TO CATCH A NAZI

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP90B01390R000200210001-4
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 4
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 10, 2011
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: February 11, 1986
• Content Type: OPEN SOURCE

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VILLAGE VOICE
11 February 1986
ulll~ r ~ ns uia 1MOST l~ttr
TidiraT- o~roi!nm~Zo~i-
~rtiin~_ ast ooh
orator, an a aged war _ w o~ie oo-
ooention wi en
alloweafimn to enter country -_
in r me a . ct
u pct s ry wu supposed to re-
main hidden; indeed, he felt ao secure
that hie telephone number is listed under
hie real name. Now, after nearly 40 years,
hie secrete out.
Last June, the General Accounting Of-
fia~comp e a -year tnves-
tt~aUon o e t ega-I postwar tmmtgra-
Lion oTl a~an azt co rs n. a`n
of~s~cret assistance ey ege~y re-
-
ce~ved from U.S. intelligence agencies.
Tms senaitive~ er stu y was- oar erne
by the House Judiciary Committee tb
supplement a 1978 review of accusations
that federal agencies obstructed the pros-
ecution of alleged Nazi war criminals.
After reviewing voluminous files and
conducting many interviews, the GAO
found "no evidence of any U.S. agency
program to aid Nazis or Asia collabora-
tors to immigrate to the United States."
But among the 114 cases it reviewed-
dealing with a small fraction of the sus-
pected war criminal-the GAO did dis-
cover five cases of Nazis or collaborator
with undesirable or questionable back-
grounds who received some individual es-
sistaaa in their U.S. immigration." Al-
urvu~u uaa +v-Naac rcwr~ sere ws,. watt
I of them were already dead, it named no
names, or even nationalities, and referred
to the five only es Subjects A through E.
Much of the information about them and
their activities remains classified. In two
u~ the assisted individual wen pro-
tib~ their intelligence contact f~om-
authorities seeking-to enforce _ immigra-
tioti~ that prohibit the entry of war
cnmi~e~ 4tbei ve1secafav~,~ __ . .
The authors of the GAO report seem
eager to justify the actions of the govern-
ment. and regardless of bias, their effort
hardly represents a comprehensive ex-
amination of this historic pmblem. Yet
des~its its shortco the reportu a
lan~marTr-an officadmiiaion that
Nazii an~Nazi collaboiatoesivere assist=
ed in erite_ring the United Staten by the
~~-
The {biee has learned that the colLbo-
ntor discussed in the GAO report as
"Subject D" is a prominent Uloraiman
natiionalist. In 1934, he war imprisoned
for attempting to assassinate the interior
minister of Poland; ha ran the security
fora of a UlQainiian fascist organization
and has been acctrsed of ordering the
murders of many of his countrymen: he
attended a Gestapo training school where
Jews were murdered for practice. He was
considered an ertremely valuable intelli-
gence asset by the CIA, which pmtected
him from war-crimes roeecution by the_.
~ovtets, _ ro t.._ m to country- un-
der an assumed name and concealed hia._
true paai from t~ _ Immigration and Nat-
uralization Service. So important wes his
case ttTia 1n~Attorney General James
P. McGnnery, the director of Central
Intelligence, General Walter Bedell
Smith. and the commissioner of the IN3,
Argyle R. Mac4ey, secretly mead to qis;
mit his residence here. In 1957, he be-
came a L'.S. citizen.
His name is Mykola Lebed, and he
lives in Yonkers.
MYIIq,A LE,Ep is 7S 1fEARS OID, ADO IIAS
resided in this country for nearly half his
life. Several ~?ears ago he moved from
Washington I-Ieighta, a largely Jewish
neighborhood, to a modest two-family
brick house on a pleasant Yonkets hill-
side. Short, wiry, and bald, with alert
blue eyes, the retired I.ebed spends moat
of his days at home, where he is working
on his memoirs.
Hie recollections are likely to be cast in
the heroic, patriotic light that illuminates
most histories written by adherents and
defenders of the Organization of Ukraini-
an Nationaliata (OUN) that he one
helped lead. All that can be seen in these
accounts is a fiery commitment to an in-
dependent Ukrainian state and the re-
~tiltieg rnn9iees?witb both German and
Soviet oppressors. Obscured is the more
complex story of OUN rnllabontion with
Nazi wu crimes, and the OUN's own faa-
ciat and racist ideology.
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~~y
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n 1
wl L6e V U LV naYf
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ounteri
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mentation oenbr at a -
ei. is -' naraa nom sea iC
file ~ Lobed obtained under the Fne-
om
otmatton
et, were Baru
( t ss,
ra
y
ors
being n
to ?
o~u .'I5"lus~`
Bezpeky, its repubdly mtrrderous sseuri-
tera.
_u ustio! `Dap~rtment policy, which ap.
comment about
U~iO?~y~ scorns wd ~ {~biee has learned~that the OS mamI taus
parenlIy~held at the requ~pit~f ~ open fil oo Lobed, making (~ a
"aao~t ar t aEeocy," sad an-. potsntW defendant in denattrraGzation
othii - t 6aaT>ren~ ramowd from ~ ~~~~- ro rtamm~ to his
p
-
Fat
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onaf~rc vas I ~
lam
the
~
-
~ [
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the~of _
~iir~i as a F~ ~~avrnL ~!~Y iDtetllige~ arisLtht_
of the war. the bi0oty-alfaacism in Bast- CIA were ~D?d ?~_ ~ the._QBI ~
ern Stirropa is oo academic matter. In summer.
recent years, the U.B: government has ~ the OSI determines that Lobed
finally bagm to prosecub indiviidual wu ought to be stripped of his citizenship
criminals among the Nan oollaboratoes sad deported, the information in those
who found refuge oa aq ahoew. Mat oI files may become public. Although much
the 46 cases brought so fu bl- tM Justice ~ Lebed's h,i,s~to ,_remains mur rTy, con.
Departmrnt's a of Special Iavestiga- ~ ~~st~-ctass~ie ovennment ca-
tions (OBI), sat up is 1979 to find and ~~ arc u t e out t scat a
depot immigrants who committed wu dlpGy would severely embarrass not -
criimas. involve not German Naas but odY.?he OUN and its aupporters cat -
~ {~ otimr ate, U.S. government as well--especially the
The East European bmigei oommum? CU-- .
ties haw reacted with a ferocious cam- Under long-standing U.S. immigration
paign to abolish OSI, though very few of ~~. strengthened in 1978, those guilty
their members are threatened in nay way. of Persacutin8 other people on the basis
(Ody in the Polish-American community of race, religion, national origin, or politi-
has the crraads against OSI failed to gain ~ belief are barred from entering this
significant support, perhap beawe so ~trY and are to be deported if they
many Polish gtntiles were also victims o[ gain entry. Lobed escaped these eanc-
Naasm.) Each raesc~ution of a Nan col- lions because bin sponsors mercifully
laboator tram Europe discredits cited5ection 8 of the CIA Act of 1949. Aa
the version o[ history upheld by some obscure Portion of the legislation that es-
EmigrM: that ail the "anticommuaiste" of tabGabed e~IA,~eci~on 8 permits the
Eastern Europe were noble and free of agenccyy to 6tinB 100 individuals a year to
any guilt for the crimes of Nazism. the U.S or reasons of national securi-
Ukrainian leaden haw outapokedy
denounced the OSI, partly because the
Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
still esisL sad remains iafiuentW in the
(Jkrainiaa communities ben and abroad.
The OUN's founder an revered by
Ukrainian publication and groups, while
their collaboration with Hider l not dis-
cussed. The 03I has made such evasion
fu more di>!&vlt. According to Nasi 1~{rr
Criminals in Morita, the authoritative
handbook published last you by Charles
13. Allen Jr., about one-fourth of the 45
OSI deportation or denaturalization
cases have been brought against Ultraini-
ans; in at least two cases, the individual
amrsed of participating is Naa persecu-
tions sad murders were proven to be
membsn o[ the OUN.
ty-regar_dfese of their -past. Brooklyn
District Attorney Elizabeth Holtzman,
who issued a scathing critique of the
GAO report, found this revelation about
Subject D's immigration "extremely dis-
turbing." As a ,member of Congress in
1978, ssid Holtzman, "the CIA ... aa-
sured me in a meeting_ and in a Congres-
sional >iearin~Tthat it Haver usedthe 100
numbers provwon to factT-state Abe entry
o_f Nazu." - --- -~--
Patti Voh:, a spokeswoman for the CIA,
declined to comment about Lobed or the
G~40 report. "We don't get into detail,"
afie said "We don't confirm or deny that ._
someone has worked for us. We wouldn't
hive- any comment on him."
fiE'ORT9 FN,EO 1NIfl1 TIE Al1MY OOIM>tER
intelligence Corps in the late '40e give
various dates for the birth of Mykola
Lobed, but his naturalizatSon papers say
November 23, 1910. He was born in the
western Ukrainian province of Galicia, an
agricultural area controlled at various
F~rw twsr a say::bfr faa/era 1N tM
OIIN's sisrt-M/ anbnemers hadst stab.
times by Poland, the Soviet Union, and
Germany. From his euly school days in
Lvov, the provincial capital, Lobed was
involved in the right wing of the Ukraini-
an nationalist movement, which from the
early '30s to the present has been domi-
nated by the Organization of Ukrainian
Nationalists. The secretive, authoritarian
OUN has constantly overshadowed
Ukrainian poGtia, despite incessant fac-
tional strife in its ranlra, both in the
Ukraine and abroad.
Polish rule in the Ukraine during the
'20s bad been har~ah, and the OC,~'s
younger members included a number,
who, like Lobed, wen inclined to terror-
ism. Among them was the OUN's eventu-
al would-be ftihrer, Stefan Bandera, who
in 1934 joined with Lobed and several
others in plotting the assassination of
Polish interior minister Bronislaw Pier-
acki. U.S. Arm C~ounte_~rinte~~~~e re-
ports sa~-3t -at ~tnitiall~ escaped
from Warsaw but wee captured in Stet.
iit~~ y~an~turned to~land by
the German authorities. Convicted in a
mass to e~'3~, $a~era, and several
others were condemned to death, but
their sentences were commuted to life
imprisonment.
The most sympathetic, xholarly ac-
count of the LTIQainian nationalist period
ie by John A. Armstrong, a strongly anti-
Soviet and pro?Ukrainian historian who
now teaches at the University of Wu~con-
sin. His Ukrainian Nationalism 1939-
1945 notes that during the period Lobed
and Randers wen imprisoned, the C;krai-
niaa nationalist movement was solidify-
ing its ties to the Nazi regime in Germa-
ny.
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The Ukrainian targets of the OBI haw
so fu been minor 6gure~-"poliamtn"
in the service of the Nan iacupi?rs of tba
Ukraine, who don't fiNn at individual
in any of the histories of the Mast
wartime leaden of the Ot1N an deid,
sad thus safe from the variedse at justia
meted out in U.S., Soviet, Polish, or L-
raeli courts. Mykola Lobed is an ?:cope
tics. Pbr years hs was the OUN'~ thied-
in-command, and !k ran the Slushba
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"For many years," wrote Armstrong, A former OUN member, now dead, duty of every member of the OUN to
"the-OUN had been closely tied to Ger? wrote in 1958 a different and more de- show the Germans that his nerves are
mesa policy. This alignment was fur-
thered by the semi-Fascist nature of ib
ideology, and in turn the dependence on
Germany tended to intensify Fascist
trends in the organiution." In fa~m_at
historians regard the OUN as w~ h~u-
cist~=and tied io(~ermaa intellitence-..
lion. It was t>,e Nasi inw-
sion of Polan m September 1$~ that
allowed I,ebed and ttl~tea ~atcosyictd
lottsss to escape Exam Warww's 3wiety
Prim shot ss:vrng Sw ywrs. .
Thi xenophobic, antidemocratic, and
anti-Semitic nationalism aI the OUN
meshed wady with Nasiam. The pmpli-
ment was not always eeturned, however
Wlthin the Neu hierarchy, opinions
about the Ukniniaos diverged. Powerful
Nora 6gurw considered the LTkniniaas
an inferior people, unfit to govern them-
selves. Lsbed and the other OUN leaden
hoped that they would be able to set up
an autonomous fascist stars, w part of
Hitler's "New Europi," undo a German
protectorate.
Such aspirations oongsaled into a mili-
terry, political, and espionage alliance be-
tween the OUN and the Nazi war ma-
chine. Evan after 1940, when the OUN
split into two feuding factions-the more
estremist led by Bandon, Lobed, and
Ysroslav Stetako-both sought an ac-
commodation with the German occupi-
ers. Later in the war, the Germans alter-
nated between courting and repressing
the Ukrainians, but many OUN members
served oontiauously in Nazi formations,
from the Waffen-SS to the local police
forces, which murdered thousands of
Jews. Poles, communists, and socialists.
DU~NO flE MOlfflls FOtlOwNO TiE~ l1E-
lease from prison, Lobed and the other
OUN leaden chafed under the temporary
constraints of the 1939 treaty between
Hitler and Stalin. Aocording to Arm-
strong, they eagerly abetted the secret
Nazi preparations for war against the So-
viers, sending their young adherents for
German military training in mountain
camps set up as early as 1939. Sources
friend to Lobed-whore clanfi~ac--
counts may ours m memo 0
the Army Counterintelligence Corps be-
tween 1947 and .1948-understandably
pass ovei this ~ ceriod.
Only hints of what Lobed was actually
doing in 1910 and 1941 appear in the CIC
file. A Se tembar 30, 1948, memo does
mention that "For a short time, (Lobed)
attempted to get an insight into the tac-
tic of the German State Police and suc-
ceeded in ... the GESTAPO school
in ZAKO~ NE (District of Krakow),
from which he ukimately Ekd." And a
card in the CIC file identifies Lobed as "a
graduate of the Zakopane, Poland crimi-
nal police school."
tailed eyewitness version of Lebed's so- just as tough u a German's and that the
jottrn_ with the Gestapo: Retrieved fmm heart of any nationalist is as hard u
declaration of Mykyta Kasakivs'kyy por-
trays both Lobed and the OUN as eager
pupil of the Gestapo.
Kosakivs'kyy joined the OUN in 1933.
and after sojourns in Czechoslovakia and
Germany, returned to the Carpathian
Ukraine late in 1939. He was amoog the
older OUN o~oers present when the
"Ukrainian 'paining Unit" was estab-
lished at the Gestapo school in Zakopane
that November. According to his declara-
tion, the Ukaainian unit wu "organized
by the OUN leadership and by permis-
sion of the German Security Service." It
included 120 specially selected trainees,
under the guidance of a Gestapo officer
named Walter Kruger and his assistant,
Wilhelm Rosenbaum, both Germans.
The Ukrainian commandant of the en-
tire unit was Lieutenant V'tl'nyy," wrote
Kosakivs'kyy, "whose real name was My.
kola Lebid (another transliteration of
Lobed)." The curriculum included driW,
intelli~ence_ and counterintelligence
trainu~, and interrogation techniques,
but empTiasized "exercises in the harden-
ing: of hearta.?`~ - - - - - -
"At sundown," recalled Koeakivs'kyy,
"Kruger, Rosenbaum, Lebid and a few
students would go to Zakopane, enter
some Jewish home on the way, grab a
Jew, and bring him to the Unit. One eve-
ning, late in November or early in De-
cember 1939. thou returned with a young
Jew. In the presence of Ukrainian se-
niors, including myself, Kruger and Ro-
senbaum, fortified with alcohol, proceed-
ed with their demonstration of the proper
methods of interrogation."
Seeking to induce the innocent Jew to
confess that he had raped an "Aryan"
woman, the German officers beat and
tortured film, using their fists, a sword,
end iron bars. When he was bloody from
head w toe, they applied salt and Name
to his wounds. The broken man then con-
fessed his fictional crimes, but that was
not the end.
'Thereupon," KoBakivs'kyy continues.
"he was taken to the corridor of the
house and the 'co-ads' (three women
members of the unit) were called in. In
their presence, Rosenbaum beat the Jew
again with an iroq pipe and Lebid too
assisted manually in that `heroic action.'
One of the senior Ukrainians and I with-
drew from that spectacle to our rooms.
We learned afterwards that the tortured
man was stripped naked, stood-up in
front of the school as `a sentry' and
doused with water in heavy frost."
Kosakivs'kyy and his friend protested
to Lobed the nest day, but the rnmman-
dent told them bluntly that "it was the
s.
steal." Such "practical a:ercisw" coatia-
usd unabated, according to Koeakiv-
s'kyy's testimony, and he fled Zakopane
in early January 1940. Others equally
sickened, he learned, left later, but Lobed
remained until at least '.March of that
year, when the unit moved from Zakopa-
ne wthe nearby town of Rablu, where
the Gestapo's depredations continued.
When be finished his statement on De-
cember 14, 1958, in Germany, the former
OUN member already knew he was dying
of heart diswse, according to the intro-
ductory note written by the late Dr.
Penes Fedenko, a Ukrainian liberal and
implacable critic of the OUN. "I owe it to
my conscience to make this declaration
public, to report openly the facts Iwit-
neeaed myself," Koeakivs'kyy concluded.
"Mykola Lebid evidently believes that
his infamous accomplishments in the
Ukraine and elsewhere are forgotten and
so are the multitudes of his innocent vic-
tims, that every witness of his torture
activities is either murdered or dead.
Only Lebid is mistaken right there."
Kosakivs'kyy'a angry testament must
be read in come:t, as the product of one
man's remorseful memory, and of Ukrai-
nian 4migrE rivalries as well; obviously it
was published to discredit Lobed and the
OUN. Yet there is supporting evidence
for his story in the historical record. Ttie
Zakopane school ousted, according to Dr.
Aharon Weiss of Yad Vashem, and was
moved to the nearby town of Rabka in
1940. There was a Captain Kroger, men-
boned above, who commanded a Gestapo
unit in the area, and helped lead a~o~nc
Nazi-OUN pogrom when the German
army's Brandenburg regiment occupied
the Galician capital of L'~?ov in ;ate .June
:941.
?tnd there is also no question that 3
German officer named Wilhelm Ri~~rn-
baum wen a commandant at Zakopane
and Rabka during the training of L'kzai-
nians. In 1964, that same.Roeenbeum was
arrested in West C~mgpy and charged.
among other crimes, an the murder of
200 Jews at Rabka between May 1942
and January 1943. According to Simon
Wiesenthal's 1967 book T7te Murderer
Among Us, the unit was a "training cen-
ter for future cadres of 6S killers ... SS
men at Rabka were ?bring hardened so
they would not break after a few weeks of
duty. They had to become insensitive to
the sight of blood, to the agonized shouts
of women and children. The job moat be
done with a minimum of fuss and a mau-
mum of efficiency. That was a Fllhrerbe-
jeh!-rho Fuhrer's order." Rosenbaum
wu convicted in Hamburg in 1968 and
sentenced to hard labor for life.
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I,ehed declined w be interviewed by
the {~6ics about Zakopane or say of his
wartime activities. But in a brief oonver-
satioa oo the doorstep oI hu Yonkers
home last month. ba conadd that >m ..
had bean at the Gestapo school, although
he belie+ed it had bean during the winter
d 1940-41, sot 1939-40 as Kosakiw'kYy
stated. "Oh yes," he said. "I leR after 8w
weeks. I haw exactly the dabs. I quit."
L~f 1MN10 R ?lAliiOIOIE. NOS E fER
cursory. was soon escagnixd by
low faders is OUN?B. whow acronym
designabd it domination by the nation-
alist Pohrsr Handers. When their split
from the old leadership became irtevoca-
ble in 1941, Bander commissioned the
creation of a "security service," the
Slushba Bezpeky, under Lebed's coin.
mend- Historians of the OUN-B agree
that he ran the SB not only during the
wu, but to afbrward. Armstrong. who
tterviewd~bed at length, stated the
facts with characteristic discretion: "In
Lobed-small in stature, quiet, yet detr-
mined. lord-the SB found swell-quali?
fled leader. but one who wu to acquire
for himself and his oraanizetion an unen-
viable nputatioa for ruthlsssasas." In an
inte~iew last month Armat=oog was still
sympathetic to Lobed, but more candid.
He grew up 6ghtin` against the Poles,,'
explained the historian, "sad be devel-
oped a urrible terrorist complex. IIe
killed other LJkraisians, rivals in the or-
ganisation (OUN]."
Yet Lobed told the Koice that he had
never commanded the SB. He calmed
that the SB had instead been run by
someone named "Artanych ... Iie's dead
now "
Such reltictaaos to assume the SB's
legacy is understandable. Even those
Ukrainians who ignore the fascist brutal-
ities against Jews and Poles are still trou-
bled, and in some cases outraged. by the
SB's infamow assault on Ukrainians
who dissented from the OUN-B leader-
ship.
Lebsd's direct responsibility for crimes
attributed to the OUN-B is di>Scult to
establish. Perhaps the lowest point of the
Banderites' alliance with Nasism was the
occupation of Lvov m June sad July
1941, when Yaroslav Sbtko sad a Lugs
contingent of OUN-B troops enbrsd that
city olong with the Brandenburg regi-
ment and other German detachment.
Sewnl days of mass murder followed.
L'vov's Jewish population was decimat-
ed, but Polish usiwnity professor sad
anyone who could be tied to the Commu-
nists wen aLw killed. Survivor reported
that the Ukrainians were even more
bloodthirsty than their German patrons.
According to German Rule in Ruuia, by
historian AL3xander Dallis. "Hander's
follower, includin6 those in the Nachti-
gall regiment (a Ukrainian SS detach-
ment), were displaying considerable ini-
tiative. conducting purges and pogroms.,,
Ironically, the alliance between the Na-
zis and the OUN-B came apart that same
week in Lvov, after Sbtako procWmed
an independent Ukraine. Loyal to the
Ftlhrsr, who was in their view creating a
glorious new Europe, the Ukrainians still
dreamed of their own abb. Bandon, the
Ukrainian tlthrse. eamd 8btsko prime
miaistss sad Lobed minsOsr of secvraty.
But the new rsgiims didn't last long.
By July 9 the Nasss would no longer
put up with thu "independent" charade,
and arrested Bander, Sbtsko, and other
members of the leadership. Lwbd es?
coped; the others were bald under "bows
arrest" in Berlin but they wens not mis-
treated. According to Armstrong, the
OUN leaden "wen allowed to carry on
their politicwl activities in Berlin; Sbtsko
was even able to go to Cracow, when he
consulted with Lobed, whom he had se-
cretly delegated W take command of aU
activities in the Llkrainiaa lands." Eves
pro-OUN writer admit that the German
repression of the lJlQainiaa nationalists
was mild, and eoopention continued oa
many lewL throughout the wu.
There wen periods when some of the
nationalist UkQainians, formed inW guer-
riW groups, fought the Germans as well
as the Soviet partisans, and then u evi-
dence that Lebsd took pert in those ac-
tions, specially after 1942. But by 1943,
the Banderites wen cooperating in the
formation of a new Ukrainian SS divi-
sion, and in 1944 Handers himself-
though he had been interned at Sachsea-
hausen concentration camp-wee still aa-
sisting the C,eranan wu effort against the
Russians.
Lobed, who had meanwhile adopted
the nom de guerre Marym Kuban, tried
to seize control of ell factions in the na-
tionalist movement. Independent nation-
alist bands wen carrying out guerrilla
actions in Volhynia and the western
Ukraine under the name of the Ukrainian
Partisan Army (UPA). This was intoler-
able to Lobed, who demanded that all the
Ukrainian guerrillas come under his com-
mand. The result was vicious internecine
warfare among the nationalists, a period
from which Lebed's reputation did not
emerge unscathed. Leading figures of the
non-OUN forces wen "liquidated." ac-
cording to a 1948 CIC memo: "Asa re-
sult, the Ukrainians nos have di2liculty
forgetting the fact that Lebsd killed same
Ukrainian partisans whs~ wets lighting
for the same caws"
Other writer, like the Ukrainians
Pains Fedenko and 0. Shuliak, con-
demned Lobed in harsh bans for these
killings after the war. Shuliak carob in
1947 that Lebed's SB men carried out the
murders of disssaten from the OUN line.
"It is perfectly evident that neither sol-
dier nor officer of the UPA had any-
thing to do with these atrocities. The do-
en wen the Security men under the
order oI Lobed." Massacres and other
acts of terror were also carried out
against civiliaat, against Soviet prisoner
of wu, a;ainst entire Polish villages in
the Uitraiae, and against Jews Seeing
from Nara persecution.
In his own booklet on the history of the
~A, PubLshsd in 1946. Lobed aye it
aim was "to clear the forest and the
surrounding areas of foreign element."
Fn'edman, this meant not ody Poles but
Jews and Ruuian partisans as well.
Friedman says that patwu OUN efforts
to disclaim responsibility for anti-Jewish
atrocities "cannot be taken seriously...
LF>Ea'S CAS EMEpRE1Y AFTQ TIE
war is difficult to tract. By then the OUN
had established a new front-group, the
Supreme Ukrainian Liberation Council-
known by its transliterated initials,
UHVR-of which Lobed became "For-
eign Secretary." Several CIC documents
report that his wife and daughter were
held in Buchenwald conceatntion camp
by the Germans for several months as
hostages against Lebed's guerrilla activi-
ties, but they wen released in 1944, well
before the wu's end.
After 1945 he mainly lived in Rome
and Munich, seeking Allied support for
the remnants of the UPA to fight against
the victorious Soviets. A "political histo-
ry" in the CIC file says that he traveled
illegally wound Western Europe, orga-
nizing the foreign offices of the L'HVR
By the end of 1947, conditions in Rama
wen growing uncomfortable for Lobed,
who was afraid that the Soviets might
attempt to seize him there. He sought
and apparently teoei~ea-iiA help of U.S.
intelligence to leave Rome safely.
Lebed's file aLo shows that around the
same time, he and other OUN leaders
began to proclaim the evolution of their
politics in a more democr tic direction.
The motive behind such ~ecluatroaa is
clew. In the cold wu that was already
taking shape, only self-styled democrats
rnuld partake of Uncle Sam's largesse.
But whether Lobed actually converted
to Western liberalism is uncleu from the
CIC file. Several reports note that when
the OUN-B split at a Munich conference
in 1947, Lobed gave a speech berating the
"weakening and democratization of the
party line," which other members is turn
deaouned ar redolent of fascism.
Regardlew of his postwu political
views, howevu, it is clear from the GAO
report that Subject D was used e, an
American agent soon afbr the wu'a end.
(Handers, too, obtained a post with a
Western intelligence agency-the West
German BND, run by the former Nazi
A6weh~ chief Reinhard Gabler, who re-
,cruited scores of e:-Nazis and collabora-
tor for his network. In his memoirs,
Gehlen identiSes Bander a. one of his
men)
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/06/10 :CIA-RDP90B01390R000200210001-4