KAO KANG OUTLINES STEPS FOR INCREASED SOCIALIZATION OF AGRICULTURE IN NORTHEAST CHINA

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-00809A000700110464-3
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: R
• Document Page Count: 3
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 15, 2011
• Sequence Number: 464
• Publication Date: June 4, 1953
• Content Type: REPORT

Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/02/08: CIA-RDP80-00809A000700110464-3
CLASSIFICATION RESTRICTED
CENTRAL IN1 .YffiCA Q ON REPORII
INFORMATION FROM
FOREIGN DOCUMENTS OR RADIO BROADCASTS CD NO.
SUBJECT
HOW
PUBLISHED
WHERE
PUBLISHED
DATE
PUBLISHED
LANGUAGE
Economic - Agriculture, socialization
Daily newspaper
Ho-fei
15 Jan 1953
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DATE OF
INFORMATION 1952 - 1953
DATE DIST. f ToK1953
NO. OF PAGES 3
SUPPLEMENT TO
REPORT NO.
KAO KANG CUTLINES STEPS FOR INCREASED SOCIALIZATION
OF AGRICULTURE IN NORTHEAST CHINA
Summary: At a Northeast Rural Work Conference held in Octo-
ber - November 1952 a five-year goal of agricultural socializa-
tion was adopted calling for up to 80 percent of all peasants to
be enrolled in agricultural production cooperatives by 1957, with
a crop production increase of 80 to 100 percent over 1952. The
increase in the number of wealthy peasants was regarded as a dan-
gerous development. Kao Kang, Secretary of the Northeast Branch
Bureau of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
pointed out that there was a distinction between the Soviet and
Chinese rural socialization movement but called for the gradual
acquirement of, communal property by mutual aid teams and agricul-
tural production cooperatives.
The 1953 agricultural goals of Anhwei Province were announced
at a conference of model rural laborers held 7 January 1953 at Ho-
feij
FIVE-YEAR AGRICLiLTURAL PLAN FOR NORTHEAST -- Ho-fei, Anhwei Jih-pao,
15 Jan 53
Mukden, 13 January (Hain-hua) -- At a Northeast Rural Work Conference
held 27 October - 10 November 1952, Kao Kang, Secretary of the Northeast
Bureau of the Chinese Communist Party Committee, announced a five-year goal
for agricultural organization moving in the direction of socialization. He
called this a historic program.
The conference 'set a goal calling for advancement to the point where
agricultural production cooperatives would be the basic agricultural organi-
zation by 1957. In the more advanced areas, from 70 to 80 percent of all
farmers should be members of agricultural production cooperatives and 60 per-
cent in less advanced areas by that year. During the same period an increase
in the number of experimental collectives is called for. More state farms
should be established and state farms should become tractor stations. -
NAW
DISTRIBUTION
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The conference called for production increases by 1957 of from 80 to
100 percent over 1952. Various means, including resettlement of peasants
in undeveloped areas, are to be employed in reaching the goal.
The conference learned that the value of the 1952 agricultural produc-
tion was 48 percent above the value of the 1943 production. Approximately
80 percent of all peasant families are members of some type of agricultural
production organization. Twelve hundred key point experimental agricultural
production cooperatives and six experimental collective villages are in
existence in the Northeast. State farms are prospering.
The conference viewed with alarm the fact that in the Northeast ap-
proximately one percent of the peasants are in the wealthy peasant class.
While the proportion of these that have emerged from among the small farmer
class is not large, their influence on the thinking of many of the peasants
w)iose livelihood is improving to the stage of abundance is not negligible.
Wealthy peasants use all sorts of methods to combat the policy of the party
for promoting the cooperative movement among the peasants and for preventing
exploitation. The conference called for continued efforts to organize the
poor peasants in order to forestall the exploitative activities of the
wealthy peasants.
The conference called for a party rectification movement in the rural
arear of the Northeast during the winter and spring of 1952 - 1953. Many
of the cadres are affected by the example of the "nouveaux riches" among
the peasants and adopt their exploitative policies. Authoritarianism is
also markedly present among the cadres. Many of them are mercenary and
covetous and engage in corrupt practices. The rural, party members must be
reeducated in part principles and again taught the doctrine of the two
ways Lold and ne There must be examination, censure, and correction.
. Kno Kang emphasized that while land reform has long been completed and
feudalism essentially smashed in the Northeast, the peasants are lagging
behind economically. Be said they were unable to use modern farming ma-
chinery, not only the mechanically powered machinery, but also the new-type
horse-drawn implements. He charged that they do not profit by modern tech-
nical production developments or scientific division of labor and, conse-
quently, they are unable to raise production. Kao fang believes this situa-
tion can and must be remedied by cooperative effort to displace individual
farming. Experience has already demonstrated the success that can be
achieved through the cooperative program. If the agricultural production
cooperatives can be made the main type of cooperative effort and more exper-
imental state-operated and collective farms be established, a great change
can be effected in the rural economy of the Northeast.
Kao Kang offered the following suggestions to help accomplish the plan
he advocated:
1. The rural cooperative endeavor movement must be recognized as a
longer term movement than the land-reform movement. It must be regarded as
a program for reforming the agriculturists. To this end it must move for-
ward steadily, but without deviations or manifestations of authoritarianism.
2. The difference between the Chinese mutual aid team and agricultural
production cooperative system and the Soviet collective village system
should be recognized. The Chinese system is based on private ownership of
land. In this system, the first emphasis must be on collective labor as a
means of developing collective thinking among the farmers. The next step
is the gradual acquirement of communal property by mutual aid teams and
agricultural production cooperatives. The whole program must be gearedto the
degree of progress the peasants are able to make, while persistently pre-
serving the principle of wholly voluntary membership in these organizations.
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3. Since the newness of the cooperative movement results in many prob-
lems, cadres responsible for promotion of the movement must strengthen their
study program, especially the study of agricultural techniques. They must
elevate the level of their leadership, reform their practices, increase re-
search, exchange experiences, solve problems, and prevent recrudescence of
outmoded ideas.
Official plans for agricultural operations in Anhwei during 1953 were
announced by Jen Chen-hsiu, Deputy Chief of the Agriculture and Forestry
Department of the Anhvei Provincial Government, at a conference of delegates
of model rural laborers from all over the province that opened on 7 Janu-
ary 1953.
The 1953 goal includes a general production increase of 20 to 30 per-
cent over 1952 in rice and wheat, 20 to 30 percent in cotton, 20 percent
in tea and tobacco, and 200 to 300 percent in silk. The planting of mul-
berry trees should be expanded by making use of waste land and mountain
slopes.
North of the Huai Ho raising of horses and mules should be increased
to meet the need for more animal power for use with the new types of animal-
drawn agricultural implements. A goal of one pig for each family is pro-
jected. Emphasis is placed on the raising of Bows, cows, and fowl. The in-
crease of old-type implements and promotion of the use of new types are im-
portant in the 1953 agricultural program.
In addition to work on the over-all Huai Ho control program in hilly
areas, such water conservation projects as digging ponds and wells, con-
struction of antierosion dams, and sealing off mountain slopes to promote
forest growth should be actively promoted. In level areas, digging of ca-
nals, ditches, and wells, afforestation and repairs of field dikes should
be promoted as a means of preserving ground water supplies and preventing
damage from heavy rainfall.
Fresh water pisciculture in ponds and ditches should be promoted as a
general program for all villages. All phases of forestry practice should
be promoted.
Deputy Chief Jen emphasized the importance of building on past success-
ful experience to reach the 1953 agricultural aims of the provincial gov-
ernment.
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