ELASTIC SCATERING OF NEUTRONS BY ATOMIC NUCLEI

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190002-9
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: R
• Document Page Count: 42
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: March 12, 2012
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: February 18, 1952
• Content Type: REGULATION

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STAT
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190002-9
A. Uoioborad k4
Lbote: The ' % in - re re enta excerpts taken fl'orn un srtic1e t17 t appsared
n tls; acsk kh Hark, \1 iU~f ?, I'lo ?.a (April 19 9), ps es
~1aelt:,
a g:ss Uie the execTptcd io ta.or~r iver, here thLr r e Gr to purely
i soircc=~a or xF >r'e k~ the a~ thor's ortrnc=vats o\ rel iced ?'nrei.f f scin-
huss:1ar
QP~ca". O~Uitt d here ? re thci authr~r' a su 'i'ar r ~s o ei n ( inastiy
r?_c n art1cie, cited i9 tc~ l;11Q. The intrcxuCtiOf nd ernelusi.~f
n Lull, hQwcver'. 1f 'ts omitted ara indicated by s r: ea n' ants
~-vin ~.
thus .
At th( d(V l(~ ait t t :e recently a l,t rd by totiii c bile/ ur Q;Ume ',
v* the ,arc b) e?I off' systeiii to twit , atrIt: t1 e r ; f ~Ei ' iiii=nt ~i ,ur:1 Ai in: nwi1?
At'ac~ilcs ettt:r'cca t1iOuLhlit t1,t~ ji[~E o' ~r'fnt l? ,~ca~r~ns
1ns 1r t .,, cartarie . I U laaa U~ l`is aL1 the ra ~r,r Qrtarr#{
cafe ~. a
!t nt.crzav T? N1 ?s b( aVuia r c::ont1 i' d :su : t~r~ p
or cl(!r_;.: i ti n ' ran; by s tad v ~r~
1 I
ticari by j+ntrtr i1Cl;ii jUcisr phydc*a d nQ'
y~t c~ ~s s I U(h sf)Li:d i~tf31-I t :t 9t1 nli tali IfI I s t1 r expn~ ition rror~
1
. ficult. 1n th w thnr' npin of tl~ rtir t rtutuNtl % Oy, at J t t at p~ i-
d
tilt~, uh~niti th r tviai n d on ht iiit r t i'h K ' vt,i~11U t t to
u
a , th utr: inr~ s rirr t~)i ~u, lid tfl;i 11{J 1 3IIF'tOt1f ! ?
} ?fE lt1tJt ~y aiwii ut I)djv1ui ii iti u td i 11 tl,' %r i lcrrr_; li rnli 1 .h by
: vinFiitOf rtfd Ptthe (ij.
I
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AnetheI' w3 erjeus c . teulty in e poai.U ofl is t1~ umre:u & i 1iti Qi th
aet~1d@ Bribed/ A generai y aekner>r1e ;e l Ntrict tkreory does not exto
rmd Many eone1u ens eat raved t rt'rn ex} ~cr''irenta1 d ai. ;1j 1 miter pr~ave tca be
erroneou 1 FIow4=ver auCh a Ltlratt en iS unavoidab1e
The e .c.nee oa' tht~ nue1eue i not as dEraanite a a - teni a , :p'er exarnp1 e,
1 ho 5ti4?U tt.cra1 th Orf ~ of k r,; 1
At thL3 et l e~ oa' de:ve1epiiwrit the the t
r e at~t Li ty be1r?ni, ?Q (ax?)erirnent4u1 re u1ta, ti rt exne rj!+ac ntS rare er-
T'orrnoc1 r ith ma dniuin po.aa .b e eaecur ~cyl At the pa't?, cent time, th:r?c fore, rndxii11uM
i tl;erItttan he) -1 Inc pain to the y-rte~iritiC (XPea1tiQf et t ono ?t re:u.able
e ,i; 3r~ rnenta , ?'aet, a ,a~~ at rr Hier ir4 SUCK a 1y a to .i is i 1-tate ~e e
Cei)1:4 +, a ;(?cr+r r'rI1 er ,t`r~j.on rare a eehe ; vt; nf~tir?n l
t iee,tr th tare autlrc r? tiir~t the c a ;tt e e~f{r~1 c r 1a cap' nc trtren ~ by at4~nae
rllrc~1i i If~ay L the Ilr~c? Brit, t flre l)e p1f to c~ 1(J ; L h r ia1. la .f,lri t!,l riirc'1 Prr1 iea,
Xrr tltt3 al?ctvt ~t)Ir rt,rlrir d IUO1a.aI 1~, ;~a ] H1ee; if 3? ,
L() ttit:: l)illt;I`l ~>lj 1i t i v~L i (Hi ~. f 11) i;t ti C 4`Ut -
t. i Igfr"s 111 ! I~ `~ 'y, U r' ;t ,int ltrtt ?~, 1#Jt~ra 1i r c to ? in
_)
' J
t';I t; E
1t1, i tf?9c?'f.l i de
ry f1rr1 + is rlL
!!c i
trLt :i r t ntL 1
1. 3tfl (&: rl(a'gorltp1i1 i1 k?~ rfi
/tt . rtir' r~ : } krinwn, U+ Mafl -1 ody pr'& 1C U er4tfrr)t
in taatlrtr e1trrr~i~ i r'r iuanttrn g-1 eh r~ e 1 Svc=rtlrt? ~_ rr 1 ii 4 pr lU1t )11 e uih,
unt1_1 flow, be{ rrra :vr f ~ rr{ t' u~ r 'u 1y ; i r~ ;r~ r~ 1,~ -' any tt ritowia
ry, ittilr by rlrtar it . tIm 1 t r~tcrrb ttr th, 'j cmt1 in stw ht1 r.d' by
rnt~4rre - ' htx ntndar t or1 ' r. tat r tl ~~l~ 1t wu /Tiff ?'rarar:~ ii t3ri I iittiiodh provt c1
t, bt ~r a1+ ttb :t in rimy Urr?ory of h ritrrtn t u 1 uu 1
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j1='ft'1tt(J, )' t r (1 C111C '(' 11C1(1 tPatit il'
1tt 1 vf(`'1 LLft111ouic3 tprt'r)i1hd. a:1 lto;.lc ut uci i11ct1~oc1~
i'can i auc r~es~~ f'ui appi Loa L on of as i to
doh wa.th syston1 Qons l?gt n ; o' a ia' e nunlta 1 off' ttcie's. EUt the moc t
(!c1W 1CaX nue1e. noise 3 b r?::,y Qvt V 200 pa 'tic1eN, Suc'11 i nurnt)e:n a,s cl ' .n-
itc y too a> 1 1 .:or suc'ce~a t111. G3pp1 Q.lUOn O,I' t U.SU-C i LDWS i.11 lahys os
trtd : 11m: f11v1 X f tit' 1i1a 'tiC1'E y sS t14 iL 't r11i0J. 'L, iJ O11Ly 10.20, even 1r1
s ~~ r'n a r~ l,e app1.owL:Lon s e11t:i e1y i,i -D aibit ' e t r'ti er t k into
(()13i (1t a'Ltin Ll{ ; ct Ut, Lr~ j:p1yii"1(' It a e G'~~~ i& aa, u~ .nr?' T'i ht
1+L, Ui1 4attn'ttI1~' nUon t~1 tt'IC' till la1'f nucietAi't k l-r~t,c :' t' as ~d t~11 i.1
:n 'tj 1'i('i 'vJ'.i t}I the ~?f t!l' Gait-', f' L1 !t t 114ttJ ti (J1 tQr;L,11 '~
1
i ~~ tt1 j L' ,( ~ e 1'O ilt` 4 a )LU 01Ut~ ()rt
,Ft tif(
(a ti1E 1tttel t [-L c111 ; ftl)1t` 1t A+!ti1r e r 4 1tlt~tl c1n,: j ?~~1tx~,1 t
t;h , r V1 b t ith( ' (11ti ' 1Y t Of ~Uf , o n1Y au F11 a1-1 o ilia t ~ 'rakinf
Uia~ 1 'i u1tita into as nuiit;, % u4y xiuiti th t the nmpii'1e i s hod
wii~ bt 1no if ~ t~edw tiv4 Umn t11 1 aa1 dE~{1vc t Mini o ` t1u o bawd on
tkmbtrul eon patty:
tij p11 t to tit tnrn milli then 7. ' t11?1 above-n1Qntiofl(ic3 rc L -
; e 1 11 al d a~1; :d t' t 11 1 t rt'i ) M1 o ' this tht; ~7 i:h tit cai'a, Lnr
t'=C fnl.y~ 1?~~a l ~ :t i4 t) 1a11y? the U~ufl i Wfl .1ith1' 11 thOThQf?
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d 1 ire o1>?1f X 11 the I Ut1 ~'f t,Ut ?'ottY~r h(:fl U Y t11 C Un +Vti1Ubl~, 1t1
 JU'tE 1 N. J3ohr 1ndi.o 1tQd he nt?et~s a 1yOX d1 4n . ~r1th he its nyM tact'.
prob):crn 1.ra tin rttor~~acl i.c~ri oi' !':ar'ti.ci.cs ~' tb th nucleus, rr4'c: , ,vi no '
~ctho wid 11ac 1 /'9 3, ~7 tend otr c r tyz or c ti ci ns ere ted th "di kpcr'si.crn
theory" or 1~ ttt.~ri.ri ~ ~Jtj1i M i i i to pot' the uietocj ,
h'ory rtG~d 1ittic# suoct?ss, '1# ;ppiicttan off' tho biMLc: cc7u tl.on to di'w
rcr,(r)t r: ar'tic~ui. r cuso # r~voivc:cJ d? 'jouJ tjcs, duc, tea the crady inontiQn d
?'undn~ient,r1 nd r?d:ibips.
1'ohr", i .1.' 'r11,? mi(I We 11cccpX 5, 17 mid ct #er' i C#nat, 'Uct d
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c catctti.,7t;~. r; tbcor;v ()j1 tfc )uc1r;us, oofs1t1Q1ain it to c j vn ~.~ t aj
1 n :id crop. T14e trt,ns tiro?a or tics i:ri ti r 1 ~icio1 us, c~sFtru{o of tho
vxte.irn 1 ivti:c1ea i,nta s co#lipound nuc{1cus is thou] ht to be 1i,kc ncc to t1~
1'(' t17th ? -1 drop; # A ni ti 'ttL'i ;L i,k;neci t ev o' t ne
Th;ic# t-1#4=o ;' , '-'P.t~i,o ?~ tli ,:~; GA ~'a n 4#i r'( nr' c'njca d #1lnr'~ roa
f
to n tl1c; C1i l'(arsi.rm t.h* Or a 1Th jrlc1vtic)us1y s c:s lao ~cj~c~r?~ this theory iraorn
4
tLf F t int tk
trot t# kE, 1 nt ~ jccc~unt nny nntitm tl tr?~rr'tt c~ In t1?lc nircl us
Traci is coa,1a~1t tciy i1'#ri1Yspiri n,i~i,( tca i:i ~ ht i tr ici, Fi'hir~ tlioorr t n ctn ~
y
xr)1nlxi3 iati1;iit?Zflf1R~ of ir~tt ri c~tirj i or ii '? Vy n1(L i th 1ri h-(r c ' p irtici. +
l?.': fit! t.3 in ;+t~#1 i tht~ i#3ttTrnt1 t ub-tr it the ruc1 w F!i i1v~ 1 H1u~h
?~ci11 trj r. i th n 11~ U $r i11tc r{ri tior~ o ' 1c+w=-Qr#f'rLy iitaritl(i o. (Nto cs The
fti rtr y of tic tF r; ct t ot' the iindr rr rr~r lci rthcor{y i, l ri1y
r1#~ r}c ,c t ri ~cd by tl c wosdo of ti 1ric i t rnnu i pcr't r1 th iE th !O ' Ui
T t`tit hip luot tic1ct ).
irt, tr rr iy be ti i tint in her c c ' c1 t c c tt~ l or low- arc
i c1t1tr'dn u ~ rj lit 1 0.03 cV to 3 N V), fllowrtly{ u d in tiro n n r uo o : r i:?
,fi, rrt~ dcc rrji_ j d lei this L3 t?c1 , tlr X 11 o t ot~ of tlro theory o1' the
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ova ortin r 1ciu d drop appoara to be very ~toubti'u1. In this no.ir1y unique
oaao the d'spcroitheory was applied with sore succoaa. We sha11 vivo a
short ox.poaiUQfl cat' its c nc1uaiorla in odor to eomparo it thoroai'tsr with
~q erimental roau1t8.
2. Thoortica1 ntorprotation oi' J,astic Sctt?ift off' Woutrona
In accordance with nth idsms off;' N. Johr (Note: 't'wo orl,~in u1 articLoa
by ohr Wt( translated and publiah d in this jOU]1 11 UFi4, ~, 1Q+ This
thou is also ?'uUy s~tpoundod in the article by L the /17) every nuo1Aar
prowss flay be do ~r b d ;h the 'o11owint way _ikto by tar'
ator; Hare the iut for {O into a mathomattc discussion of ohrI a thorioa
Ai' 19 a~;d (allows t1 o exposition ivon in on articl,c by totho, ~ v 1od Pbys.
9 ~9 (1937), 4wnUonfd in the Bit~1io1rap1W I z? 7.
~cattorin oi' NUtrons by Atomic Nucioi; 1{,Ur1ar~~c~~ta1, D+ata+
A. The elation ?(A)
atof4atic study o,L the inter;action oi' n?utronU with atomic nuclei atcrta
Y
with ho volurnt:noua work: oi' Dunning et alii with thinoa6uremant of the
t norptionu crose?stction of thermal-energy neutrono LT3J. + +
'at
ote ly trw n1 Ator: Here the author do cribca t1ic >o ~; ontn po fcrtiwd
1y Dunnin ct alii, phyy . ev+ i8, 26S (193) 4itcho1 l_ ijd iui'phy p1 a.
rcv Ii7 831 (193); Lie, (93)i o dl~abcr and riLt, roc+ p.?y+ OCa
n 162, 127 (1937)?`~ alco oppendn a tab1r of croaa a ctionu oi' acattori~
oil o1ow neutren4 by atomic nuclei, o~tain d by the nbov~?t ct~tioncd cci ntiotc
aid pub11 ohQd in tha articlta raartd to abavoj
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 RESTRICTED
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The resultu Qf' these works are represented in Table I, F- re 1, ill
evLdenee is given of the irr{e 21sr seatterin of ' ' From eiement to element,
as was : ouxd with thQrrBal rwutrons, but the uplitude of i'luctuatian is
con d.der b1y smaller. Therei'arQ the ?irat verii'ieatiorns showed that with
dt crcasin neutron enemy fluctuations inappear, but the general
tendency cai' monotonic increase holds , Therefore from these experimental
results sAue em1pirie 1 1e in tae function1 reiution C" N ' (A) takes
ahapQ1 In order to confirm this 'u16 it FO''ed oi' a treme ir~4portance to
ini,estiLate with all possible cornpletdneuu the acattorin oi' neutrons of
intc~11nediatc encry, let us ssy i'rom 0.1 to 0. eV. These inveatiations
re mostly peri'orrned by $ovi:ot physicists 53-37.
The mot oonvenient sourees oi' uniform riE3utroas irr Urc, specii'ied Qnar9
,nterva3, bra rnueleer rQactt.ons ; (0,p), ( Th0" ), ()
sl'ad ( "RsO,hQ). Tiro throe lout have i ratlrQr r3rnai1 intensity as corapkred
with the first oource; howevor, phctoncutrofs oi' tlsiu of"iii=r, posaQUS afl
impcrtarrt nuaiity: their oncry blurrin, produced by diA?errt output
directions relative to the direction of the . uantunr, roaches on the
nvor~ c only , while in U coos oi' rreutronu, obtained by boinbardi:n~
various turgetu in diuclrarCo taboo with deuterons, the ancr blurrirs, due
to various causes, reaches 0.1 i oV and more.
'1'herci'o photoncutrons appeor to be the most suitable Dior such meaeure-
r~ents. (Notes 1ue to sorno atran a miurdertcu?idin1 V. N, ondrat'yev pretends
in his article L'.7 that photoneutrort have the rsatest er1Qr wiccrtainty.
Thin statement is entirly erronous)? 't`he ?irnt vriication was performed
with nutrone from the roaction (~clt,D)i To bindinh energy o!' the
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/12 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100190002-9
deuteron, aecordin to a re+~rent reached after many nveatiCat parrs 59..17,
has reeently been act equal to 2118 eV. On the other hand it was eatab
fished
that in the (4 -apectrUT off' ThC" abovo 2.1C rieV cfl on
y one lino w~.t;h an
enery above 2.62 MeV Ls Proaent (the pre~erjee cad' the line with MeV
enemy in the arnaunt off' N2 - is doubtful 12r)3".L7A Therefrom it is ay
to ?"ind that photofeutrona, to which we s4ia11 refer ?urthor as the second
;roue, he-we an enemy of 0,22 14eV, As a source of ncutrona ?'or meaaurea7rer~ta
a amail aphere ert in diaaf~cter filledith hea~;y water was used; an araoun
t
4aF' nearly 100 mC Qi' I?aTh was ),fl caj;ed in its center, As the datectQr a
n
artii'icia11y radioactiv? element (D, ]Th, or AB) was used, For maxii,ium
activation it wa p1aced in the center oi' a t~rjrafir, apaere 13 crn i, di~ra
vter~
Tho activity of the detector way rn,asured by Coi er-d idler c?unter with
a
aeattorclocated between the , ouree and detector, and also without its
The data, uacd in a eneral i'or:rn with a ec rroetior~ for non stalls
noutrons, served for tha Computation of cross section j. The rosu].te of me .
asuro
nnts aro liven in Tablo II, Figure 1.
Statistical arors of measurements, due to tho weak source avcra o 10-
1~ We aeo from Figure 1 that the aid onrcal rho ja cornplctoly
con'irrQd by rneseureniente,, The mars/ tendoncy to rnorlr,tonie increaso
io
kept, and tho -n~nitude o fluctuations oi' acauines an interrirodia
to place
between 1uctuatione obtained by th?rmrn1 neutron (D D
A second verifieation of photoneutrons ( ~1 ThC", e
), porforrrjod t' a
method oimilar to that in the precedin work Dhows th
e Darns e~ui?itio?.
The oner y of those photoneutrone io geed to bo 0,t~ iv,
Tiro binding
energy of t}~e bellium rao1oue, ae will ne the bitrd
ing etrer of the deu-
reU2TEn
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teron, are nowadays solidly established quantitios. On the basis of many
c eterm .nations 5"427 it is aeeeptod to be 1.63 McV.Therofore photo".
n~utrc ns from this reaction should have 0.C8 MoV (( 2.623 - 1.6) J, but
g
a in work by the author 1T87 it ie shown that this energy does not
surpass C.)4 J~eV. The d+crease is probAbly due to the existence in the
beryliitun nue1eus o an e eited enemy level oi' the ardor of p.L MDV, not
yet known at the present time. -~e shall further refer to there photonuutrons
RiCTED
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as the 14-th group. As seen From " use 1, the anp11tudes oi' f1uetuation8,
neasured by these photoneutrons, are less noticeable then thos? observed
by ecatterin of photoneutrons o1' wr 0.22 1eV, but they nevQrtheless
reJr1s n ii h?r than with neutrons U, D).
?n the sPecii'1ed ease, the study o? the dependence f(A), ti eso Measure-
V'er:.i'icat ons with photoneutrons ( C, Lie) wc~'e pevfo i d too. but
menu c;1:J'~ot but little the general picture. Tair rneanin will appear more
olerrly when we start to study the ?~~nctional r?iItioni(L), where E
is the energy oi' seattercd neutrons , Tha values of C' found aro represontod
Ameldi et alii 17 peri'ormed a voluminous and accurate work with ncutrone
in Table T1.
(C,D). we eha1i refer to it in detail whilo oxpoundintho resulta ot~
neutron ?catterini by protons. The method used in the work was that of
1 aesi~ g neutrons. 'o'ho obtained values oi' O " aro givon in Tal,ln 11, Fi uro 1,
tog?thtr with moauuromonta ai' photoneutrone,
iation a'.' a f(1~ , we may fake come ?onclueione. Fret of ui51, by ana1yin
Tor,n_inatin ; this roviow cxporimont 1 works in the atudy o th? row
the data, we note a nuite ciear "attenuation" of t7' ?luctuo.tione, which
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we have already rn ntioncd, The cross seetians measured
by Dunni~g late wc11
on a stratht line, even within the 1imitc or statetical error, In this
case hcm cver, WA should keep in dnd that the neutrons n
(Th, i3~) ~~~ non
unti'orm, and it is quite Passible to sdma t that
the aneasured c7' represcnt
averAe.e va1uec, L we could se .crate uniform j;roups or this nehf,ltrM'
o{~n Pct~
rwu cam ~ncssurc scatterjn oi' each ~^oup, prcabab1 T we would obtai,ra the
sarue ,flucttirat,or~s as i'or neutrons CD, ]J)
It is easy to notiec that a number oi' vBilues oi'
1' a as flaea u~ed by
ncans oi' tl~e e noutrons and distributed on one and the othc
r side of the
strai,Lht lino oi' taunning, QJie nearly epual, Asstjmt 2 t~
t ~it suel~ a relation
scu1d be twt1i'icd ?'or rae?tsurc~d by unii'o {m neutrcrrc
. ;Ln an encr~interval
3-5 MeV and that the of i',rrctuatior~c v'
X11 l,c oi' lac san~e order,
we cane to tho conclusion that the eross seetiorre rneas~u' c r,
at scat~erira
i' cncr~?? ~ froan Q tf~ ~5 t @V will have the 1ian t :k on
~ar~ on 1 i~u~ o ~, by
the iine A!~
We do riot know the cauae oithe observ d shit i'luc
p t~i~ bons in c" ,but
the m+cat Probalalc rcaeorr could b? the reoo : nanoc i
ntoraction of thn neutrdn
with the nucleu~ , 1n thin ssaurnption w=e have to ,
take into account the ?act
that in the oa~tte~in~, PharacterJ,zed by croca so
ctiodistributed within
the limits of orror of mea.~urer~Q is on tho utr
~ ait~t the reconance
into E otion is comp1 te1y abeont, This is iii
~~ecmant with ~ho oonclueiono
the theory, chowin~ that i'or ~u~~'icient high ~~ i ,.
neut~ on enerioc~ th? widths
of enemy levels mart tc avin1 p amore them (ce
?acctivn 2 end also the
tick by Weickopi' et o1ii 57), tJnrcr cuoh c
?t~ditionc tho dc~endonco
RESTRICTED
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Qi: ,n the nuclear ra spa iinp1e ?Qrm; fl 2,
I3y oamputin
he#r~ i'ro1n l ox? h St xt Of tht li:nLI Al end R2 ?0r} it end, we obtains
14.7,161 ors and R 1210"13 crn, The values ooinoide well with
nuc:Lear :t"adii, eoailputed on to b is oi' other dat e.
Therefore hr line Aa3 indicate the ;eometrioa1 boundary oi" nuclei. In
rea1.ity tIa1s boundary shou1c1 have the she oi' a curve 31iht1y convex tolarci
the axis or a~aoifsasein its ~I1jdd1Q part, beeause the aao t soiid n~uciei occupy
use middl
)'oeently the o' neutron seattezin with an ene y o 90 4V was
Jn(asured. 1~ni'o):atum;Ite1y he se ea -urwl~ent stop +it1a '~u~ lua azj heavy
elernchts only 1 1 i wss me ~?ur{d. i seen i'rom i uro I these in tho
ion or i Iit ? .,1er-~ea~tu i ve v 1ue 1yia~ blow he iimit 1W, those oi" Cu
W;(J l4n sArnewhAt hi :hr. r. Thcso i2 ctuationu a1 ' ' cannot bo c xp1ainad by
N 3fflnco ci'i'ec 1,s, but it 1:u mite ot: viotu tit at ouch scat cjnart ins tho
nct trof~ can ?rec1y truvcruc the uuj ai'ici 1iy = arc p n qtr Atc tho depth
oi' t1ic riuclcuu. Fozt1if cttcraaabwLior~ if tia nu1er boundary it would
:reb b1y 1. most coiwcninnt ti. rna1t ,k y ti tl ao _ar ento oi' the
ncutrono oca tt rind ariUan cnt i 3 - 10 M@V.
In Pi ;uro 1 tirr dotted lingo pora11c2. to ciaaracteri o the avora o
vc1uco of'' toi a~out~~o~~o o~~c1~nrsrt uued is t1i~aaurromcnto. Oia tho
voriouo uiddeo oi' thcoo lingo) tho numbor o' ' valuoo mcoourcd with nut.
tro~~o oi' specified tnorgy io oppv?ximwtely droo1?1 'o'ho radu 1 low?rin
thorn lingo with inei~oooe oi' noutron o~~cr indicatco witheut doubt that
tho rooori oit f1urtu tiono doerowoc rc ul rly with inercaoe of oner o1
tlio oc~tt!Td neutron and the v iitni approcch . 1t io intorn tin
-10 .
E5f[UG'fW.
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to note Uiiit tho sine charaot~r n the avr~ra a 5" values meaaured with
neutrons (c, D), aroes aoeurato1y with trio line oi' photaneutron (~ ThC1I,
3e) oX 0.1! Mei1 fl(:'r,
Thin ~,> iaoa oiu au pieion that the noutrnn energy (0,D) used by Ma1di
of a1ii o was hi :hear than the value indicated by theme 0.1 - 0.18 eve
Tho occurriri trIerea~o o` oaci1iation oi' with a decreer off' emery
' acattorod neutron dace diaa;,ree eonic1etJ:y with tlit coriciuaion oi.' tho
ac;attt=rini; thf orv. J w~~ yaw in c~ction 2 the t a oily l~roditta Lor low
neutrons a moncatonou inorif. aao Q , aoeor?c~ -rid, to 'orr u1u (6). 'lhia
,
f M{ t] ;tq ]F,,~ r/~r ray' tiii b (L ,a A 'n Ar a? f y~? A +qy {p7 i rye' y~? ~ t
r M,iiIt;r houlo Tjuke~/ii'ied utL N IG of A ^f F ~y J. NOV.
tinc~5t~n~:i1t oeei11r ttt)nec adini;sib1e by Clio t1wory, but as it waa shown in
tic c1 raivatior c ' rc i troy oannot ',:~aae moro tliari 10; oi' the i'Ull
vaiutb oi' e'en auct;Lona.
'hc o'ie~'vedlri~?;~1a1 mica o' inae o' r1eaonant i,ritiraetr~na with
d(eiiora?i or czric t : off' acatt rod ncutrrat,a c11,v? eontrfadiete the rnu h
%V?1ut'+tl~ )
nucit2ar model o'trurturo-lfia 1iouid drop. it iet that it le
eonncett c Lth a still unknown truoture of the atomic nucleus. L o1ow we
ehi11 di~cuee eovtfl"Q nuch ~truetura.1 models, 'or tulle being, by terniinntinh
our C(~ne1ueinno we m gay that the cf ortc of many invccti atorii who have
in(acurd tho cross aettiona of olaatic aertterin wero not done in vii,
but ied to ii~torc tii~ rides, which will be doul=~t1 euly uo1ved ec 1 te1y
, Sri
in Furth ~r inveotigatione= ). O decently new pht mniono oi' rm onaiit
ecatte ii( wcr 1 QU1d 51i" 7s m tic cane oi' some tier ' tnt~ 1i viii 3 ij i
trio a oeetiona of c to e ( ,v i,Co, ) er the rimes type, alto hi Ii
N 1i M
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cross seotions Ai' resonant scatter: n1 tiaere observed. it is pASSib1e that
('\
this phenaaaenon will show strong conneotion the nd.ieated rule).
J3. The e1attcn c''s i'(;)
This r'unctional relation was most clearly det~ nntned tF'r measurements
N' the oroSS seeti-on off,' p1lotoneutron seatterin ( ' T(.aC,J3e), which could
be divided into two Croups.
1t is knoim that in the -spectx'ur oi' T~aC, 6 lines oi' various intensity
a ,o found above 1.63 MeV ('fable III). 1y use oi' the strong ener c1i1'ference
between the strong second lino and the fifth and s ,xth sines, we may separate
neutrons into a group orcated bthe ecor~d~-line Group 1) and a hrou1)
prodiwed by the -tins and 6, by su,xoundin~ the detector At;, h,Uy or
boric ca-nera) by parai'i'in ia~mrs Ai' various thickness. It was round expori-
ni ntally :7 that in he case Ai' a r.jArai'iin ;aphcre 6 c#n in diameter maximum
acttliity oi' the cjetoctor, located in the center oi' this spherQ, is observod
i'nr neutrons of the ?irst soup. In t1' e ciso oi' a 10?cm sphere neutrons
oi' the first group 33o mostly at-k4ortaed by he i+ara'iin on their way to the
detector grad the cctivataion ia ratty produccd by the neutrons oT' the 5 aid
6 -lines. 'o'ho sopafiatinn of these e1ose t,roupo by the Qama way is no
~I
morn roaul~1P. fl is easy to i'ind that the u er off' neutron oL i'oup i
near/ exacti o ua18 0.1 NeV (1.7-1.63) ' 0.107. Coy putation of neu-
tron r Wore oi' the i'o11owin mixed group ivoa va1uoa O,1 and 0.71 MoV,
but it was round expertmentafy by eolnparioon with uniform photoncutrono
( ThCn,1) that the avrao neutron enerf rar tl~ic coup doge not ?xcoo
0.3 Moil. This doci~oaco o onorgy, a.a with neutione (' 1ihC~~, o is oxpiained
y the exit tenee o wi excited ertor~y level nt $ near O. J4eV.
12 -
rED
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Such sepaxat:,on id to the pQSSibi1ity Ai' measur'irL? the of neutrons
ef.' the i'or Croups oorr+ spondin to enemies NO.1, 0.2, O.3 and O,)4. NeV,
and also o?' ebtainin Fran many o1ements L PQi,nts cad tkte curve " f( ).
T'he expQrinent81 rnethQd did not d1iTer in prneiple ?rom the formor1y accepted
one. Complete remits oC aneas urernont are repr sented in TAb1e 11, aa~d
typical curve~ i'er some eiementa are shrawn in I,i;ure 2.
,oxides these data ith photoneutrons, less nurnerr~us studies were performed
on tie relation ?(E) i'or neutrons (D,ti) by 4olti [ and acFai11 567.
)results ?or Si and } are re aresented in Figure 2, and Lull data in Tab1o 1V.
The r-ariation oi' neutron ener (DD) in the works were cbtaii,ed by vary-
in the an@c betwecn the dir's~cbtons of deuterons d raoutron. T'herefore,
, s ahown in Tabic 1V, the enemy i Ott rval 0.63 rV ms~y tae invests dated.
4IItt,a
qtr e~1 , aeccrdin ; to dut i by Aoki, reached 120 k&/; it waa con
side rab1y hO eV, in ;acFiii11' e.
litudy oi' he eurive:s of FiLurc 2 iads toy? eoiic1usion teat in contrast
to the disorderly it u u1nr yr r;iiUon oi' (7 as ~~ Lunction of A, we have
hire fully regular variritions, thus indicctin the distribution oli rnance
25csve1s in fuo1fai.
Uowever, it boa s innn diutoly obvious that Uir so reuoiuancs proeessos
do not iit within the Framework oi` syisti~i nuc1n r thror'ieo. As is iamillur
rem ethe+s 5?J and ohor writers' eom ututions, the interv?i (I) between
roconorrro levels and tic width these levels (1' )ere voryy smolt, in heavy
nuclei, 'rho vu1uss D vury aecordint to t ioiror~tisl law ar~d dQpend on
tie atomic wei lrt oi' the dement and on the ener of the s fL+uttored ~~eutrfjt~s.
1n hcuvy e ~ tg 1 door not oxoo d a fry tion oi' a volt, and r is oi' the
order o 0.001 V.
H
-13
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1CTED
It is ?u:,:.y obvious that, in the scatterin' oi' neutrons di'erin in
d 1 f'43 enery by 0,1 MeV and having an ener~xy b*ri~"oi 20 keV, it is impossible
to expect resonance phenomena, i.n such close 1eve . Under suoh conditions
the probability oi' ?a11in on a separate level eouals the prohabi1 ty of
hitting i th a ?'ootbmil between she 1ineoi' a di'r?action ;ratinL or oi'
obtaining by this ratin a dispersion of radio waves sc;vc,rt1 rnetf rs long.
tt, I
Pecauce oi' overlappinh by tL e cner biurri9 oi' seattered neutrons possessing
a : rAeat number oi' energy levels, iae ray expeot only a monotonic deorease
N
with inert asin~ J. Ft on curves of Fi ~ure 2 we see that the i.nterrvals
oi' i'luctuations and amplitude? do not Q8sontial1y dii'i'er in the region of
list nuclei, where cnovj intcrvais oi' n M lO kV and more are possible,
?rcrn the reion oi' lrA~avy nuclei; the only oxplaraation of this phenor~enon
Tnay lie the assumption brat reasorramea levels divided into intervals of
hurre~reds r i' thousandt~ tai' cleetraon-volts, ntay exist without exception in all
nuclei
Anoi Iivx~ tyiaictt] r~~ai'k Oi' t;,e oft ervr d yhcnor~erta, t4 iartie~l 11O 1`ravt, already
ea11f d attention, is tira ntenance oi' the cne al monotor~ c iareireace c
Burin trano:tion i'ro~t liht to huvy c1emonto. 'the r~ininruma o huavy u1a-
in'nts do net r~ur Faso a certrrirr limit, doterminod tin 'i urr 1 by the line AD.
At thu and if tlrct ;=12evious s( 'tiof we a9su1fll d that Uiia line ne~r1y eo re-
sUcrid? tc the boundo of nucloi. If this aoownptic~n is ju tii'icd, wo
should now auorrmo thct in all u1omontc tho axttm ii . ohe11o oi' otomic nucloi
have nor1y the same straUctUro ao 1iht nuclei.
Until now our coneluciono seemed to be tho rnout proboblo o~r,anti?n oi'
Ut open ;:i~ronoinonon o ~twroni ouu" ocattorin, Now wo r hail itrtroduco t
hypothooiu, which 1thau h loon aura then Ult ow i oviou iy xprcd,
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nevorthuieS~ eerS to btu rather probabio, IJ' we assume it poasibie, as
augoatcd by many writers, that light nuclei eonai.,nt ai a1pha purtic,
we should also a~aumc that tho shei1a oL heavy t toms a Lo consist oi' aipha
partic1ef. . 'T'hcroi'Qre this h rpothoois autom ticaliy dividoa he heavy nuc~
lewi into an intermal part, nanme1y a sub-nicieua can is in. mostly oi' super-
;C1uous neULrons, ixd into A 8i1 co# sipttm of alpha party e1e , During
exciULion oi' tho ho1o nuc1cua the system c~i' 1eve1s inaY approach that
prec~ietc'd i'rof strti.stic tlreorios; birt interactir~n oi' nuclei with neutrons
(or other particles) , t~1ao poSOib1o, ~iher she internal sub-nucleus doou
not tako pat't in this process Frhe 1iru :d-drop pc~i:r t c2 view such
in~rActioa) ray be cansi.drKrcd as a 1caca1 hcatinh oi' the muc1oar r~uracc~
We co not c1udo the iao6sibi1ity ;fat durin ; elastic uc~r3t grin ttie neutron
i.nteracts With a sct? rate ##1#c1Qar Prtic1c C alpha-particle, proton), which
fc~r c c rno ~f 1~aon io fl 'c weal{)1J bound to tl o r~ucleua.
A airrady fncntiorted in the eoiputations oi'" , all: invtrstitatoro
as~JUritr~d ta~a~ tip procaos Burin tho paoaao of ncc.r~crio tlrrcu,lt tt:o
f?.1(s1t~oriU studied is to 1y Mastics att rirrts wi:Urout 1nss oii ancr ,y (Woto:
In the ca rp oi' clastic co1iir iono oi' noutrono witli hrcia#. iaioco o atomic
rrucici the n v y lose may bet ~icctt d). 'ihic a gumption io juctii'icd
for n11jtrorlo ' uti to 0.5 tioV. It i ~ bt~t Xi) riff ft I11 vori ind
%. ut durilL i ttorin oi11o-1t no (t,L) with i onorgy oVr
ao nhcwTt by 1'!bri;14i, hard -radiation is obccrvcd omitted ly the
cattcrtr4 `ht appttriinco Uiio radiation m b aucrib ~d of to t~rc
bxcit ti.on or atomic nuci i, and tiot h tb orption, b cautit th r tfund `'
apt artJ to b of t u o r~o a rrituth w mass rod by Aoki. Ai o oba rvo
are 1ttctuationo itiii1ar ti thoot~td h the workt o Aoki acid aa1 i1i.
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The antu ,ar distribution in the scatteriil ; of noutrom (1),]J), considered
in the computation oi' as apherioaUy syrnnet iesi in the ,aboratcry
coordinate 9yet~efil, proved to be sa1axt,)1y a syrairietrica1, at 1ea$t in the case
aj some c1eiuents. ransi itori s i' oto, 1?esu1t6 c Aoki '7 are n~AnUoned
confirmed by Kikuchi 97; the resut.s by arsehaL1 bind Lacienbur 6o7 are
:,so described~7.
A is we11 known, Nie~:s 11ohr gu ested a dcrlronr~trstive model to i1iwitrrite
;na~a;t
do not e,?dpondint: tat~1e and i'rorn Fi urcj it a roe here well, any we 11~~va
nothing ~11c)rQ to ray on this matter. aroma photonoutrons
abtatfed i'reui artii'jeia1~y rad oactivc= a urees there are none with enortics
rear Q.14 NoV, 1. o. to the group 1V cai' phatonrutrons (ThCt",13e)1 but in the
r01ioni worn ~re Lind neutron enerLio (Li,p) ?.: and p.)6 MV and tvo
eroeC aeetions rnn st red by there n~utrons that ck uat div? r ,e from the
t4hoorrrtieri1 curve i'ox neutron er-cr i , Saar o.t. Hey, p~{obab1y
the ua~~~o t n all ly r&Poata ?t1' a ?c' enc=ray 0.1? or' *0.2 NoV,
s~ ~r ~i'r e a t-tEi cd ti' Ly ()i' tlc 'E i mt; oi' ~1i t-~o t' or'ks loads ua
to eQnclic'to thitt on thfw curves it ~~stratii~ the r(latirn 0?(L) \rW Can
ebnf Po two s1r+ 1tl1~i1111t1~1 in the rare,ions 4.2 and C.ii NoV and a mai'itm
bot~r er htm. jti11 dr not po ncs 3 thcett1 cal. i ~iaion oil t1 a
pht omonon in tiie lit rat jo; ~cok~~vor, tI~C wriitc off' this artlolo of a
private rf pf t try H. ponce, who atteInpted with the help of bCek to explain
it by introduntiM1 o a UI 1evc1 p (virtut). jour valuCn oi' eronu
~etion, Computer1 b; him am roprieUOnted in Table V.
Connidorln~ the ?irnt oone1i.rnion, wC may Cay that it 1n rath xr i~r~abal le,
1 tit ~ e Cannot ar teo th~it ii ~iilar d1nCrCl ar~cinn o ' "' Will not oCeur
cluring urther r ci n e1ie in otliur' r~gionn s
Mt 1 regent 'w are % n11?1Q o make a d?i"ii itt eotit UtJ 1 on f thr~ rra ity o
the dQ R 2 ibCd noin 1' 14f ieibiint6 l ar a tIio point o V1 that h~M
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anarr~ iy doe not as ~ A di nit solution od this p obiem may be ?Qund
only si t? ?tirthcr sand fOZo )cQ1lrIto aesQar h.
. An ui r I istributiQn oL 1loutrons J)uring Their SeattQrin by J oton .
To verii:1y the oorreetness off' our ~roneCpts on the ntiture n1' nuc1ear ?oroc
and the 1nw of the: r ~etion, the simp1e5t aucthod is to study t1ie interaction
Qi' rac ~~rion ui-th proton, a i two c1cnont iry pnrt c1e . Thi nttidy ion i t
?iret in th { in;resti ntion oil' the rclttLon & i(i), nd eond1y in the
ini,cstition off' the uinr r istribution oi' neutrons durin sestterini
by protons. `I'hr nu),er dstribution i tip not genitive indictor oi'
th r dxtfri11 of 1.UQ j~fatQflti~i, wQ11a i.c. ark tho rh:ti in i' tuutiuI inter ction
o neutron ~a, tli proton. 1I ho nueit~ur f arefa~~ i~ey be rac rt watt d in the
form Q;t dee!a Brad r rrapot mt &i wci1, then the sc~atterini, Qi' 1 neu-
trcn will be pry eticai1y Np1?tcaic oymin ;tr{ie in e centru1 systcfl oi' co-
QrJif~tee.
Ev ?iy of 1._ir,n ?c iii Hai ? c aicriiy ; y l~mct~ic 1 tri~,utlo , ?'J.xed cxJ care-
mnttUy, will lac n iitport t 'act, becettrt it mcy be cxincd orily by
he ? raeu.1ptton that the cation of nuc cerorce exten J iat mecc i'i r
eb~~ve (1 ? 2).1&113
o~
:t rtle~y= tae Ben ?ron the prece3iii how impoatnt it io, tot_.t'hf r with
rei tion (1), tc , tuJy ~ngu1 ri cii~tribution- t wee tudie by iu by experi-
taeftc ro over e ient Of time r~'tcr 41~ d eoov ry off' he neutron;
ee c:-ei b(iaw, hOc~ver, oUcceue did not nccc rnpny the exljeriiitentrjr .
Zia oiit o Uiir i'iret wcrko '4 iher end 1 i1itp, ueini n neutren ticuro ~
(tin)13t ), ttteneU1Aed in ti vii1eon o mer& 100 tr~oko of reooi1 pr~otcirt, Whey
divided tIae t trLioke into grou a oooriing to ngui r inter e ~nd 'cund
pherioe1iy oyn trie ii diotritution.
R ST R ICTEL)
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d'i'e next wort in this crnnnec~tion way poriormed by j uger and MonodNhorzen
ContracUctoi resuite were t'ound by F. Kure Uo7'.',.
Studies oia similar nature were ecmducted by Dunr~in /Th, 827 .....
W':der aiijec rhea ~ rement$ %:4e pex#'arT1ed by H 'king et a1ii ?7
All this resetrch can be eneraJ.i2ed into one group. CharacterisUc
is the use oi' scaurces that give ncutrions o' nonunii'orm encr ies, irnu.-
tanou ly with the initial part the neutron apcctrunn, eontainint neutrons
avc;r?at4nt 0.2 to oJa MeV, a central pert witYi cner es oi' the order oi' 3
`oV cxists; and the cnd o ' the spectrum contains a i11 arnc~unt of iii h-
ent:r{ neiitrcans, ~Te lect n the last part, wr~ sec that in all resoartes,
except tit by Dunning, the wi?u1ar ditributin o neutrons o'
overlapped oh c,thcr.
' c : Con(i group conei to rah' r~atilc ' acci rate rescar ehaa with a ,'i1eun
Cloud ca rlc ~a, of th an u1ar distr,butioza oi" uni ornn-enerneutrono (D,D).
The moat exte~iaivc t ~~? acc~.-rato tiaork was eri'rarmad by Doe and Gilbert kJ
In the acuond work onncr 7 usod a target of 20r D20...
In the thi~{d work Krue of a1ii /61 used tho cyclotron .
In th j ?on'th work La.iiipaon of alii ~!7 cljoacr the method of 1 hoto raphio
euiaion.. r
n 19) O appcarod a wcrk by barocbali aid 1~af tr in 191i6 the
i41;1tho1 of hit article a1oo pu iishr d hip work. 11e aiia11 it it ttic
33act wore aL'ttr a crpiticr i w 1ycig of roau1tt oi' the mentiont c1 works which
at ated it. M iior the wort by I racha11 and Kinor, as thoy thomac1voo
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indicated, thc~iinvesl~iation was started not to vcrii'y the an1u dis-
tribution whiol~ they considex oox?ect, but to veri ' method su vested
by them i'or detorrrai,nLn this distribution by a ioniation Demote.
Table VU faives Lull surrtm ry Al' all works ccmrd ant to year. At ?irst
si&ht it becomes evident that the host aeeurte rneaaurements alwa;s lead
to spherically synu txical distribution; thcro 'ore Lor t11 neutrons o#'
oner ics up to 1'-2O NoV, we shcu~"d coneider this low c~ scattexin as
V`r k' VdS
Nevertheless, upon nose thorou h irmlysis some c oubU in the a rt olute
aocuraey of this eoneitwior~ arise. The i'aut that the sty^onost divorgc~nce
is obaorved in works oi' the Li rat rcu , in yrhieh nonunii'oz;ra neutrons were
used, may be e p1 f(d, as done by o eriraeraters, by the assrurnption of
syat(!uvatie errors ori~inatin in tho nonuntTormity; we may assume, howeveri,
that the asyjnnetry is red. It may exist ?cr a c1iitribution Qf neutrons
of low entry or he ord? r 0.2 -o.L 1 oV ar~d vanish ?'o hi )rer-ene ' neutrors.
;such ideas ar :ne upon analycia of t1~ r rosults by M;onnd-ter cn, MC rpnHilal,' 1
4:D ume nfli pi
*ultI +QK~1MMrGKM C'", ? j
~ aiaiNat+111u1,' ~
1a1~a-11,n1 f',411pl1M4ihi4 11111 r
MP1~1II'IHfi~
j K~ue{~I1 HNit1 t i t ?'1t1.9 1iniu,uli' 14i,i i
r(IHiI ~ ,.
1u :~+I
pl~~}8 ~'A
,1I++41'+41',111 , M y
4Sf 1 1111'1 n111'
I Fhoto r emu18i1U +
I4+git+tpA4II'lt4t+~141' a111'h J4)J 1iI.I11+
iM ('~11~k11M
I I'1i++111 i~IIM1t11I141
i K~IMI'{111
i It+'MP11i11i111b'
4'IIMA
RU11IMt4I'hQA It~1+
R ?II-1 qk% yt ~r4 r
i I :1Iri111'4l ?1 r,i i 1111
H('T~h++1f( '
hfilallli~ bt,l'I-itA
i I4it Iittt'.I4111t4
1 111141+ -r44'+11,+1,
'A,1N~Nw', MIS nr,1
V14; MN i 1:1:14+
'~ M yhl+i14'I t,:
i,p I !'t bdi i1 3413# lk1
1
~
,+i e
Pe 31).L ; of i'e+:.T' cif'
i.nv..Li,; u~ ;,.ib1icaIUi.
1 . 1fl,~;r
`ll';7 flf'GOT';ii t'
GCS centaJ. c cica1'(
ti\rcf.'r1 J
Q1' 1 f:liLIc)!1;, L~!Ec I av'ai
)11t;II' r~t:11v f?li!tC, -.i'.Lc
J ?c>f,:a
7-'l e r 1 ('5 1 1 r ~.. rI. C
l' ;k,'/ 1,
L ) . ()
:J1 i'
.ii T) i
;a 4 etiL3'.11.'i s'
-i;r I.e ~(:)
:r ;f
PN(' ~I WrJh~NI?c INIlIpt'f4eMMt, ie t IOIf1I
IIIl!1 jM 4RANIItI 1lfl U~IJV9$4MM3 TOO( U ~.o6il
1Mi +$H1tM Y''1 KIMII;wNt Hrof N+H111 g f
SIN 8111 iV i 6 ?'' oMrpIi > (I;1MeV t
I gANN~k,at ;fdMNMaoN11~gp~eN~;
? r-~ 1aw$~, " i~-N. N $'*J N i J JI'Ml+Hw 7
~f?WUiIMI; HI )4IVtfiA`~ i'NwI~llitlywiiM
1 JIp`sr t-,gO1 t frMJpi4fi4li3R's!~t~ )~4 (O
~. 3;a 4 (33