.-
Figure SGraphs showing the dependence of QTl2 upon Q:
a - observational curve (continuous lines) and theoretical (dotted
according' to f ormula (3)
b the same 'curves according; to formula (4)
separate points on both graphs correspond to observed dataa
The
,. -,
h~ '
.;
-
.
curves
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 U2-
SST
1 - T12 = f1( !)
ctecl acc ording to
h= m, .I.i=18m-
2 - AT12~f (Q) is
ula (''4.)
A
( O
e ~
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,
0 20 1LO 50
e 6, Graphs showing the dependence of
T~.gur
t T, 2 ar~d 11T23 upon Q:
.
0 j5 2O? 30
Figure 9. Graph of dependence A.2/A1
on Q . h = 5 meters
~
P'
t
0
1\
r
At
Figure 12 Curves of pressure~te
ctal` functions s/s ?
and their sper 1 - spectrum. of triangU1ar impu se?
~e impulse,
2 - spectrum of be11-"shaP "m ulse.
3 M spectrum of exponent l p
p
2O.
a.
0,.
05
(k=hvv)
A-fA,
roc
Figure 8- Graphs of dependence
A2/A1 and A3/A2 on Q3 h=1.3m and.
h=1.7~r11-
and ~T23~?2(Q) are constr W
~.-
observational data for
f h=gym H=18m by form_
or, ~---
lE:
Azle,,
Figure 11. Experimental curves
of pressure-time p=p(t)?
4A-
rN.
J(,r w
w'
? , I
I
. : 1
--a___
2 ?O 3aa `k2a a oA
- 521 L
i,7:S.w1
A
'003
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&_.._._
.f "`'
-UQa1-L
(~O3__}
,
t I,
i '.. ,"
y"
o i1iA 1/1t f'0
Figure 13? Graphs of S /A and S2/B versus f
( frequency~
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