AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION PROGRAM FOR CHINA IN 1952

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-00809A000700120286-0
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: R
• Document Page Count: 9
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 13, 2011
• Sequence Number: 286
• Publication Date: July 30, 1953
• Content Type: REPORT

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CLASSIFICATION 'w
COUNTRY China
HOW
WHERE
DATE
LANGUAGE Chinese
S iMATION
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
INFORMATION FROM
CENTRAL Ii1TELLI:Eft,E LEENCY
CLASSIFICA 109
Caccellei mil)
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Name
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c.nox or ro coxnxn re a+.uurr +r .x uxwrran no rmox u
REPORT
CD NO.
DATE OF
DATE DIST. 54 Jul 1953
NO. OF PAGES 9
SUPPLEMENT TO
REPORT NO.
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION PROGRAM FOR CHINA IN 1952
jomment: This report presents three documents on the agri-
cultural production program for 1952 which appeared on pages
333-335 of the 1952 Jen-min Shou-ts'e. The three documents show
the development of the program from its inception on higher lev-
els to implementation at lower levels.
The first document, Decisions on 1952 Agricultural Production
by the Government Administration Council of the Central People's
Government, was issued on 15 February 1952. This document estab-
lished the broad outlines of the plans for production. The second
document, The Statement on the 1952 Production Competition Program
by the Ministry of Agriculture, which appeared in a Hsin-hua re-
lease of 10 March 1952 helped to implement these plans. Rice,
wheat, and cotton were designated as the basic crops for the na-
tionwide competitive production.
The third document, reprinted in the Ten-min Shou-ts'e from an
article originally in the Chung-kuo Ch'ing-nien Pao Chinese Youth)
of 4 April 1952, indicated specific activities to carry out the
plans and directives issued by the authorities_7
DECISIONS ON 1952 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION
BY THE GOVERNMENT ADMINISTRATION COUNCIL
STATE
ARMY
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Outstanding successes were made in agricultural production during 1951
under the leadership of the people's governments on all levels and with the
efforts nade by the farmers as a whole. The total grain production has been
restored to 92.8 percent of the prewar level; cotton production has surpassed
the prewar level with a new record of a 13 percent increase; and the quotas
or norms laid down in connection with the production
tioneof other nclud including
livestock, aquatic prr>r.''cts, tobacco, hemp, tea
have been either fulfilled or surpassed.
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Following the restoration and development of agricultural productivity, the
livelihood of the vast number of farmers has been improved, and national economic
and financial conditions have improved and become favorable. For the time being,
the urgent demands made by the farmers are that agricultural production activi-
ties be enlarged and further steps be taken to revive production. The general
requirements of agricultural production for 1952 are that the prewar levels of
production be reached or surpassed. However, there are different concrete de-
mands for different norms in the different regions:
A great part of the old liberated areas and those new areas where the land
reform has been brought to completion, and where the conditions of production
are comparatively favorable, should raise production above the levels of the pre-
war period.
The newly liberated areas, where the land reform has been generally brought
to ?:ompletion, and a part of the old liberated areas should reach the levels of
prewar production.
In the flooded areas and in the areas where the land reform has not yet
been carried out, production should be close to that of the prewar period.
It is generally demanded that grains should be further increased by 8 per-
cent over 1951; cotton by 20 percent; and that livestock, aquatic products, tea,
silk, fruits, etc., should all be raised to fulfill the quotas, and that the
quality should be improved.
To improve the livelihood of the farmers and to enable the nation to ex-
ploit its rich resources, it is necessary to increase the quantity of grains,
industrial raw materials, and the export crops. The basic directive to be fol-
lowed in 1952 is that efforts should be concentrated on raising the volume of
production per unit of area. It is considered necessary to increase the pro-
duction of grains in great volume, and the area under cultivation must not be
reduced. The acreage of industrial raw material crops end export crops should
be s'.abilized on the existing levels of 1951 without making further increase.
Accordingly, the volume of production can be increased only by raising the pro-
duction per unit of area.
To raise the output per unit of area, it is necessary to increase irriga-
tion facilities on a large scale and to prevent natural catastrophes. In this
connection, on 3 February 1952 this council promulgated the "Decisions Made on
the Enlargement of the Mass Movement for the Prevention of and Resistance to
Drought," and the peoples governments on all levels should be strict in their
observance of the instruntion in carrying out their respective duties. In
those places where flood damages nave occurred, great efforts should be made to
strengthen the dikes and levees and to dredge ditches and canals. Careful pre-
paratory drainage work for flood prevention should be done. It is necessary to
organize the masse: to eliminate plant disee.se and insect pests. It is c_' fur-
ticular importance that sufficient insecticides and equipment for their appli-
cation be provided.
The increased application of fertilizers is at present she most feasible
and effective method of raising production per unit of area. The masses should
be mobilized according to prevailing conditions, to accumulate and process lo-
cally available fertilizers and to improve the techniques of their application.
For the time being, the most effective method to accumulate fertilizers is to
raise hogs, and the peoples governments on all levels should draw up a workable
plan to increase hog production by seeing that every farm family raises hogs and
prepares places in which to accumulate fertilizer.
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A very important element in increasing production per unit of area is to
7ivertise the accomplishments of model workers in raising production. Agricul-
tural technical organs and the state-operated farms ought to combine scientific
techniques with farmers' experience to guide the farmers who are too conserva-
tive to make any advance in their techniques since they believe the peak of pro-
duction has been reached. They should organize on a mass basis, technique study
teams in villages, expand the seed-selection movement, and improve the existing
plowing and cultivation techniques.
To increase the number of livestock and to improve their quality, it is de-
sirable to get the masses to draw up their own plans for livestock increase and
to sign pacts for animal protection. It is also desirable to provide guidance on
the feeding and care of animals. To attain this objective, the development of
breeding etations, the practice of preventive inoculation, and the organizing of
veterinarians to improve their techniques of treatment, are important measures.
Whenever there is a plague, it is necessary to disinfect, isolate, and quarantine
sick animals and to dispose of the carcasses.. Grazing lands for nomadic herds
=at be protected.
Great efforts should be made to expand fresh water fish production and to
stabilize and improve marine fishing. To raise the efficiency of each operating
unit it is desirable to organize the fishermen into mutual aid teams and produc-
tion cooperatives and to improve fishing techniques. Each aquatic products enter-
prise under state management should exert its leadership in fish production and
in marketing. Each enterprise ought to establish close cooperation with the
coast guard so that the task of fishery protection along the coasts may be strength-
ened.
Throughout the country the organization of simple and seasonal labor mutual
aid teams should be strongly promoted. Where the mutual aid movement has already
been established on a sound basis, it is proper to enlarge the year-round and
well-established mutual aid teams and agricultural production cooperatives carry-
ing on regular and supplementary agricultural production simultaneously. Where
the masses have had considerable experiences with mutual aid teams, and where tho
cadres are strong in their leadership, it is desirable that agricultural produc-
tion cooperatives be organized at key points under strong leadership, with the
farmers pooling their land as shares of such cooperatives. Other mutual aid teams
and agricultural production cooperatives of a specialized nature ought to be pro-
moted.
It is considered necessary to organize 80 or 90 percent of the existing
peasant labor forces in the old liberated areas during 1952 - 1953. The newly
liberated areas ought to strive to organize their labor forces within approxi-
mately 3 years. Accordingly, the peop.le'< governments on all levels ought to
carry out their respective duties according to the following instructions. At
the same time, the policy of voluntariness and mutual advantage should be main-
tained.
1. It is necessary to strengthen +he leadership responsib'.e for reorganiz-
ing mutual aid teams, to train and deve -,, the cadres in charg,= of the mutual all
movement, and to strengthen the collective education of t', farmers.
2. The mutual aid teams and the agricultural production cooperatives should
sign future delivery contracts with supply and marketing cooperatives so that na-
tional economic planning will be combined and coordinated with the farmers, econ-
omy.
STAT
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STAT
3. The mutual aid teams :;hcuL:'vs 'iLrectcrt l':vot_ thctr extra labor
Forces to deep plowing and intensive cultivation, i.c:i.rev cent of soils, instal-
ling irrigation facilities, planting tree::, end levr_loping supplementary activ-
ities and handicraft activities to expand pro%'t`'nn in genera]
4. The large administrative areas and the r:ovin ;-.t governments should
establish, within their possibilities, far imp].ester'. pries to manufacture
large quantities of improved new-trpcr farming mutual aid teams
and agricultural production cooFeratives should' be given priori;,:; in the die-
tribution of such implements so that the ceasolid?_ticn and the devc1i:::ent of
these two basic organizations m y be brought about
Every hsien, insofar as it is possible, should e.:tablsh one or two suc-
cessful. state-operated farms. At the precept stage of a;ir?icultural develop-
ment, extensive mechanization of ah't nicrutc,i cannot be cc:?ried out on
a large scale. Accordingly, in the _:i .s_...,, under a hsien
government, it is necessary to use .improved fhorse-irawa/ farming implements as
much as possible; to adopt advanced techniques in 11o.r1 :.n: cultivating; to
introduce and further develop iopro:(,.d seeds anti livocto_h; to strengthen the
management and control; to implement a budget system :;o r..aura that the volume
of production from the state-operated farms will be sbove that of private farms;
to proceed with collective educaticn by giving the fan,icrs sonic concrete exam-
ples derived Irma the advantages of the state-operated '.rms.
The key to the fulfillment of the ];roduet:on missions in 1952 is strength-
ening the leadership in the agricultural production. Accordingly, the people-s
governments on all levels below the level of the provincial governments ought
to consider improvement of their leadership in bringing about the desired agri-
cultural production, whit is the .lsic mission to be accomplished in 1)52.
With the approach of ;pr ng tl:c peop'.'': ;o crnmcnts on all levels should
carry out detailed ,,urv?'y_, :,e.] in.: ecSLon. ..r.:i :rive ;:?1vL:e in order to guaran-
tee that spring plowing and .,,,win;: w:.:). L._ done in ti::.e. This t.. t..ort im-
portant problem. To ,,, rcencrazc . .,_ spr'in?
plowing and sowing done well. it ne c-c r; tc .,.-.l:e rrcFrnationc and asciggrr
cadres to hand; e the wori:, p tying partic_u?r.n to the Fourth etion of
the "Decisions Made by the !,overn-tcn ALgin::;iration Council, on the lists ]'ove-
ment for the Prevention of :tnit iic:i::'.thee to ;'rrou ht.. All of the instructions
given in the decisions should be y --.'-'l and '',c'.y 't:ad upon. At
those place where land reform it: bcin;; erricd on, the : tozu. .should be com-
pleted ocfcrc sprir. .^,: in? arch ';owin3. cannot be com-
pleted at that Li^r, heel 'b.. ..-._ to 'hri. refor-t to ''t certain
stage of c.,:rnlr ien' 7,7 let;) .:a- n:mot a. e l tc ..,', rfecc .. ith
the spring plowing %,i
::ooing
tb-
sent is _n fail sw n,;. '.hi; is of
for pt?oducticu ].nc rrt:n, uro1 aus tcri.t
tv_:^ i.
c-ruble !onrlit.ions for the fulfill::.ent ci the in rain nroiuctior. ..
:o:'dins! , t.--c ,tics ;eve:.., cnt Litz lea... L_.cls ::u: ..-:u r'u?n
the.,- .... i a ..h: . iot.i?:
prahtct vu- ncr :..,.. :o'. . , anti st;`ve to :.:jct. n,!
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STAT
STATEMENT ON 1952 PRODUCTION COMPETITION PROGRAM
BY THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE
The patriotic production increase competition sponsored by the Li Shun-ta
Mutual Aid Team in 1951 has been warmly echoed within the country as a whole by
more than one million mutual aid teams and many individual farmers. Those indi-
vidual farmers who took part in the competition were all. successful in increas-
ing their production. The experiences derived during more than one year from
the patriotic production-increase movement prove that the movement has been a
formula of production acceptable to the farmers. It is also a very good method
by which the vast number of farmers may be led to combine their warm feelings
of patriotism and their enthusiasm about production increase, thereby raising
the production per unit of area. In response to tha appeal of Chairman Mao, to
support the Chinese Volunteers by increasing production and by acting on the
principles of simplicity and frugality, it is desirable popularize and enlarge
the scale of the patriotic production competition.
The launching of the competitive movement ought to be by the mutual aid
teams and the agricultural production cooperatives with the help of nonmember
farmers who may participate individually in the movement. The state-operated
farms should enlarge the competitive movement among themselves as well as com-
pete with the farmers.
The competition for production increase ought to vary in its forms and
types, and thus, a vast number of farmers can be brought to participate in one
of the types of competition. To stimulate farmers to raise their production
on a mass basis, it is necessary, first of all, to organize multicrop competi-
tion. In addition, to improve and raise several of the chief crops to their
highest volume of production, and to eliminate local and regional prejudices,
it is desirable to select certain crops for increase and competition. This
year, T9527 only rice, wheat, and cotton have been selected for the produc-
tion increase competition. Various places and different localities should be
free to organize other types of competition according to the prevailing local
circumstances.
Competition should be concentrated on one point, namely, raising the pro-
duction per unit of area. The elements of competition should be made concise,
concrete, and easy for comparison. In deciding the results of a full-fledged
competition, the total production of the most common crops will be added to-
gether and from the sum total an average production volume per mou will be de-
rived, and the amount and ratios of production increase will be computed. The
highest production of the crop under consideration will then be ascertained.
Accordingly, the necessary conditions for computation of the results of a
competition program for the three chief crops listed above will consist of,
the average volume of production per mou; the quantities and the ratios of in-
crease over 1951; and the highest production records. The acreage apportioned
for creation of the highest records in production must not be too small. Gen-
erally speaking, an individual farmer ought to have at least one shih mou lone
shih mou equals 0.1647 acre to be able to create a record; while a mutual aid
team or an agricultural production cooperative must have an acreage of not less
than 3 shih mou. A state farm ought to have 10 mou or more for competition.
An individual farmer or a state farm may choose any one of the three crops for
competition.
To launch the competition according to plans and under the leadership of
the government, it is expected that some mutual aid teams and agricultural pro-
duction cooperatives, well-known in the country as a whole, will jointly offer
challenges for competition. For example, L1 Shun-ta, Han En, Li Tien-ying,
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Plu Chung-chih, Su Tien-hsun, and others, are considered qualified to offer chal-
i.enges for competition in increasing production; Chien Yang-kang, Li Ch'eng-kuei,
Liu Chang-wen, and others have already offered their challenge under a joint dec-
laration for a record production of 1,500 catties per mou of irrigated rice paddy;
Ch'u Yao-li, Wu Hsuan-wen, Chang Te-fang, and others, under their joint signature,
have offered their challenge to compete for a record-breaking cotton production
of 1,000 catties per mou. Shih An-fu has issued a challenge for the increase of
wheat production. In response to these challenges, the patriotic emulation pro-
gram can be extended by farmers, all over the country, who accept the challenges.
To strengthen the Patriotic, Production-Increase, Competition Movement, it
is necessary to strengthen the patriotic education of farmers. In this way the
farmers, production efforts and their political struggle will be combined, thereby
helping the production competition. In the process of implementation it is neces-
sary to mobilize great numbers of the masst:..; to make a full study of the compe-
tition program; to conduct discussions on the subject; to draw up an active and
workable plan for production increase; and to devise some concrete steps to be
taken in the fulfillment of the plan. Local authorities may, in addition, launch
some undertakings in the nature of constructive production measures, such as mak-
ing preparation to combat drought, pests, and floods, so that farmers may battle
to conquer natural calamities, to fulfill the plan, and to achieve an abundant
harvest.
Vigorous publicizing of previous experiences in farming is important in the
competition plan. Local authorities may organize the farmers who have partici-
pated in the competition movement, to study the experiences of Chin Yao-li, Shih
An-fu, Chien Yung-k1ang, and Li Chleng-kuei. this should help to overcome their
conservatism, improve their plowing and cultivation techniques, and raise the
quality of crops.
Surveys, examination, and evaluation will prevent the error of formalism in
farming. When the competition movement is underway, local authorities ought to
conduct thorough seasonal surveys and examinations of farming activities. In ad-
dition, a movement of criticism and comparison may be launched or developed among
the masses so that new experiences may be summarized as guidance in the direction
of farming. Before the harvest it is necessary for the local authorities to check
and register the quantity of production. After the autumn harvest is completed,
realistic criticism and rewards should be made
On 31 March 1952, many state farms and the agricultural production coopera-
tives and mutual aid teams under the leadership of agricultural labor models, in
response to the appeal of the Central Peoples Government for the enlargement of
the agricultural, patriotic, production competition throughout China, presented
their e,allenges, in a joint declarations, to the farmers in the country as a
whole and to the state farms for co.._ ition. These challenges are a clarion
call for a nationwide advance on the udricultural production front.
The challenges offered are as follows:
1. The Shuang-ch'iao Experimental Farm of the Mechanized Farming School,
and the Wu-Ii-tlien State Farm, both directly under the control of the Ministry
of Agriculture of the Central Peoples Government, the September Third Mechanized
Farm in the Northeast, the mechanized farm located in the Yellow River inundation
zone in Hcuan Province, the Kuang-pei Mechanized Farm in Shantung Province, the
August First Farm of the Sinkiang Military District of the Peoples Liberation
Army, the Agricultural Experimental Station of Hopeh Province, the Yun-chleng
STAT
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Special Administrative District Farm In Shansi Province, the Yang-01111 Hsien
farm in Shansi Province, the Lai-wu Hsien Farm in Shantung Province, the Ch'-
ang-te Rice Farm of Hunan Province, and the Ching-hui Farm in the Northeast.
2. The agricultural production cooperatives and the mutual aid teams
under the leadership of nationally famous model workers like Li Shun-ta and
Keng Chang-so of North China; Han En, and Chin Stih-Lung of the Northeast;
Lu Hung-ping and Miss Li Tien-yang of East China; Su Tien-hsuan of Central-
South China; P'u Chung-chih of the Northwest; have challenged the agricultural
production cooperatives, mutual aid teams and the individual farmers of the
country to an all-out production competition.
3. Those who have been rewarded as model workers by the national Minis-
try of Agriculture in the production of paddy rice and the agricultural pro-
duction cooperatives and mutual aid teams which are under their direction --
for example, Yang Chen-ju and Tsou Yu-pin of Hopeh, Chen Yung-h_'ang of South
Kiangsu Province, Li Cheng-kuei of Hunan Province -- have challenged the rice
raising farmers and organizations of mutual aid teams and the productive co-
operatives to compete for an increase in rice production.
4. Shih An-fu of Han-ch'eng Hsien, Shensi Province, who is well-known
in the country as a model worker in the production of wheat, and the mutual
aid team under his leadership, challenged the mutual aid teams and the agri-
cultural production cooperatives within the country as a whole, as well as
individual wheat farmers, to compete in the increase of wheat production.
5. Chu Yao-li of Shansi Province, Wu Hunan-wen of Kiangsi Province,
Chang Te-fang of Hopeh Province -- all of whom are well-known in the country
as model cotton producers -- and the mutual aid teams under their respective
leadership, challenged the mutual aid teams and agricultural production co-
operatives throughout in the cou.itry, as well as individual cotton farmers
to compete in the increase of cotton production.
According to the "Decisions on agricultural Production in 1952," which
was promulgated in February, 1952, by the Government Administration Council
of the Central People's Government, the government asked for and 8 percent
increase in grain production and 20 percent in cotton production to surpass
prewar production. In addition, in the decisinns it was clearly pointed out
that the basic policy to be followed in the fulfilling the production norms
is to raise the volume of production per unit of area. 1-he chief purpose of
the patriotic, production-increase competition is to r,ticv the production of
all sorts of crops throughout the country, but particularly the production
per unit of area of the three crops-, paddy rice, wheat, and cotton.
As far as the state farms are concerned, it was proposed that the average
production per mou should exceed that of 1951 It was further proposed that
the average production per mou on state farm., be brought 20 percent higlioi
than that of the some crop in the 3amc locality under private farming. Li Shun-
,;--and the mutual aid team under his leadership, and other model workers and the r'..
tuna aid teams under their leadership, have proposea that the average production
from both the paddy fields and dry farming he inc.e: ei ,gym frrrcent over 1951.
They have set aside a part of their land ar abundant production areas, thereby
creating high records of production in one crop or in aeveral crops. The objec-
tives laid down by the agricultural production cooperatives and mutual aid teamo
for paddy rice, wheat, and cotton production are as follows:
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Crops Average Production High Production
1
Irrigated paddy Above 1,000 catties From 1,500 to 1,800
rice catties per mou
Wheat 600 catties 900 catties from ir-
rigated fields
300 catties from
nonirrigated
fields
If all the farmers in the country fulfill the conditions laid down by the
production cooperative under the leadership of Li Shun-ta or the mutual aid
teams under the leadership of other model workers, and increase production by
10 percent, then the 1952 plans for agricultural production will be more than
fulfilled. If 20 percent of the rice farmers in the country are able to ful-
fill the conditions laid down by the mutual aid team under the leadership of
Chen Yung-k'ang as well as other teams under other leadership; if 9 percent
of the wheat farmers in the country are able to fulfill the conditions pro-
posed by the Shih An-fu mutual aid team; and if 10 percent of the cotton farm-
ers can fulfill the conditions set by Chu Yao-li's mutual aid team; then the
total volume of rice from irrigated fields, wheat, and cotton will be double
th?:t of 1951. Consequently, these challenges to increase the volume of produc-
tion per unit of area are of great significance in the fulfillment of the 1952
plans.
The chief methods by which the objectives of production may be attained
1. Improve the Techniques of Plowing and Cultivation
Model workers, and the mutual aid tco:cs and rro,luction cooperatives
under their lcadership; have been able to create new hi;}: product.:on records
because they have acquired rationed, advanced, productive. experiences or a
number of years. Those experiences _ :dude thoroug}: plowing and ccrefu; cu'-
t.ivatlon; the use of nevr fur;iiing inp'e:dents; addition:t' applications of farti-
lizers; the i,.l-rovomcnt of soils; rational irrigation; sound measures to p1
vcn, urought and inundat1.on; seed selection, the r -ocention of crop diseases
and pests; the is:Tpr^:emcnt of Techniques; rand close Planting. All of these
experiences have been 'fisted in the conditions proro;ol by ? the :.cxlel workers
. :on:c Land set ;.side
in their eha11enpt c. Moreover, hey iv v ramps: ut: t?r. t _
for special high production anu .or caperinents to iml,rove the techniques of
plowing and cultivation.
2. Consolidation of Mut'nl Aid Teams and the Agricultural Production
Cooperatives
Chairman Mao has said. The way leading from r,,verty to wealth can
be paved L; organizing." For exar::-'e. in the :_'_lag' of since
the farmers have been organized, they nave ue su t:lac to :,axe ratsv..- u. t t,
their labor force, capital, and land. Accordingly, through efficient use of
labor and a combination of regular agricultural products and by-products, the
poor village has become a rich one.
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The patriotic, production-increase, competition movement is of great sig-
lq,tficance. It has not only given the farmers as a whole a concrete objective
to be attained in agricultural production in 1952, thereby strengthening their
enthusiasm for production, increasing production per unit of area, and safe-
guarding the fulfillment of plans for national agricultural production, but
also it will bring about a further development and consolidation of mutual aid
teams and cooperatives as movement uzninr momentum. As a whole, the advanced
productive experiences will be widely adopted, and the political consciousness
of the farmers will, be greatly elevated, thereby facilitating the performance
of various tasks in the villages.
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