MILITARY THOUGHT (USSR): MILITARY SCIENCE WORK IN THE AIR DEFENSE FORCES

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP10-00105R000302340001-4
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: T
• Document Page Count: 16
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 26, 2012
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: September 20, 1976
• Content Type: MEMO

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CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20505
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20 September 1976
MEMORANDUM FOR: The Director of Central Intelligence
FROM William W. Wells
Deputy Director for Operations
SUBJECT MILITARY THOUGHT (USSR): Military Science
Work in the Air Defense Forces
1. The enclosed Intelligence Information Special Report is
part of a series now in preparation based on the SECRET USSR
Ministry of Defense publication Collection of Articles of the
Journal "Military Thought". This article discusses the need for
the introduction of a scientific approach in resolving the
problems of increasing the level of combat readiness of the
troops. Based on experience in the Moscow Air Defense District,
the author asserts that scientific methods must be used in
analyzing the results of exercises and other combat training
measures, in perfecting the organizational structure of the
troops and control organs, and in working out complex problems of
troop combat employment, control, cooperation, and support in
troop formations. To achieve this goal effective scientific 50X1-HUM
organs must be established and the assistance of officers and
generals must be enlisted through an incentives program. This
article appeared in Issue No. 3 (88) for 1969.
2. Because the source of this report is extremely
sensitive, this document should be handled on a strict
need-to-know basis within recipient agencies. For ease of
reference. reports from this publication have been assigned
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William W. Wells
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Distribution:
The Director of Central Intelligence
The Joint Chiefs of Staff
The Director, Defense Intelligence Agency
The Assistant to the Chief of Staff for Intelligence
Department of the Army
The Assistant Chief of Staff, Intelligence
U. S. Air Force
Director, National Security Agency
Deputy Director of Central Intelligence
Deputy Director for Intelligence
Deputy Director for Science and Technology
Deputy to the Director of Central Intelligence
for National Intelligence Officers
Director of Strategic Research
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COUNTRY USSR
DATE OF
INFO. Late 1969
Intelligence Information Special Report
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SUBJECT
DATE
20 September 1976
MILITARY THOUGHT (USSR): Military Science Work in the
Air Defense Forces
SOURCE Documentary
Summary:
The following report is a translation from Russian of an
article which appeared in Issue No. 3 (88) for 1969 of the SECRET
USSR Ministry of Defense publication Collection of Articles of
the Journal "Military Thoupt". The author of this article is
Colonel V. Bezymyannyy. This article discusses the need for the
introduction of a scientific approach in resolving the problems
of increasing the level of combat readiness of the troops. Based
on experience in the Moscow Air Defense District, the author
asserts that scientific methods must be used in analyzing the
results of exercises and other combat training measures, in
perfecting the organizational structure of the troops and control
organs, and in working out complex problems of troop combat
employment, control, cooperation, and support in troop
formations. To achieve this goal effective scientific organs
must be established and the assistance of officers and generals
must be enlisted through an incentives program.
Comment:
End of Summary
The author was identified with the Moscow Air Defense District
a 1958 Red Star article.
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Military Science Work in the Air Defense Forces
by
Colonel V. Bezymyannyy
The problems of further increasing the level of combat
readiness of troops raise important requirements for scientific
work, the broadening of the scope of research, and the working
out of the pressing problems of military theory in greater
detail. In a number of cases developments have given rise to the
replacement of old ideas and concepts with new ones. The
successful solution of these problems may be achieved only by
means of thorough analysis and generalization of experience
gained from exercises, maneuvers, and combat training and
political training.
During the past years a rather large number of different
exercises, games, and other measures of operational and combat
training have been conducted among the troops. Thus, for example,
in the Moscow Air Defense District, 70 different exercises,
including three experimental ones, were conducted in 1968 alone.
The experimental exercises were on subjects of great importance
to the development of military art. In particular, the object of
one of them was to examine the problems of controlling an air
defense large unit in a complex situation.
However, the results of such exercises are not always
utilized in the further development of military theory, in
working out specific practical problems of military art, and
above all, tactics. This happens because generalization of the
experience gained from the exercises usually is done without
employing scientific methods, since there are no specialists in
the troop formations who possess adequate knowledge in this
field. Because of the lack of such specialists, it is difficult
to gather sufficient statistical material to expose the
tendencies in the development of tactical forms and methods of
troop actions, to identify which new phenomena might be widely
developed in the future, and which ones are losing their
significance.
In the course of the exercises a very great number of
interrelated problems are simultaneously resolved, a great number
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of factors are examined in their totality and mutual
conditionality with other phenomena. For example, when examining
one method of troop actions or another during exercises, the
various means of destruction of both sides are taken into
consideration, as are possible technical methods of the enemy, as
well as his weak and strong points, the positive features of our
own troops which must be utilized to the maximum, and the
shortcomings which must be compensated for by using other means,
tasks that may be assigned to a given means in the course of
combat operations (based on its combat capabilities), as well as
the conditions which are favorable to the manner in which this
means is used. Also taken into account are various defense and
support means, the capabilities for employing all combat means
(all branch arms) in a timely manner, and the combat morale
qualities of personnel. In the troops there exists the constant
necessity to search for new ways to increase their combat
readiness and combat capabilities, as well as to look for
effective forms of comprehensive support for combat operations.
Experience shows that none of these nor many other problems
can be resolved unless scientific methods for conducting special
research are introduced.
A scientific approach is also required in perfecting the
organizational structure of troops and troop control organs. As
yet no such scientifically grounded standards exist regarding
which organs (services) the headquarters of a district (large
unit) should have, or how many people should work in these
organs. In a number of instances, decisions regarding such
problems are often of a subjective nature. Or let us take such a
field as the rational expenditure of money on military
construction works, and on troop training and maintenance. The
effective solution of such problems is inconceivable without
conducting special research and introducing scientific bases for
the organization of labor.
A scientifically based answer also is needed for such a
problem as, for example, what number of exercises it is desirable
to conduct. To this we say that in the district, over the course
of a year approximately 70 different exercises were conducted.
Is this a lot or a little? If such exercises were conducted in
accordance with scientific methods, carefully analyzed, and if
substantiated recommendations were worked out for each one of
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them, then obviously there would be no need for so many of them.
Calculations show that working out recommendations to increase
the effectiveness of troop combat training, and putting them into
practice will allow the time for personnel training to be reduced
by 25 to 30 percent, and the money and materiel expended in
combat training to be saved. The utilization of network planning
methods will play an important role in this.
Even until recently, in planning the basic measures for a
certain period of time, in the troops of the Moscow Air Defense
District it always happened that there was not enough time for
proper fulfilment of them. To eliminate this abnormal situation,
special research on the network planning of combat readiness was
conducted in the district troops over a two-year period. Based
on the experience gained, specific recommendations were worked
out regarding the branch arms, as a result of which the quality
of planning has been much improved. This, in turn, has
contributed to raising the level of combat training.
As is known, modern troop formations represent a rather
large military organization which includes several large units
consisting of various branch arms, armed with complex combat
equipment. In such a formation exceptionally complex problems of
combat employment of troops, control, cooperation, and
comprehensive support must be worked out. Only special research
based on scientific methods will make it possible to solve these
problems, to evaluate beforehand the consequences of each
decision, to reject the inadmissible versions and recommend the
most acceptable ones. Of course, there are a number of officers
and civilian employees in district directorates who, in one
capacity or another, were assigned for military science work.
Thus, in the Moscow Air Defense District, there is a military
science branch in the operations directorate of the district
staff and an officer for inventions and improvement of efficiency
in the district combat training department, and there are three
persons in the district finance department from the Scientific
Organization of Labor (NOT). The table of organization of the
district command post has a section dealing with the use of
computer equipment. In addition, in the district headquarters
there is an electronic computer group (using URAL-2 computers).
However, the control of these functions has not been centralized.
Such separation of cadres (among the various directorates and
services) is not conducive to their effective use for military
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science work.
Experience has shown that entrusting the functions of
military science work to the operations directorate of the
district staff has not helped increase its effectiveness, either.
The fact is that the fundamental changes in the nature and
methods of conducting combat operations and the further growth of
the importance of a high level of troop combat readiness have
expanded the sphere of tasks entrusted to the operations
directorate of the district staff. Therefore, it actually is
impossible for the latter to be directly involved in military
science work, the role and importance of which are constantly
growing in the armed forces.
It is known that any project can prosper only when it is
handled by specially appointed people. Therefore, a reasonable
solution for table of organization problems is one possible way
to improve military science work among the troops. We think that
in light of the requirements stated in the decree of the Central
Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the
Council of Ministers of the USSR, dated 24 September 1968,
entitled "Concerning Measures for Increasing the Effectiveness of
the Work of Scientific Organizations and Accelerating the
Utilization of Scientific and Technological Achievements in the
National Economy", it is desirable to have scientific research
centers (NITS) in troop formations. They should be composed of
workers (officers and civilian employees) trained in the field of
research work and, in a number of cases, in the field of
psychology and economics as well. Such centers (NITS) will be
able to organize military science work in formations (large
units) and also to conduct research in the field of the combat
employment of troops, taking into account the experience of
mastering and operating new combat equipment and automated
control means; and to bring to light and work out methods for
performing operational-tactical tasks.
In order to create normal conditions for the functioning of
the scientific research center and to prevent its workers from
being diverted to work not connected with the center's direct
assignment, it apparently is desirable to have the scientific
research centers subordinated directly to the commander or the
chief of staff of the formation.
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It should be noted that scientific research organs have been
established and are functioning in the forces of NATO armies.
For example, in the tables of organization of the US Department
of Defense in 1965 to 1966 there were over 5,000 specialists and
mathematicians, among whom almost 600 were specialists on
operations research.
Research conducted directly among the troops has a great
economic effect. It allows tasks to be successfully performed
with less expenditure of time and materiel, while the cost of
maintaining the workers at the scientific research organs is
quickly repaid. The conduct of such research work not by
individual dilettantes, but by specially trained people,
extensively employing mathematical methods and computer
equipment, will enable new ways of further increasing the combat
readiness of the troops and the effectiveness of the combat
employment of armament to be identified and, to a significant
degree, will allow materiel and money to be saved.
Considering that the training of research specialists is a
matter of great importance to the state, it obviously is
desirable to introduce instruction in research work methodology
for the students of the military academies. The establishment of
scientific research centers in the troops will have a positive
effect on the development of military art. Cooperation with the
higher military educational institutions and scientific research
institutions will be improved, which in turn will bring military
science closer to practice.
We can judge the effectiveness of the military science work
conducted directly among the troops according to the following
examples.
In 1968 generals and officers of the headquarters and troops
of the district conducted research on the possibility of reducing
the combat readiness periods of large units (units) based on the
true approach time of the probable enemy's air attack means to
the combat task allocation lines. As a result, a set of measures
was worked out and introduced, which allowed the time it takes to
bring several units up to a state of combat readiness to be
reduced by 50 percent or more. Extensive research work was
conducted to find ways and methods to reduce the preparation
times of missiles, as a result of which the productivity of
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technical battalions has increased by 200 to 300 percent, .which
is equivalent to a corresponding increase in the capabilities of
the surface-to-air missile troops on the whole. In the district
methods for increasing the maneuverability of surface-to-air
missile systems were worked out as well; these methods were
widely introduced both in the Air Defense Forces of the Country,
and in the air defense troops of the other branches of the armed
forces. The time it takes to pack up and deploy the systems has
been reduced five to six times or more.
The introduction of scientific methods for forecasting the
variants of troop combat operations, their possible losses from
enemy weapons of mass destruction, the radiation situation, etc,
made it possible to reduce the time by more than 100 times and
the cost of performing these tasks by 26 times.
In the radiotechnical troops of the district,
recommendations have been worked out allowing a 15 percent
increase in the effectiveness of district radar coverage at low
altitudes.
The effectiveness of the above-mentioned research is
obvious, although it was conducted mainly by officers in the
course of performing their official duties. Accordingly, the
majority of these officers have no appropriate training in the
field of research work. There is no doubt that the results of
the research would have been considerably better had the work
been conducted under the direction of scientific research
centers, enlisting the aid of specialists with appropriate
training.
The increased creative activity of generals and officers in
working out very important problems of military art, in our
opinion, should be considered another important direction for
improving military science work among the troops. Experience has
shown that this mission can be carried out successfully by
military science societies and councils of the Scientific
Organization of Labor. Thus, the military science society of the
district headquarters helps to draw generals and officers into
military science work, to widely disseminate military and
technical knowledge among them, and to improve creative work in
research and the improvement of efficiency. Let us note that the
formation of the Scientific Organization of Labor went through a
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number of stages. In the beginning, as it later became clear,
there was much that was unnecessary in the organizational
structure, forms, and methods of the group's work. Excessive
centralization and the great number of conferences were
especially impeding. Now all that is superfluous has been
eliminated. Military education sections have been created in the
directorates of the branch arms (surface-to-air missile troops,
aviation, radiotechnical troops), in the operations directorate,
communications, organization and mobilization directorate, combat
training department, political directorate, and in the staff of
the rear. Their leaders, elected by a vote by show of hands, are
at the same time members of the Council of the Military Science
Society of the staff and directorates of the district. The basic
working document of the group is the plan which is drawn up for
one year. The following .procedure for working out the plan has
been established: section leaders jointly with officer-executors
select timely topics taking into consideration the combat
missions and political training, they establish completion dates,
and then work out a section's work plan for one year. These
plans are corresponding sections of the general plan of the
military science society of the district headquarters.
The most urgent topics worked out by the generals and
officers are discussed by the individual sections. As experience
has shown, this procedure is the most acceptable one, as the
questions worked out in a given branch arm (service) are of
interest to all the officers of the section. In addition, this
makes it unnecessary to distract from their work officers of
other branch arms (services) who may not always be interested in
these topics.
This kind of organization of the society's work enables a
wide range of generals and officers to more actively participate
in military science work. In 1968 alone approximately 200
different topics were worked out in the staff and directorates of
the district, including many essays, reports, textbooks,
brochures, articles, and others. The most valuable of them have
been incorporated into the combat training of the district
troops, for example: "Regulations Regarding Combat Work at the
Command Post of a Surface-to-Air Missile Regiment", "Firing
Manual for Surface-to-Air Missile Troops", "Methods for Planning
and Conducting Exercises", "Methods for Carrying Out Takeoffs and
Landings of SU-11 Fighter Groups at Altitudes of 150 to 200
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Meters", "Methods of Training Command Post Crews", "Control of
Mixed Groupings of Surface-to-Air Missile Troops", "Combat
Employment and Control of Long-Range Interception Aviation
Missile Systems".
Reports by members of the military science society delivered
before the personnel in directorates and when visiting the troops
have become a common occurrence. Thus, in 1968 the officers of
the operations directorate alone of the district staff delivered
various reports before the troops over 80 times.
Experience has shown that scientific research conducted by
generals and officers exerts considerable influence on the
improvement of the combat readiness and combat capabilities of
the district troops, and is helping commanders, political
workers, and Party and Komsomol organizations to carry out the
tasks of combat and political training.
Besides that, the effectiveness of this form of military
science work still does not satisfy the requirements imposed upon
military science under modern conditions. A large number of
topics are not adequately researched and developed. The main
reason for this, in our opinion, is that the generals and
officers of large units (units) lack sufficient time for
scientific research work. In addition, they lack the necessary
personal interest in fulfilling difficult, tedious assignments
connected with conducting this work. The fact is that in the
system of military science work on the whole there is no orderly
system of incentives, as in the inventor's or efficiency expert's
profession (which is, incidently, one of the forms of military
science work).
The author is remunerated for this work only if it is
published in a journal. There is no other incentive for the
generals' and officers' creative activity. No pay bonus is
provided for officers assigned to the troops who have received an
academic degree, as is done in educational and scientific
institutions. This does not stimulate the growth of scientific
cadres among the troops.
It would be desirable to extend the provision of the decree
of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers
of the USSR concerning the payment of monetary bonuses to
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scientists working in industry, also to cover persons having
academic degrees who are assigned directly to the troops. These
expenditures will undoubtedly be compensated for by a further
increase in combat readiness and in the combat capabilities of
the troops, as well as by the saving in money and materiel as a
result of the introduction of effective scientific development
into all areas of the building and training of the Soviet Armed
Forces.
Yearly competition for the best military science work should
be introduced and legalized in the formations (military
districts), and upon their completion special orders should be
issued by the commanders announcing the results, as well as
commending generals and officers for high-quality scientific
works. Along with material incentives, the awarding of generals
and officers with diplomas "For Scientific Development" and
individual gifts could be quite effective.
The ideological aspect of the military science work carried
out among the troops is most vividly manifested in military
history work used to educate the personnel in revolutionary and
combat traditions in the spirit of devotion to the Communist
Party and the Soviet people. Various forms and methods are used
in carrying out this work. It might have a much greater impact
if some defects in its organization were eliminated.
Thus, not enough attention is being given to researching the
development of the air defense forces of the country and their
military art during the postwar period, and the combat employment
of the air defense troops in local wars, nor to the analysis of
important assumptions from the experience of past wars, which
remain significant to this day.
Poor use is made of such forms as the conduct of military
history conferences. In our opinion, the fact that the keeping
of historical log books is an established practice only for large
units and units, while there are no chronicles of ongoing events
kept in either districts or armies, is a substantial defect. But
yet, as a result of technical progress, there is a continuous
process of change in armament, combat equipment, and means of
control. Problems of operational art and tactics are being
examined during many exercises. Important measures are devoted to
improving forms and methods of party-political work. In
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districts and armies, patriotic undertakings are being generated.
The personnel perform many heroic feats and deeds. New rules of
ethics are being worked out which are becoming the standards of a
soldier's conduct in battle and in peacetime. Extensive work is
being conducted in building and improving defense, and so on.
Time goes by and these important events vanish without a
trace, as the documents reflecting them are destroyed. We feel
that journals recording the most important events which take
place daily in peacetime must be constantly maintained in the
districts and armies. The pursuits and feats of those who helped
to establish and continually improve the Soviet Armed Forces will
be carefully preserved in the memories of the soldiers. It is
unfortunate that the military history work, like military science
work in general, in the large units of troops is depersonalized.
The reason for this is that there are no persons responsible for
this work and interested in organizing it, assembling the
appropriate materials and documents on the development of
military art, the history of units (large units), as well as
materials on the heroic deeds of soldiers, and so on. All this
important work is being carried out by officers of the operations
departments of large units in addition to their regularly
assigned duties. Obviously, new forms of historical work must be
found based on the fact that the combat traditions of the troops
of each branch of the armed forces are an integral part of the
traditions of the Soviet Armed Forces, and at the same time also
have their own characteristics. Thus, the Air Defense Forces of
the Country are required to always be ready to repulse a sudden
enemy air attack. This should be the rule not only in time of
war, but also in time of peace when the troops are on combat
alert. The education of personnel in combat traditions will be
fruitful only when it will be carried on constantly and not from
time to time.
The successful conduct of military history work is
inconceivable without the appropriate literature and textbooks,
the supply of which is still insufficient (especially on the
development of military art during the postwar period).
For the further improvement of military science work among
the troops the proper organization of scientific information is
of great importance. "Science moves ahead in proportion to the
mass of knowledge it inherited from the preceding generation..."
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(K. Marx and F. Engels. Writings, Vol. 1, page 568). Without the
precise organization of scientific information, great effort
would be wasted in looking for the necessary materials. Soviet
specialists have calculated that 30 percent of the time it takes
to do the entire work is spent on this.
The lack of an efficient scientific information service
often leads to parallelism in work. At the present time, even
the experience acquired in a given formation may not always be
known to all the commanders and staffs. This is explained by the
fact that the two thematic collections (four pages each) issued
in the districts are capable of covering only a few of the
problems of combat training. At the same time, it is not always
possible to gather and disseminate the many bits of valuable
experience. Literature received by the troops -- collections of
the works of military academies, military journals, and others --
accumulate in the secret sections of directorates, departments,
and services, the majority of which are not authorized to give
out classified information. Time passes and all this information
is destroyed without leaving a trace.
A system of centralized information has been established
within the armed forces with a developed network of branch organs
attached to the scientific research institutions and higher
educational institutions specializing in engineering, where
technical information departments have been established.
Unfortunately, among the troops the information in the fields of
both technology and military theory is unorganized.
In our opinion, to assist generals and officers in working
out effective methods for the combat employment of troops and the
operation of complex combat equipment, it is necessary to
organize an information service in the staffs of large troop
formations. Initially, it may come down to organizing
bibliographic work: compiling annotated bulletins of incoming
literature, looking for necessary information; compiling
reference books, catalogs of publishing houses, lists of books,
magazines, collections of annotations; disseminating thematic
collections, and so on.
In examining the ways to increase the effectiveness of
scientific work in the troops, one should keep in mind that
enormous reserves are hidden in this work. They can be put into
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action only by establishing effective scientific organs and
enlisting the assistance of as many generals and officers as
possible.
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