AN ANALYSIS AND APPRAISAL OF THE (SANITIZED) CERAMIC RESONATOR AND CRYSTAL FILTER IF AMPLIFIERS, RD-107

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78-03424A000500050020-1
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 24
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: February 15, 2012
• Sequence Number: 20
• Publication Date: September 16, 1960
• Content Type: REPORT

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CONFIDENTIAL
A&A Report No. 285
AN ANALYSIS AND APPRAISAL OF THE
CERAMIC RESONATOR
-q-7'?
ORIGINAL CL BY o2 o~D
^ DECL g REVI&I ON Q G_
EXT BYND 6 YRS BY
REASON
IF AMPLIFIERS
DOC VV DATE Sao BY O( Y5VO
ORIG COMP OPI TYPE 30
OHIO CLASS t L PAGES REV CLASS CG
JUST ~~ NEXT REV -2'010 AUTH HE 11.2
Project No. 2004-181 DATE: 16 September 1960
CONFIDENTIAL
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9 9
CONFIDENTIAL
Page
1. INTRODUCTION
2. SUMMARY OF TEST DATA
3. DETAILS OF TEST DATA
3.1. Mechanical
3.1.1. Size and Weight
3.1.2. Mechanical Inspection
3.2. Electrical
3.2.1. Electrical Inspection
3.3. Electrical Tests
3.3.1. Input Impedance
3.3.2. Output Impedance
3.3.3. Battery Drain
3.3.4. Over-all Gain
3.3.5. Image and IF Rejection and
Spurious Responses
3.3.6. Selectivity
3.3.7. Electrical Performance Versus
Temperature
4. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
4.1.
40 20
Conclusions
Recommendations
Figure # 1 - Ceramic Resonator IF
Amplifier Frequency Response Curve
Figure # 2 - Crystal Filter IF
Amplifier Frequency Response Curve
Photograph - Ceramic Resonator and
Crystal Filter IF Amplifiers
Photograph - Ceramic Resonator and
Crystal Filter IF Amplifier, Covers Removed
CONFIDENTIAL
1
2&3
4
14, 15 & 16
17
17
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CONFIDENTIAL
Amplifier and a Crystal Filter IF Amplifier,
The results of the evaluation indicate that the manufacturer has
not met the target specifications outlined in "Proposal for the
Construction of Miniaturized IF Amplifier Packages" in the follow-
ing areas:
(1) Overall selectivity (both).
(2) Overall power gain (both).
(3) Size of Crystal Filter IF Amplifier.
(4) Output frequency of the Crystal Filter IF Amplifier.
The amplifiers meet the specification regarding:
(1) Battery drain (both).
(2) Size of Ceramic Resonator IF Amplifier.
CONFIDENTIAL
25X1
25X1
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I. INTRODUCTION
Page 1
This report presents the results of a Class "A" evaluation which
was conducted on two miniature transistorized IF am ifiers con-
structed by
The two amplifiers are engineering models. One employs ceramic
resonator transformers for coupling and selectivity. The other
amplifier uses a small crystal filter for selectivity.
The ceramic resonator amplifier accepts an input frequency of
2.28 mc. A crystal controlled local oscillator and a mixer
are included in the unit. The output frequency is 456 kc.
The crystal filter IF amplifier is a band-pass amplifier
operating at a frequency of 2.28 mc. No conversion is provided.
The amplifiers require an external 12 volt dc power source.
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Amplifier
Contractor's
Contractor's
R&D
Characteristics
Target
Final Test
Laboratory
Specification
Data
Measurements
Battery Drain
Ceramic Resonator
Not
12 volts/2 ma.
12 volts/2.1 ma.
Crystal Filter
Specified
12 volts/1.4 ma.
12 volts/1.4 ma.
Input FreQuoncy
Ceramic Resonator
2.2 MC
2.28 MC
2.28 MC
Crystal Filter
2.2 MC
2.28 MC
2.28 MC
Output Frequency
Ceramic Resonator
455 KC
455 KC
456 KC
Crystal Filter
455 KC
2.28 MC
2.28 MC
Input Impedance
Ceramic Resonator
Not
400 Ohms
329 Ohms
Crystal Filter
Specified
1200 Ohms
1038 Ohms
Over-all Gain
Ceramic Resonator
100 db
89 db
59.3 - 84.8 db
Crystal Filter
100 db
72 db
54.9 - 57.1 db
Selectivity
Ceramic Resonator
3 db points =
Varies with
3 db points = 6.484 KC
5.4 KC
Input Signal
Crystal Filter
3 db points =
3 db points =
See Curve, Figure 2
5.4 KC
5.4 KC
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Amplifier
Characteristics
Image action
Ceramic Resonator
IF Ike 1 action
Ceramic Resonator
Spurious Response
Ceramic Resonator
Crystal Filter
Temperature Range
Ceramic Resonator
Crystal Filter
0 ?
Contractor's
Target
Specificration
Not Specified
Not Specified
Not
Specified
-40?C to +40?C
Contractor's
Final Test
Data
Over 60 db
Not Specified
Four were
measured
Center frequency
varied +1.5 KC
at -40?C. Gain
variation is
-5.5 db at -400C
to +1.3 db at
+40?C.
Gain variation
is -5.5 db at
-40?C to 1.3 db
at +40?C.
Page 3
R&D
Laboratory
Measurements
46.46 db
49.54 db
See Page 12
Center frequency
varied 51 cps at
-40 C. Gain vari-
ation is -7.62 db
at -40?C to +1.2
db at 4400C.
Gain variation is
-15.56 db at -40?C
to +0,74 db at +400C.
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3. DETAILS OF TEST DATA
3.1. Mechanical
3.1.1. Size and Weight
Amplifier Size We h
Ceramic Resonator 2 1/8 x 1 21/32 x 21/32 2.5 ozs.
Crystal Filter 2 11/32 x 1 31/32 x 1 5.0 ozs.
3.1.2. Mechanical Inspection
The ceramic resonator and crystal filter amplifiers are housed in
fragile thin wall copper cases. The cover on each amplifier case
is secured with solder. The cases are painted grey and all elec-
trical input and output terminals are marked. There are no operating
controls. A 12 volt do source is required for operation of the
amplifiers. This is not supplied with the present units.
3.2. Electrical
3.2.1. Electrical Inspection
2.28 MC
AMP.
2x274
In
2.736 MC
Local
Crystal
Osc.
2x27
2.28 MC
IF AMP.
2N274
Mixer
2N274
456 MC
IF AMP.
2N274
Ceramic
Aesonato
Ceramic
Aesonat L__.~
456 KC
IF AMP.
2N274
456 KC
IF AMP.
2N274
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF CERAMIC RESONATOR IF AMPLIFIER
A F 2.28 MC
AMP.
274
Crystal
Filter
2.28 MC
IF AMP.
2N274
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF CRYSTAL FILTER IF AMPLIFIER
Ceramic I
Aesonat
Ceramic
Aesonatorl
2.28 MC
IF AMP.
2N274
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3.2.1.1. Amplifiers Descriptions
Ceramic Resonator IF Amplifier
The amplifier consists of a 2.28 MC amplifier, a crystal controlled
local oscillator and a three stage IF amplifier. The input signal
of 2.28 MC is amplified in the first transistor stage and is con-
verted in the mixer to 456 KC. The mixer output is fed directly
into the input ceramic resonator of the three stage amplifier.
Four ceramic resonator transformers are used in the amplifier for
interstage coupling and to achieve the desired selectivity and
band-pass characteristics.
Crystal Filter IF Amplifier
The four stage amplifier operates at a center frequency of 2.28 MC
and is of the conventional transistor type. The outstanding feature
of the amplifier is the miniature crystal filter which is inserted
between the second and third stages of the amplifier.
3.3. Electrical Iests
3.3.1. Input Impedance
Test Setups
GR-1001A
Signal
GR-1605A
RF Bridge or
Boonton
220A AX Motor
511
Reodiver
HP 721A
Power
BupolY
Test
IF
lif ier
HP
400D
mM J
Tektronix
515A
Scope
1. The standard bridge method was used to measure the input
impedance of the crystal filter amplifier.
2. The input impedance of the ceramic resonator amplifier
was measured wither Boonton RI Meter.
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0 S Pa e 6
Input Impedance
AMPLIFIER Active Components Ohms
XC XL R Z
Ceramic Resonator
---
149
293
329
Crystal Filter
942
---
214
1038
3.3.2. Output Impedances
Test Setup:
GR-1001A
Signal
Test
IF
Amplifier
GIZ-1432A
Resistance
Decade
Box
HP 721A
Power
Supply
HP 400D
VTVM
1. The test amplifier was set up for normal operation on a test
frequency of 2.28 MC.
2. A resistance decade box was connected to the amplifier output
terminals and was set at various load positions from 1000 to
8000 ohms.
3. The output voltage readings were recorded.
4. The resistance value which produced maximum IF amplifier out-
put power was calculated from the formula:
POWER = E2 (volts)
R (ohms)
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Test Resultas
MAXIMUM OurPUT POWIR VALUE OF
Ceramic Resonator
Crystal Filter
4000
3000
3.3.3. Battery Drain
Test Setup:
HP 721A
Power
Supply
HP 410B
VTVM
Weston
Model 931
Milliammeter
HP 400D
VTVM
Ceramic
Resonator or
Crystal Filter
OR--1001A
Signal Gen.
Test Method:
1. The test IF amplifier was set up for normal operation.
2. The output voltage of the DC power supply was set at 12
volts and the DC currant required to operate the ampli-
fier was measured.
Test Resultss
AMPLIFIER VOLTS CURRENT (MA.) MILLIWATTS
Ceramic Resonator
Crystal Filter
12
12
2.1
1.4
25.2
16.2
It was observed that when the power supply voltage was raised to
approximately 13 volts, the crystal filter amplifier self osci-
llated. This condition did not occur with the ceramic resonator
IF amplifier.
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3.3.4. Over-all Gain
Teat Setup:
OR-1001A
Signal
Generator
R1
Test
IF
Amplifier
HP 721A
Power
Supply
Page 8
HP
400D
VTVM
Tektronix
515A
Scope
R = 275 Ohms for Ceramic Resonator
R1 = 1000 Ohms for Crystal Filter
R2 = 4000 Ohms for Ceramic Resonator
R 2 = 3000 Ohms for Crystal Filter
Teat Method:
1. The test IF
amplifier was set
up for
normal operation.
2. The signal g
enerator was tune
d to the
IF test frequency.
A meter was
used to monitor t
he IF ou
tput voltage.
3. The IF outpu
t voltage level w
as recor
ded when the signal
generator ou
tput was varied f
rom 0 to
2000 microvolts.
4. The over-all
from the for
power gain of ea
mula:
ch IF am
plifier was calculated
Over-all gai
n (db) =
10 log E2 2
R2
E 12
R1
When E1 = Signa
E2 = IF Am
R
l Generator Outpu
plifier Output Vo
t Voltag
ltage
e
1 = IF Am
plifier Input Resi
stance L
oad Impedance
R = 2 IF Amplifier Output Resistance Load Impedance
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Amplifier RF Input IF Output Signal Plus Over-all
(Microvolt;) (Millivolts) Noise/Noise Gain
Ratio (db) (db)
Ceramic
0
54
---
---
Resonator
0.5
57
0.44
90.23
1
61
1.06
84.84
2
77
3.08
80.81
3
100
5.34
79.56
4
128
7.50
79.20
5
155
9.18
78.94
10
272
14.06
77.80
15
350
16.24
76.46
20
400
17.40
75.12
50
520
19.66
69.39
100
590
20.74
64.53
200
650
21.62
59.33
*400
685
22.06
53.75
500
695
22.20
51.94
1000
710
22.38
46.13
1500
725
22.54
42.77
2000
730
22.62
46.13
*RF Inputs greater than 400 microvolts caused overloading.
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over-a11 Gain (Con't.)
Amplifier RF Input IF Output Signal Plus Over-all
(Microvolts) (Millivolts) Noise/Noise Gain
Ratio (db) (db)
Crystal
0
0.30
---
Filter
0.5
0.52
4078
45.78
1
0.95
10.00
54.98
2
2.04
16.66
55.60
3
3.3
20.82
56.27
4
4.4
23.34
56.26
5
5.5
25.04
56.27
10
10.8
31.14
55.91
15
16.8
34.96
56.40
20
23.0
37.68
56.66
50
59.8
46.00
56.99
100
110
51.28
56.07
200
260
58.74
57.71
400
460
63.72
56.65
500
560
65.40
56.41
1000
858
69.12
54.10
*1500
1000
70.46
51.91
2000
1100
71.26
50.24
*Amplifier overloads with RF Inputs greater than 1500 Microvolts.
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3.3.5. Image and IF Rejection and Spurious Responses
Test Setup:
GR 1001A
Signal
Generator
HP 524B
Frequency
Counter
r7
Test
IF
Amplifier
HP 721A
Power
Supply
HP 400D
VTVM
1. The test IF amplifier was set up for normal operation.
2. The signal generator, with the output level set at 10 microvolts,
was tuned to the IF frequency which produced maximum response at
the output terminals of the test IF amplifier. The IF output
level was metered and the output at maximum meter response was
used as the 0 db reference.
3. The signal generator, in approximate 1 db steps, was tuned below
above the IF frequency of maximum response. At each step the
signal generator output level was adjusted to reproduce the meter
reading of step 2. The signal generator output level in micro-
volts was recorded.
4. The test method described was used to measure the IF frequency
response of the Ceramic Resonator Amplifier and of the Crystal
Filter Amplifier. The response curves are shown as Figures 1
and 2, pages 18 and 19.
5. The test procedure, also, was used to measure the IF and Image
Rejection of the Ceramic Resonator Amplifier. In addition the
spurious frequency responses of both IF amplifiers were measured
within the frequency range of 50 KC to 50 MC,
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IF Rejection (456 KC)
Amplifier
Signal Generator
Output (Microvolts)
IF Rejection
(Decibels)
Ceramic Resonator
3000
49.54
Crystal Filter
No frequency conversion
Image Rejection (3.192 MC)
Amplifier
Signal Generator
Output (Microvolts)
Image Rejection
(Decibels)
Ceramic Resonator
2100
46.46
Crystal Filter
No frequency conversion
Spurious Frequency Response
Amplifier
i nal Generator tut
Spurious Response
req. (KC) (Microvolts)
Below 0 db ref-
erence (Decibels)
Ceramic Resonator
569.9
1000
40
759.9
60
15.56
1139
160
24.08
2411
8800
58.88
2508
2100
46.46
5016
5750
55.20
Crystal Filter
284.8
3400
50.64
285.2
4800
53.62
325.5
3600
51.20
326
2500
47.96
455.7
2200
46.84
456.4
1600
44.08
569.7
650
35.26
570.6
490
33.80
759.6
350
30.88
760.7
250
29.84
1139
360
31.12
1141
440
32.88
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3.3.6. Selectivity
Test Setup:
GR 1001A
Signal
Generator
Test
IF
Amplifier
HP 400D
VTVM
HP 524B HP 721A
Freq. Power
Counter P Supply
Tektronix
515A
Scope
1. The test IF amplifier was set up for normal operation.
2. The signal generator was coupled to the input of the
amplifier. The generator was tuned to the frequency
(approximately 2.28 MC) which produced maximum IF
output. The generator output level was set at 10
microvolts.
3. The output of the IF amplifier was metered and the
output level of Step 2 was used as the 0 db ref-
erence level.
4. The generator output voltage was raised in specific
steps from 0 to 60 db. At each step the generator
was tuned to the frequencies, above and below the
reference frequency of Step 2.
5. The generator frequencies and the IF amplifier output
frequencies were measured with a HP 524E frequency
counter.
6. The described test method was used to:
1. Determine the input and output frequencies
of the ceramic resonator amplifier and of
the crystal filter amplifier.
2. Measure the selectivity curves of each amplifier.
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Ceramic Resonator Crystal Filter
Input Frequency 2.8 MC 2.8 MC
Output Frequency 456 KC 2.8 MC
Selectivity curves are shown on Figures 1 and 2. Pages 18 and 19.
3.3.7. Electrical Performance Versus Temperature
Test Setup:
HP 721A
Power
Supply
HP 410B
VTV14
Weston
#931
Milliammeter
HP 400D
VTVM
---------------------
Cold Chamber
Test
IF I
Amplifier
L-----------------------
GR 1001A
Signal
Generator
Tektronix
#515A
Scope
HP 524B
Freq.
Counter
1. The test IF amplifier was set up in the cold chamber with the
appropriate input and output load resistors connected to the
amplifier.
2. The signal generator output frequency was set at 2.28 MC and
the generator output level was set at 20 microvolts.
3. The environmental chamber was operated; in 100 steps, in the
temperature range of - 40?C to +40?C.
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4. At each step the amplifier was allowed to stabilize for 30
minutes. The major electrical parameters of the amplifier
were then measured and recorded.
5. The change of amplifier output at the various temperature
levels versus the amplifier output at 22?C (77?F) was cal-
culated in decibels.
Test Results:
Ceramic Resonator IF Amplifier Characteristics
Versus Temperature
(Input Frequency 2.280 000 MC)
IF OUTPUT DC INPUT
T
Temp.
Freq.
(Volts)
Relative
Waveform
(Volts)
MA
)
C
evel clb)
.
455.990
0.149
+1.20
Sine wave
456.020
0.147
+1.06
Sine wave
456.049
0.13
0
Sine wave
456.081
0.105
-1.86
Sine wave
456.088
0.087
-3.48
Sine wave
1.95
456.124
0.081
-4.10
Sine wave
*456.073
0.065
-6.02
Sine wave
1.82
*456.347
0.062
-6.44
Sine wave
1.75
*351.627
0.054
-7.62
Sine wave
*Due to instrumentation cable attenuation and low IF amplifier output, the
level of the IF output voltage is too low at temperatures below -20?C for
accurate frequency counter measurements.
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Crystal Filter IF Amplifier Characteristics
Versus
Temperature (Input Frequency 2.280 000 MC)
Tgmp. Freq. Volts Relative Waveform Volts (MA)
C Level db
40
2.280 000
0.0049
0.74
12
1.43
30
2.280 000
C.0047
0.36
12
1.40
22
2.280 000
0.0045
0
12
1.40
10
2.280 000
0.0042
-0.62
12
1.37
0
2.280 000
0.0040
-1.00
12
1.35
10
2.280 000
0.0018
-7.96
12
1.30
-20
2.280 000
0.0014
-10.14
12
1.30
-30
2.280 000
0.00089
-14.08
Distorted
12
1.25
Sine wave
-40
2.280 OOC
0.00075
-15.56
12
1.25
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4. CONCLUSIONS AND RECO)4ENDATIONS
4.1. Conolusions
The results of the tests conducted on the Ceramic Resonator and Crystal
Filter IF Amplifiers indicate that the manufacturer has not achieved the
design goals described on Page 2 of the manufacturer's "Proposal for the
Construction of Miniaturized IF Amplifiers."
The amplifiers fail to meet the target specifications in the following
areas:
1. Over-all Selectivity. (Both)
2. Over-all Power Gain. (Both)
3. Size of Crystal Filter Amplifier.
4. Output Frequency of Crystal Filter Amplifier.
The amplifiers meet the specifications in the following area:
1. Battery drain. (Both)
The performance of the amplifiers apprn~: hates the manufacturer's final
test data regarding:
1. Size of Crystal Filter IF Amplifier.
2. Output Frequency of the Crystal Filter IF Amplifier.
3. Input Impedances. (Both)
4. Output Impedances (Both)
4.2. Recommendations
The amplifiers should be returned to the manufacturer for improvement
in the following areas:
1. Over-all gain.
2. Over-all Selectivity.
3. Spurious Frequency Response.
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/02/15: CIA-RDP78-03424A000500050020-1 -
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/02/15: CIA-RDP78-03424A000500050020-1
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/02/15: CIA-RDP78-03424A000500050020-1 -
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/02/15: CIA-RDP78-03424A000500050020-1
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/02/15: CIA-RDP78-03424A000500050020-1
CERAMIC RESONATOR AND CRYSTAL FILTER I.F. AMPLIFIERS
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FIGURE 3.
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/02/15: CIA-RDP78-03424A000500050020-1
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/02/15: CIA-RDP78-03424A000500050020-1
CERAM
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IFIER
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FIGURE 4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/02/15: CIA-RDP78-03424A000500050020-1