TERRORISM REVIEW
Document Type:
Collection:
Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST):
CIA-RDP84-00893R000100100001-9
Release Decision:
RIPPUB
Original Classification:
S
Document Page Count:
16
Document Creation Date:
December 22, 2016
Document Release Date:
August 1, 2011
Sequence Number:
1
Case Number:
Publication Date:
February 17, 1983
Content Type:
REPORT
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Directorate of 1 t-
Intelligence MASTER F11 L 6 won caps
Terrorism
Review
17 February 1983
GI TR 83-004
17 February 1983
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Copy 391
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Terrorism
Review) 25X1
1 International Terrorism in 1983: A Statistical Overview
(OGI)
Move Over Brigades!
(EURA)
5 PLO Likely To Retain Terrorism Ban
(OGI)
Special Analysis: Alleged Bulgarian Role in Italian Arms Smuggling Ring
(OCR)
15 Chronology
Comments and queries regarding this publication may be directed to the Research
Director, Instability and Insurgency Center, Office of Global Issues, telephone
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International Terrorism in 1982:
A Statistical Overview '
The number of international terrorist incidents in-
creased during 1982, and, as in previous years, US
citizens and facilities were the favorite targets.
In 1982 we recorded 746 international terrorist inci-
dents. This represents a 10-percent increase over the
average number of incidents during the past five
years. In 124 of these attacks 126 people were killed
and 751 wounded, down slightly from 1981.
The categories of incidents recorded in 1982 were
similar to past years. Bombings (325) remained the
preferred type of operation. In addition, 22 kidnap-
ings, 28 skyjackings, and 42 assassinations were
recorded.
A total of 117 groups claimed credit for international
terrorist incidents (including threats) in 1982. This is
the second-largest total since 1968. (In 1980, 128
groups claimed credit for events.) Although these 117
groups represent 71 different nationalities, as in past
years, Palestinians, Armenians, West Germans, and
Central Americans were responsible for the majority
of the incidents.
Incidents during 1982 were recorded in 93 countries,
continuing the trend toward a greater geographic
spread of international terrorism. A significant per-
centage of incidents, however, occurred in only a few
countries; 108 incidents were recorded in West Ger-
many, 52 in Italy, 50 in France, and 48 in the United
States.
' The statistics in this article are drawn from our file of internation-
al terrorist events (FITE). We believe our data include details on
most international terrorist events but inevitably some incidents
and details will escape our attention: Aggregate statistics should be
viewed as close approximations indicating levels of magnitude and
not as precise fact.
Citizens from 63 countries were victims of these
attacks, down slightly from 1981. As in past years,
US citizens were a primary target. Other countries
whose citizens were often victims included Turkey,
Israel, France, and Wesi Germany. Attacks or threats
against these five countries accounted for more than
68 percent of all the 746 incidents.
A total of 385 terrorist incidents were directed against
American citizens or property in 1982-more than in
any other year since 1968 except 1978, when hun-
dreds of attacks occurred in Iran. We recorded six
kidnapings, seven assassination attempts, and 10 sky-
jackings involving Americans. Bombings of American
property increased from 91 in 1981 to 160 last year,
and threats against Americans rose from 29 to 75.
Thirty of these incidents resulted in casualties. Five
US citizens, including three in Paris, one in Turkey,
and one in Guatemala, were killed and 10 were
wounded. Damage to US property was recorded in
120 attacks.
Although attacks against Americans occurred in 78
different countries in 1982, 45 percent occurred in
Western Europe, primarily in West Germany, Italy,
and Greece. In all previous years, most of the attacks
against the United States occurred in Latin America,
but only 26 percent occurred there this past year.
US diplomats were once again primary victims, ac-
counting for 38 percent of the incidents. Attacks
against businessmen increased and accounted for 27
percent of the attacks. There were also 71 attacks
against US military personnel, representing 18 per-
cent of the total.
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Move Over, Brigades!
Recent activity by several reiatively minor leftist
terrorist organizations in Italy suggests that such
groups may reemerge as security threats, especially
since Italian counterterrorist successes over the past
year have left the Red Brigades and the Front Line
the two leading leftist organizations, in disarray.
According to a US military report, Italian national
police believe that leftist extremists in Bologna and
Florence, who were previously peripheral members of
radical organizations, have formed an active terrorist
group, the Luca Mantini Brigade or Luca Mantini
column. This small group, similar in name to one
briefly active in 1974, attracted serious attention after
a bank robbery near Florence in November. Two of
the suspects have been tentatively identified as mem-
bers of the organization. Thieves who stole a mimeo-
graph machine from an office supply store also left
behind evidence of membership in the group. From
past experience, Italian police believe that the theft of
a mimeograph machine is often the prelude to terror-
ist communiques, which, in turn, herald the arrival of
a new group. Police believe the group may escalate its
activities to more violent action.
Other terrorists recently more active include several
segments of Autonomia, which,
is a confederation of extreme leftist
groups provides political support to operationally
active terrorist organizations, especiall the Red Bri-
gades. an
Autonomia group in Padua has been disseminating
leaflets opposing US multinational firms and Italy's
role in NATO. The leaflets also call for a resumption
of terrorist attacks against US "imperialism" and the
Italian military. A leaflet distributed at the Universi-
ty of Padua blames the United States for the massa-
cres at the Lebanese refugee camps, Sabra and
Shatila, and implies that an operational and planning
agreement already exists with Palestinian groups.
Military reporting in late December indicates that
threats are being circulated by another segment of
A third terrorist group, Armed Proletarian Power,
was responsible for the most violent terrorist action in
Italy in recent weeks-the kidnaping and murder of a
female prison guard in Rome on 28 January. Some
group members are currently on trial in Naples. The
Armed Proletarian Power has threatened public offi-
cials, and, while the victim was hardly in this catego-
ry, she was a symbol of the prison system, which has
been a continuing target of other groups, most promi-
Should it prove that the Red Brigades have suffered
irreparable damage, the Armed Proletarian Power
and other relatively obscure groups are likely to
escalate their attacks on Italian, NATO, and multina-
tional interests. While the Brigades have been in the
international limelight, the other leftist groups have
received little publicity. Italy has, however, since at
least the mid-1970s, produced a multiplicity of leftist
terrorist groups. The official Italian count of the
leftist groups has at times numbered well over 100.
Although many of these were either fly-by-night
groups or Red Brigades members using a false name,
enough remain to keep the terrorist scene active in
Italy. 25X1
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PLO Likely To Retain Terrorism Ban
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Yasir Arafat is likely, in our view, to prevail against
pressures from some radical PLO elements during the
meeting of the Palestinian National Council in Al-
giers beginning 14 February and to maintain his ban
against PLO involvement in international terrorism.
some control over the radicals.
Arafat's longstanding position that international ter-
rorism would undermine PLO political efforts to
establish a Palestinian homeland has, in light of the
Israeli incursion into Lebanon and the Shatila and
Sabra camp massacres, been more seriously ques-
tioned. If the dissidents gain more support within the.
PLO; Arafat may face the choice of bending to
radical demands and allowing at least some terrorist
operations in order to maintain PLO unity and to keep
Judging from past activities, we believe the only PLO
radical group that may be currently willing to mount
international operations and that has the manpower,
resources, and technical expertise to do so is Ahmad
Jabril's Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-
General Command. The PFLP-GC has carried out
operations for Syria and Libya in the past. Jabril is an
ardent Palestinian nationalist and an experienced
military leader. He is not an idealogue and prefers
action to words. The last reported operation by the
GC was the kidnaping and return to Libya of a
Libyan exile in February 1981.
Arafat is aware
that the PFLP-GC, Popular Struggle Front (PSF),
and Sai'qa, under Syrian and Libyan influence, aim
to destroy PLO cohesion by pressing for a return to
international terrorism. We believe that, while some
members of George Habbash's Popular Front for the
Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) and Nayif Hawata-
mah's Democratic Front for the Liberation of Pales-
tine (DFLP) advocate strong opposition to Arafat's
policies, the majority of the two groups will follow
their leaders in supporting Arafat.
The most likely Palestinian groups to conduct interna-
tional terrorist attacks are such radical groups not
under PLO control such as Black June Organization
(BJO), 15 May, and the PFLP-Special Command. 25X1
These groups are ardently opposed to a negotiated
settlement. In addition, Black June which maintains
offices in Damascus, has often carried out Syrian- 25X 25X1
We25
ordered operations against Arafat and moderate PLO
believe that, at receives a clear mandate to
enter into negotiations for the formation of a Palestin-
ian entity and if Assad concludes that Syrian interests
will be ignored, Assad ma task BJO to assassinate
Arafat.
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immediate objective would be to limit them in their
fat does not have unlimited time to demonstrate
progress on the diplomatic track. It is our opinion
that, if diplomacy fails to produce substantial change,
Arafat will come under increasing radical pressure to
return to international terrorism. Under these circum-
stances, a return to international terrorism is proba-
ble. We believe that, as a final option, Arafat may be
making contingency plans for terrorist operations, in
part to help ensure his control over terrorist activities
if such operations are resumed. In such an event, his
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Special Analysis
Alleged Bulgarian Role in
Italian Arms Smuggling Ring
Since Italian authorities announced last November
that they had uncovered an alleged arms-for-drugs
ring in Milan, the Italian press has accused Bulgaria
of actively supporting international terrorism and
organized crime by running an international smug-
gling network. Bulgaria plays a prominent role on the
international gray arms market and may be involved
in the Milan case, if not as the buyer and seller of
weapons-as claimed in the Italian press-then at
least as the facilitator of arms shipments from Italy to
the Middle East.
The Milan Arms Ring
Italian authorities announced last November that
they had uncovered what one official described as the
world's largest illegal arms-trafficking organization.
Investigating magistrate Carlo Palermo stated at a
press conference in Trento that large quantities of
sophisticated weapons-including some of US ori-
gin-had been sent to Iran and other Middle Eastern
countries by the Milan-based import-export company
Stibam International Transport, whose owner, Henri
Arsan, was among those arrested. The arms were
reportedly paid for with the proceeds of drugs sent to
Italy from the Middle East for processing and resale
in northern Europe and the United States.
released to the Italian media suggest that in addition
to Stibam in Milan, Arsan owned or was associated
with several other firms that served as fronts for arms
trafficking. These include Arsan & Arsan of Istanbul,
AREXPORT of Milan, Goth & Co. of Chiasso,
Switzerland, and International Transport A. G. of
According to the Italian press, papers found in Ar-
san's possession document a flourishing trade in arms
between Milan and the Middle East. A US official
who briefly examined these documents reported that
they appear to show millions of dollars of narcotics
transactions as well as transfers of helicopters, tanks,
small arms, and grenades. The US official stated, 25X1
however, that he did not have an opportunity to
sufficiently examine the evidence to determine if all of
the weapons were actually transferred or whether the
documents consist merely of purchase offers contin-
gent upon Arsan's being able to obtain the desired25X1
items. It is not unusual for small private firms like
Stibam to enter into negotiations to supply advanced
weapon systems, which they do not possess, in order to
either abscond with the downpayment or gain access
to a client who may also be interested in less sophisti-
cated or more readily obtainable ordnance.
Although few additional details regarding the alleged
transactions are availabe, the arrests of Eugenio
Sacchi and Guiseppe Alberti-proprietors of an arms
outlet in Milan-and Renato Gamba-owner of a25X1
large arms factory in Brescia-suggest that large
quantities of small arms and munitions may have been
illegally exported through Stibam. These individuals
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are all active in the legal small arms trade and have
access to the required arms. export authorizations.
These documents could easily be altered and weapons
diverted. According to press reports, Gamba has
already admitted to having negotiated together with
Arsan in early 1982 for the shipment of armaments
worth over $200 million to the Middle East.'
Alleged Bulgarian Connections
Although denying any connection between the investi-
gation into possible Bulgarian complicity in the at-
tempted Papal assassination and the Stibam arms-for-
drugs case, the Italian magistrate told reporters that
Bulgaria is a key contact point for arms trafficking.
Either by coincidence or design, the results of this
two-year investigation into arms smuggling were
made public on the same day that the magistrate in
charge of the Agca case announced the arrest of a
Bulgarian airlines official in Rome for complicity in
the attempted assassination of the Pope. Speaking
before Parliament on 20 December 1982, moreover,
the Italian Minister of Defense acknowledged that
Italian intelligence services were investigating alleged
Bulgarian involvement not only in arms trafficking
but also in terrorism and drug smuggling. Although
over 200 Italians, Turks, Syrians, and Yugoslavians
have been indicted, no Bulgarian nationals have been
implicated to date in connection with the Stibam
arms-for-drugs investigation.
Bulgarian Involvement on the
International Gray Arms Market
Although the Italians may not be able to conclusively
link Bulgaria to the Milan ring, Bulgaria has long
been a stalwart in the gray arms market.
Bulgaria acquires huge quantities of Western and
Bloc arms that are either incompatible with or far in
excess of its own domestic needs. In return for badly
needed hard currency, many of these arms are subse-
quently sold for a profit by KINTEX-a Bulgarian
state-controlled foreign trade enterprise-to Third
World governments or private brokers throughout the
Middle East and Africa.
Although we do not know whether Bulgaria supplies
weapons directly to terrorist groups, small arms ini-
tially purchased by KINTEX have been discovered in
the possession of both European and Middle Eastern
terrorists. According to defense attache reporting, for
example, 9-mm Browning pistols captured from ter-
rorists in Turkey in 1977 have been traced to an arms
deal concluded earlier that same year between Argen-
tina and Bulgaria. These weapons, which .were manu-
factured in Argentina under Belgian license, had been
purchased with Bulgarian end-user certificates stating
that they were intended for Bulgarian internal use
only. Moreover, Bulgaria manufactures some of the
ordnance traded. Analysis of markings from six
RPG-7 rocket-propelled antitank grenades captured
from Red Brigades terrorists in 1982 in Italy, for
example, indicates that they were assembled in Sopot,
Bulgaria
In addition to buying and selling weapons, Bulgaria
also earns hard currency by expediting the flow of
arms across its borders. This activity, in fact, may
all military items transiting its borders en route from
Czechoslovakia to the Middle East.
dollars.
claimed in 1973 that a group of Syrians located
in Sofia would arrange with Bulgarian authorities to
expedite the flow of arms between Western Europe
and Turkey in return for a fee paid in American
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Routes and Methods
To move weapons undetected across international
borders, Bulgaria takes advantage of the 1959 Cus-
toms Convention on the International Transport of
Goods
Under this agreement,
members of the Geneva-based International Road
Transport Union (TIR) are entitled to send trucks
bearing TIR license plates on international haulage
routes. These trucks are sealed at their departure
point and are not subject to customs or police checks
until they reach their declared destination. According
to a recently published Bulgarian trade journal, Bul-
garian TIR trucks can reach every part of Europe, the
Middle East, and some African territories:
For longer hauls, ships of foreign registry are loaded
with arms and munitions at the Bulgarian ports of
Varna and Burgas where KINTEX maintains large
warehouses.
in 1977, for
example, a Ureek Cypriot freig ter, listed as carrying
machinery destined for Ethiopia from Bulgaria was
captured in the Bosporus Strait with over $1 million
worth of smuggled Bloc arms including several thou-
sand rocket rounds, 799 rocket launchers, 400-star-
light scopes, and 60 canister-type explosive devices.
The ship's master reportedly stated that Bulgarian
assault craft escorted this vessel from Burgas until it
left Bulgarian territorial waters.
Bulgaria apparently also facilitates arms shipments
via civilian aircraft.
The Impact on Arms Trafficking
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Whether the Italians are successful in documenting
Bulgarian involvement in the Milan arms trafficking
ring, the supply of arms and munitions reaching 25X1
terrorists, insurgents, and embargoed nations
throughout Europe and the Third World will contin-
ue. Bulgaria is only one of several Eastern Bloc
nations active on the international gray arms market.
Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, and, to
a lesser extent, East Germany and Poland also sell25X1
arms and munitions to earn badly needed hard cur-
rency. Inasmuch as the prime motivation behind such
sales is financial, in our estimation these transactions
will continue regardless of the outcome of the Stibam
case.
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Statistical Overview
Type of Victim of International Terrorist Attacks, July 1982-January 1983 a
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Jan
Total
Total
73
90
50
56
45
42
27
383
Government officials
4
5
1
0
2
2
4
18
Diplomats
36
47
30
34
22
19
15
203
Military
8
10
9
13
6
10
4
60
Business
13
13
4
2
11
7
0
50
Private parties, tourists,
missionaries, and students
Geographic Distribution of International Terrorist Attacks, July 1982-January 1983 a
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
73
90
50
56
45
42
North America
6
8
2
6
1
4
Latin America
17
11
11
18
14
7
Western Europe
25
37
24
22
20
18
USSR/Eastern Europe
1
2
3
3
3
0
Sub-Saharan Africa
1
2
1
1
0
0
Middle East and North Africa
13
24
5
3
3
4
Asia/other
10
6
4
3
4
9
a Figures for the most recent months are subject to change as additional data are received.
Deaths and Injuries Due to International Terrorist Attacks
1981 and 1982/83
I I I I I I I I I I I
0 J J A S 0 N D J ~ F M A M
1983
Jan
Total
29
383
2
29
9
87
6
152
0
12
0
5
5
57
5
41
Car bomb in Baghdad
killed 2, wounded 130;
Ankara airport attack
killed 9, wounded 70.
Assassination and bombing
in Greece killed 2, wounded
70; bomb in Central
African Republic
1981
1982/83
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Chronology
This chronology includes significant events, incidents, and trends in
international terrorism. It provides commentary on their back-
ground, importance, and wider implications.
25 January 1983 Peru: Leading Terrorist Apprehended
Police arrested one of the senior members of the Shining Path organization in
Lima, Julio Vladimir Casanova Rodri uez. Casanova a former professor in
Ayacucho, helped found the group
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28 January 1983 Lebanon: PLO Security Headquarters Bombed 25X1
an explosion leveled PLO Security Head-
quarters in the Syrian-controlled area of the Bekaa Valley. At least 53 bodies have
been recovered. The blast may have resulted from a car bomb. Two groups, the
Front for the Liberation of Lebanon From Foreigners and the previously unknown
Lebanese Cedar Force to Free Lebanon From Lebanese Terrorists, claimed
responsibility. The building reportedly also housed the headquarters of the
131 25X1
rejectionist r O gr
th
D,.... l
Struggl
oup
e
ar
e Front
to support such operations.
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Late January 1983 Syria: Pressuring Arafat
As part of an apparent Syrian effort to intensify political pressure on the PLO in
connection with the Palestinian National Congress, which opened in Algiers on 14
February, two Palestinian surrogates of the Damascus regime issued thinly veiled
death threats against PLO Chairman Arafat. In interviews published on 27 and 28
January spokesmen for
the Black une Organization and Sai'qa labeled Arafat's recent contacts with
Jordan as treason to the Palestinian cause and said he should suffer the same fate
as that of a number of assassinated Middle Eastern leaders. While both statements
were phrased in indirect terms-the Syrian press later issued a denial from Sai'qa
that theirs was a death threat-the meaning was clear to the PLO leadership,
which tightened security for the Algiers. meeting. There have been rumors in
recent months that the Syrians and radical Palestinians would attack PLO
officials should there be progress toward a negotiated Middle Eastern settlement
involving Jordan. Syria probably does not feel its interests sufficiently threatened
Djibouti: Hijackers Detained
.The authorities have officially detained three Palestinians who hijacked an Aden-
Damascus South Yemeni airliner on 20 January. This action followed Western
protests regarding reports that the hijackers had been provided hotel accommoda-
tions and permission to layover in Djibouti. The PLO, moreover, has disowned the
hijackers, who may be.subjects of Syrian arrest warrants.
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2 February 1983
be in their arsenal.
Spain: Antiterrorist Patrol Attacked
In Ordiza ETA/M claimed credit for an attack on an antiterrorist security patrol,
in which one government officer was killed. The attack resulted in the withdrawal
of government representatives from discussion with Basque ETA/M officials on an
4 February 1983 Spain: Explosion at US Embassy
An explosion in front of the main entrance to the US Embassy in Madrid caused
no casualties and only minor damage. Early police speculation is that the explosion
was caused by a crude projectile, which struck a car parked in front of the
Embassy. No group has claimed credit. If the explosion was caused by a rocket, we
believe Basque terrorists probably were not involved, as rockets are not known to
bombing.
5 February 1983 Spain: Bank Attacked; Several Casualties
In Bilbao ETA/M claimed responsibility for bombing a bank during business
hours. Although a preexplosion warning was telephoned, three people were killed
and 10 wounded. ETA/M said the attack was conducted because the bank
rejected extortion demands. Some 500 people demonstrated to protest the bank
campaign against runway construction.
in the past for attacks against PLO, Jewish, and US targets.
Lebanon: Car Bombing of Palestine Research Centre
The Front for the Liberation of Lebanon From Foreigners claimed credit for the
car bombing of the Palestine Research Centre in West Beirut. Radio reports
indicate 10 dead and 40 wounded. The PLO office in the Centre probably was the
target. The Libyan News Agency was also damaged. The Front has claimed credit
6 February 1983 West Germany: Arson Against Airport Construction Company
In Frankfurt offices of an engineering company involved in construction of a new
runway at Frankfurt Airport were set afire. Slogans left behind indicate the
Revolutionary Cells were responsible. RZ has been engaged in a longstanding
and confined to the building.
7 February 1983 Honduras: US Embassy Threatened
In Tegucigalpa police security discovered a primitive pyrotechnic rocket device
aimed at the US Embassy Annex and set to detonate within the hour. Had the de-
vice not malfunctioned, police estimate damage would have been relatively minor
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9 February 1983 West Germany: Dev Sol Proscribed
Interior Minister Zimmerman announced that the radical leftist Turkish terrorist
group Revolutionary Left or Dev Sol and an affiliated organization were illegal in
West Germany. Ten Dev Sol members are being held in connection with the
occupation of the Turkish Consulate General in Cologne in early November. F_
11 February 1983 Spain: "Iraultza" Attacks US Firm
In Bilbao the terrorist group "Iraultza" claimed credit for the attempted bombing
of a US firm. This group previously bombed three US offices in Bilbao on 22 De-
cember 1982.
12 February 1983 India: US Embassy Attacked
In New Delhi a US-made 3.5 rocket was found undetonated adjacent to the US
Embassy compound. The identifying markings had been removed. The rocket was
safely detonated by Indian authorities after examination. No group has claimed
Spain: Terrorists Attack Industrialist
In the Basque town of Tolosa, terrorists with automatic weapons seriously
wounded an industrialist and killed his wife. Shells found at the scene indicate the
attackers were from ETA/M.
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