VOLUNTARY INSURANCE OF PROPERTY IN BULGARIA
Document Type:
Collection:
Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST):
CIA-RDP81-00280R000100070075-5
Release Decision:
RIPPUB
Original Classification:
U
Document Page Count:
11
Document Creation Date:
December 22, 2016
Document Release Date:
April 11, 2011
Sequence Number:
75
Case Number:
Publication Date:
September 28, 1956
Content Type:
REPORT
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VOLUNTARY INSUR%NCE OF PROPERTY IN BULGARIA
Finansl i Kredit 'Finances and Credit 1,
No 9-10, 1933, Sofia, ? -? ? -55 ,C
The conscientious and careful farmer unconditionally insures his
property; only he who does not think of the morrow fails to carry Insur-
ance (N. I. Kalinin).
In order to provide the TKZS (Trudovo-kooperativno zemedelsko stopau -
tvo, Farm Workers Cooperative, the M,.(Durzhavai zemedelski stopanstva,
state farmsl, and other public farm and enterprises, as well as citizens,
with the possibility of insuring all their property (that not subject to
compulsory insurance as well as that part of the value above the estab-
lished insurance norm) voluntary insurance has been introduced, Through
this kind of insurance huge funds are.paid out as damages every year
and enter individual public or private farm lake a refreshing stress.
while those suss remaining free are put at the disposal of socialist
building.
Voluntary insurance is based on a contract originating in the desire
of the insurer, and is characterized by the following peculiarities.
(a)' in its character compulsory insurance is 'not all-embracing, but
selective. r 0 ,
(b) Usually r.o norm is applied to the amount of insurance in volun-
tary insurance: The insurer determines the amount of insurance himself,
on which, in the case of property, the limit is the value of the property,
while in personal insurance there is no limit.
(c) There is no permanent and continued insurance. In voluntary
insurance continuity. in the insurance of agivin* object exists only when
the contract is renewed at the proper time.
(d) Any now object is not 'automatically insured, but bec,mss -insured
only by a special contract.
(e) The contract is not -valid until the
of it, has been paid.
insurance promius, or part
Consequently, voluntary insurance cannot be expected on credit; and
the liability of the insurer is directly dependent upop the payment of-
insurance premiums.
Following the principles of Soviet experience voluntary insurance
was not included in the compulsory insurance law of 28 December, 1951 and
is not regulated by law but by rules covering different kinds of insurance:
livestock, crops, transportation of freight (goods), and fire insurance.
Until the end of 1953 state administrations and enterprises as well as
administrations and enterprises of the people's councils of deputies of
Thus voluntary .insurance,?nlong with the compulsory insurance, pro-
tects the material interestsf of farms and citizens and collaborates in the
constant and uninterrupted- production process through which the economic
power and material welfare of Bulgaria is strengthened to an even greater
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sne woraing people voiunzariiy insured their property. This insurance will
end as of 1 January, 1954.
1. Voluntary Insurance against Fire and Other Acts of God
The following objects can be voluntarily insured.
Cooperatives and other public organisatiose one ianure property which
is entrusted to their keeping, or has bees aoosptad by them for reshaping,
and the TKZS can voluntarily insure agricultural produce which has remained
an the farm in excess of that required to meat state quotas, and.for the
difference between the value of the produce at state purchasing prices
and at state ceiling prices.
Citizens can insure: buildings in villages, for a sum established by
the difference between their real value, the property tax evaluation, and
the fixed norms for compulsory Insurance; household furniture and equip-
went (furniture, carpets, 'etc clothing and umaewa fabrics; machines --
sewing machines, typewriters, and electric appliances; musical instruments.
radio sets, wooden boards, and transportation means (excluding motor trans-
portation means): agricultural produce (grain, flour, bay, fruit, etc);
building materials, and others.
Not acceptable fvr voluntary insurance by the citizens are valuable
documents, jewelry, strip collections, etc.
Voluntary insurance can be contracted also for objects belonging to
the family of the insured, but for other persons living with the Insured
or his family, there must be a special clause in the insurance contract.
The risks for which the DZI (Durzbavea sastrakhovatelen institut,
State Insurance Institute) bears liability is this kind of insurance are:
damage caused by fire, thunder explosion storm. hurricane, torrential rain.
landslides, hail, excluding the consequences of water soaking, property
destroyed or damaged in salvaging during the accident, as well as expen-
ditures incurred in salvaging.
Damages are n.t paid if they result from earthquakes, military opera-
tions, theft during an accident, or damage resulting from carelessness,
etc.
Nonliability for payment of damage is fire insurance exists in
cases of smoking, burning, melting, etc, if they are the result of a
short circuit, but if as a result fire ooetrw. liability is recognised.
The property of citizens living in oos, %tive buildings can be
insured for their real value.
In order that property insurance any play its full role, property
must be insured for its full value, otherwise, in the case of misfortune,
the insured will receive payment of damages Insufficient to restore
his destroyed property. The insured may augmsst the amount of insurance
at any time on property which has been insured below for less than its
total value or when such property increases in value; this is done by
adding a supplementary document to the existing insurance policy. The
additional Insurance premium in this case is collected from the day of
the change until the end of the already effective insurance contract
to which the additional document has been added.
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Open policy insurance can be written only for the value of-goods,
packing equipment, and low val;ja objects. tech subscription Insurance is
not drafted for a specific ascent, and the liability of the DZI depends
an the daily volume of goods carried as the books of the insured enter-
prise, and the premiums are collected on the bests of the amount of goods
handled on the last day of the month.
The premiums are calculated and Collected ace every 3 calendar
months, and for this purpose the insured enterprise must prepare and lead
to the DZI no later than 20 days after the 3 months period is over, a sup-
plemaat (form No 222) bearing a monthly indication of the amount of insur-
ance.
Voluntary insurance of buildings, equipment, machines, stock, etc,
is drafted for one year, from the day of drafting, until the same date
the following year. The material value of goods can also be insured for
a shorter period, in which case the presius>s are collected on the basis
of short term scales.
Open policy insurance is valid for an unspecified period of time,
and is valid until its cancellation by the 091 or the Insured party,
with advance notification in writing.
The premium depends on the mature of the subject, on whether it is
more or less prone to fire, on the structure of a building being insured
or in which movable property is stored, whether or not the insured object
is industrial and whether it is located In a city or a village.
Insurance premiums are calculated an the basis of all these factors,
and according to percentage scales in the general conditions for insurance.
The buildings and contents of industrial enterprises fall under the
same percentage on this tariff scale. On the properties of industrial
enterprises which have fire prevention systems, premiums are lowered
by 10, 15, or 25%, depending on whether the fire prevention systems are
is "good," "very good", or "excellent" condition to deal with fires in
that enterprise.
These reductions are made on the basis of affidavits submitted by
the okoliya fire prevention services.
Payment of premiums to the DZI is as important condition in voluntary
insurance, for until payment has been sfade the institute does not consider
itself liable on voluntary insurance policies. In insurance contracts
requiring annual payment of DZI premium fees, it is considered that the
insurance enters into effect at midnight on the day after the premium
has been paid, while for subscription insurance it is valid at midnight
on the day of payment of premium, according to article 19 of the general
regulations, and article 6 of the special regulations.
The expansion of this kind of insurance during the past years as well
as during the current year, 1953, is very good in the light of general
fulfillment of the plan, which thie.?year was overfulfilled in 11 months.
However, in the area of private insurance coverage is only 27%. This
shows that much work still remains to be done in establlthing this kind
of insurance, which is a necessity for the private economy, particularly
now, when voluntary insurance has been removed from the field state insur-
ance.
II. Voluntary Insurance it Animal:
Eligible for compulsory insurance are: large-horned animals, publicly
or privately owned, and older than G months, with no upper ago limit: solid-
hoofed animals belonging to the TKZS, and from one to 17 years old; those
belonging to the public organizations and citizens, and from one to 15
years old; and small animals older than 6 months, (except sheep owned by
the TXZS, citizens, and other public organizations, which can be insured
frost the age of one year up).
Solid-hoofed animals which have reached the age limit are not eligible
for insurance even if they have previously been insured.
Sick, presumably sick, and defective animals are not eligible for
insurance.
The insurance of sick animals which have already been insured can be
continued for the following insurance period. However, their evaluation
cannot be higher than that during the previous insurance period.
The insurance of animals which have contracted chronic diseases or
other defects can be renewed if the evaluation in lowered in accordance
with the evaluation of the animals.
Th: DZI conp?~nsacc5 the insurers for losses resulting from the death .
of animals due to disease and accidents.
The DZI also coripcrsatcs loss resulting from the compulsory slaughter
of animals, under certain circu-iatances, when it has been done rith the
permission of a veterinary official, and in the case of animals of higher
value, with the prrniasion of the Sofia DZI.
The DZI does n.t compensate for damage resulting from earthquakes
and military operations.
The contract for voluntary animal insurance can be signed at any time
for one year. The following can be insured for less than one year: animals
newly acquired by a iarm which already has other insured animals: animals
which will reach the upper insurance, age limit before the expiration of
the annual period for which the insurance of the other animals has been
contracted; animals rejected for insurance at a previous date due to
sickness or exhaustion, but cured before the expiration of the annual
contract.
The liability of the DZI for animals newly accepted for voluntary
insurance begins on the twenty-first day after the day on which the insur-
ance premiums have been paid (for example if the premiums were paid on 7
March, 1953, the liability of the DZI would begin at midnight on 28 March,
1953 and would end on 28 March, 1954). If the animal dies before the
end of the quarcntine period, (713), and if a later check, reveals it to
have been irregularly ir.se.red, no damages are paid and the insurance
premium is returr.:?d on demand of the insured, with the exception that
damages art, p.iid in case of an accident during the quarantine period.
The cattle anti cater buffalo suoject to compulsory insurance can also
be insured voluntarily for the difference between the value of each animal,
based on the state price of animal flesh, and the value of the fixed com-
pulsory insurance nori. The live weight is measured by scales and, where
such are not av.iii.it-Je, with the help of written scales of weight available
for the purpose, ^nd by belly measurements.
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In insuring caws rnd female water buffalo which have an above-average
milk yield, and are not over 10 years of ago, the amount of the insurance
i' .,r -b = -i. .. Jy rJU. Jlj. -;:-, ~L .w~ ?.~ ~r _ ? 1; :C4? --~~.` M~JMI: ?~_
productivity, to the value of the flesh.
Solid-booted animals can be voluntarily insured for the difference
between their list or market value and the fixed norms established for
compulsory insurance, according to the framework established by the scale
of evaluation.
Large cloven-hoofed animals, horses and donkeys, which are registered
as purebreds are insured for their list or market values.
Small animals (sheep, goats, pigs,) are eligible for insurance accord-
ing to the scales of the DZI, but the amount of insurance for all animals
of the same kind and category must be the same.
Voluntary insurance contracts are signed and drafted by the organs
of the DZI on the basis of formal application signed by the insured (forma
No 1012 and 1012a). Only completely healthy animals, after examination
and evaluation by the insurance Inspector (the insurance worker) and by
the veterinarian, are eligible for voluntary insurance.'Only in the case
of the absence of the veterinarian (or the assistant veterinarian) is
the inspector allowed to accept and draft the insurance policy without
veterinary inspection, but in case of the slightest doubt he must require
from the owner a note from the veterinary doctor before accepting the ani-
mal for insurance.
Collective insurance policies for animals can be obtained by TKZS mem-
bers, workers, or employees, if there are 20 of them, owning a total of 20
large or 50 small aninals of one kind. For such policies there is a 10%
reduction in premiums.
The insurance premium is calculated according to the scale for volun-
tary insurance of animals approved by the Minister of Finance, and to paid
in advance. The scales indicate in the vertical columns the 4 established
,groups of animals, while the horizontal columns indicate the insurance
premium per 100 levy of insurance, for public and private insurance. The
premiums for the insurance of public property are lower than those for the
insurance of private property.
There are separate scales for large and small animals, where the
premium to be paid for a given amount of insurance is indicated.
The TKZS which have fulfilled their livestock-breeding plan get a
reduction of insurance premiums of up to 15%.
The TKZS pays the entire insurance premium to the OILS (Dirshavns spe-
stovna kasa, State Savings Bank), or in the BNB (Bulgariaa narodna banks,
Bulgarian National Bank) to the account of the DZI. The number and dates
of the documents are inscribed on the form before it is sent to the DZI
branch.
Citizens, cooperatives, enterprises, administrations, and organiza-
tions pay the full amount of premiums to the insurance organ, and obtain
a receipt whose number and date of issue are inscribed on the form.
The clauses in voluntary animal insurance policies include the fol-
lowing obligation: the insured must observe most meticulously veterinary
and zoo- technical rules governing the keeping of animals, and take all
necessary measures to prevent illness and death of the insured animals.
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with these requirements by the insured the animals are exposed to danger.
the insurance policy can be cancelled by decision of the DZI. without
returning the premiums.
In the case of illness of insured animals the insured must immediately
notify and seek the help of a veterinary doctor to take care of the animal.
In the case of death of an animal the insured must notify the chairman of
the people's council or the representative of the DZI within 24 hours.
This year voluntary animal insurance will cover 87% of plan estimates
for 11 months. it can safely be expected that by the end of the year the
plan will be entirely fulfilled. But here, as in voluntary fire insurance,
the plan is overfulf.illed as regards the insurance of publicly owned
animals, while in the private sector the plan is lagging by 42%. Explan-
atory work is particularly needed in this field, not only for the benefit
of private owners, but also for members of the TKZS. so that they will
insure the cattle which hate been allocated for their personal use.
The rights deriving from animal insurance contracts expire 3 years
after the accident has taken place.
III. Voluntary insurance of Aglicultural Crops
Voluntary insurance can be contracted by TKZS cooperatives not included
in the state of people's councils range of activities, administrations, enter-
prises, organizations, DZS. and citizens, for all their annual crops, rose
gardens, fruit and vegetable gardens, crops, vlncy.nrds, strawbc rries, fruit
nurseries, nurseries (not belonging to citizens), greenhouses, orangeries,
and the vine matricaria and rootstock.
(a) natural pnrtures, grazing lands, forests, flowers, decorative
plants, seed beds for fruit and trees, maize, and plants for green manure:
(b),annual and biennial vines- and matricaria, and also strawberries.r
during the year of their planting; i
(c) american grape vines (of the hybrid, keratsa, zaybel, otelo, and
other types);
Voluntary insurance of agricultural crops carries liability for hail
and storm, torrential rain, and fire while the crops are standing.
Before 9 September 1944. the insurance year started on 15 March (the
coming of spring and the beginning of the vegetation period of agricul-
tural crops), and ended on 15 October, when it was considered that the
hail season was over, and the crops harvested. With the new liabilities
undertaken by the DZI, and with the expanded risks not only as to amount
but also the growing period of the crops, the insurance year has been
made to coincide with the calendar year.
Thus, for instance, the liability for wheat crops starts at the
moment the plants break ground in autumn, and not on 15 March in the
spring, as in the past; for vines, from the moment the catkins are
planted, and not as of I May; for fruit, from the time the blossoms
fall, and not as of 1 May, etc.
? ::.: a L :. %s .:l STAT
time for harvest. only fire liability continues during the entire period
that the crop is standing.
The liability 1' limited to the main crop (fruit, grain) and does
not cover the secondary crop (straw) except for flax and hemp. where
the liability covers grain and stem, as in the USSR.
Crops subject to conpulsory insurance can be insured voluntarily,
within the limits set for insurance per decarc, in the table for volun-
tary insurance, above the established sum (the norm) per decare of com-
pulsory insurance. ,agricultural crops not subject to compulsory insurance
can be insured voluntarily within the limit of the maximum insurance
permitted per decarc, but never above the maximum expected yield per
decare.
The yield values of various crops are determined after a most
thorough study of the average yields per decarc and prices fetched by
agricultural crops whcn purchased by the state (from the producers)
during the previous year. Expenses incurred in harvesting are deducted
from the sum established.
During the current year there will be a differentiati')n in accor-
dance with which for the sane premium the DZI will recognize a 20% higher
liability for TKZS and other public farina than for individually owned
ones, since the yields of the former are considerably higher.
Changes in already drafted voluntary insurance policies regarding
the increase of insurance per decarc or correction of mistakes is allowed
if the interested party nakes it written request to the iY/.i to this effect
before the crops have Buffeted any damage.
The premiums on voluntary insurance are calculated according to
special scales for voluntary insurance, which, t.s far as crops are con-
cerned, have been classified into 4 price groups. There is a definite
premium to be paid for each crop thus classified in a price group ac-
cording to its risk group (the delicacy of the crops and, the amount of
hail falling in a given region) which is calculated per leve of insurance.
The premiums on this kind of insurance are paid in advance. The only
exception is the TKZS. which can delay until 25 September, If the DZI
judges it necessary. Thus the policies are self-supporting.
The payment of premiums by the TKZS and other public farms is made
through the DSK or the BNB to the account of the DZI, while citizens
make their payments directly to the insurance branch of the DZI. They
receive in exchange a numbered receipt, whose number and date of issue
are entered on the form submitted ti the DZI.
The development of voluntary agricultural crop insurance has not pro-
gressed very regularly. In 1952 the plan was fulfilled by twice the amount
planned, but in 1953 we are lagging behind in the plan. Especially the
private sector is lagging (14%). In the public sector on the other hand,
this form of insurance is expanding with every passing year. There is a
notable tendency especially to insure crops for their maximum values.
IV. Interior Transportation
This kind of insurance deals with the insurance of transportation
of freight (goods), and of the transportation media.
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The objects of this insurance are the gods and the material interestsSTAT
related to them: the value of the object, transportation expenditures; the
insurance premiums, the expected 10% profits, and others, the transporta-
tion of the goods via railroads, motor transportation mass, by air, water,
and combinations of transportation by the BDZR (Dulgarski durxhavni shales-
nitsi, Bulgarian State Railroads) and motor transportation mans, also
combinations of BDZU and water, air, etc.
The DZI insures these goods against damage incurred during transpor-
tation on land, on water, and in the air, for the following liabilities:
accident of the transport medium (derailment, over breakage,
etc, fire, explosion; acts of God (thunder, flood, storm, landslides, etc);
damage incurred in loading and unloading on to and from the transportation
media.
Under a special clause in the contract and the payment of additional
premiums the DZI will also assume liability for leakage, breaking. wetting,
spilling, shortage, nonarrival, and other liabilities which can be asrumed
from the insurance point of view.
The DZI is not liable for damage resulting from military risks.
floating or anchored minas, and for damage incurred through the fault of
the insurer, the sender or the receiver and others, as enumerated in the
clause.
The insurance contract is signed following an oral or written appli-
cation made by the insured, and including the following data: name of the
insured, kind, number, and weight of the amount of goods insurance, trans-
portation media, risks covered, and other data he possesses, and which are
of primary importance for the evaluation of the degree of risk involved.
C
If the insurance contract does not specify otherwise, the liability
of the D7I begins at the moment of the loading of the first item or the
first unit of weight of the merchandise onto the transportation media, and
ends at the moment the last item, or the last unit of weight is unloaded
from the transportation Media at the place of destination. The DZI bears
liability also at the points of transfer and reloading.,. but for not more
than 30 days at each of these points, on condition that the point is
under the jurisdiction of the transportation or intermediary authority
(BRP (Bulgarsko rechno plavane, Bulgarian River Navigation), BDZR, UAT
(Upravlenie avtomobilen transport, Automobile Transportation Adminis-
tration), and others). Liability beyond the 30-day limit is borne only
in cases when the delay has occurred for reasons beyond the control of
the insurer. Liability may also start from the moment the merchandise
is taken fro: one store to another, but this oust be specified in the
contract. Goods in transit can be insured, and the DZI is liable for
risks incurred after the insurance contract has been signed, provided
the insurer has no knowledge of damage already incurred.
In addition to ordinary insurance policies the DZI also writes'open
policy insurance.
Open policy insurance is required by enterprises which transport
large quantities of goods. Under open policy insurance, all goods in-
cluded in the insurance contract are considered insured in advance. The
termination of open policy insurance contracts is done by a month's
advance notice from either of the contracting parties.
STAT
The insurance contracts (which carry numerous clauses enumerated in
detail), have premiums calculated according to the scales for interior trans-
portation.
nanwnW.e; nn stiff !!'bLlttt!a aesused hr the Dft. the.nremiums see
classified as: basic (which cover the maim risks) and exclusive (which
cover special risks in addition to the basic ones, such as spilling,
breakage, leakage, etc).
The amount of insurance is indicated by the insured, and cannot be
more than the factual value of the freight (the merchandise). This value
is established on the basis of receipts or accounting records, and if such
are lacking, by the prices quoted at the time and place of loading, adding
to them the expense of transportation, the insurance fee, a 10% profit,
and others. The sum for which goods are insured is the maximum liability
borne by the DZI. In case this sun is lower than the real value the esti-
mate of damage is made proportionally.
Insurance of Motor Transportation Media
Eligible for this kind of insurance are all automobiles, trucks, auto-
buses, motorcycles, tricycles, motor coaches, etc; airplanes, skiplanes,
etc; locomotives, motorized hand-cars, railroad cars, and other transport
media owned by enterprises, self-supporting administrations,,and citizens.
Insurance liability for transportation media covers the following
2 risks: breakdowns, i.e., collision with other transportation media or
with other mobile or immobile objects, explosion of the engine, overturn-
ing, or crashing; acts of God, i.e., fire, thunder, floods, earthquake,
storm, landslides, etc.
Insurance for Public Liability
This kind of policy insures the owner or holder against the conse-
quences deriving from public responsibility as determined by the laws of the
country,. against body damage caused to transportation media, or to third
parties outside of the transportation media as follows: ., 1
(a) damage to individuals, i.e., death, injury, or damage to the
health of third parties;
Such voluntary insurance is issued only to transportation media of
foreign legations, enbassies, missions, and commercial representatives.
The public liability risk is undertakes in combination with the "XASMD"
liability (damage caused to the means of transportation and to their ad-
juncts), in the following manner.
Damage caused by breakdowns -- collision with mobile and immobile
objects, or damage caused by acts of God -- fire, thunder, outside ex-
plosion, slides, landslides, and hail.
Liability begins on the day following the payment of the insurance
premium.
The following risks are not covered by voluntary insurance: damage
resulting from theft or premeditated activities on the part of the in-
sured; damage -- breakdowns or breakage of the engine or of other parts,
as a result of wear, fatigue, or factory deficiency; damage as a result of
military operations.
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The proper and prompt payment of damages to the insured in the cases
of acts of God or accidents is an important part of conducting voluntary STAT
insurance work.
This was considerably facilitated by the decentralisation, thanks to
which the work on and payment of damages is already being done by the
branches. The latter are nearer to the insured and can service them more
easily and quickly.
Everything considered, property insurance in Bulgaria is making con-
stant advances. During 1952 there were 11% more such policies than in 1951.
A general weakness in voluntary insurance is that insurance of privately
owned property is lagging, and that is where the attention of our entire
field network -- workers and inspectors -- must be focused.
A proper understanding of the role and significance of voluntary
insurance to the public and private economy is the guarantee of the great
future development of insurance work in Bulgaria.
To this end all leaders of TKZS and cooperatives, as well as private
citizens, must remember that voluntary insurance is an expression of the
owners' concern for public and private property and the guarantee of its
further expansion.
That is why the cost of voluntary insurance, necessary to cover the
voluntary insurance of property, must be included in the draft of the ex-
penditure budget of a farm or enterprise. Farms and enterprises must make
wise use of voluntary insuranco, for the compensation it pays offers them
the possibility of quickly restoring destroyed or damaged property.
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