PROBLEMS OF MATERIAL AND POWER SUPPLY IN HUNGARY

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-00809A000700160189-4
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 25
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 8, 2011
• Sequence Number: 189
• Publication Date: February 3, 1954
• Content Type: REPORT

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CLASSIFICATION CONFIDENTL9L
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY REPORT
INFORMATION FROM
FOREIGN DOCU' ; ENTS OR RADIO BROADCASTS CD NO.
COUNTRY guag~.y
SUBJECT Ecoaomic?
Scientific
HOW
PUBLISHED Book
WHERE
PUBLISHED Budapest
DATE
PUBLISHED 1951
LANGUAGE
SUPPLEMENT TO
REPORT N0.
DATE OF
INFORMATION 1951
Geology, metallurgy, electric power,
machine industry, building mate-
rials, coal mining, ma~ower DATE DIST.3 FEB 1951+
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PROBLEMS OF MATERIAL AHD POWER SUPPLY IlY HUNGARY
50X1-HUM "
~omment: The following report is based on an 841-page
vole entitled "Problems of Material and Power Resources Under
Our Five-Year Plan in the Light of Lectures Given on the Occa-
sion of the 125th Anniversary of the Hungarian Academy of Sci-
ences," edited by Gyula Heveai and published by the Department
of Technical Sciences of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences
(hereinafter the Academy) in 1951,
Abstracts of all lectures and comments included in the above
document are given, with special emphasis on the names and iden-
tification of all Hungarian persons and organizations mentioned
in the text.
The material is divided into eight sections, namely, Intro-
ductory Addressee, Geodesy and Geophysics, Geology, Mining,
Metallurgy, Energy Production and Economy, Engineering, and
Building Construction.
The comments follow in the order given in the original docu-
ment; they refer, in a few cases, to previous lectures. The
numbers is parentheses indicate the number of pages of each lec-
ture or comment
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Opening Address by Gyozo Mihailovich
Regular Member President of the
Department of Technical Sciences '
The People's Democracy has liberated the workers engaged in the cultiva-
tion of technical sciences, has rebuilt the obsolete laboratories of the uni-
versities, has created a number of research institutes, has built three new
technical universities, and has introduced a reform of the curricula. It is
true that the importance of socialist planning in scientific research has not
yet been understood by some of the Hungarian researchers; however, this is
due merely to lack of experience.
The Department of Technical Sciences, during the short period of its
existence, has solved numerous problems, such as steel production by (oxygen-
enriched-) air blowing, rapid cog-wheel manufacture, precision casting, anode
grinding; the electrical methods of geophysical research, rapid drying of con-
crete, the use of .lightweight concrete, the use of cement Por soil hardening,
bitumen-grading, the use of insulating materials, etc.
The chief aim of the department is to bring about close cooperation
between scientific work and production. Inspection trips in the field brought
to light the fact that the plants are not acquainted with many results of sci-
entific investigations, on the one hand, and that the scientists are not suf-
Plciently familiar with the problems of industry, on the other.
Along with the positive results, certain defects should also be pointed
out. It is necessary to eliminate the existing aversion against planning;
the research tasks oP technical development must be formulated; and a national
research plan must be prepared.(3 pp)
Scientific Research and Production
by Gyula Hevesi Corresponding Member
Many Hungarian researchers still consider planning a necessary evil
which stifles initiative. That this attitude is wrong has been demonstrated
by the development of the chemical industry, the introduction of the manufac-
ture oP synthetic rubber, and the invention of the atomic bomb in the USSR.
Planning in scientific work is aleo vitally important in the defense of the
country against imperialistic aggression.
The Department of Technical Sciences has established eight committees,
one for each of the following branches of research: geology, mining, hydrol-
ogy, metallurgy, engineering, building, electricity, and geophysics. The com-
mittees are composed oP scientists and production experts. In addition, sev-
eral subcommittees have been organized; for example, the subcommittee for sup-
port of the building of the Budapest subway, and the subcommittee on mechani-
zation. The department was also instrumental in creating a new section of
precision mechanics and precision instrument;, and in doubling she number of
first-year students at the Budapest Technical University.
Besidee systematic personal contacts between scientists and industrial
plants, little has been accomplished in the popularization oP science except
on individual initiative, as, for example, by academician Imre Razso in agri-
culture, and by prof Sandor Gele,~i in certain industrial plants.(13 pp)
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Marcel P.renant,~~ ember of the French Academy
After removing Frederic Joliot-Curie and G. Teissier from the guid-
ance of France's scientific institutions, the French government cut budgetary
appropriations for research. Since 1947, it has become obvious that all sci-
entific research, except for war purposes, is to be stifled in France. French
science cannot show important results because the researchers are compelled
to work under capitalistic methods.(1~ pp)
Prof Sandor Gele,71, Corresponding Member
Although it is true that certain Rungarian scientists are not con-
vinced of the fact that research can be planned, the problem has already been
solved, as demonstrated by the brilliant results achieved in the USSR. It is
necessary, however, to distinguish betxeen basic research and specific appli-
cation. Basic research is theoretical and precedes experimental research.(2 pp)
Bela Zentai, Technical Manager, Csepel Automobile Factory
Scientific results can be utilized only if the theoretical level. of
the engineers and technicians is raised. In this respect, however, serious
shortcomings exist. The factory councils, organized according to the example
of the USSR, are of considerable value. Each council is composed of 8-9 sen-
ior technicians. Cooperation betxeen councils and research institutes or uni-
versities usually results in an increase in production and a reduction in cost.
(1 p)
Prof Imre Razso, Corresponding Member
The mechanization of agriculture is one of the basic tasks of the
Five-Year Plan. New types of machines are being designed, preparatory research
for xhich is being performed by the Mezogazdasagi Gepkiserletezesi Intezet (Ex-
perimental Institute for Agricultural Machines). The researchers of this insti-
tute have received substantial help by means of direct contact with farmers in
public meetings.(32 pp)
Prof Pal Selenyi, Corresponding Member
' The number of researchers xho are skeptical about lanned research
is very great.( p) p
Istvan Viei, Mechanical Engineer
Cooperation between scientists and technical personnel 'gas produced
good results at the Ganz Shipyards. The enterprise established cooperation
with the aerodynamics departme:.t of the B~.:dapest Technical University on prob-
lems of towing. It also desires advice from the scientists on substitute
materials, economy in power consumption, etc.(2 p)
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Arpad Konyi, Stakhanovite, Ganz Electric Factory
Support extended by scientists to the enter;rises should be more
systematic than in the past and should concern actual manufacturing processes.
The enamel insulation of Electric wires is still an unsolved problem at the
Ganz Electric Factory. The wires are too soft and the enamel melts under High
voltages; causing a short circuit. Another important problem is procurement
of ball bearings, which are currently imported from the zest. The eatabliah-
ment of aball-bearing factory is an urgent necessity.(2 pp)
Rezao Taman, physicist
Scientific research in the US is devoted largely to military prc~-
ect s, as exemplified by the OSRD (Office of Scientific Research and Develop-
ment), which employe the laboratories of 140 large American trusts, and the
Office of Havel Research, which conducts experiments in the 14 largest Ameri-
can universities. Such leading scientists as the French Joliot-Curie and the
Hungarian Professor Janossy lost their fobs in capitalistic countries by re-
fusing to work on military projects. Real scientific research exists only in
the USSR and in the People's Democracies. Hungarian scientists moat study
dialectical materialism and fight against imperialistic and cosmopolitan sci-
ence. T2ie Department of Technical Sciences should arrange a debate on these
ideological sub~ects.(32 pp)
Cooperation betw~hn scientists and the industries has already begun.
However, much research work is still needed in the agricultural machine indus-
try and in chemical engineering.(z p)
Andras Domonyi, Chemical Engineer, Aluminium- es Konnyufemipari Kuiato
Intezet (Research Institute for the Aluminum and Light Metals Industry)
Free criticism of new methods and processes worked out by the re-
search institutes ie,a prerequisite for the coordination of science and pro-
duction. Such cooperation already has been fruitful in Hungary.(2 pp)
Ferencz Herczeg, Manager, Diosgyor Metallurgical Works
On 19 May 1950, the Department of Technical Sciences inspected the
Diosgyor Metallurgical Works. On this occasion prof Laszlo Gillemot gave a
lecture on the oxygen blowing method in metallurgy. The importance of this
method meanwhile has been fully recognized. Because there is a shortage in
domestic scrap iron, raw iron received from the USSR has been used as a sub-
stitute and the oxygen blowing method has been employed. Soviet experience
has been of great value. In the past, 28 days were required for the construc-
tion of an open-hearth furnace. After the liberation, the required time was
reduced to 14 days, and the method introduced in Hungary by Soviet Engineer
Hudilkin.(fnu) reduced it further to 41 days. However, Hungary's metallurgi-
ca'1 industry atil.l has many shortcomings to overcome ae, for example, the
extraction of hydrogen from generator gases and the desulphurization of gases.
(2z PP)
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1 A research project cannot be considered completed when it is theoret-
ically splved; it is completed only after the results have been successfully
introduced in production. For example, experiments on the spark grinding..;,
method had been completed 2 years ago, but the method was put-into practipe.~ .
only recently, on the initiative of the Academy.(2 p)
Sandor Fer~encsik, Metallurgical Engineer, Ozd Steelworks
Cooperation betxeen science and industry has been extremely benefi-
cial. Sometimes a new production method originates with the workers and is
perfected by scientific research. This was the case when the Ozd Steelworks
experimented with one of the furnaces by increasing the charge 50 percent. The
experiment was carried out with the approval of the Kohaszati Akademia (Metal-
lurgical Academy).(z P)
Laszlo Vari, Mechanical Engineer
Cooperation betxeen research and industry is illustrated by the ap-
placation of the spark grinding method to the manufacture of crystal plate-
cutters at the Egyesult Izzolampa es Villamossagi R. T. (United Incandescent
Lamp and Electric Corporation). The method was suggested by the Academy and
was put in practice by a complex brigade composed of members of the Engineer-
ing Department of the Budapest Technical University, research institutes, and
workera.(2 p)
Prof Ferenc Horusitzky
' It is advisable to establish in the Foldtani Intezet (Geological
Institute) a laboratory for the study of the best uses of domestic materials.
(~ P)
Jozsef Szilagyi, Technician, Rofherr-Schrantz Tractor Factory
The members of the Department of Technical Sciences have repeatedly
visited the Rofherr-Schrantz Tractor Factory and have helped to solve many
difficult problems. These problems included, for example, cylinder head break-
age, tool breakage, the anode grinding method, the design of an air filter Por
diesel tractors, the introduction of synthetic foundry sand, etc.(1 p)
Report on Current Investi ations in Surface Geodesy
by Antal Tarczy-Hornoch, Re lar Member,
Professor of Geodes and Nine Surveying, Sopron
Preparation of an up-to-date geodesic survey has become necessary in
Hungary.' For this survey, the Geodesic and Geophysical Committee of the Acad-
emy has adopted the international ellipsoid and the Gauss-Kruger coordinate
system. For several decades, geodesic triangulation has been performed by
means of~the Jaderin invar wires, which permit a precision of over 1:5,000,000.
In association with Prof Peter Eszto, I have been engaged in geodesic studies
with the Jaderin wires since 1934 and have worked out a method which the OFI
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(Orszagoa Foldmereatani Intezet, National Geodesic Institute) has accepted for
use to the future. Additional studies were made by Zoltan Eszto and prof Istvan
Hazay, chief engineer of the OFL (21 pp)
implication of the Gauss-Kruger Projection in Hungary
by Prof Istvan Hazay GFI
The older Hungarian triangulation grid xas based on the Beasel ellipsoid.
However, on the recommendation of the International Geodesic and Geophysical
IInion, the Hayford ellipsoid has been introduced in most countries. Since the
Hayford ellipsoid is best suited to the geographical conditions of Hungary, it
xas decided to base the sex Hungarian triangulation grid on this international
ellipsoid.
Currently, the stereographlc method of projection is in use in Hungary.
However, the OFI, in collaboration with the Sopron Geodesic and Mine Mesaure-
ment Department oP the Budapest Technical University, is making preparations
for the introduction of the Gauss-Kruger projection based on the international
ellipsoid. 2 have performed the calculations in cooperation with Prof Antal
Tarczy-Hornoch.(9 pp)
Comments
~omments xere made by Antal Tarczy-Hornoch, Emil Regoczi, and Prof V. K.
Khriatov of Bulgaria.(1~ ppv
Theoretical Princiulea and Possibilities oP Developing
Electric Research Methods in Geophysics
by Prof Karoly Kantas
LThis paper deals xith methods of geophysical exploration by the utili-
zation of earth currents.(17 ppZ7
Prof Vladimir Khristov, Member of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.
Since the Besael ellipsoid was obsolete, the 7 October 1924 confer-
ence of the International Geodesic and Geophysical Union at Madrid adopted, in
the absence of USSR representatives, the Hayford ellipsoid. Subsequent inves-
tigations were conducted by the Central Scientific Research Institute of Geod-
esy, Aerial Photography and Cartography, Moscow, under the supervision of
Docent A. p. Izotov and Prof F. N. Krasovskiy, and it was found that the Kra-
sovskiy ellipsoid is better than the Hayford ellipsoid. Consequently, the
Council of Ministers USSR adopted the Krasovskiy ellipsoid for the territory
of the USSR on 7 April 1946, p working panel of the Bulgarian Academy of
Sciences, under the supervision of the lecturer, has calculated the values
of the Krasovskiy ellipsoid for c3ch arc-minute from the equator to the North
Pole. The tables containing the results of these calculations were. published
recently. Aa to the Gauss-Kruger geodesic coordinates, these are th'e beat and
are used everywhere, following the example of the USSR.(3 pp)
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b~ Elemer Vadaszf Regularv'Memberr Directoroof the
Institute of Geology of the Lorand Eotvos
University of Sciences Budapest
Hungary is 50 years behind the times in the classification of geologic
research data. Classification of .he results of deep borings is unsatisfac-
tory. Exploratory borings for coal deposits are often carried out haphazardly,
without expert knowledge. Basic data, maps, measurements, and observations on
water, pas, pressure, temperatures, etc. are lacking. Exploration for oil and
natural gas also has been conducted without regard to the interests of the
country.
Recently a start has been made toward coordination of activities in these
fields. Exploration for ores must be centralized under the ,jurisdiction oP the
Foldtani Kutatasi Kozpont (Geological Research Center .
minerals should also be unified. In establishin new) Exploration for other
struction of natural resources must be avoided and thegresolutioneoflthe Or-
szagoa Termeszetvedelmi Tanacs (I7ational Council for the Protection of Natural
Resources) must be carried out. Exploration for subsurface water resources is
also in a highly unsatisfactory stage and must be entrusted to a central agency
under the supervision of competent personnel.
Geophysical investigations are of particular importance in the field of
ores, bauxite, and water. The regional magnetic, gravimetric, and seismic map-
ping of the entire country is an indispensable prerequisite for the exploita-
tion of geophysical investigations. For this purpose, a special geophysical
mapping department should be established. Unification of all exploration for
mineral resources has been assured by the creation of the Foldtani Banyaszati
Kutato Kozpont (Geological Alining Research Center). In this connection, the
role of the Academy and the OFI, which directs the explorations, is still to
be clarified. To offset the Zack of experts, practical courses of instruction
should be organized. The work to be performed may be summarized briefly as
followsr (1) inventory of known deposits; (2) exploration for new deposits of
known materials; and (3) exploration for new materials.(9 pp)
Docent Sandor Vitalis
During the capitalistic era, exploration was conducted haphazardly.
~'or example, borings were stopped at a depth of 300 meters 'n the Esztergom
brown coal basin, because mining below this depth was unprofitable. In recent
years considerable progress has been made in prospecting fo. coal. Eighty per-
cent of Hungary~s coal regions have been mapped in detail, classification of
coalddistrictbeandcinvestigat8onsshavetbeealstarted onbthe geolugicslofoarma-
tions (by Szadeczky) and the radiological properties (by Foldvari and Szalai)
of coal deposits. During the Three-Year Plan, a total of 70,000 meters of
borings was made at the same time, total coal resources increased 14 percent
and coal deposits found by borings increased 37.5 percent.. During the Five-
Year Plan, 1,500 sdditional borings (a total of 300,000 meters) will be made.
Exploration will be conducted mainly in the Mecsek Mountain; in the area of
Tatabanya, Oroazlany, Kiagyon, and Dudar; and in Zala and Somogy megyek.
Exploration for peat deposits was started in 1948 and will be completed in
1950, 25,000 borings (s total of ?30,000 meters) have been made.(3 pp)
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Gabor Panto, Geologist ~
The irregular formations of ore deposits make prospecting for ores
an extremely difficult task. With the exception of bauxite and manganese ores,
all other ore deposits are of hydrothermic character. Since very little is
known of the magmata which produced the ores, the extent of ore deposits can be
estimated only for a wide area. Another difficulty is that ores are oftenibund
in vertical deposits which cannot be discovered by borings, and which require
extensive tunneling. As a result, prospecting for ores is a very risky and
long-drawn-out procedure. There is no known ore deposit in Hungary which has
not been investigated during the last 20 years. Prospecting, however, usually
stopped when quick results were not obtained, and the data were kept a secret,
Currently, prospecting is being carried out in cooperation with the Foldtani ea
Banyaszati Kutatasi Kozpont, but hardly any results have been obtained thus ikr.
Practically all domestic iron ore is mined at Rudabanya and recent exploration
for nonferrous metals has been fruitless.(5 pp)
Magma Formations in Hungary
oy Ferenc Pap, Geologist
The distribution of minerals in Hungary according to origin of formation,
as compared with the whole of the earth's surface, is shown (in percent) in the
following table:
Earth's
Surface gungarY
Volcanic 95 2.5
Sedimentation 1 97,.2
Crystallized minerals 4 0.3
tdagmatic minerals have been found in the following places in Hungary;
Area Volume Wei ht
Mineral Location (sa lan) (cu ion) g
(million tons.)
Granite Szarvasko; Sopron;
132 4,000 10.40
Haranya i,fegye
Gabbro Szarvasko 5 0.543 1.64
rhyolite Hegyal~a, Hukk, and 1 0.610 1.52
1?]atra mountains;
5arssentc~iklos
Dacite Matra, Horzsony, snd 5 0.048 0.12
Velence mountains
Andesite HeEya].,ja, Matra, 382 36,000 95.50
Borzsony, Dunnzug,
Velence, and A]ecsek
mountains; Cserhat
Basalt SalgotarJan; Trans- 85 8,117 22,7p
danubia
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Mineral
Location
Area
(sq km)km)
Volume
cu km)
Weight
(million tons)
Diabase
Szarvasko
18.5
0.213
0.62
Phonolite
Mecsek Mountain
2
0.018
0,.p5 ~.
Total
630.5
49,548.432
132.55
Utilization of Hunga ~s Subsoil Water Supplv
Jozsef Sumeghy Chief Geolo3lst
The uti112ation of Aungary~s subsoil water supply has been neglected.
Although good drinking water is accessible in sufficient quantity, 75 percent
of the population is compelled to drink foul water. Hungary is also rich in
mineral and medicinal waters; however, these have not been developed. Explo-
ration of the subsoil water supply has already been started by the Ffungarinn
Geological Institute in the heat Hungarian Plain; that is, in that part of
the country which has the worst drinking water.(32 pp)
Oil and Natural Gas Exploration in Hungary
Docent Gyorgy Kertai
Deep borings in various Hungarian basins have yielded hydrocarbon gases
and traces of oil from Pliocene and Quaternary sediments in both Transdanubia
and the Great Plain. About 90-95 percent of domestic oil deposits was found
in Transdanubia between 1935 and 1941. In 1942, moist gases containing high
pressure carbon dioxide were discovered in the Great Plain near Totkomlos and
Korosszegapati. More recently, Lev Petrov, geophysicist of the Ministry of
Petroleum Industry-USSR, visited Hungary and gave impetus to oil exploration.
(5 PP)
Geophysical Exploration for Raw Materials
by Prof Laszlo Egyed
While geological exploration is based on immediate observation, the
object of physical methods is to explore deep strata which are inaccessible to
the geologist. At present, the measurement of ground currents is being intro-
duced in exploration for oil. Karoly Kantas was the first in Hungary who
called attention to this method. In exploratien for coal deposits, the gravi-
metric method was proposed by Dr Antal Tarczy-Hornoch in 1949.(22 pp)
Progress and Methods of Geoph sical Exploration
in Hungary, by Janos Renner Director of the
Lorand Eotvos Geophysical Institute
After the pioneering work performed by Lorand Eotvos, the Hungarian phys-
icist Augo Bockh showed the practical application of geophysical research. Cur-
rently, Rungary has both the equipment and the specialists to make use of the
gravitational, magnetic, seismic, electric, and radioactive research methods.
Gravimetric or torsion-balance stations are naw in operation in most parts of
the country. The gravimetric apparatus in use have an accuracy of 0.04 milli-
gal. Seismic measurements have been made in Transdanubia and the Great Plain
in recent years, partly for foreign enterprises. Since 1948, the Geophysical
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COIVFIDEP7TIAL
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ch.-anal .pparatus. Both the refraction~and+reflection methodsnare usedain4these
measurements. For earth magnetic measurements a permanent observatory is needed;
unfortunately, the temporary earth magnetic observatory frhich was established at
Budakeazi a few ,years ago is inadequate. In the field of carbohydrate research,
the equipment and personnel of the Geophysical Institute are limited.(3 pp)
The Role of Deep Drilling in Mineral Exploration
Gaza Szurovy Geologist
&ungarian drilling equipment is obsolete and the reliability of drilling-
masters is unsatisfactory. Also, samples taken are not examined promptly and
are often mixed up.(2 pp)
Other Mineral Resources by Laszlo t1a,j+on
Director of the Geological Institute
Exploration for dolomite containing over 20 percent of magnesium oxide
disclosed satisfactory deposits in the Bakony, Vertes, Pilis, and Buda moun-
tains. Quartzite xas found at Felsotarkany, Erdobenye, Sima, and Fony. p gyp_
sum deposit 30 meters wide was located at Perkupa and Alsotelekes. Fluorite is
mined in a hill between Patka and Csalavar, and recently was found also at Su-
koro. Trass is mined at Lorinci, and has been found also near Ratka and Satoral-
~auJhely. The largest amount of sand is obtained from the tdecsek Mountain,
especially at Kovagoors, Kisors, Monostorapati, Hegyesd, etc. Quartz suitable
for the manufacture of especially fine optical lenses and prisms is found in
small amounts in the Csepreg Mountain. Foundry sand is plentiful in the Bakony,
Mecsek, Valence, and Huda mountains. Argi111te is found at Kisgyor, Felso-
tarkany, and Visnyo in the Bukk Mountain; kaolin, in the Toka,j Mountain; re-
fractory clay, at Bank, Felsopeteny, and Romhany; ocher suitable for the puri-
fication of gases, at Telkibanya and Regec; flint, at Szurdokpuspoki, Gyongyo-
spata, and Erdobereny; bentonite, at Budateteny, Band, Szentgal, Reread, Gyula-
firatot, Osku, etc.; perlite, at Telkibanya, Gonc, and Palhaza in the Toka,j
Dlountain; aplite, in the Valence'and Mecsek mountains; and talc, asbestos, and
serpentine, at Felsocsatar and,Sopron.(5 pp)
Connection Between tdagmata and the Formation of Ores
by Miklos Vendel Re lar 14ember
This report supplements n study published by the lecturer in 1947. The
study contained the results of an investigation of the composition of Trans-
danubian magmata, with special emphasis on their acidity. This report outlines
the lecturer's theories on the relationship between ore-producing and rock-
producing magmata. Investigation will be conducted on the following three fac-
tors: (1) chemical composition of rock-forming magmata, (2) possibilities of
ore formation in the course of the composition, separation, and crystallization
of the magmata, and (3) evaluation and application of the data. Since the sub-
ject covers an extremely large area, rreliminary investigation will be restricted
to the formation of gold and tin ores.(66 pp)
Prof.Aladar Foldvari
~he speaker pointed out the vast importance of Professor Vendel's
investigation of the chemical relationship between the two mama varieties, and
stated that Vendel's pioneering work will equip the geologists with an analyti-
cal method by which the occurrence of certain ores can be tested.(1 p)7
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Prof Laszlo Tokorody
rThe speaker stressed the great importance of Professor Vendel's in-
vestigation of the chemistry of ore formations.(1 p~]
Mineral Transformation andCoa1-Containing Minerals
Elemer Szadeczky-Kardoss Corresponding Member
This paper contains a theoretical dissertation on the formation of coal.
Comments
~omments were made by Gyorgy Kertai, geologist (2 pp); Laszlo Muller,
mining engineer (3 pp); and Elemer Vadasz, geologist (3z pp)_]
Problems of Mine Modernization by Bela Vargha
Minin En ineer Head of the Technical De artment
of Banyatervezo Iroda Mine Designin Bureau
The amount of coal mined is governed by the coal requirements of the coun-
try. Domestic iron ore mining falls considerably short of requirements, both in
quantity sad quality. Dianganese is mined in sufficient quantity to permit ex-
port. The mining of precious metals is insignificant, and that of kaolin,
quartzite, flint, industrial limestone, feldspar, glass sand;.trass..cement, ben-
tonite, talc, and refractory clay is still in the stage of technical organiza.
tion. Peat mining is being reorganized and, at present, cannot satisfy even the
requirements of agriculture.
The most important mining product in Hungary is coal. Deposits are.esti-
mated as follows: anthracite, 11.6 percent of the total; brown coal, 50.3 per-
cent; and lignite, 38.1 percent. Coal production in 1949, however, was as fol-
lows: anthracite, 12 percent; brown coal, 82 percent; and lirmite; 6 percent.
7~eae figures indicate that lignite production lags, while brown coal produc-
tion has forged ahead. Within the brown coal category, there is heavy overpro-
duction of the best grade.
It is planned to readjust the production of the various kinds of coal in
accordance with the size of existing deposits. Accordingly, the Five-Year Plan
provides for an increase in lignite production to 14.7 percent of total coal
production, and for an increase in the production of poorer-grade brown coal..
Unfortunately, the rebuilding of firing installations in industry for the use
of lower-grade coal has not kept pace xith the change in the coal production
plan, a fact which has resulted in complaints and confusion among the consumers.
Under the Five-Year Plan, the entire amount of cokable anthracite will be
coked, while the lower-grade brown coal will be assigned to industry, transl,r-
tation, and agriculture. The transportation of lignite, in view of its low
caloric content, will be avoided. Lignite will be fired in industrial estab-
lishments to be located at the mines.
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Deep drilling for coal has been neglected in Hungary. The equipment is
30-40 years old. Only 1-7 percent of the equipment of the Banyaszati Melyfuro
Vallalat (Deep Dril_ing Enterprise for Mines) may be considered up-to-date,'
while 52 percent of the equipment of the enterprise should be scrapped.
During the Three-Year Plan, ten new, large-capacity coal mines with an
ultimate total capacity of 15,000 tons per day were opened. In the course oP
the Five-year Plan, 14 additional mines with a total estimated capacity of
19,000 tons per day are to be opened. The Five-Year Plan provides for the
following breakdown of coal production for 1954 (in percent of total):
From existin
i
g m
nes
From the expansion of existing manes
F
~'8
8
rom mines
opened
under
the Th
30.
From mines
to be
opened
ree-Year Plan
unde
th
16.8
r
e Five-Year Plan
11.6
Total
100.0
Two important problems must be solved to fulfill the plan: (1) increase
in the number of workers and (2) mechanization of the mines.
(1) Mine personnel was insufficient even at the beginnicl~ of the Five-
Year Plan, mainly because of the migration of workers Prom the mines to indus-
trial establishments. Realistically, a 5 percent annual reduction in mine
personnel due to voluntary separation may be assumed. This contrasts with the
opinion that, despite the mechanization provided for under the Five-Year Ylan,
mine personnel must be increased 23 percent by 1954, and 48 percent in the
course of the Five-Year Plan.
(2) Most of the coal mines to be opened under the Five-Year Plan will be
of medium or large capacity, producing 1,000-3,000 tons per day. Only 25 per-
cent oP the new mines will produce less than 1,000 tons per day. The Five-Year
Plan also provides for the division of 28 existing mines into four groups, each
with a central point connected with the mines of that group by railroads and
cableways. Each point of concentration will handle 3,000-10,000 tons of coal
per day. Also, 50 mines will be equipped with eight grading establishments,
which will do the work of 3,200 workers.
Transportation, in which 13.3 percent of the total mine personnel is en-
gaged, will be mechanized considerably. The shaft elevators now in use are
running at a speed of 7,5 meters per second and the load varies between 0.8
and 8 tons. The shafts will be sunk to greater depths and the elevator speed
will be increased to 12-16 meters per second.
The use of compressed air will be reduced, because its operating cost is
6-7 times greater than that of electric machines. In hard rocks, where elec-
tric drills cannot be used, the use of compressed air drills and cutting ham-
mers will continue. In such cases, however, the cost will be reduced by in-
stalling 3- to 10-cubic-meter compressors.
Cutting, the most important phase of mining, employs 32 percent of the
total mine personnel. This operation will be mechanized to a great extent by
various machines, including combines, which will replace the face-breaching
machines. In 1949, 12.6 percent of the total mine personnel was engaged in
maintenance, as compared to 3 percent. in anthracite mines abroad. The cost of
maintenance is increased by the fact.that 80-85 percent of the timber used in
the mines has to be imported. To reduce this expenditure, wood impregnation
will be expanded, and reinforced-concrete and brick shoring will be introduced.
As a result of the mechanization program, power consumption in mines containing
mine damp x111 be reduced from the present 7-40 ~ic] kilowatt-hours to 20
kilowatt-hours per ton by 1954.
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Siace the production of lower-grade coals will be stepped up during the
Five-Year Plea, productivity in terms of heating value per unit weight is ex-
pected to Pall. By 1954, this index will show an increase of only 29 percent,
as compared to an increase of 51 percent in the quantity produced.(15 pp)
Geza Krupar, Mining Engineer
The speaker devoted his comments, illustrated by 18 diagrams, to
technical details of coal mining operationa.(24 pp)7
The speaker discussed the theoretical performance of combines and
other heavy coal-mining machinery, of both Soviet and Hungarian manufacture.
(1y2' PP)7
Zoltan A,]tai, bfining Engineer
Mine-opening and preparatory operations in the domestic coal mines
are progressing at the rate of 75-100 meters per month. Cutting operations are
progressing at the rate of 50-60 meters per month by the face-cutting method,
and at the rate of 75 meters per month by the pillar-working method. On the
basis of these figures, it is clear that production of 800 tons of coal per day
requires the working of a very extended coal field. If bath the opening-
preparatory and the cutting operations can be speeded up by only 100 percent,
the advantages will be obvious. To attain this goal, heavy mining machines
must be used. ~he speaker then enumerated the various kinds of heavy machin-
ery used in coal mining.~(3 pp)
Processing methods (grading and washing) cannot be adopted without
adapting them to Hungarian conditions,' Improvement in coal quality is ex-
pected, however, from the regrouping of mining and transportation provided for
under the Five-Year Plan. This regrouping will also help to develop uniform
coal grades.(6~ pp)
Sandor Torok, Mechanical Engineer
.Hand trucks are still the predominant means of transportation in the
Hungarian-coal mines. The trucks are pushed by hand to a collecting point,
from where they are carried to the surface by locomotives or shaft elevators.
These hand trucks have a capacity of 600-1,000 liters.
The electric locomotives now in use are generally satisfactory, al-
though there is considerable demand for dampproof diesel locomo~~ives. Recently,
two diesel locomotives xere received from Czechoslovakia. It is hoped that do-
mestic production of such locomotives will begin shortly.
The Koepe and drum machines made in Hungary are very good and are ex-
ported in large numbers. A Koepe and a two-drum machine, each of 1,100 horse-
power with a transportation capacity of 14 meters per second, are now under con-
struction. Four shaft transportation installations equipped with 8-ton buckets
are also being built.
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In the new mines, conveyer belts will replace the hand tn.eks. For
shorter distances, 150-meter-long and 650-millimeter-wide belts, driven by 15-
horsepower~motors and having a capacity of 100 tons per hour, will be built.
For medium-long distances, the belt will be 250 meters long and 800 millimeters
wide it will be driven by a 40-horsepower motor and its capacity will be 200
tone ner hour. For long distances, the specifications are: belt, 500-1,000 me-
ters long and 1,000 millimeters aide; motor, 75-100 horsepower; and capacity, 300-
600 tone per hour. The underground transportation of lignite in the mines will
also be radically modernized. In the past, the lignite has to be brought to
the surface in pieces at least 200 millimeters long. In the future, the lig-
nite will be broken up underground and, as a result, 800_meter-long belts with
a capacity of 300 tone per hour can be used.(42 pp)
Istvan pal, Mechanical Engineer
LThis comment was based on the report of the committee which studied
the mines in the Ruhr Hasin and Wales in 1949, and the Soviet mines in 1950.
The speaker discussed the theoretical power requirements in coal mining, tech-
nical details of electric equipment, safety measures, and organizational prob-
lems. The following Hungarian agencies were mentioned: 52enbanyaszati Ipari
Kozponti Kutato Laboratorium (Central Research Laboratory Por the Coal Mining
Industry), Magyar Elektrotechnika? Egyesulet (Hungarian Electrical En ineering
Society), and Szabvanyugyi Intezet (Standardization Institute).(13 pp~
The Karst Water Problem in Mining
by Ferenc Vigh Mining Engineer
The greatest enemy of Hungarian coal mining is the karat water, which is
endangering the Dorog, Tatabanya, Pilis, and p~ka coal basins. These are the
most valuable coal Yields of the country; they furnish the bulk of Hungary~s
coal output. It is estimated that 51 percent of the calorie production is en-
dangered by karat water.
The cement-filling method of prevention has disclosed the extent of the
caverns. Most caverns were about 3,000-4,000 cubic meters in size, but some
absorbed as much as 240,000 cubic meters of cement sand. So far, 242 cases of
karat water flooding at a rate of 781 cubic meters per minute have been re-
corded. The danger from flooding is also indicated by the fact that the wlume
of water pumped out of the mines was 13-21 times the amount of coal produced.
In no other country has the karat water presented as serious a problem sa
in Hungary. For this reason, Hungarian research is carried on without help
from foreign sources. Karst water appeared in the largest volume at Dorog.
The Szenbanyaszati Ipari Kozpont is engaged in research on the prevention of
karat water damage. It is using, temporarily, the short-wave apparatus con-
structed by Dr Tarezy-Aornoch and Dr Kantas, the Laday-Reguli electric resist-
ance measuring instrument, and the Mehes and Tari apparatus based on the reflec-
tion of ultrasonic sound waves. Experiments were also made with the Wenner
resistance meter. Drilling data and geological observations at Dorog were
mapped e.nd evaluated by chief geologist Dr Ferenc Szentes, while Dr Meinhardt
collnborated in determining the Dorog protective covering. ~he author then
3iscusses in detail the geologic structure of Dorog, mentioning Dr Sandor
Vitalis, Dr Ferenc Szentes, E. Schmidt, and Dr Ferenc Kassai among his sources]
The three methods of prevention and protection against karat water flood-
ing are damming, draining, and cement filling, of which the last is the most
important. Experiments with a synthetic filling material will be made at Tokod
according to the method of Tassonyi and Dr Kassai. Experiments have also been
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made with the use of local loess instead of cement, on the initiative of
B. Varga. These experiments have been proved practical in the laboratory by
Ferenc Albel and Dr Kassai. The problem of karst water exists also in bauxite
mining, in which the drainage method of prevention is used.
The financial aspect of the problem is illustrated by the fact that be-
tween 1927 and 1950, at Dorog alone, 6,200 tone of cement, 791,000 cubic meters
of sand, and 220 000 liters of hydrochloric acid were used at a cost of 50 mil-
lion forinta. ~he paper is accompanied by four diagrams and a list of sources,
including Sandor Schmidt, Dr Ferenc Kassai, Gero, Pogany, Vargha, Zo?.tan A; tai,
Peter Eszto, I.asrlo Csanady, Miksa Kalman. Bela Vargha, Ferenc Vigh, Dr Ferenc
Szentes, Rozlozsnyik, Schreter, Telegdi-fioth, Dr Sandor Vitalis, Dr ^lemer
Szadeczky-Rardoss, Dr Y,arcly Kantas, Dr ,Robert E. Schmidt, Dr Gyuls Vigh, Dr
Elemer Vadasz, Dr Ifenrik Horusitzky,'V..'A. Obruchev (USSR), Alfred Grund(Vienna),
H. Hoefer (Germany), Dr Miklos Vendel, Dr C. A. Heiland (Germany), and Dr Bruno
Kunz (Germany). (See 00-W-20961.)](25 pp)
Miklos Vendel, Refiular Member
~he speaker discussed his theories on the origin and direction of
flow of karst water in Hur.~ary. He mentioned among his sources Ferenc
Schafarzik, Moric Palfy, Karoly Sarlo, Ferenc Pavai Va,jna, andrerenc Albel.
(5 pp)7
Dr Ferenc Kassai, Mining Engineer
~he speaker discussed the behavior of karst water.(3.t, pp)]
Pal Mazalan, Mining Engineer
~he speaker di^,cussed the possible utilization of karst t:ater.. fie
stated that the volume of water pumped out of the Dorog mine alone amounts to
50,000 cubic meters per day, whereas the drinking water supply of Eudapest
amounts tr, c5G.000 cubic meters per day. FIe discussed the de??^ree of purity,
the temperature, and the chemical composition of the ]carst water.(5 pp)]
~he speaker discussed the applicntior: ~~!' renl~iipsical Methods in Karst
water research. L'e stated that research is being conducLeci :ait.h the supl ?t of
the Y.arst :deter Committee of the Academy. The foL1n?..?iu:; researchers were men-
tioned: Dezso Pe!sr, Eela PoF:ury, Idiklos Vendel., Lorand Gero, Bela Vargha,
Ksroly Simoayi, Kalnnn Mehes of Sopron Technical I!r,iver; 5.+{