DEFEATING URBAN VIOLENCE

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP85-00671R000200240001-5
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 33
• Document Creation Date: November 17, 2016
• Document Release Date: July 27, 1998
• Sequence Number: 1
• Content Type: REPORT

Approved For- Release 009/09124: CIA-RDP85-00671'R000200240001-5
~ w ?~ r * n r u T T A 1
RETIRED FILE 1
L:,OX FOLDER_ S'
DESENSITIZED "
DEFEATING
'URBAN VIOLENCE
Approved For-Release 1999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200240001-5
 Approved For Releasers 999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 8000200240001-5
NOTE
This publication is intended for general guidance of officials
charged with combating urban violence.
Concepts presented are in summary format only, and emphasis is
on "what. to do" and not how to do it. The intention is to provide an
overview and composite of systems recommended for defeating urban
violence.
Approved for Release 1999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200240001-5
 Aproved For Release 1999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200240001-5
CONTENTS
PAGE
'.1. PREFACE .........???...??.?...? ..............?.......e.??...
2. URBAN ENVIRONMENT .........................?e...............
3. OPPOSITION TACTICS .........................................
4. CONTROL MEASURES ..............?.....................?......
- Psychological and Political ............................
- Terrorist ..............................................
- Sabotage..
.............................................
- Propaganda and Agitation ...............................
- Armed Violence .........................................
- Assassination and .Kidnapping .....................,......
- Infiltration ....................................,,....:.
- Mob Violence...... .. .......:..........................
5. CONCLUSION ........ .........
.........:...................,..
6. BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................ae............
Approved For kelease 1999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200240001-5
 Approved For Release7.1999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200240001-5
PREFACE
Whether nationalist or Marxist in ideology, many present day sub-
versives have opted for urban-oriented violence. They have largely
rejected the rural-based guerrilla tactics advocated by Mao Tse-tung,
Ho Chi Minh, and Ernesto "Che" Guevara, among other insurgent theoreticians.
The change to.an urban focus is attributable to a combination of
factors to include (1) accelerated urbanization; (2) massive discontent
among students, intellectuals, labor, minorities, and impoverished ghetto
residents; (3) non-adaptability of guerrilla tactics for largely passive
rural populations; (4) conspicuous failure of recent rural-oriented sub-
version; and (5) significant success achieved by urban terrorist groups.
Thus, kidnapping, hijacking, assassination, bombing, riots, strikes,
and other forms of urban violence will probably continue to be familiar
hazards of life in the 1970's. The sponsors of such acts are essentially
political partisans. Success or failure depends on the partisan's ability
to.induce a "climate of collapse" which stimulates the defeat or overthrow
of a target regime. Such a climate is created by the effective use of
violence designed to gain control of men's minds, erode moral consensus,
harden political battle lines, and stimulate radical right-wing response.
This violent battle of psychological manipulation has appeared
in Montevideo, Guatemala City, Sao Paulo, New Delhi, Calcutta, Saigon,
Belfast, Montreal and other cities. Urban violence has also occurred
_ iin the United States, but its scope and influ-
ence Is far greater in.the less developed nations.
Given the expanded threat, it is the purpose of this study to
explore the various forms of violence and recommend adequate control
systems.
Approved For Release 1999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200240061-5
 Approved For Release 1999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200240001-5
URBAN ENVIRONMENT
Most urban centers generally afford a "hot bed" for political
dissidence. The growth media&+"e the various discontented population
elements to include (1) idealistic students and intellectuals frus-
trated by the status quo; (2) underpaid and underemployed labor antagonized
by corporate exploitation; (3) religious, ethnic, class, or social groups
who suffer from inferiority complexes; (4) unemployed slum dwellers out-
raged by their inability to achieve even marginal subsistence within the
existing social-political-economic systems; and (5) other groups who
sense some relative deprivation.
If any combination of the above circumstances exist, violence only
awaits the addition of leadership, organization, agitation, propaganda,
support, and development of a "cause". All of these factors can be
provided by a small-clandestine cadre dedicated to defeat or overthrow of
the existing target government.
These cadre can readily recruit action agents from among dissident
population elements. Funds are often obtained via kidnappings, bank
robberies, extortion, or other similar actions. Food and other basic
supplies can be purchased or stolen as needed. Medical supplies and
services are generally available from hospitals, pharmacies, universities,
and medical students. Chemicals, explosives, arms and ammunition may be
purchased openly or on the Black Market. Failing this, these items can
be stolen from manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers or depots such as
armories. Intelligence on government forces may be obtained via human
or technical penetration operations, bribery, communications intercept,
and simple theft of documents.
Target acquisition is a relatively simple process since most
urban areas contain government facilities or installations, official
or diplomatic personnel, foreign embassies, business firms, etc.
Meeting places can be located in residences, offices, factories, parks,
public facilities, or any other location where small groupings of
personnel can gather with some degree of secrecy. Likewise, safe sites
and "drops" are also readily available in similar locations. Mobility
options include movement by foot, private or stolen vehicles, and
public transport. Route selection is relatively simple given the quantity
of streets, alleys, and walkways. Cover and concealment is achieved by
blending with metropolitan population masses which accept "casual" contact
Approved For kelease 1999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200240001-5
 Approved For Release=,11999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R00d200240001-5
with strangers and generally ignore unusual activity undertaken by any
individual. Communication techniques include use of telephone, tele-
graph, mails, couriers and radios with appropriate utilization of simple
word or phrase codes to provide security. Terrain advantage can be
gained by using tops of buildings. Underground structures such as base-
ments, subways and sewer lines may also be used to facilitate movement
or concealment.
In brief, a metropolitan area affords the total gamut of resources
(men, money, material and intelligence) needed for the conduct of violence
operations. The only remaining ingredient is the development of sub-
versive tactics, strategy and organization.
OPPOSITION TACTICS
In terms of tactics, urban violence is similar to rural-oriented
guerrilla warfare. From the communist point of view, the former is
basically an extension of guerrilla principles to a metropolitan setting.
However, the rural-based operatives have a much greater capability to
maneuver using isolated or controlled "sanctuaries" to facilitate the
conduct of extensive paramilitary warfare tactics. The urban insurgents
are confined to a potentially hostile environment. This necessarily
limits their efforts to small-scale clandestine acts of violence which
will avoid direct sustained confrontation with superior security forces.
An urban and/or rural-based subversive effort may be simultaneous
but separate, mutually supporting or limited to a singular approach.
Primary doctrinal emphasis has been on rural-oriented guerrilla warfare.
It is for this reason that communist urban violence doctrine is not
particularly well developed. However, even if detailed concepts existed,
there would be great variation of form since approaches will vary
according to the social, economic, political, psychological and security
factors relating to a specific urban environment. The primary communist
input (from Moscow, Peking, Havana or elsewhere) is the offer of sympathy,
training and limited support to dissidents who are the potential or
existing cadre for a subversive movement. %
Creation of various national cadre elements can result from
recruitment programs conducted by external and/or internal forces of
subversion, or the necessary leadership may arise from internal conflicts
Approved For-Release 1999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200240001-5
 Approved For Release i 9/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R000.200240001-5
causing the aggravated "elite" citizen to seeks ways and means to over-
throw his government. In either case, communist models of revolution
are usually duplicated because they offer the most prevalent example of
a proven means for dramatically and forcibly altering conditions per-
ceived as being intolerable.
Once the leader elements are created, the process of clandestine
organization may be initiated. The basic principle is that personnel,
mechanisms, modus operandi, ideology and goals of subversion must necessarily
remain secret to survive repressive government reaction or to maintain deception.
Further, experience has proven that personnel can most effectively and
safely function in small specialized clandestine "cells each compartmented.
from the other. Types of cells include cadre, agitators, saboteurs,
terrorists, informants and agents, propagandists, political activists,
psychological and action elements, communication nets, support assets,
"front" or population organizers, and other functional units contributing
to the conduct of subversion. Sources of recruits are as indicated in the
previous section.
The existence of elite direction and effective clandestine organi-
zation facilitates the implementation of propaganda, agitation, and
action programs designed to erode popular confidence in the target regime.
These efforts combine grievance, exploitation and fear inducing terror
designed to cause a target population to ignore, condone or support sub-
versive activities. Approaches include (1) the "carrot" which promises
to somehow eliminate all those conditions the target populace conceives
as being intolerable, and (2) the "stick" which threatens to punish
government supporters and all those who resist the forces of subversion.
Both techniques are designed to allow a small activist force to gain
positive or negative psychological control over a population majority.
Once this situation is achieved, it is assumed that subversive elements
will have sufficient power to force the collapse, defeat, or overthrow of a
target government. Failing the achievement of these primary methods,
a subversive force may attempt coups, palace revolutions, election engineering
or induced social-economic-political "collapse" to accomplish an expedient
victory.
Examples of urban guerrilla tactics include (1) terrorism or the
systematic use of intimidation for political ends;
to disrupt socio-economic development and impede government's gability nto
meet the population's "felt needs"; (3) propaganda and agitation oriented
toward creating a "crisis of confidence" regarding government's intent or
ability to resolve major problems; (4) armed violence intended to expose
Approved For-Release 1999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200240001-5
 Approved For Release ,, 1.999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R0O0200240001-5
the weakness of government security forces; (5) kidnapping operations to
free political prisoners, extract concessions, capture publicity and provoke
controversy; (6) demonstrations, strikes, and riots to exploit popular
grievances or establish a mutuality of "cause" between subversives and
dissident population elements; and (7) infiltration and selective assassi-
nation designed to neutralize the effective functioning of security forces
or other government agencies.
Despite the multiplicity of tactical options, the perpetrators of
contemporary urban-oriented subversion have frequently failed to mobilize
popular support. This failure is due largely to the inability of sub-
versive elements to convince potential supporters that there are no
prospects for constitutional change or non-violent reform. Future doc-
trine on urban violence techniques may therefore concentrate on better
tactics to erode public confidence in any governmental system. Possible
conceptual solutions include a massive breakdown of internal security,
economic chaos, and a polarization of political forces around-the "law
and order" issue. Ideally, this approach would also cause'target govern-
ments'to implement repressive measures which would help convince the
population that non-violent change is impossible.
Urban violence tactics and strategy arethus in an evolutionary
process which has yet to produce the ultimate conceptual or doctrinal
approach. Unfortunately, as various-revolutionaries learn by trial and
error, previous weaknesses will be noted and appropriate corrective action
taken. .,
Despite the fluid status of urban-oriented.xpvolutionary doctrine,
essential working principles should remain the same as those discussed
herein. Given the valjdity of this assumption, we will attempt to out-
line appropriate urban violence control systems in the next section.
NOTE: Reference materials will include a listing of contemporary urban
guerrilla doctrine for individual officers who may be concerned with a
more detailed tactical or strategic analysis.
CONTROL SYSTEMS
Psychological and Political
Attitudes of the target population must be manipulated to create
favorable impressions regarding government and unfavorable opinions of
Approved Forlelease 1999109/24: 1 - P8 - 0 71 R000200240001-5
 Approved For Release '4 999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200240001-5
the urban guerrillas. In the battle for men's minds, essential actions
should include (1) development of programs designed to meet "felt needs"
and resolve conditions perceived as being intolerable by various popula-
tion elements; (2) upgrading of security force capabilities to provide
population protection and freedom from fear; (3) effective utilization
of "law and due process" to convince the populace that government will
defeat the subversives without utilizing repressive measures; and (4)
creation of institutional and governmental mechanisms that provide the
means for effective "change" without violence.
The developmental or modernization approach usually requires human,
technological and capital inputs at a rate which will provide substantial
agricultural and/or industrial growth. This is a long-term and complex
solution which cannot be achieved easily without adequate savings,trade,
aid, or credit. In addition to the above inputs, markets must be developed;
producer incentives created; income and employment levels increased;
educational programs expanded; birth rates reduced to something less than
Gross National Product increases; and skilled manpower, energy sources,
raw materials, machinery or other capital items must be assembled at the
production point. Apart from these overall development efforts, dissident
Wi. overished population elements should be provided with basic minimal
e"
5~
e-e
plus the opportunity Tor socio-economic self-advancement.
Security improvement programs should be based upon legislative
actions which provide the police and other internal defense forces with
appropriate increases in leadership, manpower, training, finance, commu-
nications, mobility, weapons, equipment and material. Essential tactical
innovations will be discussed under the sections or 'terrorism, sabotage,
riots, etc. The fundamental basis for improving security operations is
via better intelligence collection and collation. Human/technical pene-
trations, agent or informant operations, prisoner interrogation, communications
intercept, and investigative techniques all provide essential information
inputs. Effective collation of this data should result eventually. in the
identification of subversive leadership, cadre, action and suooort elements ,-ideoloc
modus operandi, organizational patterns, strength, capability, plans or
intentions, facilities, mechanisms, and other details. In turn, the
finished intelligence product is used to provide targets or operational
leads and as legal evidence for judicial processing of subversives.
Regarding "law and due process", it is essential that judicial pro-
cedures be established to assure that violence control measures are
politically, legally and morally justifiable. This is particularly true
of methods used to arrest, detain, interrogate, convict and imprison or
execute individual members of a subversive movement. If repressive, brutal,
or illegal tactics are used by the government to attack subversive forces,
popular sentiment may favor success of the latter.
Approved For Release 199 QL9~ ' rLA rPnRRA_anA71 R000200240001'-5
 Approved For Release 19 9/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R600y 00240001-5
Creation of adaptive and responsible institutions provide government
with its most effective psychological weapon against violence. Assuming
such organizations provide the basis for peaceful constructive change,
the perpetrators of violence cannot justify their methods to a target
populace. In fact, history has proven that the urban guerrilla cannot
long survive in an environment where popular political, economic, or
social aspirations can be achieved by non-violent methods.
Subversion and social unrest thrives on the inability of a nation
to modernize existing private or governmental institutions in a manner
which will facilitate the effective, peaceful resolution of intolerable
conditions, It is therefore essential that government assure that there
is an adaptive organizational basis for reform, modernization and progres-
sive change. This process must include government bureaucracy, political
parties, unions, cooperatives, youth groups, and other private institutions.
Past experience has shown that governments or societies least vul-
nerable to subversion are those at the political extremes, to include
(1) the most permissive and pluralistic because they are best able to
remove the causes of revolt; and (2) the most repressive and totalitarian
because they are best able to supress the first stirrings of revolt.
Since the U.S. must necessarily reject the latter, we have attempted to
outline effective approaches to the former, as indcated above;
Terrorist
0 fensive terror tactics involve the use of.discriminate or indis-
criminate v o ence designed to aid the subversive overthrow of a target
government, or to expand the influence of terrorist sponsors. By exten-
sive use of assassination and bombing, the terrorists' primary objective
is to__cow a target population and create a crisis of confidence in
government. As a result, the terrorists hope to isolate the population
from target government influence for the purpose of control, or to erode
socio-economic development and the effective employment of security forces.
In addition, terrorist action may be undertaken to expand the potential
source of intelligence, recruitment, sympathy or support.
The strategic intent of offensive terror is oriented toward stimu-
lating massive population agitation over goverments seeming inability to
Drovide freedom from fear and developmental progress designed to meet
felt needs.-- As previously noted, additional purposes are to erode moral
consensus, harden political battle lines, and stimulate radical right-wing
response. Terror is thus primarily political in nature and normally a
Approved For Release 1999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200240001-5
 Approved For Release,"..' 9/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R0OOO00240001-5
tactic of subversive or criminal elements who seek viability and power by
creating an antagonistic barrier between a population and its government.
To be effective, the terrorist is dependent upon clandestine organi-
zation, leadership, target intelligence, ideology, tactical mobility,
technical skills, cover and concealment, plus a neutral target population.
However, an exception to this latter requirement must be made for inter-
national terrorists who operate from "base areas" outside the target nation.
A current example is provided by Arab terrorist organizations operating
against Israel.
Although the objectives of international terrorists usually conform
to the norm, they may have the additional goal of influencing other nations
not to support a particular government against which they are targetted.
It is a kind of influencing subversion designed to erode! the political,
economic and defensive strength of any country the terrorists are attempting
to destroy.
Defensive terror is the employment of violence against the offensi
ve
errorists. This may be overtly or covertly undertaken by a target
government, or it may be employed by independent groups who are in oppo-
sition to terrorist forces and objectives. The key to defensive terror
is intelligence collection and collation for the purpose of identifying
the principal personalities and action elements of a terrorist movement.
Overt, covert or semi-covert operations may then be mounted to eliminate
violently terrorist cadre, functionaries. and supporting imechanisms.
The fundamental problem with this approach_ is that terror begets more
and the_general_population usually becomes anta on si tic towar
9 government
because of this consequence. Even if government is not the overt or
covert sponsor of defensive terror, suspicion and accusation will
eventually lead to an official image of brutal repression which does
not enhance the legal government's chances for survival.
Counterterror is often mistaken for defensive terror to which it
is only remotely related. The technique of counterterror employs
intelligence to identify terrorists who are then neutralized by
organized controlled government forces within accepted parameters of
Justice within the law. The basic ingredientsfbr an effective counter-
terror program are as follows:
. a. Terrorist Profiles - can'be used to provide security per-
sonnel with a classic thumbnail description of individuals-who warrant
r- -
Approved ForRelease 1999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200240001-5
 Approved For ReIease- lp. 99/09/24 : CIA-RDP85-00671 R009200240001-5
= r,
j .+ r ~t T T A 1
close scrutiny as potential participants in acts of violence. This approach
facilitates narrowing the focus of investigative and intelligence operations
designed to identify members of terrorist organizations. Further, the pro-
file improves routine observation by police and other authorities responsible
for internal security.
An example profile of a potential terrorist might indicate
`basic characteristics to include (1) male or female age 16 to 58; (2)
'member of potentially dissident group; (3) person with emotional or
fanatical tendency; (4) individual who has evidenced violent behavior or
emotional instability; (5) citizens who are isolated from the national
socio-economic or political "mainstream"; (6) radicals who have engaged j
in demands for revolutionary change; and (7) individuals who obviously
have nothing to lose by engaging in terrorism.
Potential terrorist traits should be evaluated in accordance
with each particular local or national environment. The main objective
being to create a system that is easily developed and readily applied by
all. security or intelligence personnel.
b. Documentation Controls - facilitate security forces in
their efforts to identify suspect terrorists and their supporters. Popu-
lation identification papers should be designed to allow the police to
spot-check any individual's name, date and place of birth, residence, family
status, employment, race, religion, and physical description. Photographs
and fingerprints can also be added to documents. In cases of emergency,
citizens may be required to obtain special documentation for travel and
resource control permits for the purchase of any item that might be used
to aid a terrorist act.
The intended objective of detailed documentation is to aid
the-screening of an entire population. When used in conjunction with
terrorist profiles and when properly focused on areas where violence has
occurred, the system can be effective in providing investigative leads.,
c. Biographic Registry - involves the establishment of a W~l
central security reference containing biographic card files or computer
data on all known criminals, subversives, terrorists, dissidents and
suspicious personalities. Each security and intelligence service would
provide appropriate biographic inputs, and have controlled access to the
complete registry. Sources and information would be protected by appro-
priate compartmentation and security clearance procedures.
Approved For Release 1999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200240001-5
r-
 Approved For Release 1999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200240001-5
YdI
In effect, a national biographic reference is created to
facilitate collation of all-source intelligence on confirmed or suspect
terrorists. If the quality and quantity of information inputs are ade-
quate, all security personnel can use existing files as the basis for
rapidly determining any person's possible association with terrorist.
or subversive activity. By establishing secure radio procedures for \.
sending queries to the biographic registry, any policeman with appropriate
communication can immediately validate the suspect status of individuals
.stopped for spot-checks.
The biographic registry does not negate the need to investi-
gate or collect intelligence on potential terrorists having or not having
files, but it does preclude suspect persons from going unnoticed easily.
d. Personnel and-Physical Security - must necessarily be
provided for the indigenous leaders and government personnel who will
likely be targetted for terrorist violence. This requirement. includes
protection of individuals from threats, coercion, assassination and
bombing: the latter action will prompt the need for physical security
of offices, homes, meeting places and transportation facilities.
General defensive procedures include (1) personnel security
clearances; (2) entry and exit control for offices; (3) protective fences
for fixed facilities; (4) guards for. personnel and buildings;.(5)
screening of communications, mail and cargo; (6) use of metal detectors
for routine weapon's search; (7) utilization of bomb squads with dogs
trained to smell out plastic explosives; (8) travel control procedures
emphasizing alternate routes and various methodsof transportation; (9)
street patrols in the area of offices and individual homes; and (10)
other tar-hniniine
__.._.. - _
to
The-primary objective of such elaborate precautions is to
frustrate the effective conduct of terrorist actions and thereby prevent
those spectacular successes which encourage expanded future violence.
To focus defensive efforts better and conserve resource
allocation, it is essential that hard intelligence be obtained on
terrorist intentions and modus operandi. This intelligence effort
also provides the basis for offensive actions designed to negate terrorist
violence before it can be employed. Personnel and physical security is
thus achieved by a combination of defensive and offensive programs, the
latter of which can be the most effective. The offensive methods will be
discussed further in subsequent sections.
Approved ForRelease 1999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200240'001-5
 Approved For Release 19,99/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200240001-5
e. Intelligence Collection - is essential to the conduct of
effective counterterror operations. Neutralization of violence is dependent
upon government having some knowledge of terrorist personalities, organi-
zation, plans, intentions, ideology, modus operandi and support mechanisms.
Without such knowledge, security forces will be unable to focus properly
defensive or offensive actions. Unfocused countermeasures are usually
doomed to failure since the terrorists will be largely unaffected. Detailed
information on terrorists can best be obtained by clandestine human or
? technical penetration operations. Failin this, intelligence must be
gathered by alternate means to include (13 recruitment of informants; (2)
suspect surveillance; (3) police investigation of potential terrorists;
(4) search for weapons, explosives or other incriminating evidence; (5)
prisoner interrogation; (6) monitoring of possible targets and suspected
terrorist supply sources; and (7) mass population education in observation
and reporting techniques related to terrorist activity.
To narrow the focus of the above collection operations,
demographic data and terrorist profiles can be used to fix specific
geographic areas where terrorists could reside and organize with some
degree of relative safety. Although terrorists may operate anywhere,
they normally maintain their residence and meeting places among dissident
population elements who evidence negative or hostile reaction to government
security forces. This fact, therefore, allows selective elimination of
those urban and rural areas which would not provide a hospitable terrorist
environment.
Physical data on roads, communication facilities, residential
patterns, buildings and isolated areas can also be used to help determine
likely patternsof terrorist organizational activity within suspect geo-
graphic areas. Trash.collectors, building inspectors, electricians and
other personnel with natural access can be recruited to aid collection
of this physical information. Again, this effort further serves to pin-
point where intelligence operations should be targetted.
Counterintelligence/counterespionage operations will also be
needed to supplement the above efforts. The objective of these operations
include (1) penetrating and manipulating terrorist cells; (2) stopping,
disrupting, misorienting or negating terrorist intelligence collection
activities; and (3) developing passive or specialized defenses against
planned terrorist acts of violence.
In summary, intelligence and counterintelligence operations
form the foundation for counterterror campaigns. Those security services
/'
P A a~ r T r% f Pt T T w
Approved For,-Release 1999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200240001-5
 Approved For Release J999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200240001-5
or personnel not familiar with essential clandestine'tradecraft should
seek appropriate guidance and assistance.
f. Intelligence Collation - provides the detailed compilation
and analysis of information needed to help identify, arrest and convict the
_perpetrators of violence. and their leaders or directors. It also facilitates
the location and elimination of terrorist support mechanisms and other hard target
To function effectively, any collation center must have access
to all sources of information. This implies cooperation with all security
and intelligence services using appropriate clearances, "'source" protection
and compartmentation. In addition, the centers must have the legal right and
authority to pinpoint specific targets and assign collection or action requirement
to individual government components. Without such follow-on authority,
the collation centers become little more than repositories of unexploited
intelligence.
All source information inputs should include (1) biographic
data; (2) pertinent socio-economic, demographic and geographic publications;
(3) details on transportation, communications and material resources; (4)
target assessments; (5) analysis of terrorist organizations and modus
operandi; and (6) all reporting on criminals, dissidents,, radicals, sub-
versives or terrorists. After collecting every scrap of available information,
trained analysts then collate data with the objective of developing inves-
tjgatiye and target leads and detailed target folders for use by the operating
e men s.
The primary advantage to central collation is simply that all
available pieces of an investigative puzzle are laid before personnel
experienced in the art of formulating a composite intelligence picture
which provides the sharpest available detail on any terrorist organization.
If this collation process is absent or fragmented, any intelligence product
cannot be properly exploited and subsequent counterterror activities may
be expected to be largely ineffective. It is, therefore? imperative
that any government targetted by terrorists. seek to establish the best
possible intelligence collation system.
g. Security Force Requirements - generally include (1)
defense of officia personnel and physical facilities; ('.).riot control,
bomb disposal and population protection from acts of viollence;. (3)
enforcement of law and order; (4) preparation for national defense against
internal or external acts of aggression; (5) investigation leading to
location, arrest and conviction of criminals, dissidents, subversives or
terrorists; and (6) other actions required to resist lawlessness, violence,
subversion and warfare originating within or outside the state.
Approved For.Release 1999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200240001-5
 Approved For Release. 1999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671.R000200240001-5
44
The conduct of counterterror operations burden police forces
with the requirement to provide the population freedom from fear and violence,
while undertaking legal investigation which will ultimately result in con-
viction and punishment of terrorists after "due process". As previously
stated, the foundation for this effort is based upon adequate intelligence
collection which may be a primary or secondary function of various security
services.
Once., intelligence leads are provided, the lengthy and arduous
process begins to. obtain sufficient evidence for a court trial which will
attempt to prove the suspect terrorist guilty of accomplished or planned
crimes of violence. This requirement demands the skilled and extensive
application of modern criminal investigation. It is, therefore, essential
that police or other security forces be provided with adequate authority,
leadership, manpower, funds, training and equipment needed to accomplish
the task.
Defensive terror and other repressive acts can be covertly or
overtly undertaken by government security forces to avoid massive investi-
gative requirements. However, both covert and overt actions present the
definite possibility that populations concerned will become agitated with
their government. Further, some elements may actually sympathize with or
support terrorist organizations because of illegal acts of repression.
(See comments on defensive terror.)" Illegal acts of repression by
government or "private" elements are generally counterproductive in the
long run and should be avoided.
Under most circumstances, it is recommended that target
governments seek whatever resources deemed necessary to upgrade security
forces and give them-the capability to deal with terrorists by acting
within existing legal parameers. Even though this is often the most
difficult course of action, it has proven to be the most successful.
h. Population Mobilization - is initiated by advising and
informing the target nation's citizenry of the nature of any terrorist
threat and motivating mass popular participation in negating acts of
violence. To accomplish this objective, the populace should be organized
and instructed in the techniques of aiding security forces in the identi-
fication of possible terrorists and otherwise assisting in their
apprehension.
The latter may be accomplished by launching an aggressive
educational program designed to establish citizen procedures for reporting
suspicious activities or personalities that are observed by local
inhabitants. Carried to Its ultimate conclusion, each village and
Approved For'Release 1999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200240001-5
 Approved For Release.-1,999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200240001-5
city block would have resident protection committees with direct commu-
nications to local police forces. Possible investigative leads would
thus be immediately relayed for exploitation by security forces.
The unique advantage of such citizen participation is based
on the fact that local residents are most keenly aware of unusual events
or the appearance of strangers in their neighborhoods. Another obvious
benefit is the increase in the number of eyes and ears that terrorists
will be forced to avoid.
Actual techniques of population mobilization will vary
according to environmental situations and citizens' receptivity or moti-
vation. Procedural approaches are the same as for so-called "block
warning systems." As stated in the introductory note? implementation
should not be attempted prior to consultation with appropriate specialists.
i. Judcial Base - is created by formulating those laws which
support fully security forces in their conduct of counterterror operations.
In addition, such laws should insure that all efforts are politically,
legally and morally justifiable. This i_s particularly true of methods
used to arrest, detain, interrogate, try, convict and imprison or execute
ihndividual members of a.terrorist movement, as well as; to search suspected
eou s an caches.
. As previously stated, populations are not likely to support
fully and consistently any government that engages in brutal, repressive,
illegal or indiscriminate actions, regardless of the intenIed target.
Sabotage
The essential purpose - of sabotage is effective disruption of the
economic-political-security activities within a state whose government
is targetted for ruin or overthrow. It is a tactic that may be employed
by urban guerrillas and terrorists, or by specialized "cells" of saboteurs.
Fundamental objectives include (1) reduction of agricultural and indus-
trial production; (2) impeding the effective functioning of essential
services such as communication, transportation and utilities; and/or (3)
limiting the conduct of various government activities with emphasis on
internal security services and political machinery.
Most sabotage is based upon covert destruction attack using explo-
sives, combustibles, abrasives or subtle disruptive action. Other
methods include (1) mechanical breakage; (2) use of damaging chemicals;
(3) arson; (4) electronic'interruptions; (5) pilferage of vital components;
Approved For Release 1999/09/24: IA-RDP85-00671 R000200240001-5
 Approved For Releas-,1999/09/24 : CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200240001-5
can have disastrous consequences on the economy and security of a state.
Further, the systematic employment of sabotage erodes public morale
and confidence in government while advertizing the success and apparent
invincibility of subversive forces.
roof of sabotage is frequently difficult since-the ultimate
target may not be apparent, and specific evidence destroyed in the act
of destruction. Individual saboteurs will frequently maintain the cover
of a normal life and commit their disruptive actions during the course
of regular work or travel. It is for this reason that sabotage is such a
potent revolutionary tactic. Fortunately, saboteurs have a general
tendency to become overly confident or aggressive, thereby exposing them-
selves. The lack of rigid compartmentation may stimulate the use of
saboteurs for violent acts which unnecessarily expose their cover. In
addition, saboteurs may be asked or forced to provide their own sabotage
materials, thereby risking identification during procurement activities.
Effective control of saboteurs requires a combination of psycho-
logical and terrorist control systems discussed in the previous sections.
These techniques must be supplemented by extensive security procedures
for industry, communication and transportation facilities, government
offices, or other lucrative targets. Emphasis is placed on physical
protection, repetitive screening of personnel, and strict control of
potential sabotage materials. If such systems still fail to deter the
saboteur, it may be necessary to install television monitors to observe
all human activity in the area of critical targets, Further, a rotating
"buddy system" can be used to assure that individual saboteurs are con-
stantly observed by a fellow worker.
In sum, effective prevention of sabotage is a difficult but not
impossible task. Governments confronted with this problem will need
to seek further guidance and assistance on implementation of plant and
physical security procedures. Moreover, they must recognize that they are
dealing with a movement which is conspiratorial in nature and organization.
(6) dissemination of incorrect information, falsification of data,mis-
filing and records manipulation; (7) tampering; (8) fatal "flawing" of
materials or equipment; (9) work slowdowns; (10) interruption of command
or control procedures; and (11) use of laws, courts, and parlimentary
rules to impede the effective functioning of government.
The extensive employment of various sabotage techniques affords
the revolutionary with a relatively secure and inexpensive weapon that
Approved ForRelease 1999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R00020024(1001-5
 Approved For Releas'e_1999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200240001-5
Propaganda and Agitation
In order to be successful, most subversive movements must convince
a majority of a target population that the conditions under which they
exist are intolerable. This attitude will then provide the motivation
and "cause" needed to stimulate the popular dissidence essential to
ruining or overthrowing any government.
Propaganda comes in many and varied forms to include (1) leaflets;
(2) letter campaigns; (3) wall slogans; (4) rumors; (5) oratory; and (6)
radio, newspapers or other media. However, the latter forum exists only
where free speech is guaranteed or for low-level efforts which might not
be supressed.
Agitation is usually accomplished by influence agents who seize
upon controversial issue to "inflame" specific audiences for the purpose
of stimulating the development of particular attitudes, actions or
reactions. These individuals usually focus their attention on labor,
student or other population organizations that have banded together because
of common interests they wish to protect or promote. By identifying
with their cause, the agitator can thus seek to exploit any known grievance.
Once again, the previously discussed psychological control systems
afford. on effective means to negate the influence of subversive-sponsored
agitation and propaganda. The most important technique beinq the guarantee
of,credible, institutional and constitutional processes for non-violent reso-___
-lution of conditions that any population segment conceives"as being intolerable
To enhance the above, government should ativertize merits of its
own efforts to institute reform and constructive change. They must
discredit the subversives and prove that government will and can overcome
major problems while defeating the urban guerrillas within established
parameters of law and order.
Any government also has the option of silence or direct counter-
propaganda activities. Leaflets can be discredited, manipulated or answered,
Letter campaigns may be countered by confusing the issues, mail censor-
ship, and letters containing alternative opinions. Wall slogans can
be painted out, sand-blasted or sometimes manipulated by adding or sub-
tracting letters and words. Rumors can be distorted, discredited or
burried in an avalanche of other rumors. Oratory is negated by argumen-
tative oratory. Media owners can usually be influenced or pressured to
avoid "playing" issues giving credibility to the subversive cause.
Additionally, government can effectively utilize various media to convey
its counterpropaganda message.
w n u r T n r U r T A 1
Approved For RrAease 1999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R00020024000,1-5
 Approved For Release1999/09/24 : CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200240001-5
Agitator activity may be observed by low-level informants recruited
from among those organizations or institutions the former is attempting to
influence. Specific agitators can then be harassed, surveiled, detained
or arrested until they cease and desist their activity. The government
can also recruit their own agents of influence to be targetted against
potential dissident groups. These individuals act as counteragitators
who attempt to "dampen" subversive attitudes or actions, and convince
their audiences to seek desired changes by legal and peaceful.means. This
latter approach, of course, assumes that government is not repressive and
has provided some basis for reform.
Armed Violence
Snipers or "firing groups" of four or five men may undertake limited
hit and run attacks to erode popular confidence in government security
forces and to force the initiation of repressive acts antagonistic to a
target populace. Weapons include rifles, shotguns, pistols, grenades,
Molotov cocktails, explosives and other light-weight, easily concealable
items. Targets may be discriminately or indiscriminately selected.
Police, firemen, government officials, foreign diplomats or businessmen
and leaders of moderating forces are high on the discriminate list.
Indiscriminate targets are usually selected to incite population fear.
These armed action groups may also be used to undertake robbery, kid-
napping, assassination or other select activity in support of overall
subversive objectives.
In the urban environment, such guerrilla action is at close
quarters for extremely short duration. Specific, tactics will depend
on the target, the metropolitan terrain, attack options, movement
alternatives, type of, weapons, accepted modus operandi and the potential
for surprise/retreat. The net effect being a great diversification of
tactical approach from one situation to another.
The sniper or armed guerrilla squad often appear to have little
distinction from terrorists; however, the latter are usually limited
to covert acts of assassination and bombing. Whereas the so-called
"fire teams" engage in more overt and flagrant hostilities that
separate them from the normal terrorists. A basic difference in tactics
also necessitate handling the two groups separately.
Effective intelligence collection and collation or other tech-
niques discussed under terrorist control may aid the apprehension and
arrest of snipers or members of fire teams. However, defeat of these
Approved For Release 1999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200240b01-5
 Approved For Release:,1999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200240001-5
particular urban. guerrilla components will require-a major effort on
the part of internal security forces.
Snipers are a specialized problem in themselves. The instant
a sniper opens fire, the police and/or other security elements must
have the immediate capability to "cordon" the fire zone and safely
remove all civilians or other targets enclosed within. Security
forces must then utilize available protective cover while moving to
locate, encircle and entrap the sniper. Any counterfire should be
undertaken only by skilled marksmen using high-powered rifles with
scopes. Massive amounts of uncontrolled firepower only serve to
endanger civilians and property while providing the sniper with addi-
tional targets. Terrain advantage may be achieved by use of multi-storied
buildings or helicopters. The overall objective being to quickly and
efficiently eliminate the sniper while protecting the populace and
avoiding any retaliatory action which could serve the guerrilla cause.
Fire teams are the urban guerrillas' paramilitary arm and must
usually be countered by employment of basic counterguerrilla tactics.
Police and other internal security elements will need the type of
training, arms, equipment, communication and mobility that will prepare
them to undertake such action. This normally will involve some funda-
mental changes in the organization and deployment of all internal
security forces. An "initial reaction force" may be composed of
specially augmented police squads that are strategically deployed
throughout the urban target area. These units should be capable of
momentary response to any guerrilla attack and they must be`prepared
to immediately engage guerrilla fire groups in a street battle. How-
ever, counteraction must be delayed until such time as the civilian
populace. has been lead to escape from the fire zone.
Reserve units should be created to provide a backup for the
initial reaction forces. The reserve is normally composed of police
companies or specially trained military organizations held on a stand-
by basis. Such units can be called in to cordon and search an area or
they may be deployed to directly engage guerrilla elements. It is
also essential that military reserve forces be prepared to react against
a series of widely dispersed guerrilla actions designed to overwhelm
the police.
Assassination and Kidnapping
The urban guerrillas may employ assassination and/or kidnapping
operations to eliminate "key" leaders within government or the private
Approved For Release 1999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200240001-5
 ? Approved For ReleasaeA999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200240001-5
sector. Liquidation of existing leadership is the oldest method of.
revolution and affords a relatively simple means to dislocate or dis-
organize political-social-economic institutions.
Targets may be limited to "heads" of state, representatives of
government, local leaders, or other individuals who act to support the
status quo. The primary aim of a systematic campaign of assassination is
to alienate a populace from their government by establishing the omni-
potent power of the guerrillas. Kidnapping operations may also be
designed to accomplish this same objective, and to extract concessions,
capture publicity, provoke controversy or free political prisoners.
Targets for kidnapping may also include foreign diplomats or business
executives and various personalities who might be useful for propaganda
purposes. In some cases, the kidnap victim may be executed after his
usefulness has ended, so the net effect is that of a combined kidnapping
and assassinW on.
Individuals or select three- to five-man guerrilla teams are
usually employed to conduct the above types of operations. Normally,
such individuals are selected on the basis of their proven courage,
dedication, resourcefulness and cunning. Preferably, they are not
persons wanted by the authorities, but ordinary citizens capable of
moving about freely. Assassinations or kidnappings are planned in
detail and special surveillance parties first check on the movements
of propective vistims. The target is shadowed to learn his habits,
hours, movement patterns and usual security procedures. When a pattern
is established, the guerrillas then develop and rehearse their specific
modus operandi.
To counter the threat of assassination or kidnapping, all potential
targets must be advised to constantly vary their routes of movement and
patterns of activity. Prospective security procedures should be devised
fQr all key personalities. Every effort must be made to avoid unneces-
sarily exposing potential targets. When they must be exposed, threatened
subjects should not be at a specific location at the time guerrilla
elements might expect them to be there. Special security arrangements
may be required for routine travel between a target's home and office.
In urban areas where a high threat exists, special buses with armed
guards can be used to pick up and escort key leaders between home and
office. Physical security of offices can be increased and potential
target personalities, plus their families, may all be moved into a
? protected residential compound with fences, guards, etc.
Approved For I o1ease 1999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200240001-5
 Approved For Release,.1,999/09/24 : CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200240001-5
Additional countermeasures include the various control systems
discussed under the previous section on terrorists. Primary emphasis
is on intelligence operations designed to identify assassins and
kidnappers.
Infiltration
The security and operational potential of an urban guerrilla
force is usually predicated on the quantity of intelligence obtained
by successful-infiltration. If police and internal security organi-
zations can be penetrated, the guerrillas may thus be forewarned of
actions planned against them. The infiltration of security forces was
seen by Lenin as one of the essential preconditions for a successful
urban uprising. Lenin's theory being that urban guerrillas would always
be outgunned unless they neutralized the police and other security elements
by infiltrating their own agents at all levels.
In addition, the subversive movement cannot be expected to succeed
unless it attacks and erodes any official programs designed to establish
or sustain population confidence in government. To help accomplish this
goal, the urban guerrillas will attempt to infiltrate all elements of
the target regime. The net objective is to obtain information which
can be used to plan disruptive or destructive attacks against socio-
economic development projects or other programs designed to alleivate
popular grievances.
Select infiltration operations may be used'-to obtain specific
target intelligence, particularly as regards procurement of funds,
weapons, or other supplies. Penetration agents can also provide
information on potential targets for terrorist, sabotage, assassination
and kidnap operations.
Classic clandestine "tradecraft" techniques are used as the
basis for organizing and accomplishing infiltration operations.
We are first concerned with human penetrations and to a lesser
degree, theft,tribery, technical penetrations and other ancillary types
of espionage. However, the primary danger is that guerrillas may obtain
a popular following from among elements of the population having existing
intelligence access. This situation will then create a more spontaneous
flow of information which the urban guerrillas can use for protection
or advantage.
Approved For Rpl-ease 1999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200240001-5
 Approved For Release _1999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-006718000200240001-5
An effective counterintelligence operation requires (1) trained
espionage officers; (2) secure communication and facilities; (3) bio-
graphic files to facilitate security clearances and name traces; (4)
physical securit and document control systems; (5) human and electronic
surveillance; (6) informant nets; (7) double agents; (8) "block warning
systems"; and (9) a variety of other specialized techniques. All of this
should be supplemented by modern criminal investigative practices usually
requiring an upgrading of overall police capabilities.
Thus, a major and essential function of target government is. to
stop, disrupt, manipulate or negate rebel intelligence operations.
Accomplishment of this objective requires massive utilization of counter-
intelligence procedures and police investigative techniques. The initial
action is to identify specific agents, their guerrilla contacts, their
couriers and courier routes, dead drops, and other communication or con-
tact procedures. Once a subversive agent is identified? an operation
may be carefully planned to attempt to double the agent. Failing this,
the agent should be apprehended, interrogated, convicted and imprisoned
according to "due process".
Mob Violence
Street tactics of the urban guerrillas include the instigation and/
or manipulation of demonstrations, mobs, and strikes. The objective is
to create a situation wherein peaceful protect groups can be agitated to
participate in acts of civil disobedience or riot.
Agents of influence and subversive agitators may seize upon any
popular grievance to stimulate the formation of protest: groups. The
next objective is for agitators to encourage the type of public demon-
stration that could easily "flare" into a confrontation with police.
Having created a proper environment, various guerrilla elements
can infiltrate the street mobs to incite a riot or undertake acts of
violence using the protestors for cover.
Guerrilla tactics are simple. Bottles, bricks, and stones can
be hurled at police. Hasty barricades may be used to block streets.
Business establishments, factories and/or government buildings can be
looted or burned. Snipers can-be deployed to fire at police, hoping
they in turn will retaliate by killing innocent members of the mob.
When the police attempt to arrest an agitator, a larger group of urban
Approved For Release 1999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200240001-5
 Approved For Release 1999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200240001-5
guerrillas may attempt to aid his escape. If internal security forces
effectively contain the riot, the guerrillas will retreat along pre-
planned avenues of escape.
The primary objective of such group agitation is to force the
government to take strong repressive measures, thereby further alienating
the population. Promoting general disorder also helps to disrupt the
economy and undermine the government. Last but not least, by organizing
social discontent, the urban guerrillas induce the population to accept
their leadership while demonstrating the regime's lack of authority.
Basic ingredients for group agitation include (1) leadership
trained in mob psychology and tactics; (2) an executive committee
responsible for overall planning and execution; (3) propaganda efforts
to rally public sympathy for a cause; (4) compilation and continuous
review of exploitable grievances; (5) registration of potential dissi-
dents; (6) study of overall environment; (7) profiling of radical
organizations; (8) enlistment of financial and moral support; (9)
tactical training for agitators; (10) development of community support;
(11) recruitment of "crowd-roving" orators; (12) preparation of music,
chants and slogans; (13) creation of demands and ultimatums; (14)
planning for pivotal events designed to precipitate conflict; (15)
public announcement of time and place for planned demonstration; (16)
stimulation of actions to incite media coverage; and (17) encouraging
demonstrators to participate in dramatic mass arrests.
By effective manipulation of mob psychology, the urban guerrilla
thus plans to push the aggrieved citizen into outright breaches of
law that will lead to heightened outbursts of violence. In addition,
all-out revolution must be rapidly precipitated or mob participants will
lose stamina in the face of prolonged adversity. To succeed, group
agitation must be carefully timed to coincide and "peak." with other
guerrilla actions.
A target government has only two types of countermeasures for
controlling group agitation. The first is to quickly and mercilessly
crush any protestors by use of totalitarian force. Obviously, this is
not feasible for any democratic society. A second option is to
institute political and psychological control systems previously dis-
cussed and to prepare internal security forces for non-violent mob/riot
control. The principal technique being to control effectively a mob
without repressive or brutal tactics which further agitate the population
mass.
Approved Fo Release 1999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200246Q01-5
 Approved For Release 1999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 RO6
0200240001-5
CONCLUSION
Throughout history, violence has been an integral part of the
political process. Urban guerrillaHarfare is a modern ,popular form
of this activity advocated by communists and various national revolu-
tionaries. More civil and humane states have limited violence by
developing the type of laws, custom, consensus and responsiveness which
limit the need or purpose of such hostility. However, no system has
eliminated violence on the periphery of its consensual and support base.
When violence remains peripheral, police powers of the state are
usually adequate to "deal" with the problem in a manner acceptable to
the population majority. If dissident forces are more than peripheral,
the typical response is one of absorption, cooptation, and acceptance
of essential reform as the basis for re-establishing a broad popular
consensus. Those. governments which fail to perceive the significance of
popular grievance are inviting an outbreak of violence. The same is
true for regimes that fail to move toward accommodation when they are
unable to repress significant population demands for reform.
Even though a subversive conspiracy may exist, it. is not the
revolutionaries or social deviates who cause the major problem. They
are merely the tip of an iceberg which government may take repressive
action to destroy. However, a new peak may be pushed to the surface
by that "base" of popular dissent which originally stimulated and
supported the initial violence.
An urban guerrilla organization cannot be a serious threat unless
it maintains a_symbiotic relationship between themselves, as the tip
of the iceberg, and their underwater population base. Thus, any acts
of violence must be controlled politically as regards timing, target,
theater of operation and precise selectivity; the primary purpose being
augmentation of the subversive base and not annihilation of an enemy.
In essence, the damage to a regime is incidental to political objectives.
It is for this reason that subversive elements seek to force government
.to engage in repressive acts which will alienate the population.
The incumbent target regime must avoid use of repression and take
those actions necessary to expand its political base commensurate with
the threat imposed by urban guerrillas. In this regard, the age-old
techniques of cooptation and absorption are often more important than
security measures in dealing with the threat of violence. Hostilities
Approved For Release 1999/ 8000200240001-5
 :Approved For Release 1999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200240001-5
do not alter effectively the political process, but intensify the diffi-
culty of coalition building to arrive at a consensual agreement that
will create the basis for popular support. Only a totalitarian state
has the potential for the type of complete repression that does not
require cooptation or adaptation. The absorption of an urban guerrilla
movement requires modification of governmental policy, which is seldom
severe or detrimental to an existing regime if initiated during early
stages of violence.
In sum, we. can conclude that increased government fire power or
external aid to a'regime does not alter the political reality of the
situation so long as subversive forces retain minimal viability. In
the final analysis, the remediat actions suggested in this study are
of little value unless accompanied by enlightened political solutions.
Approved For Release 1999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R0002002401 01-5
 Approved For Release 1999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200240001-5
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Andies, Helimut. Rule of Terror New York: Holt, Rinehart, and
Winston, 1969.
Assassination and Political Violence, a task force of the National
Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence.
Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1969.
Arther, Richard 0. Interrogation for Investigators. William C. Copp
& and Associates, New York, 1959.
Caputo, William C.
41 Bain, Chester A. Vietnam--The Roots of Conflict. Englewood Cliffs,
N.J.9 1967.
? Bennett, Richard L.. The Black and Tans. Boston: Houghton Miff in
o., 1999.
? Bern, Major H. von Dach. Total Resistance. Boulder, Colorado:
Panther u ications, 1965.
Black, Cyril E., and Thornton, Thomas P. Communism and Revolution.
Princeton: Princeton University Press, 19 .
Bocca, Geoffrey. The Secret Arm Z. Englewood Cliffs, NJ.: Prentice-
=1968. a 14
Brown, Robert M..__The Electronic Invasion. John F. Rider Inc., New
.__ or , 1966
(10. Browne, Malcolm W. The New Face of War. Indianapolis: The Bobbs-
Merri o., ..
I11. Clark, Michael K. Al Algeria in Turmoil. New York: Frederick A. Praeger,
1a
'J2. Cook, Fred J. The Secret Rulers.' Duell, Sloan Pearce, New York, 19661
13. Cross, James Eliot. Conflict in' the Shadows. New York: Doubleday $
ki - Co. , .
14. Crozier, Brian. South-East Asia in Turmoil. Baltimore: Penguin Books,
1965.
IS. Davies, James Chowning, ed. When Men Revolt and Wh ; A Reader in
Political Violence and evolution. New York, Free -
Approved For Rele sl99 24 : CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200240601-5
 `Approved For Release 1999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-006711000200240001-5
r6. Dienstein, William. Technics for the Crime Investigator. Charles
C..Thomas, Publisher, Spring ie ,Il inois, 1965.
17. Dubois, Jules. Fidel Castrol Indianapolis: The New Bobbs-
Merrill o. , 1959.
18. Eckstein, Harry, ed. Internal War. New York: The Free Press
of Glencoe, 1964.
19. Egen, Frederick W. Plainclothesman. Arco Publishing Company, inc.,
New York, 1963.
20. Endleman, Shalom, ed. Vmolence in the Streets. Chicago,
Quandrangle, 1968.
21. Frank, Gerold. The Deed. New York: Simon and Schuster, Inc.,,
1963.
22. ' Giap, General Vo Nguyen. The South Vietnam People W111 WiA . Hanoi:
Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1905
23. Gibson, Walter B. The Fine Art of Spying,. Crossett and Dunlap,
New York,1965.
24. Greene, Lt. Col. T. N.., ed. The Guerrilla--and How to Fight Him.
New York: Frederick- A. Praeger,
25. Gross, Feliks. The Seizure of Political Power in a Century of
Revolutions. New York: i osopiica Library,--T958.
26. Guzman, Campos, Mons. German, Fals Bordal,.Orlando, and Umana Luna,
Eduardo. La Violencia 6n Colombia, vols. 1 and 2.
Bogota: Ediciones Tercer Mun o, :1963.
27. Harvey, Malachi L. and Cross, John U. The Informer in Law
Enforcement. Charles C. Thomas, Publisher, Spring-
field.-- llinois, 1962.
28. Hazelet, John C. Police ReportWriting. Charles C. Thomas,
Publisher, Springfield, Illinois, 1960.
29. Heisel, James H. Counter Revolution.' Atherton Press, New York,
1966.
30. Hoover, J. Edgar. Masters of Deceit. Cardinal Edition Pocket
Books Inc., New York, 1961.
31. Hosmer, Stephen T. Viet Cong Repression and Its Implications for
the Future. Lexington:. Heath Lex ington. Books,-1970.-
Approved For P>elease 1999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200240001-5
r
 Approved For Release 1999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200240001-5
32. Janowitz, Morris. Social Control of Escalated Riots. Chicago,
University of Chicago Press, ;.
33. Jenkins, Brian Michael. "The Five Stages of Urban Guerrilla
Warfare;Z Challenge of the 1970s". RAND, July 1971.
34. Kirk, Paul L. and Bradford, Lowell W. The Crime Laboratory.
Charles C. Thomas, Publisher, Springfield, I inois,
1965.
35. Kitson, Frank. Low Intensity Operations. Stackpole, 1971.
36.? Koontz, Harold,, and O'Donnell, Cyril Principles of Management.
McGraw-Hill Book Company, New or - oronto- on on, --.
37. Leiden, Carl and Schmitt, Karl M., eds. The Politics of Violence.
Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: P r e n t i c e a nc
38. Lenz, Robert R. Explosives and Bomb Disposal Guide. Spring-
field, Ill., Thomas, 1965.
39. Mallin, Jay. Terror in Viet Nam. Princeton: D. Van Nostrand
Co.,
1966.
40. MacCarthy, J. M., ed. Limerick's Fighting Story. Tralee, Ireland:
Anvil Books, 1966.
41. Marx, Karl. Capital.---New York': International Publishers Co.,
1967,
42. Masotti, Louis H., ed. "Urban Violence and Disorder",,Issue II:4
of The American Behavioral Scientist, March-April,
1907. 43. Mendel, Arthur P., ed. Essential Works of Marxism. New York:
Bantam Books, 1965.
44. Momboisse, Raymond M. Blueprint of Revolution. Springfield, Ill.,
Thomas, 1910.
45. Momboisse, Raymond M. Confrontations, Riots, Urban Warfare.
Sacramento, Calit., MSM nterprises, 969.
46. Momboisse, Raymond M. "Riot Protection;`Check List for Business"
Sacramento, Calif., MSM Enterprises, 1968.
47. Momboisse, Raymond R. Riots Revolts and Insurrections.
Springfield, IT., T omas
Approved For'Release 1999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 ROOO2OO24OOO1-5
 Approved For Release 1999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 8000200240001-5
48. Moss,-Robert. The War for the Cities. New York, Coward, McCann
$ Goeghegan, Inc., 1972. British edition entitled:
Urban Guerrillas.
49. Moss, Robert. "Urban Guerrillas in Uruguay", Problems of Communism
September-October 1971, pp. 14-23.
50. Moss, Robert. Urban Guerrilla Warfare. With an Appendix:
Miminanual of the Urban Guerrilla by Carlos Marighella
(Adelphi Papers, No. 79). London, The International
Institute for Strategic Studies, August 1971.
51. Moss, Robert. `Urban Guerrillas in Latin America. (Conflict
Studies No. 8). London, Institute for the Study
of Conflict, 1970.
52. Mydans, Carl and Shelley. The Violent Peace. New York:
Atheneum, 1968.
53. Nunez, Carlos and Jose Diaz. The Tupamaros; Urban Guerrilla
Warfare in Uruguay. New Yor~Liberated uar ian,
17"0 .
54.. Oppenheimer, Martin and George Lakey. A Manual for Direct Action.
Chicago,. Quandrangle, 1965.
55. Oppenheimer, Martin.-----The Urban Guerrilla. Chicago, Quandrangle,
1969.
56. O'Sullivan, B. Dalton. Crime Detection. The O'Sullivan Publishing
House, Chicago, Illinois, 128.
57. Penkovskiy, Oleg. The Penkovskiy Papers. Avon Company, New
York, 1966.
58. Pfiffner, John M. and Sherwood, Frank P. Administrative Organiza-
tion. Prentice-Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New
Jersey, 1960.
59. Phillips, R. Hart. Cuba--Island of Paradox. New York: McDowell,
Obolensky, 1959.
60. Pike, Douglas. The Viet-Cong Strategy of Terror. Saigon:
United States- Mission, Viet-clam I 70.
61. Powell, William. The Anarchist Cookbook. New York, Lyle Stuart,
1971.
62. Powers, Thomas. Diana: The Making of a Terrorist. Boston, 1971.
Approved a
 Approved For Release. 1999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200240001-5
64. Reed, David. 111 Days in Stanleyville. New York: Harper $ Row,
1965.
65. Riots Civil and Criminal Disorders--Hearings before the Permanent
Subcommittee on Investigations o t e Committee on
Government Operations United States Senate. Was ingtoi
U .S. Government Printing Office,
66. Rosenthal, Carl F. Phases of Civil Disturbances: Characteristics
and Problems. Washington, D.C.-,, Center for Research.
in Social Systems, June, 1969.`
67. Russell, Charles and Hildner, Robert E. "Urban Insurgency in
Latin America", Air University Review, September-
October 1971, pp. 54- .
68. Soderman, Harry and O'Connell, John J. Modern Criminal Investi-
ag tion. Funk and Wagnalls om pny. New York, 1952.
69. Sondern, Frederic, Jr,. Brotherhood of Evil--The Mafia. Farrar,
Straus, and Cudahy, New York-,-T959,.
70. Stahl, 0. Glenn Public Personnel Administration. Harper & Row,
New York, 1962.
71.- Stoffel, Joseph F. Explosives and Homemade Bombs. Springfield,
Ill., Thomas, 1962.
72. Stoner, John K. '.'Riot Control Doctrine", Military Review.
February 1965, pp. 40-44.
73. Suchlicki, Jaime. University Students and Revolution in Cuba,
1920-1968. Coral Gables: University of Miami Press,
1969.
74. Taber, Robert. The War of the Flea. New York: Lyle Stuart, 1965.
75. To Establish Justice, To Insure. Domestic Tranquilit . Final
report of the National Commission onauses and.
Prevention of Violence. New York: Bantam Books, 1970.
76. Trotsky, Leon. Stalin. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1941.
77. United States Department of Justice. "Federal Bureau of Investigatior
"Prevention and Control of Mobs and Riots." Wash, DC
.FBI, 3 April 1967.
78. United States Mission in Viet Nam. A Study--Viet Cong Use of
Terror. Saigon, 1967.
79. Whelton, Charles. Skyjack: New York: Tower Publications, 1970.
Approved For Release 1999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200240001-5
 f Approved For Releas 1999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R9 0200240001-5
80. Wilson, 0. W. Police Administration. McGraw-Hill Book Co. Inc.
New York, Toronto, Lon on, 1950.
81. Wilson, 0. W. Police Plannin_. Charles C. Thomas, Publisher,
Springfield, Illinois, 1958.
82. Wilson, 0. W. Police Records. Public Administration Service,
Chicago, 1 inois, 1951.
83. Wolfe, Bertram D. Three Who Made a Revolution. New York: The
Dial Press, 1961.
Approved ForfRelease 1999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200240001-5
?