GADHAFI, TROUBLED BY SERIES OF SETBACKS, ACTS TO REPAIR THE DAMAGE

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP05-01559R000400470001-3
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 21
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 19, 2012
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: November 19, 1987
• Content Type: OPEN SOURCE

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.Arab world, i
Analysto
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o-western
011 Yasser
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out with Syrian-
dissidents---a
ing ther strains
to cooling allian(
nd Major rove
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i ibya's persistently delayed cow's new, ambassador 'for. six
irate roffensive to retake the months, according to diplomats,
there Oasis of Fade, captured On paper, neither the badly
by. lead government troops, vided PLO nor Tunisia, a small
oe are'relrjtions with his Moscow state weakene ci by :tinevagaries of.
erpower ally c',onsidered close, aging President Habib our oil a.
nifty Alen
port in the event of fresh US, But highly ., ` -"8'
tar placed Pilestiniaaa
y attacks, Gadhafi was so it sources insist that Gadhafi's deci~
red by the poor performance of sion to improve relations with the
let-supplied air defense systems P,LO is largely motivated by his
ng the US, air raid on twos Lib. mistaken conviction that Arafat is in
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deepening (to
allowed the
idamentalist
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yan opposition;
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that Tunisia
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professionals--cool(
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exile,
aid to fear
once ser-
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Tunisian border diminished his
ability to intimidate I
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/01/19: CIA-RDP05-01559R000400470` 0 ~3 'm
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SECOND EDITION
ight profess to
One of Libyan leader Muam-
mar Gaddafi's woman body-
guards sports high heels and a-
pistol as she stands guard in
Algiers. (AFP)
Shamir to press
Soviet FM on
ties, emigration
sibility for the
i had clearly ar-
the peace pro=
hat the King's
e door on what
adopted at the
ian state with
ead Aluf Am-
rday that Ara-
tion in any fu-
. The very fact
s convened to
the uprising in
ented a victory
been restored
ab summitry by
at: had been
the Palestin-
ignored.
that although
demand for a
ndemned the
and asserted
blic servants,
alities. "The
ade in the 30's
Committee,"
sinations do
By WOLF BLITZER '
Jerusalem Post Correspondent
NEW YORK - Prime Minister
Yitzhak Shamir yesterday said
he would press two issues with
Soviet Foreign Minister Eduard
Shevardnadze. during their meet-
ing here today: the restoration
of Soviet-Israeli diplomatic ties
and .increased emigration to Is-
rael for Soviet Jews.
Shamir told a small groilp of
American editors that he was
anxious to discover for himself
whether the Soviet Union had
genuinely moderated its stance
towards Israel.
The prime minister acknowledged
that the tone of recent Soviet state-
ments had changed. What `was now
important, he added, was to learn
whether the substance had also irti-
proved. (See Peres on Soviets, page
2.)
Shevardnadze told reporters in
New York that the Soviet Union
was prepared to take a more active
part in Arab-Israeli affairs.
Shamir and Shevardnadze will
meet at the UN, in the office of the
president of the Security Council.
Israeli officials yesterday ex-
pressed the hope that the Soviets,
following today's meeting, would fi-
nally grant entry visas to an Israeli
consular delegation to visit Moscow
in the coming weeks.
They said they were also seeking
assurances that more Soviet Jews
would be permitted to leave for Isra-
el in the coming months. Israel is
pressing for flights between the So-
viet Union and Israel via Romania.
Shamir, together with other visit-
ing world leaders, attended a lun-
cheon yesterday with UN Secretary-
General Javier Perez de Cuellar.
Israeli officials later said that the
prime minister had rejected a pro-
posal.from the secretary-general to
have the UN extend formal guaran-
tees to Israel following the achieve-
ment of an Israeli-Arab peace
settlement.
"What is needed is not a Big Pow-
er guarantee but an agreement be-
tween Israel and its Arab neigh-
bours," an Israeli official quoted
Shamir as having told the UN lead-
er. Shamir reiterated his position
that only direct negotiations - and
not an. international conference -
could advance the peace process.
Shamir also recalled Israel's "un'-
fortunate experience" with external
(Continued on Back Page)
Dismay at Tadiran's claim to big
Rabin ban U.S. order premature
on visits
by rabbis
By JUDY.MALTZ and The press release put out by Tadir-
KENNETH KAPLAN an's publicity agents gave no hint
Jerusalem Post Staff that the order was still in
Only a fraction of the multi-bil- contention.
lion dollar U.S. Army tender award- But, said the General Dynamics
ed last week to Tadir~n Ltd. and source
the Tadiran-General Dy-
,
HAIM SHAPIRO I General Dynamics is a guaranteed namics team is in fact a "second-
lem Post Reporter ,J_Aer, elves with the two.com- source producer" for the army. The
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YkE C l
TIAN SCIENCE MONITOR]
'
[
1111141 IL 11tilm
US pressure on Libya strains ties with Western allies
Qaddafi uses Western
concerns for foreigners'
safety to undercut unity
By John Cooley
.Tripoli, Libya
Libya's Col. Muammar Qaddafi is wag-
ing an all-out information war to deter
any new United States military action
against him.
He is doing this by playing up US fears
that American workers in Libya could be
casualties and by highlighting disunity
among Western allies over how to deal
with Libya.
Tripoli was calm and without any visi-
ble defense preparations Sunday as the
US Sixth Fleet was reportedly in a "hold-
ing pattern" in the Mediterranean.
While Vernon Walters, the US ambas-
sador to the UN, traveled around Western
Europe trying to convince US allies to
support further US action, Colonel
Qaddafi's personal campaign of deter-
rence took several forms.
In a statement to Western news agen-
cies, Qaddafi said he had pulled Libyan
troops from "15 military camps" that the
US news media had named as prospective
targets for American planes and war-
ships. Foreign workers, including about
1,000 American oil workers, would be
moved from their homes to the camps and
would live there, Qaddafi said.
However, Western dip-
lomats representing US in-
terests here said there
was no sign Sunday that
Qaddafi had begun mov-
ing anyone.
"It might just be a
bluff, but you can't be
sure with Col. Qaddafi,"
Libyans hail Oaddafi last month: Europe fears another US strike may boost his hero status
efforts to locate the five, the BBC said.
The others missing were identified as
three priests - from the Philippines,
Malta, and Poland - and an Italian nun.
Government spokesmen had no comment.
Libya's foreign minister called in West-
ern diplomats over the weekend to pro-
Tripoli was calm and
without any visible
defense preparations
Sunday.
test statements by the
NATO Secretary General,
Lord Carrington, and Su-
preme NATO Commander
Bernard Rogers, a US
Army general.
Lord Carrington has
supported the principle of
-US retribution against
one longtime foreign resident here said.
A serious incident heightened nervous-
ness among foreigners here yesterday.
The British Broadcasting Corporation re-
ported Sunday that Msgr. Giovanni
Martinelli, a Roman Catholic Church lead-
er, and four others were arrested Thurs-
day night by armed men. The incident
reportedly took place in Benghazi. Italian
Ambassador Giorgio Raitano is heading
Libya for its alleged connection with ter-
rorist incidents, including the April 2 ex-
plosion aboard a TWA jetliner over
Greece, and the bombing of a West Berlin
nightclub on Aprils.
General Rogers said there was incon-
trovertible evidence of Libyan involve-
ment in the West Berlin bombing.
"These declarations," said JANA, the
official Libyan news agency, "represent
the attitude of the [Western] alliance con-
cerning the aggression which the US is
preparing against Libya."
By threatening to use US and NATO
bases in Brtian, Spain, Greece, Italy, and
Turkey, other Libyan statements added,
the US is dragging the Western alliance
into what began as a bilateral US-Libyan
confrontation.
Qaddafi has repeated several times.
that any such bases would be susceptible
to Libyan attack. Foreign observers here
say the main candidates are Sigonella Air
Base in Sicily, US air and naval faculties
in Spain, and Souda Bay on the large
Greek island of Crete.
Libyan newspapers and radio and tele-
vision programs constantly warn the Eu-
ropeans and -Libya's Arab neighbors not
to get involved in US action. They echoed
a weekend warning from Qaddafi that
Libya might have to call for military aid
from the Soviet Union and East bloc.
Mr. Cooley, the Monitor's former
Middle East reporter, is an ABC sto
correspondent.
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 Qaddafi slept here, bodyguard says, as bomb exploded 100 yards away during US raid
Europe feeling
the aftershock
European foreign
ministers repeated their
call for US restraint in
dealing with Libya; but
recognition is growing
that concerted allied
action against terrorism
is needed. Page 9
Britain In the
firing line
Days after US jets took
off from Britain to strike
targets in Libya, a spate
of incidents makes it
clear that the British face
the same level of threat
as Americans in the
Middle East. Page 9 9
Interview with
Weinberger
On Libya strike, he says:
Qaddafi himself was not
targeted; Libyan reports
of casualties should not
be taken at face value;
with allied help,
sanctions could be more
effective. Page 6
But Col. Qaddafi makes it clear
that his messianic devotion
to world revolution continues
By John K. Cooley
Tripoli, Libya
Col. Muammar Qaddafi's escape from the American
air raid Tuesday and his subsequent television broad-
cast have lowered the political temperature here.
Libyan radio and TV have moderated somewhat
their strident anti-Western tone. People ignored or even
smiled at a foreigner in Tripoli's streets Thursday,
rather than muttering insults as on the previous day.
Western embassies continued to discuss plans for evac-
uating more than 40,000 Western citizens in this coun-
try, but without the urgency of the first day of crisis.
The United States and Britain, however, still face a
mounting wave of terrorism and protests by the East
bloc, third world, and even West Europeans.
Colonel Qaddafi made it clear in his broadcast
Wednesday night, from a new and apparently safer
base somewhere in Libya, that his messianic devotion to
world revolution continues.
In his speech, Qaddafi accused President Reagan and
British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher of being
"child-murderers." Qaddafi's 15-month-old adopted
daughter did not survive the bombing of Qaddafi's
family home. His two young sons, Saif Arab and Hamis,
were-wounded and remained in hospital.
At the same time, Qaddafi said he was ordering no
further military retaliations against southern Europe.
His only known attempt to retaliate so far came Tues-
day, when two long-range missiles were fired at the
small Italian island of Lampedusa. Italy said the mis-
siles fell short.
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ohtical temperature ioin Libya
ry/iAA
 .61% K DD A 117Y Declassified and Approved
"We decided to respond" to calls of "friendly coun-
tries urging us not to escalate the military situation
against south Europe," Qaddafi said.
[The United States said Wednesday the murder of
three Westerners in Lebanon bore the marks of Abu
Nidal, a Palestinian guerrilla with close ties to Libya, and
that Libyan involvement was also suspected in the
shooting Wednesday of an American diplomat in Sudan.]
Qaddafi praised France and Spain for not permitting
British-based US F-111 fighter bombers to overfly their
territory. Malta won his approval for "exerting sincere
efforts to end Mediterranean tensions."
Qaddafi urged all Arab states to sever diplomatic
relations with the US. Conservative Saudi Arabia, a
longtime adversary of Qaddafi, led the Arab states in
protesting the US action in the UN Security Council.
Earlier Wednesday, a reporters' tour of Qaddafi's
bombed-out home and headquarters disclosed craters
from at least eight high-explosive bombs, apparently
meant to kill Qaddafi. The US denies it tried to kill him.
His office and home, where from a balcony he prom-
ised to continue confronting the US after his forces
skirmished with the US Sixth Fleet March 24-25, were
demolished. His wife, Safla, who survived, was inside
that building with the Qaddafl children when it was hit.
Bodyguards showed the reporters Qaddafi's Bedouin
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Qaddafi on TV: no more reprisals against south Europe
tent, where they said he was sleeping after working late,
when one bomb exploded about 100 yards away.
Shortly before this, the reporters' bus had been
turned away from the compound gate by apparent panic
firing as a new US air raid was reported. One foreign
businessman said he saw a plane high over the harbor.
From the ABC News bureau in the seafront Grand Hotel,
reporters were sure they could see Libyan gunboats and
Late at night, the harbor below the hotel again
.erupted in wild firing, apparently in a new air raid alert.
Libyan Information Minister Muhammad Sharif Din
Fayturi told reporters that the afternoon "raid" -
denied by Washington - involved a pass by a US SR-71
Blackbird reconnaissance plane. He claimed US fighter
bombers tried to "infiltrate" Libyan airspace from the
direction of Tunisia to bomb several places near Tripoli,
including Tarhuna, about 30 miles southeast of Tripoli.
Reports from Washington, unconfirmed in Libya,
claim the Libyan Air Force joined in factional fighting
between pro- and anti-Qaddafi forces at Tarhuna. Some
Western embassies here claimed they heard small-arms
fire in Tripoli near Qaddafi's former headquarters, but
could not explain it.
Finally, near midnight, Qaddafi's speech relieved sus-
pense here. After he ordered an end to Tripoli's three-
night blackout, pro-Qaddafi demonstrators with bright
lights serenaded newsmen in the Grand Hotel with
shouts on loudspeakers and the beating of large drums.
"One of the most spectacular days ever in the ongoing
'Qaddafi Show,' with Qaddafi himself still directing,"
remarked one rather cynical Western correspondent.
"But what will the next act be?"
There was no immediate answer as night fell April 17
over a more relaxed but still worried city.
Mr. Cooley, the Monitor's former Middle East
reporter, is an ABC staff correspondent.
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THURSDAY, APRIL 17~ 1986: t
THE CHRISTIAN'SCIENCE MONITOR - "'
TRIPOLI from preceding page
INTERNATIONAL
that Colonel Qaddafi is either dead or out of the -coun-
try." Asked about this, Presidential spokesman Larry
Speakes said, "I really wouldn't go that far. I'm not sure
it's an accurate intelligence conclusion." .:. , ; "
At press time, there had been no sign of the Libyan
leader, who failed to appear for a promised news confer-
ence. Libyan officials and state-run media insisted that
he is alive, unhurt, and in control.
About 70 reporters in a bus were nearing.Qaddafi's
sprawling headquarters compound for the news confer-
ence when small-arms fire started about 500 'feet from
the vehicle. The bus then turned back. Libyan officials
reacted angrily, when they heard radio reports relaying
the journalists' stories. of street skirmishes. Journalists.
also saw a Libyan patrol boat fire cannon rounds along
the Tripoli waterfront, but it was not clear who was,
firing or what their target was.
After the shooting ended, the reporters again were
put on a bus to Qaddafi's compound. An official said,
Qaddafi "is in Libya," but refused to elaborate. The
Qaddafi residence, a two-story, blue-and-white cement
building, was peppered with shrapnel from a bomb that
left a large crater 10 yards away.
Western diplomats estimated the death toll from
Tuesday's bombing at 100. Libyan officials would say
only that many people were killed, and hospitals said up.
to 100 people were injured in one residential area.
Lihvan television broadcast a 'film clip that it said
showed Qaddafi?meeting Soviet Ambassador Anatoly
Anissimov after Tuesday's, bombing. A Western diplo-
mat, who spoke on condition of anonymity, confirmed
that the meeting took place.
Meanwhile, in neighboring Sudan, a US Embassy em`-
ployee was shot in the head and seriously hurt late
Tuesday in the capital city of Khartoum. US officials'
said they had no information directly linking the attack
to Libya, but an official at the US Embassy in Khartoum
said the attack occurred near the Libyan Embassy. The
US Embassy in Khartoum was closed Wednesday after it
had been ordered to a "a high state of alert" for fear of trouble because of Tuesday's US bombing raids on Libya.
A State Department spokesman said the victim was
leaving the US Embassy in his car, when another car
drove up beside him and shots were fired. The emplo ,
a communications technician whose identity wasp
withheld because his relatives had not been notified, as
flown to a hospital in Jiddah, Saudi Arabia, a State
Department official in Washington said Wednesday. At*,"
US Secretary of State George Shultz, asked about the
shooting during a satellite news conference with report-
ers in Europe, said there was no' evidence Libya was
behind the attack. He said, however; that there have
been previous threats against US diplomats in the Sudan..
Meanwhile, in England, a British politician said. that
some US jets returned to their bases with bombs still
aboard. According to Sir Eldon Griffiths, a Conservative
parliamentarian who supports the US action and who
was briefed by senior US officers, Libyan ground
defenses forced some planes to abandon their mission.
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moo%
Conflicting reports, skirmishes fuel
tension in Tripoli
Qaddafi's failure to show up at
news conference sparks rumors
TdpoN, Libya
The atmosphere in the Libyan capital remained tense
Wednesday, amid conflicting reports about alleged re-
newed United States attacks and uncertainty about Col.
Muammar Qaddafl's whereabouts and condition.
Libyan officials claimed that anti-aircraft fire that
broke out for a half-hour in Tripoli yesterday was
aimed at a US reconnaissance plane. Libyan radio also
claimed that US jets
raided, but failed to hit, Japan has tightened re-
targets in two areas 40 curity for next month's
miles outside Tripoli. summit because of the
In Washington, a Pen-
tagon spokesman denied US attack on Libya. Jap-
the Libyan claim, saying, anese terrorists have
"There is no US military ties with Libya. P. 11.
activity in Libya." Other
Pentagon sources, speaking on condition of anonymity,
said efforts have been made to survey Libyan targets
using satellites and reconnaisance planes.
Journalists in Tripoli heard small-arms and mortar
fire and saw apparent street skirmishes near Colonel
Qaddafl's headquarters. These incidents led to reports
such as one aired at noon yesterday by ABC television.
The report said, "American intelligence sources believe -
Please see TRIPOU next page
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US picks ?
at the puzzle ot terrorism
Qaddafi grip on Libya seems
cure despite jolt of air raid
By George D. Moffett III
Staff writer of The Christian Science Monitor
Washington
Col. Muammar Qaddafi's grip on Libya remains
firm, say some experts. The hope of American offi-
cials that the April 15 bombing raid by United States
warplanes would help topple the Libyan leader
seems unlikely to be fulfilled.
There are factions in Libya itching for a coup. But
the opposition to Qaddafi's 16-year rule is weak and
fragmented. Besides, any successor to Qaddafi might
be more pro-Soviet than the US would like.
If Qaddafi were to go, "you could have a more
independent leader ousted in favor of a more compli-
ant leader," says Clement Miller, an analyst at Whar-
ton Econometric Forecasting Associates.
Reagan administration officials were buoyed last
~ek by reports of sporadic fighting between rival
yan factions, indicating what Secretary of State
George.Shultz described on Thursday as "consider-
able dissidence" within the Libyan armed forces. US
officials say one purpose of last Tuesday's raid was
to help topple Qaddafi by strengthening the hand of
opposition forces inside the country.
The US has tried for years to abet the process of
political change in Libya, working to undermine
Please see PUZZLE back page
His elite guard quells discontent
Related stories
? Tories assess political damage
resulting from British role Page 9
? US evacuation from Sudan
overshadows vote Page 12
? West Berlin on high alert as anti-
US protests continue Page ?.
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 32
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3 I HE UHHIS I IAN SUIENUE MONITOR
IS PUZZLE from front page
Qaddafl's power through measures ranging from eco-
nomic sanctions to clandestine contacts with members of
the Qaddafi opposition. While US officials insist that
Qaddafi was not a "direct" target-of last week's raid over
Libya, the Libyan leader's residence and headquarters
were targets of the bomb attack.
"I think the world would be a great deal' better off if
Libya were in different hands," said Defense Secretary
Casper W. Weinberger in a recent Monitor interview.
Experts outside the government say the US raid may
have hurt Qaddafi somewhat, giving disaffected ele-
ments within the military a chance to feed on any
popular discontent with the Libyan leader. But so far an
effective surveillance system, which relies on the pene-
tration of army units by members of Qaddafi's elite
revolutionary guard, has been sufficient to quell discon-
tent, they say.
One reason for Qaddafi's ability to maintain control
has been the decentralization of political power and
patronage through numerous "people's committees,"
councils in various towns and regions, loyal to Qaddafi,
that monopolize local judicial, legislative, and executive
authority. There is thus no obvious alternative locus of
national power in Libya outside the army and the elite,
2,000-man revolutionary guard.
"Qaddafi has deinstitutionalized government in
Libya. If he disappears, what do you rely on next?" asks
William Louis, professor of political science at George
Washington University. Leaders of various exile groups,
such as the London-based National Front for the Salva-
tion of Libya, appear to have little appreciable political
support inside Libya. As a result, says Professor Louis,
Qaddafi's departure could lead to low-level chaos as in
Lebanon or outright civil war, as in Chad, between
various tribal and regional groups. In either case, the
presence of 6,000 Eastern Bloc advisors in Libya could
provide opportunities the Soviets could exploit.
In the case of a military coup, agaist Qaddafi, the
alternative for the US could be little better. The most
likely successors - including Qaddafi's heir-apparent
and head of the revolutionary guard, Maj. Abdul Sallam
MONDAY, APRIL 21, 1986
Jalloud - may prove more pro-Soviet than Qaddafi.
Despite. the sizeable East bloc commitment to Libya,
Qaddafi has refused to grant base rights to the Soviet
Union in Libya. Major Jalloud, who warned Friday that
the matter of the bases was being reopened following
last week's raid, is believed to favor extending such
rights, highly prized by the Soviets because of Libya's
strategic location.
While Qaddafi still appears in firm control in Libya,
analysts describe factors that could weaken the Libyan
leader's 16-year regime. One. is the impact of collapsing
world oil prices. Libyan oil revenues have dropped from
$22 billion to less than $9 billion in just six years with no
bottom in sight. Experts say that's likely to tear at
domestic unity by sharpening competition for scarce
budgetary resources among consumers, the army, and
local government councils.
More serious is resentment within the army over
privileges extended by Qaddafi to the revolutionary
guard. He has drawn many of the guards from his own
tribe in Libya's Serte region, in the process exacerbating
old tribal animosities.
1
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yach11 teen llei m n Hi Army
Libyan Leader's Ruling lactic: Keep Power Centers off Balance
By Christopher Dickey
Washington Post Foreign Service
TRIPOLI, Libya, Jan. 13-On
the night of Nov. 23, Col. Khassan
Ishqal was taken to Enas Hospital in
the Libyan capital with six bullet
wounds in his body, according to
diplomats here citing hospital
sources. fie died shortly afterward.
Ishqal was "an extremely pow-
erful man," as one European diplo-
mat put it. I e was part of Libyan
leader Col. (~~Muammar Qad dafi
own Qaddafodam clan from Surt,
where Ishqal served as military
governor. He also played a major
role in the country's oil industry
and held senior intelligence posts,
according to various diplomats.
"A lot of people hated him," said
one source who looked closely into
lshqal's background. He reportedly
had imprisoned some officials for
corruption. His oil dealings brought
him frequently into contact with
westerners, and, as a result, he was
considered to be pro-West. Ishqal
was "one who dared to tell Qaddafi a
lot of the truth-about economic
policy, for instance," said the dip-
lomat.
Ishgal is believed to have quar-
reled frequently with Maj. Abdul
? U.S. settles down to at twtr of nerves with Libya. Paige A 11,
Salaam Jalloud, Qaddafi's closest
aide and now the head of the rev-
olutionary committees, a confron-
tation of the sort that Qaddafi is
widely believed to have nurtured as
a way of keeping competing centers
of power off balance.
Ishqal was believed by diplomats
to represent those Army officers
who favor improving economic con-
ditions before pushing ahead with
the revolution, while Jalloud prefers
increasingly radical revolutionary
measures.
In Qaddafi's dream of the world,
there is no army, and Qaddafi is a
man determined at whatever cost
to make his dream a reality. He has
See LIBYA, A11, Col. 1
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yautwi peen iveepni -rmy. In 'ne.m.
used the rather loosely defined rev-
olutionary committees as a way of
controlling various elements of Lib-
yan society, including the Army. fie
has used this network of ideolog-
ically indoctrinated groups to sus-
tain intelligence inside the walls of
the Army's compounds, organizing
the committees or imposing them in
virtually every barracks, according.
to diplomats and Libyan officials.
They are a,parallel and often hostile
authority within the Army itself,
these sources said.
Qaddafi "has tried to organize.dis-
organization to keep himself alive,
so nobody could oppose him," said
one diplomat.
But in the process,. the Libyan
leader may have created'more dan-
gers for himself. Several European
diplomats interviewed this week
contend that Qaddafi has turned the
institution that he used to gain pow-
er 16 years ago into the institution
most able and likely to bring him
down..
Even as he faced the possibility of
a U.S..' or Israeli air strike during
the past three weeks, he continued
to speak bluntly about wanting to.
abolish the traditional armed forces
and officer corps.-
"The masses must replace the
Army," the Libyan leader told re-
porters on - Friday. "The regular
Army will disappear, and armed cit-
izens will replace it."
Asked if this would create resent-
ments and problems with the reg-
ular armed forces, Qaddafi said,.
"Obviously, because they would like
to have power, and when we dis-
mantle it and give the people' pow-
er, they can no longer do so."
But Qaddafi said, "It would be dif-
ficult to have a coup because the au-
thority is in the hands of the people,
and they would refuse. No one will
obey." . i
StateDepartment
Dispatches Whitehead
To Urge Sanctions
Associated Press
Deputy Secretary of State John
Whitehead is to visit nine North
Atlantic Treaty Organization allies
starting'Wednesday in hopes of per-
suading them to reduce their ties
with Libya, the State Department
announced yesterday.
Whitehead plans to begin consul-
tations in Canada and also plans
stops' in ' . West ' Germany, France,
Turkey, Italy, the Netherlands,
Greece, Belgium and Great Britain.
The Reagan administration, ac-
cusing the government of Muam-
mar Qaddafi of engaging in state-
spgnsored terrorism, last week im-
posed an embargo on all trade with
Libya and froze Libyan assets in the
United States.
The administration also asked
Europeans to apply sanctions
against Tripoli but has received
only limited support.
State Department spokesman
Bernard Kalb reiterated yesterday
the U.S. view that Libya is the lead-
ing supporter of Palestinian militant
Abu Nidal and that Qaddafi has
backed other recent attacks such as
the hijacking of an Egyptair airliner
last fall.
Declassified and Approved For
Since he has acquired" billions of-
dollars' worth of- 'sophisticated
weapons systems from the Soviets
and other countries, moreover, his
undermining of the professional mil-
itary establishment may have wors-
ened problems of maintenance and
training and made Qaddafi even
more dependent on foreign advis-
ers-particularly the Soviets,
Czechoslovaks and East Germans-
to keep his arsenal functioning.
"This-is the limit of [Qaddafi'sl
system," said one- diplomat. "It is
fine to have people .be self-sufficient
and able to do everything, up to a
point. But when you have things
like' tanks and planes, you cannot
improvise."
U.S. presidential "findings" for
covert action against Libya last fall
suggested that Washington hopes in'
part to lure Qaddafi into a foreign
adventure or terrorist exploit that
would give what the Central Intel-
ligence Agency considered a grow-
ing number of Qaddafi's opponents
in the Libyan military a chance to
seize power.
Three times since August, Qad-
dafi has faced military buildups on
.his borders that may have increased
tension among the leaders of his
armed forces.
In early September, after Qaddafi
expelled thousands of Tunisian and
Egyptian workers, Algeria took Tu-
nisia's part and moved troops to the
Libyan frontier.
After the Nov. 23 hijacking of an
Egyptair flight ended in Malta with
at least 60 persons killed, Egypt
blamed Palestinian terrorists
backed by Libya. No clear proof was
presented to establish the charge,
but for several days Egypt rein-
forced air bases near Libya's east-
ern border and maintained its
troops on a high state of alert.
In the aftermath of the Dec. 27
Palestinian attacks on airports in
Rome and Vienna that resulted in
19 deaths, the United States and Is-
rael once again accused Qaddafi of
backing the terrorists, and both
countries hinted at reprisals.
In addition to these acute prob-
lems, diplomats cite several chronic
sources of discontent, in. the armed
forces.
"This, is not an Army isolated .
from the people. It.reflects all the
problems in the general popula-
tion," said one senior diplomat. -"if .
there are tribal problems in the ci-
vilian population, there are tribal
problems in the Army."
Economic cutbacks have caused
,perquisites for Army officers to be
curtailed or eliminated and salaries
are low.
Other diplomats cite Qaddafi's
military adventures in Chad and in
Uganda in 1979 as causes, for irri-
tation among the officers.
But Qaddafi is no stranger to
plots, including attempts on his life,
and he has proved a resilient sur-
vivor. '
In March or early April 1985, ac-
cording to reports based on U.S. in-
telligence sources, Army officers
eliminate Libya's leader. As many
as 25 officers were believed to have
been executed when their efforts
failed.
Since then, the power of the rev-
olutionary committees inside the
barracks has increased further, and
diplomats say they believe the com-
mittees control most or all of the
Qaddafi often seems to be playing
the revolutionary committees and
the Army against each another. In
November, for instance, the mili-
tary chief of staff appeared prom-
inently and frequently in the press,
and the Army found itself once
again in a favorable public light. But
at the end of the month, lshqal's
mysterious killing raised fresh
questions about the loyalty even of
the officers closest to Qaddafi.
Despite some dramatic published
reports of Ishqal's death, however,
including one where he allegedly
tried to kill Qaddafi, and another in
which Qaddafi was said to have shot
him,, most of the usually' well-in-
formed European diplomats here in-
sist that they have no idea of the ac-
tual circumstances.
They point out that if Ishgal had
been killed under what they call
"the usual circumstances" for Qad-
dafi's opponents here, Ishgal never
would have been taken to a hospital
staffed by foreign personnel, who
subsequently revealed his death and
its cause.
The official version was first that
Ishgal died in a car accident, but
government spokesmen faced with
reports of his bullet wounds now
say that he committed suicide.
Whatever the true circum-
stances, Ishqal's death may have
opened up still more problems for
Qaddafi. In a country where. infor-
mation is tightly controlled and ru-
mor quickly takes on the aspect of
truth, "the suspicion is that Jalloud
felt threatened by Ishgal and per-
suaded Qaddafi to kill him," said one
European diplomat. "Not all the of-
ficers are happy with this solution.
But the worst thing is that Khassan
[Ishgal) came from Qaddafi's tribe."
"Of course, the vendetta principle
is still alive in Libya at the tribal
level," said one diplomat, so "now
Qaddafi really has to watch out for
his own tribe, which, before, he
could blindly trust."
Norway Accepts
U.S. Appeal for
Curbs on Libya
United Press International
OSLO, Jan. 13-The Norwegian
government announced today its
backing of President Reagan's ap-
peal for international sanctions
against Libya, offering the strong-
est endorsement of the sanctions
from any European nation.
Government spokesman Nils
Morten Udgaard stressed that Nor-
way had so far made a decision only
in principle. The government still is
studying what kind of concrete
measures should be taken and has
set no timetable for applying the
sanctions.
Udgaard, who works in the office
of conservative Prime Minister
Kare Willoch, said the Norwegian
government considered Reagan's
call for concerted action against
international terrorism "fully jus-
tified."
"It is an established fact that Libya
is actively supporting terrorists," he
said, adding that Libya must share
responsibility for the airport attacks
in Rome and Vienna last month.
Observers noted that Norway has
only minimal trade with Libya and
available ammunition. few investments or personnel in
Some ' diplomats suggest that that country.
Release 2012/01/19: CIA-RDP05-01559R000400470001-3
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/01/19
CIA-RDP05-01559R000400470001-3 (Lib-vt
LJay
Will-Prepare Arabs
For Terror Missions
By Christopher Dickey /
:
Washington Post Foreign Service
TRIPO Libya, Jan. 1 Lib-
yan lead euammar ad ' step-
ping up hi allengeto the Reagan
administration, declared publicly
tonight that he will train and equip
Arab guerrillas for "terrorist and
suicide missions."
Libya, he said, is "a base for the
liberation of Palestine," and, he
added, if Israel or the United States
attacked it, he would "use all forms
of violence in self-defense."
Although Qaddafi spoke mainly of
the "unconventional" weapons at his
disposal, his remarks came a day
aftek Soviet warships arrived in
Tripoli harbor. A fleet of U.S. war-
ships, meanwhile, is deploying off
the Libyan coast.
Appearing tonight for two hours
in the hall of the National People's
Congress before a crowd of about
2,000 madly cheering, olive-uni-
formed high school and college stu-
dents and a handful of radical Arab
figures including dissident Palestin-
ian leader Abu Musa, Qaddafi aban-
doned completely the conciliatory
tone toward the United States that
he had used in interviews with
western reporters during the past
week.
In the face of repeated charges
by the Reagan administration that
Qaddafi already is training and sup-
plying terrorists, including the
group headed by Palestinian radical
Abu Nidal that is blamed for the
Dec. 27 attacks on the airports in
Rome and Vienna, Qaddafi had ta-
ken pains until now to deny direct
complicity with these groups or
their actions.
But for much of this month, Arab
People's Congresses have been
meeting here. These groups of rad-
ical Tunisians, Egyptians and Pat-
estinians, among others, passed
resolutions vowing to form suicide
squads and do whatever is neces-
sary to free Palestine from what is
called Israel's "Zionist" occupation.
Last night Qaddafi had chided
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/01/19 :5
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 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/01/19: CIA-RDP05-01559R000400470001-3
TIIE WASIIINGTON POST
Muammar Qaddafi, right, embraces dissident Palestinian leader Abu Farras as another dissident, Abu Musa, looks on.
A group of Libyan soldiers trains with submachine guns at the Women's Military Academy in Tripoli on Tuesday.
U.S. Makes New Bid for Sanctions
By Lou Cannon
Washington Past Shelf Writer
Deputy Secretary of State John
Whitehead met yesterday with
resident Reagan, then departed
or Canada and Europe on a trip
timed at persuading U.S. allies that
ibya was involved in terrorist at-
acks at airports in Rome and Vi-
Deputy White House press sec-
'etary Edward Djerejian said White-
ad is taking with him "incontro-
rertible evidence" of Libyan in-
Ivement in the Dec. 27 incidents,
which 19 persons were killed,
eluding five Americans in Rome.
le declined to be specific, saying
be information came partially from
telligence sources.
Whitehead's 10-day trip is an ef-
fort to gain European nations' par-
ticipation in U.S. economic sanc-
tions against Libya. The allies have
remained largely unconvinced about
Libyan involvement, U.S. officials
acknowledge, although Canada has
joined the United States in banning
export of oil-drilling equipment to
Libya.
Norway has backed the United
States in principle, and Italy, Lib-
ya's largest trading partner, has
said it will ban sale of some weap-
ons. Otherwise, the U.S. appeal for
sanctions has been rejected.
Secretary of State George P.
Shultz, in a news conference
beamed to Western Europe, said
Whitehead is carrying Reagan's "re-
ally strong conviction that interna-
tional terrorism is a major problem"
and "evidence of Libyan involve-
ment in terrorism."
Shultz said "concrete evidence"
exists that the airport terrorists,.
members of the breakaway Abu
Nidal faction of the Palestine Lib-
eration Organization, used Libyan
passports.
A senior administration official
said information to be conveyed by
Whitehead goes beyond use of the
passports and is much more de
tailed than anything, the United
States has made public.
But a State Department official,
questioning Djerejian's use of the
word "incontrovertible," said that
"in intelligence, the rules of evi-
dence aren't the same as in a court
of law."
these groups, openly wondering
whether they would act on their
motion.
Tonight he took the occasion of
the anniversary of the birth of his
idol, Egyptian president Gamal
Abdel Nasser, to declare that
"these Arab congresses should be in
permanent session" here.
"I accept all their resolutions,"
Qaddafi said. "I announce that they
will be trained for terrorist and sui-
cide missions. We shall allocate
trainers to train them and place all
weapons needed to perform these
missions at their disposal."
Qaddafi said he would offer, to
the best of his ability, personal pro-
tection "to these volunteers, with
the Palestinians at their vanguard,"
because "Libya is a base for the lib-
eration of Palestine."
He told Western European dip-
lomats and a group of reporters last
week that he would encourage Pal-
estinian guerrilla groups to confine
their attacks to Israel and the oc-
cupied territories.
But one of Abu Musa's top aides
in the audience tonight said that the
Palestinians here had rejected this
advice. "Qaddafi can say what he
thinks, but the Palestinians will do
what they like," he said.
Palestinians present inclpded
mainly guerrilla leaders opposed to
Palestine Liberation Organization
Chairman Yasser Arafat. In addition
to Abu Musa and his aide, Abu Ali,
who led a 1983 rebellion within
Arafat's Fatah faction, there was
also Abu Farras, of the dissident
Popular Front for the Liberation of'
Palestinq-General Command. Abu
Nidal apparently was not there.
Tonight Qaddafi said, in an ev-
ident reference to Israel's Oct. 1
raid on PLO headquarters in Tuni-
sia, "If the Israelis pursue the Pal-
estinians outside of Palestine, it is
the right of the Palestinians to pur-
sue the Israelis anywhere in the
world. The Rome and Vienna at-
tacks targeted the Israeli airline
counters."
"America's fleet, its threats and
economic warfare-neither this nor
that will make us give up our sup-
port for the Palestinian cause or
keep us from supporting it with ev-
erything at our disposal, because
the Palestinians are fighting for a
holy cause," Qaddafi said.
His remarks came as more U.S.
and Soviet warships were gathering
in the Mediterranean. Pentagon
officials said a U.S. task force-the
aircraft carrier Saratoga, a guided-
missile cruiser, a destroyer and. an,.
ammunition ship-were steaming'
through the Suez Canal for the,.
Mediterranean, where another car- ,.
rier group headed by the USS Coral
Sea is already deployed.
A Soviet guided-missile cruiser
and frigate passed through the Bos-
porus strait early today and they
will bring to 28 the number of $q;
viet vessels in the Mediterranean;
The Soviets have stationed the flag-;
ship of their Mediterranean fleet,, i ,
submarine tender packed with elect=
tronic gear, in Tripoli harbor.
Qaddafi, readying his country for
a possible vi6lent U.S. or Israeli
reaction, repeated a call for volun-
teer soldiers from all over the Arab'
world to join his armed forces.
"Libya is a base for confrontation
expressing the pride and the nation=alism of the Arabs," he said.
But he appeared to put his main
hope for defense in unconventional
forms of warfare, acknowledging
that his regular armed forces would
be a poor match for the full might of
the United States.
Qaddafi cited the plot of "Fitth~
Horseman," a 1981 novel about him-
by Larry Collins and Dominique
LaPierre, as a "symbol" of the pow-
er represented by the guerrillas.he
supports. In the novel, Qaddafi pro-
vides Palestinian terrorists with- a
nuclear device that they nearly suc-
ceed in exploding in New York City. ,
Qaddafi dismissed as impossible
the nuclear aspects of the plot but
he said it represented the fear
America has of the kinds of fighters
he uses. --
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 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/01/19: CIA-RDP05-01559R000400470001-3
Soviet leader
that he would not
ance that useful neg
and in allied capi
was discarding th
crucial. Ever
achev had virtually said
ashington without assur-
ons were in sight. Breaching
have been assumed in Moscow,
well, as meaning that the US
the
ce the Re
ce in Washin
by Caspar Wein
control process.
administration took of-
n, the "hawk wing," led
rger and Richard Perle.
at the Departed
crusaded passion
away from all
and go ahead buil
ants to build.
A moment of decision on this
question arrived at, the White House
of what to do when the Nevada is co
being fitted out at New London, Conn.,
any weapons it
y controversial
er the question
her sea trials in May. She is to be co
d will begin
ioned in
nuclear missiles.
SALT II sets a limit of 1,200 on the number d
q~IH
-Syria V/(F,7
triangle: marriage
of convenience
US-Libya tension gives Iran
chance to criticize Arabs, US
By Claude van England
Special to The Christian Science Monitor
Tehran, Iran
A new wave of anti-American feeling has swept Iran,
sparked by last week's American air strike against Libya.
Before the traditional Friday public prayers last week,
hundreds of thousands of worshippers - including many
schoolchildren - marched through the streets of several
Iranian cities. They chanted slogans in support of the
Libyan people and condemned the "barbaric US aggres-
sion" against Libyan civilians.
On the official side, Iranian leaders have clearly voiced
their support for Libya, which, AP
along with Syria, has been Iran's
staunchest ally since the Islamic
revolution in 1979. For several
years, Syrian President Hafez
Assad and Libyan leader
Muammar Qaddafi'have sold So-
viet-made weapons to Iran. The
three countries' foreign ministers
meet often to coordinate policies.
Iran, Syria, and Libya oppose any
concessions to Israel on the Pales-
tinian homeland issue and have
vowed to combat US influence in
the Middle East.
But Iran's alliances with these
two pro-Soviet nations are mar-
riages of convenience rather than
love matches, analysts say. West-
ern observers here note that
Iranian leaders and editorialists
have refrained from praising
Colonel Qaddafi specifically.
A highly placed Iranian offi-
cial says privately that Iranian
leaders have reservations about
Qaddafi's policies. Iran is sincere
in its condemnation of US policy
toward Libya and supports
Libya's claim to sovereignty over
the Gulf of Sidra, the official
says.
However, "Qaddafi's regime is
not really Islamic," he continues.
"He is often surrounded by a
swarm of young, unveiled female
bodyguards and we know that
many Libyan Muslims disap-
prove of his socialist ideas."
Iranian officials believe
Qaddafi has made political mis-
takes in recent months,. a well-
informed Iranian journalist says.
"Qaddafi has allowed Pales-
tinian leaders to announce in
Tripoli that they would hijack
American and Israeli airplanes
and that they would attack
Khomeini has
reservations about ...
... Oaddafi's support
for terrorism ...
SVEN SIMON
... and is at odds with
Assad over Lebanon
American civilian targets," the journalist says. "The
Iranian government believes such acts tarnish the image of
Islam."
In the past, he says, the Iranian government has reluc-
tantly been dragged into hijackings by Arab Islamic
groups. "But nowadays, Iran is trying to convince its allies
throughout the world to renounce blind violence," he says.
"In other words our government tells its friends that the
bombing in 1983 of the American Marines headquarters in
Beirut was a victory for Islam but that the hijacking of the
TWA aircraft in June 1985 was a mistake."
(Iran is alleged to have close links with extremist Shiite
Muslim groups in Lebanon that have claimed responsibil-
ity for the kidnapping and murder of several Westerners
in the past 18 months.)
Tease see TRIANGLE next page
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nt of Defense, has
ly for the US to break
control agreements
 F~ AP(TRIPOLI
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CIA-RDP05-01559R000400470001-3
Libyans with portrait f 'newly buoyant and bellicose Qaddafi'
Money, Moscow s support:
two hurdles in Qaddafi's
bid to export revolution
06A
By John Cooley Special to The Christian Science Monitor
Tripoli, Libya
Col. Muammar Qaddafi's recent clash with the United
States has brightened his image among world radicals
planning new "liberation" struggles and anti-US action,
especially in Latin America.
But, although last week's showdown is depicted here as
a victory for Libya, analysts say two major questions over-
shadow the blueprint for Qaddafi-style world revolution:
First, world oil prices are still weakening. Libya's oil
income fell from $22 billion in 1980 to $8 billion last year.
Oil industry experts estimate it could plunge below $6
billion in 1986. Can Qaddafi afford to continue financing
global revolutionary violence?
Second, will Moscow stand by Colonel Qaddafi? US ac-
counts say Libyan or Soviet-manned batteries fired six ex:
pensive Soviet-made SA-5 missiles at US planes over the
Gulf of Sidra March 24. In the US version, none hit its
target, though Qaddafi says three US jets were shot down.
This is not a good advertisement for Soviet military hard-
ware or expertise, foreign military observers here say.
Western diplomats in Tripoli predict that any major
new terrorist act in the West, whether traceable to Qaddafi
or not, may bring US bombing of the fortified compound
outside Tripoli where Qaddafi lives and works.
Please see MONEY back page
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 ?
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1W CHRISTIAN SCIENCE MONITOR
MONEY from front page ,
A skilled internal security force including East Ger-
man "advisers" and Qaddafi's loyal tribal bodyguards
shield him from assassination. But there are doubts as to
whether Moscow would commit Soviet forces to defend
Libyan air space or coastlines.
The Libyan leader's angry and exultant March 28
speech, as the US Sixth Fleet withdrew, and his March
25 appearance at. the Tripoli trade fair - after US
missiles had sunk at least two French-made Libyan
missile boats -. showed a newly buoyant, bellicose
Qaddafi. He looked younger and in far better health and
spirits than during two previous, but bloodless, face-
downs with the US Navy - when Libyan jets buzzed a
US plane in the area last winter.
Qaddafi promised to show on Libyan television frag-
ments of the three US jets he claimed were shot down. He
also said he would give to the Soviets an unexploded US
missile that was fired at the town of Sirte.
Only a week earlier, Qaddafi had devoted more rhe-
toric to anti-US struggles in Latin America than any
foreign observers here can remember him ever doing.
These comments came at the "Second International
Conference for Combatting Imperialism, Zionism, and
Racism," which opened March 15. Several hundred dele-
gates attended. They belonged to leftist political parties,
liberation movements, and guerrilla groups from the
Philippines to Nicaragua, Africa, and the Middle East.
Louis Farrakhan, the American Black Muslim leader
who has welcomed Qaddafi's financial help but publicly
rejected offers of arms for black Americans, attacked
President Reagan's ban on travel to Libya by US citizens.
Mr. Farrakhan, who stayed on 'through last week's
events, accused "US imperialism" of "trying to isolate"
Libya from world liberation movements and "remove it
from the struggle," the Libyan news agency JANA said.
During a conference speech, Qaddafi referred to im-
pending US aggression against Libya. He said the 1983
US actions in Grenada were "a lesson for small nations
fighting for freedom." He eulogized as a "glorious hero"
Alvaro Fayed, leader of Colombia's M-19 guerrilla group,
who was recently reported slain. Qaddafi also accused
"American pilots" with dual US and Israeli nationality
of bombing and "pursuing" Palestinian Arabs in Israeli
raids on Syria, Lebanon, and Tunisia since 1967.
Since previous similar conferences on world "resis-
tance" here in 1981 and 1982, Qaddafi said, "many new
forces have joined the collective struggle." He singled out
several for praise and promises of support: indepen-
dence and separatist movements in the French colonies
and territories of Reunion, Martinique, Guadeloupe,. and
New Caledonia; American Indians; European "green"
parties; and Kurds in Iraq. (Qaddafi has sent military
help, including missiles, to Iraq's Persian Gulf war ad-
w
MONDAY, MARCH 31, 1986
versary Iran.) Qaddafi especially praised Cuban leader
Fidel Castro and Nicaraguan President Daniel Ortega
Saavedra as "deserving help against US agression."
Qaddafi reassured Spain and Italy that he had sus-
pended earlier threats to attack their territory since US
and NATO bases there, he said, were not involved in the
US "aggression." Italy stopped military aid to Libya
after last December's terrorist attacks at Rome and Vien-
na airports. The Italian government reportedly asked the
US not to use bases in Italy for anti-Libyan operations.
Italian diplomats in Tripoli say Libya then gave them
private assurances it would not attack Italian targets.
However, Qaddafi said the conference was taking
"tangible measures ... to carry out a collective strug-
gle." He added, "There are secret and international
revolutionary committees ... throughout the world re-
lated to this meeting and they are an extension of it."
Earlier this year, Arab sources in the Mideast said
that Libya, through intermediaries, was trying to form
dummy American firms to bring equipment and person-
nel into the US, in an apparent attempt to carry out Qad-
dafi's threat to "bring terrorism into the heart of Amer-
ica." There has been no public confirmation, but Libyan
emigres in Europe, who are opposed to Qaddafi, say the
US authorities should take these threats seriously.
Mr. Cooley, former Monitor correspondent in the
Mideast and author of "Libyan Sandstorms," is an
ABC News correspondent based in London.
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~v Z v ~'\tA~C~f~ \R o ~lJ ~P~
JOHN HUGHES
Qaddafi's record
ST. James's Square is one of those London oases
of mellow tranquillity, rich in history and
tradition.
In the heart of the West End, it is nevertheless
quiet, and usually unruffled. Grand old mansions line
its four sides. Today they mainly house clubs and
scholarly institutions and big trading companies,
which proclaim their occupancy by discreet brass
nameplates, or sometimes not at all.
In one of these mansions, now the East India Club,
the Prince Regent was brought the news of the victory
at Waterloo in 1815, reading Wellington's dispatch in
the library.
Now, each August, the club serves its members spe-
cial mulberry pie, the fruit being picked from the pri-
vate gardens guarded by tall railings in the center of
the square.
In that square today, a little memorial marked by
flowers is a remembrance of an April day in 1984
when the square was far from peaceful. One of its his-
toric buildings was then occupied by the Libyan Peo-
ple's Bureau, the equivalent of a Libyan embassy. In a
fracas of a kind unheard of in London, Libyan "diplo-
mats" fired from their building on anti-Qaddafi dem-
onstrators, killing a British policewoman. Eleven oth-
ers were wounded by their gunfire.
After some drama, the Libyans were tossed out and
their embassy closed down, and in it the police found
weapons and spent shell casings and paraphernlia
not standard issue in the conduct of diplomacy.
It should have come as no surprise. Western intelli-
gence experts have long known that Libyan embassies
are storehouses for arms and explosives used in var-
ious terrorist activities originated, orchestrated, or
sanctioned by Col. Muammar Qaddafi.
A lot of this activity has been directed against anti-
Qaddafi exiles. Libyan diplomats have been caught
red-handed in plots to kill dissidents.
Libyan businessmen, students, former diplomats,
and lawyers who have turned against Qaddafi have
been found strangled, or shot, or with their throats
slit in a string of cities from Athens to Rome to Bonn.
One of the most dramatic Qaddafi assassination at-
tempts was against former Libyan Prime Minister
Abdul-Hamid Bal ush)who had sought sanctuary in
Egypt. An elaborate Egyptian "sting" operation, com-
plete with pictures of the "murdered" Mr. Bakkush,
fooled the Libyans into thinking they had succeeded.
Mr. Bakkush was then produced, in good health, by
the Egyptians.
Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak is a prime tar-
get of Colonel Qaddafi, as are a number of other Arab
leaders whose moderation enrages the Libyan leader.
The United States and Israel, however, are the
principal demons Qaddafi sees besetting him as he
strives to reshape not only Libya, but the world.
In pursuit of his goals, he sees himself as the
spokesman for, and manipulator of, radical forces. He
supports and encourages subversive groups. Terror-
ism is one of his primary instruments.
Thus Qaddafi's fingerprints are found in murder
and terrorism at the Rome and Vienna airports, and in
dozens of other capitals. He has a cozy relationship
with the Abu Nidal Palestinian terrorist group. He has
meddled in the Sudan and Tunisia; he invaded and
annexed part of Chad. He has sent money and weap-
ons to Nicaragua, where several dozen Libyan mili-
'tary personnel are assigned. He has aided insurgents
in Guatemala, El Salvador, Colombia. His "people's
bureau," or embassy, in Grenada was very active un-
til US intervention halted the leftward landslide of
that Caribbean island.
Qaddafi has aided separatists in Bangladesh, Thai-
land, the Philippines, and New Caledonia.
His record of international thuggery is beyond
question.
It may be true that his recent confrontation with
the US Sixth Fleet may puff him up temporarily. But a
greater mistake would be to allow his campaign of in-
ternational terrorism to go unbridled, unchallenged,
unpunished------------------ _
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/01/19 :
CIA-RDP05-01559R000400470001-3
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/01/19: CIA-RDP05-01559R000400470001-3
A18 SATURDAY, JAN ARY 11, 1986 ... R THE WASH
Qaddafi Talks
Of Heroes
And Hopes
Libyan
Surprised
ee g n Is Popular
By Kate Dourian
Reuter
author Colin Wilson that he said is
his favorite book. Other books he
read "The Outsider," a study of
alienation in literature by British
It may have been then that he
Tripoli and later had a brief course
at Wilton Park in Beaconsfield, near
London, in 1966. But he said he
hated England because he felt he
did not belong.
He learned English, at school in
about the fives, backgrounds. and
religion of Americans.
ries about the peculiarities of life in
the United States. He wanted to
know more about Las Vegas and
Qaddafi laughed heartily at sto-
fication, Giuseppe Garibaldi and
Giuseppe Mazzini.
19th century leaders of Italy's uni-
mires are Egypt's Gamal Abdel
Nasser, India's Mohandas K. Gan-
Other past world leaders he ad-
his heroes include two former U.S.
presidents, George Washington and
Abraham Lincoln.
most personal antipathy toward
Reagan, whom he has called "an
aging third-rate actor," Qaddafi said
While he appears to have an q1-
was loved by many Americans. "But
he did many crises In the world,"
dafi asked when told that Reagan
"They do? They love him?" Qad-
was surprised to hear that Presi-
dent Reagan, who this week
slapped punitive economic sanctions
on Libya, is a popular man.
He has not traveled much and
seem supercilious at times, Qaddafi
spoke in halting English. He re-
vealed an almost childlike quality
that is a far cry from his image
abroad as a man to be feared.
tilt of the head that makes him
Tall, thick-set, with a backward
the masses free, how to make man
happy. After that, things started to
get clearer," said Qaddafi, a son of
the desert who was born in Med-
iterranean city of Sidra in 1942.
"I had a general idea how to make
free and happy in a Utopian society
of his own making.
power in 1969 was to make people
He said his dream when he took
night of his likes, thoughts, ideas
yai%s, told five women reporters last
ered by a l9ng, b pwn cloak and
Dressed in a smart safari suit cov-
TRIPOLI, Libya, Jan. 10-
ikes, Qaddafi said, are "Uncle
Tom's Cabin" by Harriet Beecher
Stowe and "Roots" by Alex Haley.
Libyan Foreign Minister All Treiki talks to reporters in Fez, Morocco.
Islamic Conference Organization
Fails to Vote Sanctions on U.S.
FEZ, Morocco, Jan. 10-
Libya's success in rallying anti-
American support at the Islamic
Conference Organization fal-
tered today when Arab coun-
tries declined to back up their
words with economic sanctions
against the United States.
Libya's foreign minister, Ali
Treiki, won two resolutions of
support for Tripoli earlier in the
week, but without any pledge of
action.
Treiki pushed for retaliatory
economic sanctions against
Washington in separate meet-
ings yesterday and today with
Arab foreign ministers, whose
countries account for nearly half
the 45 nations in the Islamic
Conference Organization. He
said earlier that he was seeking
an Islamic boycott of American
goods and would ask Arab coun-
tries with investments in the
United States to withdraw
them.
are riding horseback-he is known
as an accomplished equestrian-
and playing soccer. He also said he
likes classical music, Beethoven in
particular.
Throughout the interview, Qad-
dafi portrayed himself as a man able
to smile and laugh. He proved a
considerate host, showing discom-
fort when he was unable to provide
cigarettes for one of his interview-
ers.
Qaddafi's ideas about the role of
women in society are relatively lib-
eral, and he said he is campaigning
to make it illegal for Libyan men to
marry more than one woman. Now
married to a former nurse, who
rarely appears in public, he has sev-
en children, six boys and one girl.
Qaddafi created a sensation
when, on rare travels abroad, he
appeared surrounded by gun-toting
women bodyguards.
He is reported to have survived
several attempts on his life in Libya
all times. His headquarters at the
sprawling Bab Aziziya barracks in
Tripoli is an almost impregnable
fortress, guarded by Soviet-made
tanks behind green barricades
painted with slogans from his
"Green Book" of ideological and po-
litical dogma.
But inside, Qaddafi appeared re-
laxed, although the reporters were
asked to leave their handbags out-
side the small office. He seemed to
take great pains over his appear-
ance. His safari suit was crisply
ironed, his black boots well pol-
ished.
Heightened tension with the
what he sees as an American attack
on his country have given Qaddafi
cause for joy as Arab leaders rally
to his support.
He told reporters last week that
the American threat had made Libya
"the leader of the resistance against
imperialism," likening it to Egypt
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/01/19: CIA-RDP05-01559R000400470001-3
IV6tLM
l
Oi 'llmple,
Food Short
F
By J'yDITH
Speclaffo The New York Times
TRIPOLI, Libya, Jan. 12-A banana
boat from Nicaragua steamed into port
here last week. Several people were in-
jured in the riots that broke out at fruit
and vegetable stores throughout Trip-
oli, diplomats said, as people pushed
and shoved one another for the prized
imported fruit.
There were similar riots two months
ago, the envoys said, with two women
killed and several people hurt when an-
other banana boat arrived from Nica-
ra bya is still pumping about 990,000
barrels of oil per day, but it has no ba-
nanas, nor much meat, nor toilet
paper, nor matches, nor detergent, nor
soap. Fresh vegetables are also in
short supply, as are many other prgd-
ucts.
The Suk el-Magamah, one of six
giant Government-run food and depart-
ment stores in Tripoli, has had practi-
cally no fresh produce or meat of any
kind for weeks, residents say.
From Plenty to Scarcity
Only three years ago the Libyan
leader, Col. Muammar el-Qaddafi,
opened the plush department store,
where shelves were piled high with sub-
sidized consumer goods from all dyer
the world. As part of the gala ceremo-
ny, reporters and the colonel's honored
guest, Yasir Arafat, the head of the
Palestine Liberation Organization,
were treated to tea in the store's can-
teen, while the colonel praised the
"people's stores" as a symbol of his
country's prosperity.
The only food commodities in ample
supply in the food section last week
were 110-pound bags of Cuban sugar,
boxes of tea from China, tomato paste
from Greece, canned tomatoes from
Cyprus, salt, damaged cans of vegeta-
ble fat and insect spray. The only lux-
ury item to be found was Van Houten's
cocoa, which shoppers eagerly piled in
their carts.
The display windows of the adjoining
department store were cracked and
dusty, the shelves empty.
Only two Items were well-stocked.
The top floor of the store was full of
stuffed pot-bellied teddy bears, which
Russian customers eagerly snapped
up. Two floors below, the shoe depart-
ment boasted some 20 pairs of men's
tennis shoes, all size 45, bearing in Eng-
lish the word Jamahiriya. The word is
Colonel Qaddafi's name in Arabic for
Libya, which is roughly translated as
"gathering of the masses."
Both the teddy bears and tennis shoes
were made in South Korea.
In an interview Thursday, Colonel
th his wife, Safiya, and four of their seven children at news conference Saturday in a
tent In the Babel-Azzlziya military barracks in Tripoli, Libya.
Qaddafi asserted that the shortages
were deliberate. "Sometimes we make
items disappear to force people to work
harder and produce them," the colonel
said. Most diplomats and economists,
however, attribute the chronic short-
ages here to the dramatic plunge in oil
revenues, Libya's only major source of
income. The country's annual oil in-
come has fallen from a peak of $22 bil-
lion in 1980 to about $8 billion or $9 bil-
lion in 1985, they said.
As the country has only slightly over
three million people, Libya is still rela-
tively prosperous, especially since just
30 years ago it had one of the world's
lowest per capita incomes and its only
source of hard currency was the sale of
scrap metal from World War II battle-
fields.
Families with incomes of less than
$500 a month still get free housing,
schooling and medical treatment. But
the problem Libya faces.involves the
drop in its reserves of hard foreign cur-
rency, -foreign economists say.
Western diplomats in Tripoli esti-
mate the country's currency reserves
at no more than $2.7 billion, down from
$3.6 billion at the end of 1984. Because
the Government has decided that $2.5
billion is the minimum reserve cur-
rency level it will tolerate, Libya has
drastically slashed spending and i~p-
ports, which totaled $5 billion in 1985.
Western business executives in Trip-
oli say President Reagan's economic
sanctions could hurt the Libyan econ-
omy, at least temporarily, because
many critical functions in the oil sector
are now being performed by Amer-
icans, American companies or Euro-
pean subsidiaries of American compa-
nies.
"The Americans are heavily in-
volved in maintaining the production
side of oil," said one Western business-
man. "If maintenance falls, production
falls, and that's bad news for Libya."
Foreign Workers Driven Away
The drop in foreign currency re-
serves has also prompted Libya to
eject thousands of foreign workers,
among them about 40,000 Tunisians.
Their departure last August crippled
much of the consumer sector of the
economy.
The Tunisians ran restaurants and
hotels, and were Tripoli's barbers and
bread makers, as well as foreign em-
bassy drivers and translators.
The Libyan Government has tried to
replace some of them with workers
from Morocco, with which Tripoli has
signed a unity agreement. Tripoli's
luxury Grand Hotel, for example, has
hired 200 Moroccans to replace its
Tunisian staff, but overall service has
suffered badly.
"The Tunisians were very resource-
ful and had been here for a long time,"
one diplomat said. "It's tough to re-
place them."
Not all Libyans feel the shortages. As
in most countries, the elite does not
have to endure the endless lines for
food and goods that plague the average
Libyan.
Despite Colonel Qaddafi's insistence
that class, race and tribe distinctions
have been eliminated in Libya, those
who work closely with the colonel and
the revolutionary committees, a spe-
cial cadre of young workers who per-
form propaganda and intelligence
functions for the revolution, benefit in
kind.
Villa of. the 'Exploiters'
At a luncheon given by a politically
well-connected family last week,
hearty portions of meat, vegetables
and fruit were served to the guests. The
villa, in what was one of the American
compounds in Tripoli before the revolu-
tion, was richly furnished in the finest
Arabic style. The house, once occupied
by an American family described as
"exploiters" by the hostess, was under-
going renovation.
The low-slung velvet sectional sofa
was new, as were the velvet and brass
dining room -chairs, and the oriental
carpet on the living room floor. .
The hostess was especially proud of a
crystal vase and glasses decorated
with revolutionary slogans from the
Green Books, the three slender, vol-
umes in which Colonel Qaddafi outlines
his vision of an Islamic utopia. .
On her mantelpiece were four cher-
ished items: an Arabic lantern, a brass
statue of a camel, a gold-leaf Koran,
and a framed picture of Colonel Qadda-
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/01/19: CIA-RDP05-01559R000400470001-3
 ,,,Evidence
r
))
3
n MI,
By writeror ports, the organization - a dissident
Trie Christian Science Monitor faction of the Palestine Liberation Orgam-
washington zation - is headed by a Palestinian ter-
Was Libya the invisible hand behind rorist with alleged Libyan connections
last weekend's tragic hijacking of an named Sabri Banna. Since breaking with
Egyptian airliner? the PLO in 1972, the organization has
Egypt is insisting it was. Mideast ex- been implicated in numerous terrorist
perts in the United States say the circum- attacks.
stantial evidence points in that direction. Reports say the group has been ar-
"It's quite plausible there's a Libyan dently opposed to Egypt's close associ-
connection," says Ray SHIRLEYHORN -STAFF ation with the US and to re-
Cline, a terrorism specialist lations with Israel
at the Georgetown Center developed during the Camp
for Strategic and Interna- David peace process.
tional Studies. "Qaddafi is More _ recently, ' Sabri
bitterly hostile toward the Banna, also known as Abu
Egyptians. It's clear he Nid
l
id
a
, was sa
to be
would like to embarrass outraged b
a recent state-
y
and if possible to destroy ment by PLO leader Yasser
? Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/01/19: CIA-RDP05-01559R000400470001-3
111ts to Libyan connection with 1Vlaita ni jac
Vr-Pr ru-aiai renouncing au rt"
Euerrilla activity nutsidA Ts-
-
you tend to expect."
v --r ` -- ---- ''
In a statement issued
Speculation regarding a possible Lib- Monday, the Libyan government denied
yan role comes as officials assess the toll any involvement in the Egyptair incident,
from last Sunday's attack by Egyptian saying permission to land the plane on
commandoes on a hijacked Egyptian air- Libyan territory would have been denied
liner in Malta. The assault left 60 people if requested by the hijackers.
dead, including all but one of the esti- Egyptian sources, noting that it was
mated five hijackers. the Libyan ambassador to Malta who
g
o po
n
an accusing finger
Responsibility for the hijacking was made the first attempt to negotiate with at Tripoli is to provide a base of popular
originally claimed by a group known as the hijackers, insist on a Libyan connec- support for a show of Egyptian military
'Egypt's Revolution, an obscure terrorist tion. In a statement Tuesday, Cairo ac- force against Libya. Sunday, Mubarak
organization which last August claimed cused a government of Muammar ---placed Egyptian military forces along the
., jesponsibility for the killing of an Israeli _ Qaddafi f providing the "fund-raising Libyan border on alert.
diplomat in Cairo. r. lartdincitement" behind the hijacking. But domestic political factors may be
The hijacking now appears to be linked "The Libyans have been implicted in' at work as well. Experts say blaming
\to another shadowy Egyptian-based ter- so many terrorist threats against Egypt," Libya may be one way for Mubarak to de-
~rorist group known as the Egypt Liber- concurs a US State Department official. fleet criticism for the handling of the
ration Organization. According to news re- "Rest assured, we have many reasons to Achille Lauro affair last month. Com-
believe the Libyans are involved in the
Egyptair incident as well."
"So far, neither the Egyptians nor any-
one else has confirmed the Libyan connec-
tion," says a European-based Middle
East specialist. Despite Qaddafi's fre-
quent involvement in terrorism, he says,
this would be the first time Qaddafi has
been linked to a hijacking.
"But Libya's involvement still seems
plausible," possibly reflecting Qaddafi's
weakened political position at home and
growing diplomatic isolation in the Arab
world. "Also, it was a chance to deliver a
very hard blow to Mubarak, to all the
Arab moderates." says this source.
Egyptian relations with Libya turned
sour a decade ago when the two nations
broke relations over Egyptian participa-
tion in the Camp David peace process. In
1977, they fought a brief border war and
more recently have competed for influ-
ence in Sudan following the coup last
April that toppled the government of
Sudanese President Jaafar Nimeiry. The
enmity between the two nations has been
compounded by a series of recent Libyan
terrorist operations inside Egypt.
Experts here say one reason Cairo has
been so ea
er t
i
t
(. addafi - bigger than life - in Tripoli
bined with Mubarak's recent embrace of
PLO leader Arafat, the move is also seen
here as a way of making inroads on the
growing opposition to the Mubarak gov-
ernment from Egypt's Islamic fundamen-
talists and Nasserite leftists.
"It's consistent with Egyptian policy
to blame the Libyans," says Middle East .
expert Raymond Baker of Williams Col-
lege. "Within Egypt, such opposition de-
flects attention from the larger, more im-
portant issue - the groundswell of
opposition to Camp David, the Middle
East peace process, and Egypt's Ameri-
can connection in general.
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/01/19: CIA-RDP05-01559R000400470001-3