INTELLIGENCE HANDBOOK FOR SPECIAL OPERATIONS SUMATRA

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 184
• Document Creation Date: December 20, 2016
• Document Release Date: July 21, 1998
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: January 1, 1965
• Content Type: CH

DIRECTORATE OF INTELLIGENCE
Approved F. eQ002/3 }CIA-FL7
NO FOREIGN DISSEM
GROUP 1, 1
Approved For Release 2007/02/23 CIA-RDP80-014448000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
WARNING
This material contains information affecting
the National Defense of the United States
within the meaning of the espionage laws,
Title 18, USC, Secs. 793 and 794, the trans-
mission or revelation of which in any manner
to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved for Release 200 2 t o-10 } 1 0 IOOO4 QCt1~
Approved For Releas f 02123=: CIAF Cpl 0=0'i 4 O( b :14
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
INTELLIGENCE HANDBOOK
FOR
SPECIAL OPERATIONS
SUMATRA
NO FOREIGN DISSEM
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
CONTENTS
Page
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
II. Historical. Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
A. Chronology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
B. History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
III. Physical Geography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
A. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
B. Terrain, Drainage, and. Vegetation. . . . . . 7
1. Terrain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
a. Atjeh Highlands. . . . . . . . . . . 8
b. Batak Highlands. . . . . . . . . . 8
c. Padang Highlands . . . . . . . . . . 10
d. Bengkulu Highlands . . . . . . . . . 10
e. West Coast Plains. . . . . . . . . . 13
f. Eastern Plain and Swamps . . . . . . 15
2. Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3. Vegetation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4. Suitability for Operations . . . . . . . 25
1. North Coast . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2. East Coast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3. South Coast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4. West Coast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
D. Associated. Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1. Off North Coast . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2. Off East Coast . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3. Off West Coast . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
E. Special Features . . . . . . ... . . . . . . 32
F . Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Table 1 -- Temperature . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 2 -- Rainfall. . . . . . . . . . .
Bibliography .
36
37
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
Page
IV. Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
39
A . General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
39
B. Movement of Population. . . . . . . . . . .
.
41
C. Social System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
42
D. Religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
43
E. Language and Education. . . . . . . . . . .
.
45
F. Occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
46
G. Housing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
47
H. Dress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
48
I. Health and Medical Factors. . . . . . . . .
.
48
J. Attitudes and Loyalities. . . . . . . . . .
.
49
K. Ethnic Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
50
1. At j ehnese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
50
2. Bataks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
51
3. Chinese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
57
4. Gayos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
58
5. Indians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
59
6. Javanese and. Sundanese. . . . . . . . .
.
59
7. Kubus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
61
8. Lampungers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
62
9. Malays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
62
10. Mentawaians and Engganese . . . . . . .
..
65
11. Minangkabaus. . . . . . . . . .
.
66
1?. Natuna and Anambas Islanders. . . . . .
.
70
13. Niassans . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
71
14. Orang Lauts (Sea Nomads). . . . . . . .
.
71
15. Redjang-Lebongers . . . . . . . . . . .
.
71
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
75
A. Current Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
77
B. Structure of Government . . . . . . . . . .
.
77
C. Current Administration. . . . . . . . . . .
.
79
D. Foreign Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
79
E. Political Parties . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
80
F. Influence Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
82
G. Subversion and Insurgency . . . . . . . . .
.
83
1. General . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
83
2. Communist Party (PKI) . . . . . . . . .
.
85
3. Other Pro-Communist Parties . . . . . .
.
87
a. Proletarian Party (Murba) . . . . .
.
87
b. Indonesian Party (Partind.o) . . . .
.
87
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
Page
4. Non-Communist Subversive Activity. .
. .
87
a. Territory of Islam (Darul Islam -
DI)
87
b. PRRI/Permesta Rebellion. . . . .
. .
88
C. The army . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
88
d. Moslem organizations . . . . . .
. .
89
5. The Chinese . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
90
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
91
VI. Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
93
A. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
93
B. Natural Resources . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
93
C. Industry and Electric Power. . . . . . .
. .
94
D. Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
95
E. Fishing and Forestry . . . . . . . . . .
. .
95
F. Employment and Labor . . . . . . . . . .
. .
95
G. Foreign Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
96
H. Foreign. Loans and Aid. . . . . . . . . .
. .
97
I. Prime Economic Targets . . . . . . . . .
. .
97
Bibliography, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
102
VII. Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
103
A. Inland. Waterways . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
103
B. Roads and Trails . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
103
1. Roads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
103
2. Trails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
108
C . Railroads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
109
D. Marine Transport . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
112
1. Merchant Marine . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
112
2. Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
112
E. Air Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
116
F. Targets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
116
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
120
VIII. Telecommunications . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
121
A. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
121
B. Telephone and. Telegraph Services and
Facilities. .
121
1. Domestic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
121
2. International . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
121
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
Page
C. Broadcasting Facilities and. Services. . . . . 121
D. Specialized. Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
1. Army . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
2. Aeronautical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
3. Maritime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
4. Police . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
5. Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
E. Prime Telecommunications Targets. . . . . . . 122
Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
IX. Military and, Internal Security Forces . . . . . . 127
A. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
B. Army (ADRI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
C. Air Force (AURI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
D. Navy (ALRI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
E. Police Forces . . . . . , . . . , . . 136
1. State Police Force (SPF). , . . . . . . 136
2. Police Brigade Mobile (BriMob). . . . . . 136
F. Locations of Army and Mobile Brigade Units -
Sumatra . . . . 138
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
X. Survival Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
A. Food. and. Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
1. Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
2. Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
3. Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
B. Environmental Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . 151
1. Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
2. Reptiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
3. Insects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
C. Climatic Hazards, . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
1. Heat and. Humidity . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
2. Precipitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
D. Cultural Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
E. Medical Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
F. Principal Diseases Encountered on Sumatra and.
Associated Islands . . . , 160
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
Appendixes
Page
Appendix A -- Airfields - Sumatra . . . . . . . . . .
165
Appendix B -- Recommended Maps. . . . . . . . . . . .
169
Appendix C -- Recommended Films . . . . . . . . . . .
171
Photographs
Figure
(Abbreviated Titles)
1. At j eh Highlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
Figure
2. Mountains of northern Sumatra. . . . . . .
9
Figure
3. Slopes around Lake Toba. . . . . . . . . .
11
Figure
4. Farms and, groves around Lake Toba. . . . .
11
Figure
5. Cultivated part of the Bukittinggi Basin
12
Figure
6. West coast plain. . . . . . . . . . .
12
Figure
7. West coast at Sibolga. . . . . . . . . . .
14
Figure
8. Jungle terrain . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
Figure
9. Plains near Medan . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
Figure
10. The lower Musi River at Palembang. . . .
16
Figure
11. The Lematang River . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
Figure
12. Partially cleared forest . . . . . . . . .
17
Figure
13. Streams in rugged country north of
Lake Toba.. . . . .
19
Figure
14. Swampy, east coast plain . . . . . . . . .
19
Figure
15. Moss-covered trees . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
Figure
16. Mangrove swamp at low tide . . . . . . . .
22
Figure
17. Cogon grass interspersed. with scrub trees.
24
Figure
18. Rubber estates near Medan. . . . . . . . .
24
Figure
19. North coast beach . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
Figure
20. Lampung Bay . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
Figure
21. Open-pit tin mine on Bangka Island, . .
30
Figure
22. Northeast coast of Bangka. . . . .
30
Figure
23. North coast of Billiton Island. . . , .
33
Figure
24. Reef-fringed northern coast of Tanahmasa
Island. . . . . .
33
Figure
25. Atjehnese people in ceremonial dress . .
52
Figure
26. Batak man . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52
Figure
27. Toba Batak settlement. . . . . . . . . . .
52
Figure
28. Toba Batak dwelling. . . . . . . . . . . .
54
Figure
29. Toba Batak dwelling. . . . . . . . . . .
54
Figure
30. Chinese village . . . . .. . . . . . . . .
60
Figure
31. A resettlement center. . . . . . . . . . .
60
Figure
32. Lampunger people in ceremonial attire. . .
63
Figure
33. Typical native dwelling on Bangka Island, .
63
Figure
34. Malay man . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
64
Figure
35. Malay couple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
64
Figure
36. Girls of the Mentawai Islands. . . . . . .
67
Figure
37. Minangkabau women . . . . . . . . . . . . .
67
Figure
38. Minangkabau house . . . . . . . . . . . . .
68
T
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
Page
Figure
39. Minangkabau house . . . . . . . . .
. . .
68
Figure
40. Niassans in ceremonial dress. . . .
. . .
72
Figure
41. Orang Laut houseboats on the Musi .
. . .
72
Figure
42. House of type occupied, by Lampungers
Red.jang-Lebongers. .
and
. . .
73
Figure
43. Redjang-Lebonger girls. . . . . . .
. . .
73
Figure
44. Oil pumping station at Dumai. . . .
. . .
98
Figure
45. Oil pumping station at Dumai. . . .
. . .
98
Figure
46. Permina oil collecting station. . .
. . .
99
Figure
47. Oil pumping station at Duri . . . .
. . .
99
Figure
48. A POL storage-area on Sambu Island.
. . .
100
Figure
49.. Conveyor belt system at Umbilin coal
mine. . .
. . .
100
Figure
50. Mountainous section of road . . . .
. . .
105
Figure
51. Road. bridge . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . .
105
Figure
52. Auto ferry. . . . . . . . . . .
. .
106
Figure
53. Typical road in central Sumatra . .
. . .
106
Figure
54. Bukittinggi-Pakanbaru road,. . . . .
. . .
107
Figure
55. Bukittinggi-Pakanbaru road. . . . .
. . .
107
Figure
56. Ferry on the Bukittinggi-Pakanbaru road .
107
Figure
57. Railroad yards in Medan . . . . . .
. . .
110
Figure
58. Rack section on railroad,. . . . . .
. . .
110
Figure
59. Old, engines and cars. . . . . . . .
. . .
111
Figure
60. Railroad along the Batang Arau. . .
. . .
111
Figure
61. Open wirelines . . . . . . . .. . .
. . .
123
Figure
62. Open wirelines . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
124
Figure
63. Radio receiving station near Medan .
. .
124
Figure
64. Radio transmitting station near Medan . .
125
Figure
65. Transmitting facility at Medan. . .
. . .
125
Figure
66. Indonesian soldiers . . . . . . . .
. . .
130
Figure
67. Indonesian soldiers . . . . . . . .
. . .
130
Figure
68. Indonesian soldiers . . . . . . . .
. . .
130
Figure
69. Rebel sentry on mined, airfield.. . .
. . .
131
Figure
70. Rebel patrol. . . . . . . . . .
. . .
131
Figure
71. Rebel students being drilled. .
. . .
132
Figure
72. Rebels surrendering . . . . . . .
. . .
132
Figure
73. Police at Bukitkubu . . . . . . . .
. . .
137
Figure
74. Breadfruit. . . . . . . . . . .
. . .
146
Figure
75. Taro plant. . . . . . . . . . .
. . .
146
Figure
76. Manioc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . .
147
Figure
77. Nipa palm . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . .
148
Figure
78. Water chestnut . . . . . . . . . . .
. . .
148
Figure
79. Tapping bamboo for water. . . . . .
. . .
152
Figure
80. Drinking bamboo water . . . . . . .
. . .
153
Figure
81. Thin leech . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . .
153
Figure
82. Leech gorged with blood.. . . . . .
. . .
153
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
Maps
(Inside Rear Cover)
Sumatra and Associated. Islands
Main Map (Place names, Airfields, Transportation)
Population and. Administrative Divisions
Ethnic Groups
Economic Activity
Terrain
Vegetation
Army Order of Battle
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
In this Handbook, Board on Geographic Names placename
spellings are used, in preference to those of any other system.
The terms Malaya and peninsular Malaysia are used interchange-
ably. The term main island is sometimes used, in referring to
Sumatra. The term associated islands refers to the smaller
islands associated, geographically and administratively with
Sumatra. They are shown on Map 39136.
The cutoff date for material contained. in this Handbook
is 15 November 1964.
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
I. Introduction
Sumatra occupies a strategic position astride the equa-
tor, dominating the Strait of Malacca and the Sunda Strait
through which most of the shipping between Europe-Africa
and, the Far East passes. It comprises 22 percent of Indonesia's
total land, area but contains only 15 percent of its population.
Railways, highways, and, telecommunications, while still
primitive by Western standards, are more developed, on
Sumatra than elsewhere in Indonesia except Java. Waterways
are especially important in Sumatra, and. are the primary
means of bulk transport. Of Indonesia's 11 secondary ports,
four are on Sumatra (Palembang, Pandjang, Telukbajur, and
Belawan), and, one (Sabang) is on the island, of We off the
northernmost tip of Sumatra. Medan airport is one of the
eight Indonesian airfields with 8,000 foot runways.
The Palembang area on Sumatra is considered one of the
three strategic areas in Indonesia because of its importance
as the center of the oil industry. There are two important
refineries located, there which are fed. by a network of pipe-
lines from surrounding oil fields. Included in the complex are
extensive POL storage facilities and. marine terminal facil-
ities. The importance of Palembang was demonstrated during
the first days of World. War II, when the area became the
first Indonesian objective of the Japanese.
Sumatra's basic importance to Indonesia lies in its rich
natural resources. In addition to the largest oilfields in
Indonesia, it has important rubber plantations and. forestry
resources and, also produces bauxite, tin, and, coal. Sumatran
exports of oil, rubber, copra, tea, coffee, palm oil, and
tobacco account for a majority of Indonesia's foreign
exchange earnings. Sumatra, together with the Riau and.
Anambas Islands, is also playing an important role as a base
for Indonesia's military confrontation against Malaysia.
The fact that the central government has consistently
sacrificed economic progress to political issues has been
particularly galling to Sumatran leaders. Many of the
Sumatran people are by temperament and, experience more orient-
ed toward. competition and economic initiative than are the
Javanese who dominate the national bureaucracy. The Sumatrans
also contributed important leadership to the Indonesian
revolution and, to the early national period and resented. their
increased, isolation after the mid-1950's from a national
policy-making role. Dissatisfaction with the central govern-
ment is most commonly expressed. today by large-scale smuggling,
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
although in the recent past (1958-1961) Sumatra was the
scene of open rebellion against the Sukarno government. The
ex-rebels no longer represent an organized, opposition to the
central government, but their leaders are still the focal.
point for anti-government sentiment. Latent discontent is
still sufficiently strong that the island. could, once again
become the scene of anti-government guerrilla activity,
especially if stimulated. by such factors as unfavorable de-
cisions by Java, an escalation of the Malaysian conflict,
or the death of Sukarno.
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
II. Historical Background
A. Chronology
670 Beginnings of the Sumatran kingdom of Srivijaya
1377 Srivijaya kingdom crushed by Madjapahit kingdom of Java
1511 Portuguese control established over eastern portion of
Sumatra which lasted. until Dutch conquest in the 17th
century
1898 Thirty year conflict between Dutch and. Atjeh ended.
1927 Communist rebellion in western Sumatra put down by Dutch
1942 Japanese forces land in northern Sumatra (January)
1945 Indonesian independence declared, by Nationalist leaders
on 17 August; Sukarno selected, as head, of new Government
of Republic of Indonesia
1947 Linggadjati agreement concluded between Netherlands and
Republic of Indonesia, recognizing de facto authority
of latter in Java and Sumatra
1947 Dutch launch military action against Republic of Indo-
nesia after failure to agree on implementation of
Linggadjati agreement
1949 Netherlands transfers sovereignty over Indonesia to
newly inaugurated federal Republic of United States
of Indonesia
1950 Indonesia converted. to unitary state as Republic of
Indonesia
1952 In so-called "October 17 affair" army leaders fail in
attempt to force Sukarno to dissolve appointive par-
liament and assume personal control of government
1953 Revolt breaks out in Atjeh
1955 First nation-wide elections held. for Parliament
1956 Army territorial commanders in central and northern
Sumatra set up councils replacing local civil govern-
ment and, refuse to recognize authority of cabinet
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
1958 "Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia"
(PRRI) proclaimed in Padang, Sumatra as a rival govern-
ment
1959 The 1945 Constitution, which centralized. power in the
executive and, reduced, legislatures to rubber stamps,
is reinstated
1961 President of rival Sumatra government surrenders and
urges his followers to end hostilities
1962 Daud. Beureueh, Atjeh rebel leader and founder Sumatra
wing of Darul Islam, surrenders
B. History
Until the early twentieth century Indonesia consisted, of
a mosaic of more or less autonomous societies -- speaking their
own language and dialects and following their own traditions.
Primary loyalties among these societies were toward their own
ethnic groups rather than toward a unified, nation. These local
loyalties have been especially strong on Sumatra and persist
even today, although on a diminishing scale.
As early as the second. century leading Hindu and. Buddhist
families from India, encouraged by local potentates, began to
move into Indonesia. South Sumatra became a center for Buddhist
scholars and. pilgrims, while Hindu influence focussed on Java.
By 800 the Buddhist kingdom of Srivijaya, centered in the
Palembang area, had established, suzerainty over large areas of
Sumatra, western Java, and. the Malayan peninsula. Srivijaya
remained, a major power until the twelfth century when several
Sumatran provinces asserted, their independence. The final blow
to the Srivijaya realm came in 1377 when the Madjapahit empire
from Java extended its rule to Sumatra for about a generation,
but then declined itself.
The forces of Islam and the West moved into the vacuunn.
Islam made its first penetration into Indonesia on northern
Sumatra, and, Atjeh became a Moslem stronghold. The sultanates
of Perlac and, Sumudra, two small port kingdoms in northern
Sumatra, were established by the end. of the thirteenth century,
and, during the fourteenth century a few other areas in northern
Sumatra were converted to Islam. By the end of the fifteenth
century Islam was widely accepted. in the major port areas of
Sumatra.
Most of the kingdoms established, by the end, of the fifteenth
century remained so constituted until the disruptions caused by
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
the expansion of Dutch rule in the seventeenth century. Malacca
(taken over by the Portuguese in 1511) controlled. much of the
east coast of Sumatra, and, northern Sumatra was divided. among a
number of independent port kingdoms of which Atjeh was by far
the strongest. From 1530 onward the Portuguese fought a series
of wars with Atjeh.
The Dutch subjugated, Atjeh during the seventeenth century
after successfully challenging the Portuguese. However, Western
interest remained, centered on Java until late in the nineteenth
century, although the Dutch East India Company controlled, several
Sumatran ports at the time it went bankrupt on January 1, 1800
and turned, over control of its territories to the Netherlands
Government. In 1830 the Dutch had, to suppress a rebellion in
Palembang, and. they also became involved in a religious struggle
in which they supported. the Minangkabaus against the fanatically
Moslem Padris sect. In 1858 the Dutch extended. their sovereignty
over the rich east coast of Sumatra after repelling the British
who had obtained control over the sultanate of Siak in north-
central Sumatra. The incident also brought the Dutch into a
thirty year conflict with Atjeh. The Atjehnese chief submitted,
to the Dutch in 1898, but guerrilla warfare continued. until 1908.
The Dutch by 1910 had brought all of Indonesia under their ad-
ministration. Indirect rule through the local leaders rather
than direct rule was instituted. throughout most of Sumatra.
In 1927, the Dutch put down a poorly-organized, rebellion
in western Sumatra led. by the Communists who had grown in strength
following World. War I. The event led to repressive action by
the Dutch against the radical Nationalists, and, political life
during the 1930's was quieter.
The Japanese made their first Indonesian landings in north-
ern Sumatra in January 1942. The Indonesian nationalists were
split in their attitude toward the Japanese, but the Indonesians
as a whole accepted, the Japanese without opposition. The
Republic of Indonesia (Java) was proclaimed, in August 1945, several
weeks before the arrival of allied forces. Throughout the period.
from 1945 to 1950, the newly-proclaimed Republic of Indonesia was
almost constantly fighting the Dutch. Following negotiations at
The Hague, the United. States of Indonesia made up of the Republic
and the 15 states created under Dutch auspices, was constituted.
In 1950, the federal states merged. into the Republic.
Dissident activity broke out almost immediately in widely
scattered areas of Indonesia as local leaders resisted the gov-
ernment's efforts to centralize control. On Sumatra, a revolt
erupted in Atjeh in 1953. In late 1956 and early 1957 local
military commanders in northern and central Sumatra assumed
Approved For Release 2002 - 80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
control of their areas, and. open rebellion emerged in February
1958. The military commander in southern Sumatra did not break
completely with Djakarta due to the presence of large numbers
of Javanese among his forces (about 50 percent). The government
regained. strategic control of Sumatra with the fall of Bukittinggi,
the rebel capital, on 4 May 1958, although operations continued
until the final rebel surrenders in mid-1961.
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
III. Physical Geography
Sumatra, westernmost of the major islands of Indonesia,
is slightly larger than the State of California. It
extends from approximately 6?N, across the equator, to 6?S.
The straight-line distance from the northwest to the south-
east tip is about 1,100 miles. East-west distance across
the island along the equator is about 290 miles.
Much of western Sumatra comprises a densely forested
mountain range that extends the entire length of the island.
The mountains drop steeply to the west coast, presenting a
"western wall" to the Indian Ocean. The descent to the east
is gradual, however, with the mountains merging into rolling
foothills which, in turn, merge into a broad, flat lowland,
swampy and covered with jungle.
Physically, large areas of Sumatra are better suited for
special operations than for conventional military operations.
The prevalence of mountainous and swampy terrain and
generally dense forest largely limits vehicular movement to
the relatively few established transportation routes. Cross-
country movement on foot generally is possible except in
the extensive eastern swamps, where the numerous streams
provide the best routes for surface movement. The con-
sistently high temperatures and humidity are enervating to
personnel and contribute to rapid deterioration and mal-
functioning of equipment.
B. Terrain, Drainage, and Vegetation
The terrain of Sumatra presents a simple overall pattern.
A backbone of rugged mountains, which stretches uninterrupt-
edly the entire length of the island from Banda Atjeh
(Kutaradja) southeastward to Sunda Strait, is flanked on
the west by occasional strips of coastal plain and on the
east by much more extensive lowlands.
The mountain range rises steeply from the Indian Ocean
or from narrow, discontinuous plains along the west coast.
Crests are 3,000 to more than 10,000 feet above sea level,
reaching a maximum of more than 12,000 feet at Mount
Kerintji. Local relief (the difference between the high-
est and lowest elevations in a mile of horizontal distance)
is more than 1,600 feet, and steep slopes (more than 30
percent) are common.
- 7 -
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
East of the mountains lies a zone of generally smooth,
rounded foothills separated by narrow valleys. The width
of this hill zone varies from a few miles in the north to
about 100 miles in the central part. Elevations are gener-
ally more than 1,000 feet near the mountains but gradually
decrease to the east as the hill zone becomes a belt of
gently rolling, well-drained. plains. In this discussion,
the term Main Range includes both the mountainous back-
bone and, the zone of foothills.
Vast swamps cover practically all of the eastern third
of Sumatra. The region is low, flat, always wet, and
frequently flooded.
a. Atjeh Highlands
In the Atjeh Highlands the major mountain backbone
lies nearer the center of the island, than it does on the
remainder of Sumatra. It consists of two parallel main
ranges seperated, by the discontinuous longitudinal valley
of the Atjeh River, which extends approximately 30 miles
inland from the northwest coast. The river is flanked. on
the west by a rugged mountain range that drops abruptly
to the Indian Ocean (see Figure 1 ) and. on the east by
discontinuous mountains that are no barrier to travel from
the valley to the northeast coast. Approximately 30 miles
inland from Banda Atjeh the central valley disappears,
and. the two mountain ranges merge into a single mountainous
core. One of the main features of this rugged, area is
Lake Tawar, a large fresh-water lake almost entirely
surrounded by forested. limestone mountains, some of which
attain heights of 9,000 feet. Generally slopes are steep
and the ridge crests are from 500 to 1,600 feet above the
valley floors. Intermontane basins are numerous in the
southern Atjeh Highlands, and, many contain centers of
population.
b. Batak Highlands
The Batak Highlands form a high plateau that averages
3,000 to 4,500 feet above sea level, roughly between 3?30'N
and. 1?30'N. The plateau presents a very steep face toward.
the Indian Ocean and. is largely inaccessible from the west
because of its many deep valleys and gorges and its lack of a
major routeway. Initially the eastern flanks drop off
abruptly, but thereafter they descend gradually toward. the
eastern lowlands. Lake Toba is the outstanding feature of
the Batak Highlands. It is a large lake -- about 50 miles
by 20 miles -- and is almost completely surrounded, by
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
IMMMM
Figure 1. Aerial view of part of the
Atjeh Highlands of northern Sumatra.
Rugged, forested highlands generally
extend to the sea in this part of
Sumatra.
Figure 2. Rugged mountains in northern Sumatra.
Note the absense of dense vegetation on the
summits and slopes.
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
escarpments that rise nearly 2,000 feet above its surface
(see Figure 3 ). A causeway connects Samosir Island, which
is large and, populated, with the western shore of the lake.
c. Padang Highlands
The 350-mile segment of the Main Range between approx-
imately 1?30'N and. 2?S is known as the Padang Highlands.
These highlands are only about 25 miles wide in the north
but widen to approximately 50 miles in the center. Two
parallel northwest-southeast trending ranges enclose five
long discontinuous valleys and basins within the Padang
Highlands. The valley bottoms are swampy or partially
filled with lakes and are drained by streams that flow
eastward, or westward in gorges through the mountains.
The western range is somewhat higher than the eastern
and has several active volcanic cones as well as dormant cones
reaching elevations over 6,500 feet. The densely forested
western flanks of the highlands drop abruptly to the ocean or to
small pockets of coastal plains. The eastern range has few
elevations over 6,500 feet except for an occasional volcanic cone.
The descent to the eastern plains is gentler than that to the
ocean or plains in the west but requires crossing a number of
lower northwest-southeast trending ridges and enclosed basins
and. valleys.
The northernmost of the discontinuous valleys -- that
of the Angkola and. Gad.is Rivers -- is approximately 47
miles long and. 6 miles wide, and, its floor is only 650
feet above sea level. The southern end of the Angko.la-
Gadis Valley is closed. by a group of volcanic mountains
that reach elevations of more than 6,800 feet. The long,
narrow valley of the Asik and. Sumpur Rivers lies southeast
of the Angkola-Gadis Valley. Farther south the roughly cir-
cular Pajakumbuh and. Bukittinggi Basins are almost side by side
The floor of the Bukittinggi Basin (see Figure 5 ) is roughly
3,000 feet above sea level; that of the Pajakumbuh Basin is at
about 1,650 feet. The southernmost valley of importance in the
Pad.ang Highlands is the long, narrow valley drained, by tribu-
taries of the Hari River, which extends southeastward from
Lake Diatas for a distance of approximately 45 miles.
d. Bengkulu Highlands
The Bengkulu Highlands form a region 20 to 50 miles
wide that extends from the general area of Mount Kerintji
southward. more than 500 miles to the tip of the island..
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
Figure 3. Grassy and cultivated. slopes surrounding Lake Toba.
Patches of dryland rice and. clumps of trees are scattered.
among the grasslands.
Figure 4. Terraced farms and coconut groves
on hills surrounding Lake Toba.
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
Figure 5. A cultivated. part of the
Bukittinggi Basin, with adjacent steep,
forested. slopes of the Main Range.
Most of the valley floor is covered
with ricef ield.s .
Figure 6. A plain on the west coast of
Sumatra. Such lowlands are generally narrow,
poorly drained., and isolated. by the steep
slopes of the Main Range.
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
In this section of the Main Range, two parallel volcanic
mountain ranges enclose discontinuous valleys and basins.
A northwest-southeast trending valley approximately 20
miles long, 10 miles wide, and slightly over 3,000 feet above
sea level lies between Mount Kerintji and Lake Kerintji. South
of Lake Kerintji the central valley becomes indistinct,
but it reappears distinctly south of Mount Gedang and
extends approximately 100 miles to volcanic Mount Dempo. The
section of the valley between Mount Daun and. Mount Dempo
to the south has gently sloping sides and. low bordering ranges,
especially in the west. The eastern range is sharply dissected
by tributaries of the Musi River east of Mount Dempo, and its
elevations are generally low. The western range continues
southward., however, as an unbroken wall. A narrow northwest-
southeast trending valley leads southward to Lake Ranau. The
range east of this central valley consists of hills drained, by
tributaries of the Komering River.
South of Lake Ranau the central valley has three dis-
tinct basins at different elevations. The first of these
(5?S-104?07'E)lies approximately 10 miles southeast of
the lake, at an altitude of 3,050 feet. Southeast of this
basin a second, much lower, basin (5?15'S-104?17'E) occurs
at an elevation of about 750 feet. The third. basin (5?28'S-
104?30'E) is a little above sea level at the head of
Semangka Bay. Each of these basins forms a significant
center of population, but the northernmost is the most
densely populated. Semangka Bay, on the south coast of
Sumatra, is bordered, on the west by the western range
and on the east by the wider, more broken eastern range.
Mount Radjabasa (4,200 feet), on the southeastern tip of
Sumatra, is an outlying member of the eastern range.
e. West Coast Plains
Relatively small, discontinuous plains are located. on
the west coast of Sumatra separated by mountains that drop
abruptly to the ocean (see Figures 6 and 7 ). They are
generally isolated, swampy, and sparsely populated. The
northernmost extends from approximately 4?50'N to 3'45'N,
is narrow in the north, and widens to approximately 20 miles
in the south. Several rivers cross this plain. Another
low plain extends roughly 30 miles inland, between 2?40'N
and. 2?N. A long, narrow coastal plain lies between 1?40'N
and. 1?S. The surface of this latter area is broken by hills,
some of which attain heights of 1,850 feet above the swampy
lowlands. Padang is in the southern part of this plain.
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
Figure 7. The west coast of Sumatra at Sibolga.
Rugged mountains and hills extend. to the sea
along most of Sumatra's west coast.
Figure 8. Jungle terrain between Bukittinggi
and. Padangsidimpuan.
- 14 -
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
Other small "epockets" of plains lie between 2?S and 2?45'S,
and, between 4 S and 4?45'S.
f. Eastern Plain and, Swamps
More than half of Sumatra lies east of the Main Range
at elevations of less than 350 feet. The Eastern Plain
extends from Lhokseumawe on the north coast all the way to
the southeast tip of the island..
Between Lhokseumawe and the Asahan River the plain is
narrow and. generally dry (see Figure 9 ). Elevations are
mostly less than 40 feet near Medan but increase toward,
the west.
South of the Asahan River the Eastern Plain widens to
approximately 35 miles. Swamp forests cover two-thirds of
the section between the Asahan and Inderagiri Rivers and.
are commonest along the lower courses of the main rivers.
The swampy coastal plain extends eastward, into the Strait
of Malacca in the form of a series of low, swampy islands
that are separated from the Sumatran mainland, and, from one
another by narrow channels. South of about 1?45'N the
plain broadens to an average of 95 miles and. is very swampy.
In addition to the belt of dry land, in the west, there are
dry areas near Pakanbaru and, in a northwest-southeast
trending belt, between the Kampar and Inderagiri Rivers.
Between the lower course of the Ind.eragiri River and
the mouths of the Hari River the plain narrows somewhat.
This section is only slightly above sea level and, is
generally swampy. A belt of hill country about 30 miles
wide extends in a northwest-southeast direction form Taluk
to Djambi and, is bounded. on the west by the middle course
of the Hari River. Its general elevation is about 330 feet,
although a rectangular block of hills known as Pegunungan
Tigapuluh rises to a maximum height of 2,296 feet. West
of Pegunungan Tigapuluh the middle course of the Hari and
the Merangin and. Tembesi Rivers enclose an area that is low
except for an isolated group of hills that reach heights of
1,430 feet.
Between the Hari and. Musi Rivers the swampy belt averages
50 miles in width but extends much farther inland along
major rivers. A tongue of swamp 15 miles wide reaches 124
miles inland, along the Musi River to Sekaju, which is only
30 feet above sea level (see Figure 10 ). A broad. area of
higher, generally drier land. extends from the area immed-
iately west of the swampy coastal zone inland to the foothills
- 15 -
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
Figure 9. Plains near Medan. These gently rolling plains
are better drained. than those farther south.
Figure 10. The lower Musi River at Palembang. The
town is built on the natural levees of the river, which
are the highest ground in the vicinity. Note the low
swampy hinter-land behind the city.
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
Figure 11.
the Musi.
The Lematang River (3002'S-104016'E), a major tributary of
Figure 12. Partially cleared. forest near Rengat. Such
areas are potential drop zones.
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R0001000400014
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
of the mountains. It consists of three parts -- an
eastern section, composed, of gently undulating plains with
low, flat hills; a similar but smaller and narrower west-
ern section; and an intervening basin that is generally
lower and, frequently swampy.
A large, nearly uninhabited swamp covers the area
between Palembang and, the Bangka Strait. South of a line
connecting Palembang and Lucipara Point the swamp begins
to narrow and is confined. to areas adjoining river systems.
South of the Mesudji River the swamp is limited to a narrow
coastal strip, except where it extends inland, along large
rivers. A flat, gently undulating plain -- generally 60
to 165 feet above sea level -- extends inland, from the
coastal swamps to the foothills of the Main Range. Much
of this plain, especially along the larger rivers, is
susceptible to flooding during the wet season.
2. Drainage
The Main Range is the drainage divide of Sumatra. Rivers
flowing westward into the Indian Ocean are characteristically
short, swift, and straight and, have few tributaries; they are
insignificant for navigation. Streams flowing to the east,
however, have entirely different characteristics and provide
the best routes for surface movement in eastern Sumatra;
many are navigable for scores of miles by seagoing vessels
and all the way to the mountains by native craft. In their
headwaters these streams flow swiftly eastward. in deep,
narrow, V-shaped. valleys, but where they cross intermontane
basins they tend. to slow down and broaden (see Figure 13).
In the foothills the streams have high, moderately steep
banks, cobble-studded, channels, and numerous tributaries.
As they cross the flat plains and. swamps of eastern Sumatra
the eastward.-flowing rivers broaden and, begin to meander.
Many of the larger streams are interconnected by a maze of
smaller creeks. Large bars of sand. and mud. partially block
the entrances to most river mouths, although major streams
normally have at least 3-1/2 feet of water over such sand-
bars at low tide. Tidal influence extends many miles up-
stream from the coast.
Almost the entire east coast is swampy. Many fresh-water
swamps are permanently wet, but some relatively dry areas between
major streams are flooded only from November to March. Tidal
swamps are inundated. by marine water twice a day.
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
Figure 13. Streams in rugged, country north of Lake Toba. Above
the waterfall on the left, the larger stream fills the V-shaped,
valley. Below the waterfall the channel widens, the banks become
moderately high, and the stream acquires the characteristics of
a stream in its middle course.
Figure 14. Swampy, alluvial plain -- east coast.
- 19 -
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
3. Vegetation
Broadleaf evergreen forests cover approximately 70 per-
cent of Sumatra. Roughly 10 percent is grassland, and about
20 percent is cultivated land, much of which is in tree crops.
Forests are of several types, primarily because of differ-
ences in elevation. Many kinds of shallow-rooted., broadleaf
trees grow in well-drained, areas below elevations of 3,000 feet.
They normally form a dense, uneven canopy at heights of 80 to
150 feet, although individual trees may attain heights of 200
feet. Trees forming the main canopy are usually 10 to 30 feet
apart, although the larger trees -- those with trunks as much
as 6 feet in diameter -- are 40 feet or more apart. Smaller
trees form a secondary canopy about 60 to 80 feet high. A third.
tier of slender trees, palms, climbing rattans, and. leafy vines,
about 10 to 25 feet high, occurs where light is sufficient. The
undergrowth in these forests also depends on the amount of light
reaching the ground.. Where the canopy is dense, scattered. her-
baceous plants and ferns cover the ground.. Many leafless vines
hang from the canopy but do not reach the ground.. In openings
where sunlight is admitted. directly, such as at the edges of
streams or clearings, undergrowth is extremely dense. Climbing
rattan is troublesome because parts of it are covered, with
spines and thorns that may tear clothing and inflict painful
scratches. North of Lake Toba, at elevations below 2,500 feet,
pure stands of slender pine reach heights of 100 feet. These pines
are normally more than 10 feet apart and have an undergrowth of
grass.
At elevations of 3,000 to 7,000 feet, trees are somewhat
smaller than at lower elevations. In the area north of Lake
Toba, for example, evergreen oaks, maples, and, magnolias occur.
Forests in this altitudinal zone have a dense canopy, but trees
usually d.o not exceed. 100 feet in height or 3 feet in diameter.
Large trees are generally spaced. 10 to 20 feet apart, but small
trees (up to 30 feet high) are only a few feet apart. Evergreen
shrubs form thickets 4 to 6 feet high. Forests with a dense
canopy that contains much wet hanging moss grow on persistently
cloudy slopes. Trees in such areas are small, crooked, and.
have low branches. They are usually between 20 and 40 feet high,
up to a foot in diameter, and. approximately 4 to 6 feet apart.
A thick mat of mossy vegetation covers the ground. and, conceals
logs and. rocks (see Figure 15 ).
Areas above 7,000 feet have a tangle of low shrubs 3 to
4 feet high and, a few small trees less than 20 feet high.
Thickets of rattans, ferns, and. sharp-leaved, shrubs form a
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
Small areas of brush and secondary forests at elevations
up to 6,000 feet have resulted from logging operations and
slash and burn agriculture. Areas recently abandoned normally
contain dense stands of ferns, small palms, and rapidly grow-
ing small trees heavily choked with vines. This vegetation
is gradually replaced by a dense growth of softwood trees.
Such dense stands of second-growth vegetation are almost im-
penetrable.
Pure stands of casuarina trees grow in narrow groves along
sandy beaches on the west coast. The trees are spaced at
intervals of 10 to 20 feet and form a continuous but sparse
canopy at a height of approximately 100 feet. Their trunks
are generally about a foot in diameter. The underbrush is
sparse and. consists of shrubs 3 to 4 feet high.
Brackish and saline swamp forests occur along most of
the east coast and in swampy areas of the west coast. Their
widths at the coastline vary from a few yards to 2 miles,
but they may extend inland as much as 35 miles along major
rivers. Normally mangrove trees grow on the seaward edges
of such swamp forests, whereas nipa palms cover the inner
edge and areas along brackish rivers and lagoons. Mangrove
forests contain many types of broadleaf evergreen trees, all
of which have aerial roots. The canopy of a mangrove forest
is dense, with most trees achieving a uniform maximum height
of up to 100 feet. The trees are usually 4 to 10 feet apart,
and their trunks may be as much as 2 feet in diameter.
Although aerial roots congest the floors of mangrove forests
and make movement extremely difficult, underbrush occurs
only on higher ground, mostly on the landward, side. The
undergrowth in these higher areas is 4 to 5 feet tall (see
Figure 16). Pure stands of nipa palms about a foot apart
rise 20 feet above the surface. Stands of nipa are almost
impenetrable because of their tough, interlocking fronds,
Fresh-water swamp forests are common in the extensive
lowlands of the east and in the scattered lowlands along the
west coast that are free from salt water. The trees of such
forests resemble those of the dryland forests but are gener-
ally smaller. They form a dense canopy and are spaced. 10 to
40 feet apart. Aerial roots are common, and the underbrush
of various palms, tall ferns, and thorny vines is very dense.
Along the larger streams that cross these swamps are natural
levees up to several miles wide -- many of them cultivated --
covered with various palms, scattered large trees, and a
dense undergrowth of vines.
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
Figure 15. Moss-covered trees of moderate height typical of for-
ests at elevations of more than 5,000 feet.
Figure 16. Mangrove swamp at low tide. The dense tangle of
prop roots is a serious obstacle to movement on foot
and makes vehicular movement impossible.
- 22 -
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
Extensive areas of marsh, some several miles wide, occur
in southeastern Sumatra. From November through March these
areas are under 1 to 5 feet of standing water, but during the
remainder of the year they are generally covered with dense
patches of shrubs andr grass 4 to 10 feet high interspersed. with
small bodies of water. Dense patches of wild. sugarcane, often
20 feet high, border large rivers.
Grasslands are scattered. throughout much of Sumatra at ele-
vations of less than 5,000 feet, principally near Lake Toba and
in the southeast. Most of the grasslands have resulted, from
the annual burning of forests by slash-and-burn agriculturalists
and., if left untouched., will revert to secondary forests in a
few years. Cogon grass (alang-alang) is typical of the grass-
lands. It normally grows to a height of 2 to 4 feet, has very
tough, stiff blades, and. is an obstacle to movement on foot.
Cogon grass is highly inflammable, and, fires are a constant
danger during dry weather (see Figurel7 ).
Approximately 20 percent of Sumatra is cultivated. Rubber
trees are grown on many plantations as well as on smaller,
privately owned, plots in the northeastern part of the island.
They average 20 to 30 feet in height and. have trunks about 6
inches in diameter. Groves of immature trees form a discon-
tinuous canopy, but the canopy of mature groves is continuous,
even during the period. of about a week in the summer when the
trees are partially leafless. Mature plantations normally have
no underbrush.
Coconut palms are commonly grown on well-drained coasts. On
large plantations they are regularly spaced, usually at 25-foot
intervals, with their fronds touching to form a loose canopy.
The palms attain heights of 30 to 60 feet, and, trunks are 8 to
12 inches in diameter. The ground under the trees normally is
kept clear but occasionally is covered. with an undergrowth of
low ferns and. grasses.
Large tobacco plantations are found, near Medan. Cultivation
is primarily in an 8-year cycle, with the land. remaining fallow
for a 7-year period. The plantation land. typically consists of
a patchwork of irregularly shaped units, each about 100 acres in
extent, of cultivated land and. fallow land. in secondary growth.
Wetland rice is commonly grown on the northern coastal
plain, in intermontane basins, and on plains along streams
in southern Sumatra. It is normally planted in fields
of about an acre surrounded by earthen dikes. The fields
are flooded. to a depth of 5 to 8 inches during the'growing
season. In single-crop areas, mostly at higher elevations,
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
Figure 17. Cogon grass interspersed
with scrub trees. This sharp-bladed
grass is an impediment to passage on
foot and is a fire hazard during dry
periods.
Figure 18. Rubber estates near Medan. Much of the
Medan area is devoted to commercial agriculture.
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
the growing season is from December to June, and. fields are
normally fallow during the remainder of the year. In low-
land areas, multiple cropping is practiced., and. there are
few fallow fields.
Dryland. rice is grown in Sumatra but covers only half
as much area as wetland, rice. It is usually grown in areas
with steep terrain and. limited access to water. Dryland
rice is often rotated, with other crops.and is grown by both
slash-and.-burn and. sedentary agriculturalists.
4. Suitability for Operations
Within the mountainous areas, dense forests and. steep
slopes would, limit tracked, or wheeled, vehicles to existing
roads, but movement on foot is generally possible though
arduous. Roads through the mountains are vulnerable to
ambush and. interdiction because of the prevalence of steep
gradients, sharp curves, narrow defiles, numerous bridges,
and. adjacent dense vegetation. The dense mountain forests
provide generally excellent opportunities, however, for
concealment from air observation. The possibility of con-
cealment from ground. observation varies with the amount of
undergrowth. In cultivated areas and, grasslands, possibilities
of concealment from either air or ground. observation are gen-
erally poor. The best potential drop zones in mountainous areas
are in the scattered., relatively small patches of low crops
and, in the grasslands. The tough, very sharp blades of cogon
grass would be hazardous to landing personnel unless they
were equipped. with protective jump suits.
The eastern plains are less well suited to paramilitary
operations than the mountains. Cross-country vehicular
movement is possible through grasslands, cultivated areas,
and some of the dryer forested, areas and would be easier
during the dry season than during the wet season. During
the wet season, off-trail movement on foot would, be severely
limited and. living conditions would. be extremely dis-
agreeable. Concealment from air and ground. observation is
excellent except in grasslands and, cultivated, areas; drop
zones are available in these grasslands and areas of culti-
vation.
In the eastern swamps, rivers provide virtually the only
avenues for movement, and. most of the limited population
lives along the rivers. Movement on foot away from the
rivers is extremely difficult because of the swamps and very
dense vegetation. Suitable drop zones are almost entirely
lacking.
- 25 -
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
Figure 19. A beach on the north coast of Sumatra
near Uleelheue (5?35'N-95?18'E). Note the abandoned
Japanese fortification to the left.
Figure 20. A view of Lampung Bay, looking west from
the mainland (5?40'S-105?25'E). Note the grasses
that back the beach.
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
C. Coasts
1. North Coast
Good, landing beaches are numerous along the north coast
of Sumatra from Banda Atjeh to Diamond Point. Coastal
approaches are generally clear, but there are occasional
obstructions, especially near Diamond Point. The north
coast is mostly low and, sandy, and, beach material is generally
firm sand. Over half of the beaches are longer than 2
miles, and. most are wider than 35 yards. Exits from the
beaches lead. through ricefields to the coastal road. and rail-
road.. The Atjeh River flows through a wide valley to the
north, giving access to the interior.
The entire east coast south of Diamond. Point is low and
swampy, and. approaches are obstructed. by shoals, banks,
fringing mudflats, or mangrove. A few good. landing beaches
exist in the extreme southeast corner of Sumatra and. on the
west coast of Bengkalis Island. (1?30'N-102?15`E), but their
offshore approaches are partially obstructed. These
beaches are generally more than 2 miles long and. more than
35 yards wide; widths may decrease to less than 15 yards
at high tide. Beach materials are chiefly firm sand., Most
of the east coast is sparsely populated., but there are
several coastal villages in the extreme southeast. Movement
inland except along waterways would, be difficult, but some
areas contain trails, especially in the southeast.
3. South Coast
Numerous beaches are suitable for use by small landing
parties. Most of them are small and. backed by rugged. hills,
but several larger beaches at the head.s of Lampung and.
Semangka Bays are backed. by low coastal plains. Although
approaches are generally clear, some are encumbered. by shoals
or coral. Beach materials consist principally of sand, or
small pebbles. Movement inland. is usually by trail.
4. West Coast
The west coast is characterized, by narrow, discontinuous
plains, interrupted by cliffs and, rocky stretches. Numer-
ous beaches are suitable for landing small parties, and
offshore approaches are generally clear. Beach materials
are mainly fine sand.. Small villages are numerous and. mostly
connected, by coastal roads. Exits from beaches lead across
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
sandy ridges to coastal roads.
D. Associated Islands
1. Off North Coast
We Island, the largest island. off the northern tip of
Sumatra, is approximately 11 miles from the mainland.. Its
interior is densely forested. and has elevations of up to
2,018 feet. The island has two large bays -- one on the
south coast and the other extending along most of the north
coast; on the northeast shore of the latter is a naval port
of Sabang. The northeast coastal plain is narrow and.
backed. by steep highlands. The southeast coastline has a
reef-fringed bay, is relatively flat, and, is densely
populated.. Except for a sandy bay, the west coast is steep
and rocky.
Several large islands are located, immediately off the
east coast of Sumatra in the Strait of Malacca. These
include Rupat, Bengkalis, Padang, Rangsang, and Tebingtinggi.
All are low, swampy, and. sparsely populated.. In appearance
they closely resemble the swampy portions of the Eastern Plain.
The Riau Islands, south of the Malay Peninsula, have
special current significance in view of Indonesia's policy
of confrontation with Malaysia. They lie astride one of the
most important shipping routes of the world and are only a
few miles from Singapore. All coastal navigation near these
islands is hazardous. The most important of the numerous islands
in the group are Bintan, Batam, Rempang, Kundur, and Great Karimun.
Bintan, the largest of the Riau Islands,is low with a maximum
elevation only slightly over 700 feet. The island has several
bays, but most are blocked by coastal obstructions. Batam. is
similar to Bintan, although smaller, and. also has an irreg-
ular coastline. Rempang and Kundur are generally low; the
eastern part of Kundur is especially low and. swampy. Great
Karimun is fairly rugged in the north, with heights of 1,900
feet, but tends to be low and, swampy in the south.
South of the Riau Islands are the Lingga Islands, the
largest and. most important of which are Singkep and Lingga.
The terrain of both these islands has been significantly
altered by tin mining. The mines are numerous, cover large
areas, and are often more than 50 feet deep. When abandoned,
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
the pits generally become partially filled, with water. Sing-
kep is roughly rectangular and. has large bays on both its north
and. south coasts. Most of the island is low and swampy, but
some hills in the east exceed 1,500 feet in elevation. Lingga
is irregularly shaped. and. trends in a northwest-southeast
direction. It is hilly in the north, low and, swampy in the
east, and very rugged in the west, where some elevations ex-
ceed 3,800 feet. There are many large bays, particularly in
the east, but coastal approaches are hazardous because of num-
erous coral reefs, shoals, coastal swamps, and, mangrove for-
ests. Most of the smaller islands in the group are low and.
fringed with coral.
Bangka is a large northwest-southeast trending island off
the southeast coast of Sumatra that is densely covered. with
secondary forests. Like Singkep and Lingga, Bangka has many
abandoned tin mines with water-filled. pits (see Figure 21).
Most of the island's surface. is gently undulating, but hills
and ridges, some with elevations in excess of 1,500 feet,
occur in various areas. In general, rivers flow through deep
valley's in their upper reaches and form extensive marshes
near their mouths. The coasts tend. to be low and swampy
(see Figure 22), and. offshore reefs and. shoals are numerous.
The north coast has two large bays with muddy or reef-fringed
shorelines. The east coast has no deep bays and. is difficult
to approach because of numerous offshore obstructions. The
west coast is generally lower and, swampier than the east coast.
Billiton is roughly square shaped. and. also shows the effect
of tin mining. It is generally flat to gently rolling, but
some summits exceed. 1,000 feet in elevation. Billiton is cov-
ered with secondary forests; small areas of grassland, occur in
the center of the island.. Its coasts are generally low and,
densely wood.ed (see Figure 23), and. there are numerous offshore
rocky islets and reefs. The southeast is swampy and. is separated,
from the sea by a belt of sand, dunes. The southwest and. north,
west coasts are backed by steeper slopes than are most of the
other coasts.
The Natuna Islands are located. in the South China Sea be-
tween Malaya and Sarawak, from 2?N to 5?N and from roughly
108?E and. 109?E. Although distant from Sumatra proper, they are
administratively part of Riau Province. Most of the islands are
small and. relatively insignificant, but Great Natuna has con-
siderable military significance because of its larger size and.
strategic location. It,is fairly rugged. on its north, east, and.
south coasts, but its west coast and interior tend. to be more
gently rolling and. are swampy in places. The island. is heavily
forested. and. has extensive areas of plantations and, mangrove
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
Figure 21. Open-pit tin mine on Bangka Island. The numerous
tin mines on Singkep, Lingga, Bangka, and Billiton Islands have
significantly altered the terrain.
Figure 22. Northeast coast of Bangka Island. Much of
Bangka's coast is low and swampy, with isolated, hills
rising above the lowlands.
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
along the coast. Although several bays are large, especially
in the south, coastal approach is difficult because of the many
offshore obstructions. The smaller islands of the Natuna group are
generally hilly except for Subi-Besar, which is quite low and
swampy. Coastal obstructions are common to all of these islands.
The Tambelan Islands are a group of small islands off the
west coast of Borneo. Tambelan and. Benua Islands are the larg-
est of the group. Most of the islands are forested, and. hilly,
but the southern coast of Tambelan Island. is rather low. The
greatest elevation on any of these islands is just over 1,000
feet. Although the offshore approaches to most of them are
generally shallow and. muddy, coral is less common than in off-
shore waters of the island, groups described previously.
The Anambas Islands, midway between the Natuna Islands and.
Singapore, are of considerable military significance because
of their location. Djemad.ja, Matak, Mubur, and. the Siantan
Islands are the largest of the group, but there are numerous
smaller islands. Most of the islands are hilly. Elevations
exceed. 1,800 feet on Siantan and are nearly as high on neigh-
boring islands. Most of the islands have bays that penetrate
far inland., but tidal flats and. offshore obstructions make the
coastal approaches hazardous.
3. Off West Coast
Simeulue Island, off the northwest coast of Sumatra, trends
northwest-southeast for a distance of about 62 miles. Its
width varies between 9 and. 19 miles. Abundant rainfall has
contributed. to the growth of a dense forest cover, with ind.ivid.-
ual trees reaching heights of 200 feet. Most of the interior
of the island is fairly rugged., but the southeast corner has
gentle hills. The west coast is generally low and. has sandy
beaches, but approach is difficult because of swells and. num-
erous coral reefs offshore. The east coast has three reef-
fringed bays and. is more readily approachable.
Southeast of Simeulue, the Banjak Islands comprise a
group of small, forested. islands, mostly encircled, by coral
reefs. Tuangku and. Bangkaru are the largest islands of the
group. Tuangku Island. has a maximum elevation of 1,027 feet
in the north, but its relief is gentler in the south. Much
of the coast of Tuangku is fringed with coral reefs, but
there are breaks in the reef along the southwest coast and.
in the northwest and, southeast. Numerous small islands
and coral reefs make approach from the northeast extremely
difficult. Bangkaru Island. has highlands in.both the north
and, south and. a lowland. in the central area. It is almost
- 31 -
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
entirely encircled, by coral reefs, and. the southeast coast
is fringed. with mangroves.
Nias Island, is the largest island off the west coast of
Sumatra. It is roughly rectangular in shape, approximately
75 miles long, and. 25 miles wide. The island, is forested,,
but native agricultural practices have resulted, in extensive
secondary growth. Nias is very rugged., with most of the
ridges trending in a north-south direction. The hills
extend nearly to the coast in the northeast and. the south,
but there are wide, swampy coastal plains on the east and,
west coasts. Most of the beaches are sandy, and. some are
covered, by casuarinas; many are backed. by coconut groves.
Pini, Tanahmasa, and Tanahbala are the largest islands
of the Batu Island, group. Pini Island has a maximum ele-
vation of approximately 200 feet and is roughly rectangular
in shape, low, and. heavily forested. Tanahmasa and
Tanahbala have heights that exceed. 650 and 850 feet, respect-
ively, and. have gently undulating, forested. surfaces. The
offshore approaches of each of these islands are encumbered.
by a combination of coral reefs, mudflats, and small islands
(see Figure 24) .
The Mentawai Islands comprise approximately .100 islands
that extend from 1?S to 4?S. Most of them are hilly
and. densely forested. Siberut, Sipura, Pagai Utara, and.
Pagai Selatan are the largest islands of the group. These
four have low, undulating surfaces that seldom exceed, 1,000
feet in elevation. As is true throughout the islands off
the west coast of Sumatra, both the east and, west coasts of
each island, are exposed to monsoonal winds. The approaches
to many of the Mentawai Islands are blocked by coral reefs
and. mangrove.
Enggano Island is a densely wooded island roughly 250
miles southeast of Pagai Selatan and. approximately 80 miles
offshore from Sumatra. Its western end is low and gently
rolling, but the central and eastern parts are generally
higher. The highest elevation, 925 feet, is in the center
of the island,. Most of the coast is covered. with vegetation.
There are a few sandy beaches, but coral reefs, mangrove,
and, the ocean swell make landings difficult.
E. Special Features
The mountainous areas of Sumatra are subject to frequent
and severe earthquakes that can cause damage over hundreds of
square miles. Even smaller earthquakes cause severe local
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
Figure 23 A beach on the north coast of Billiton
Island (2`~41'S-108"09'E). Movement inland from this
beach is comparatively easy.
CPO
Figure 24. Reef-fringed northern coast of Tanahmasa
Island (00?12'S-98?27'E). Coral obstructions are
common to most islands near Sumatra, and coastal
approaches are hazardous.
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
damage.
Twelve of Sumatra's volcanoes are active, and eruptions
are not uncommon. The effects of falling rocks and. hot,
noxious gases may be felt many miles from the erupting
crater.
Landslides frequently result from the combination of
deep, unconsolidated, soils, unstable volcanic ash, steep
slopes, heavy rainfall, and, frequent earthquakes.
Coastal areas are subject to occasional seismic sea
waves capable of great destruction. Such waves result from
submarine volcanic eruptions or earthquakes. Those that
originate far out at sea may arrive on the coasts without
warning.
The climate of Sumatra is characterized. by a combination
of monotonous, oppressively high temperature and. humidity
that has an adverse effect on both men and equipment.
Tropical location contributes to the constantly high temper-
atures, and, exposure to monsoonal winds results in heavy
annual rainfall (see Tables 1 and. 2 at end. of chapter).
Temperatures at any given station on Sumatra and its
associated. islands vary little throughout the year. Near
sea level, they range from the low 70's at night to the
high 80's in the afternoon. Relative humidity is usually
in the 90's during the day but drops to the 60's at night.
At higher elevations, temperatures are lower -- generally
about 30 cooler per 1,000 feet of elevation.
Rainfall is abundant the year round, in all of Sumatra,
but periods of maximum precipitation normally coincide with
the monsoons. From December through March the northern
monsoon dominates Sumatra and winds blowing from north to
south bring rainfall to the eastern part of the island.
The southern monsoon prevails from May through October, and
winds that are forced, to rise over the Main Range deposit
large amounts of rainfall on the western slopes. Rainfall
is heaviest and most frequent along the west coast and, over
the mountains, where it averages more than 100 inches
annually; east of the mountains rainfall is still heavy,
with 79 inches the average annual total at Medan, for example.
Much of the rainfall of Sumatra falls during thunderstorms,
which occur as often as 15 to 20 times a month throughout the
year but are most common during the periods between monsoons.
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
Rainfall is torrential at times; as much as 20 inches has
fallen a 24-hour period.. Sumatra is not directly influenced.
by typhoons.
Cloudiness generally does not interfere with most types
of air operations. Cloud.s over land, normally dissipate
after dark, but over the open sea cloudiness and, thunder-
storms are most frequent at night. Fog and. low clouds normally
cover swampy areas and. upland. basins between midnight and
0900 hours. Cloudiness is common and. rain is likely to
occur between 1100 and 1400 hours over land. On mountain
slopes, cloudiness reaches its peak after 1400 hours, when
thunderstorms often form, eventually to move out to sea.
Ceilings and. visibility are generally adequate for air-
ground, operations if properly timed. During the northern
monsoon and. spring transitional season, lowlands usually
have ceilings at 1,500 to 2,500 feet and, visibility up to
10 miles. During the southern monsoon, ceilings are
generally 2,000 to 3,000 feet in the lowlands. The bases of
cloud.s frequently reach ground level on the windward slopes
of mountains, but ceilings and visibility usually are
sufficient for operations on the leeward. slopes. During the
morning and evening the weather in most inland, areas tends
to clear. Thunderstorms, although frequent, are usually
of short duration and do not interfere seriously with air
operations.
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
Cn
O
Cd
O
O~
E1+~
Ea)
r1 a)
rl rl ~"
Cd
a)
r1 V
UZ
cd cd a)
E-' a)
by
E o
?rl '~
Cd r.
,: rl
r1
r4
0 0 c O) 00 N N r-i r1 CO CO
r-~r1 r1 r-I NN N N
(M C) LI- N O)L Q0 LO [l- It to CO
t- C O 00 C` t` C O LCD d+ Q t' 00 N
t` r1 L( N 00 LO CO LC CO It CO
t-? CO 00 t- t- CO LO " 00 N 00 t-
00 rl CO N 00 LO t- CO 110 ,11 L- CO
1-110 oo N L- CO LO d+ oo t` oo r-
0o O co N a) It Ln 0 CO da CO t-
t- CO Do t- tom- CO LO 11 00 N CO t-
0) O) O) N O) IV t- CO t- V CO 00
t- LO oo t- t- Co LO V 00 t- 00 L-
m 6) O) N 6) LO LO t- d+ CO 00
r- LO oo t'- t- CO LC) V 00 t- 00 N
0 0 00 N O d+ d+ LO 00 d+
00 CO 00 t` 00 CO ?ti 00 t-?
rI r1 O co 0 L t- CO
M C9 00 t- 00 0 Lc) d+
C9 t-
0
00 LO L- O
00 t- 00 t--
ON 6)M OCO CO LO t'LO L`LO
00 O 00 t- 00 CO 7V 00 t- 00 t-
0 0 t' rl 00 Lt tom- l LO "
oo CO 00 t- C- CD Lt) d{ 00 t- 00 N
cd ?rl Cd ?r( Cd ?rl Cd rH Cd ?rl Cd ?rl
?~ ?? W 0W W aW
W - cd- - 0-
LCD "Iq O b O U) O
0 0 ?rl 0 bQ 0 0 1--I 00
CO 00 bA O 0 O 0 O
O) 6) bA r?I ?r1 ri r1 rl
a)z z -H C40 0co vs ?cn
bA- - 4- _ b0- bo- Cd -r(
0 t? Z LO -P C 0 d+ 000 bOrl M
?rl M Cd m H rI 0 N Cd Lf) bA rl U)
140 Do -14O S:O 'a 0 S~ ?rl 0
N It M ;j O } Ov c 0 GQN
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
0"a
M
M
r1
O
co
N
It
m
N
UL O
(0
(.0
ul
Cl
110
Cl
M
N
(0
;-I U
Cd a)
0 ~
d+
M
O
00
co
Cl
r-I
r-1
O
dI
(0
a)
N
a)
N
a)
0)
Lf)
N
d'
N
It
M
N
00
N
O
H
H
r-1
N
rI
C
LO
Cl
N
Cl
00
O
Cl
N
00
00
II)
N
6)
CO
C)
H
M
r-I
Cl
r-1
r-I
r-I
rl
LCD
N
LC)
di
(0
N
O
O
N
N
Cl
O
Cl
O
M
Cl
(O
O
O
(0
N
N
rl
r-I
N
00
II)
(0
O
r-I
H
O
N
N
M
(0
r-I
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
O
00
Cl
O
0
00
(0
00
(0
N
(0
Lf)
O
M
bA
co
00
N
M
N
co
Cl
H
O
O
[f+
(0
~t+
M
M
M
O
M
u]
r-1
H
00
N
r?
Lf)
Lf)
(0
O
c0
(0
M
I.f)
rI
C)
O
N
r-I
N
(0 N
rl
r-1
r-I
N
Cl
Lf)
r-1
N
co
LCD
00
r?1
M
Ln
O
r-1
N
r-I
rl
r-1
M
d+
r-I
dI
CO
O
CA
O
00
Lf)
C
6)
O
IS)
(0 -
d+
IS)
Cl
LCD
6)
LC)
O
rI
H
H
H
r-f
N
O
00
LO
Cl
00
Cl
O
Q4
d~
Ln
00
00
N
N
N
00
r-I
H
H
N
6)
Cl
co
C)
Cl
00
M
dI
(0
N
N
00
O
O
rI
r?-1
H
r-1
r-1
r-I
6)
M
(0
r-I
r 1
Lf)
d I
co
LO
M
M
O
M
O
(0
N
O
N
r-1
r-1
O
N
N
N
O
O
N
00
00
IS)
II)
rI
H
N
r-I
M
H
N
CS)
ri
N
H
H
r-I
W
O
W
N
LO
r1
W
Cl
Cl
W
H
Cl
W
dI
U')
W
M
M
'a W
cod (0
r-1 r-1
't
It
O
0
0
rIO
0
(00
40
0
0
C
O
co
Cd r-1
L17
1-1 00
0 LO
00
O
O
O
'a 0
O
O
r-1
Cd rI
0i r-1
r-I
r-I
~z
z
r1Z
?HCc
0
0CO
-Prig
CO
0
?rig
u -
~
b0-
Cd -
cd r1 -
Cd It
r, Lf)
?x N
Cd rl
ri 00
9 It
Z r-1
'a U-)
bA r-1 CO
'a M
Cd M
bA r-I
bA O
Cd In
0 co
O O
Cd O
bb r-1 LQ
d
?a0
no
40
90
0 ?r10
Cd In
4) co
-H N
c
d 0
Cd O
;j r-I
4)M
0Lf)
Cdm N
P, v
a'
4%-.-
cn v
. 'v
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
2.
3.
4.
5.
CIA. NIS 100,
Sec 21, Military and Geographic Regions,
Apr 1956. C.
NIS 100,
Sec 23, Weather and, Climate, Feb 1954.
C.
NIS 100,
Sec 24, Topography, Jan 1956. C.
Fisher, C.A.,
South-East Asia, New York: E.P. Dutton and
Co., Inc., 1964. U.
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
IV. Population
A. General
In general, Sumatra is sparsely settled. This is par-
ticularly true of the vast swamplands that cover-the eastern
part of the island. Large parts of the island are virtually
uninhabited. By far the most densely populated. part is the
northeastern lowland, region around Medan, where in places
the population density is more than 800 persons per square
mile. In the valleys of the Padang Highlands, particularly
between Bukittinggi and. Padang, the density reaches almost
500 per square mile. The only other relatively densely
settled mountainous area is around. Lake Toba, where in some
places there are more than 200 persons per square mile.
Small concentrations of population are located, near the
mouths of rivers in the extreme northern and southern parts
of the east coast and around. Palembang. Most of the cities
are situated. either on the coast or along a major river.
As of 1961 the six largest were Medan (population: 479,098),
Palembang (474,971), Padang (143,699), Pematangsiantar
(114,870), Telukbetung-Tandjungkarang (113,901), and. Djambi
(113,080). (See Map 39136 - Population and Administration
Divisions.)
Except for parts of Simeulue and Nias, the islands lying
off the west coast of Sumatra are sparsely inhabited., gener-
ally having a population density well under 25 persons per
square mile, and most of the people live along the coasts.
In the islands off the east coast the density is somewhat
higher -- up to 100 persons per square mile in the coastal
regions of Riau, Lingga, Anambas, and. Natuna, and as much as
150 per square mile in Bangka and Billiton.
The distribution of the total population of 15,739,363
(1961 census) among the Sumatran provinces, listed from
north to south, and relative density of population in each
are tabulated below:
Province
Population
Density
1961
(persons per square mile)
Atjeh
1,628,983
67.5
Sumatera
Utara
4,964,734
180.0
Sumatera
Barat
2,319,057
135.0
Riau
1,234,984
34.0
Djambi
744,381
33.2
39 -
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
Province
Population
Density
1961 (persons per square mile)
Sumatra Selatan
3,313,614 a/
82.7 a/
Lampung
1,533,610 a/
82.7 a/
Total 15,739,363
a/ In 1961, Lampung was a second-order adminis-
trative division within the province of Sumatera
Selatan. It was elevated to first-order (prov-
ince) status in January 1964. The 1961 population
figures are correct for the two provincial areas
as they are today, but information on the density
of population in each of the newly created. pro-
vinces is not available.
Most of the peoples of Sumatra are of Malay stock, and it
is impossible to d.istinguish Sumatran ethnic groups by physical
characteristics alone. Intermixing of peoples., particularly
in recent years, has contributed to a complex ethnic picture.
The ancestors of the present inhabitants. of Sumatra are be-
lieved, to have come from mainland Southeast Asia in three
main waves of migration over a period, of several centuries.
Each successive wave brought its own characteristic social or-
ganizations, customs, and. language; and., in general, the new-
comers were more advanced, than the people of the preceding
migrations.
Of the people in Sumatra today the Kubus are believed to
represent the first wave of migration; the Bataks, Gayos,
Redjang-Lebongers, Lampungers, Orang Lauts, and peoples of
the islands off the west coast represent the second, wave; and
the Atjehnese, Malays,* and. Minangkabaus, represent the third.
The Kubus, a primitive people who live in the swampland, south
of Djambi, are short (males under 5 feet tall) and. dark, al-
though considerably lighter than Negritos or Papuans. They
have black wavy hair, thick lips, and. flat noses. The de-
cendants of the people who came in the second wave of migra-
tion are short (males average 5 feet 2 inches in height) and.
slender, and their skin color varies from brown to yellow.
They have flat faces, straight or wavy black hair, and a
scanty beard. The Atjehnese, Malays, and Minangkabaus tend. to
have more dominant Mongoloid, characteristics than do the
decendants of earlier arrivals.
*The Malay ethnic group occupies eastern Sumatra as well
as peninsular Malaysia, coastal Borneo, and, parts of neighbor-
ing islands. The term "Malay" can also have a much broader
meaning when used to refer to Malay racial stock, which
includes most of the people of Malaysia, the Philippines,
and, Indonesia.
0
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
B. Movement of Population
Moving from Sumatra to other parts of Indonesia is
common among the Bataks, Minangkabaus, and. Malays. A large
number of Bataks (probably several thousand.) live in Djakarta,
and there are communities of Bataks and. Minangkabaus in many
large cities throughout the Indonesian Archipelago, particu-
larly on Java. Many of the Malays on Borneo emigrated. from
Sumatra and, the Riau Islands. Many of the inhabitants of the
west coast of peninsular Malaysia moved. there from Sumatra
during the past 50 years, and. ties between the Malays of
peninsular Malaysia and the Atjehnese and Malays of Sumatra
are close.
Since 1905, peasants from overcrowded Java have been
resettled. through government-sponsored programs on under-
populated. Sumatra, principally in the southern part (see
discussion of Javanese and. Sundanese, p. 59). In spite of
subsidies and aid provided. by the government, however, most
of the Javanese and. Sundanese have drifted back to their
homeland. In addition to those helped by the government,
many Javanese have come to the Medan area of Sumatra, where
they have been recruited, to work on the rubber and tobacco
estates. Many of them are temporary workers who return to
Java when their work is completed.
Within Sumatra, the only continuing large-scale movement
of peoples is from the Batak Highlands around Lake Toba to
the eastern lowlands around Med.an. As nearly all land in
the Medan region is utilized,the foreign-owned plantations
around Medan have become honeycombed with extensive squatter
areas occupied by several hundred thousand, squatters, mostly
Bataks, Malays, and. Javanese. The squatters most often
occupy tobacco estates, because in any one year about seven-
eights of the tobacco plantation is fallow and, therefore
vulnerable to takeover by the peasants. Less frequently,
land, has been taken from the rubber, oil palm, sisal, and
tea estates. In order to raise subsistence crops it is
usually necessary for the squatters to either cut down the
commercial crop or to clear away jungle growth. The
squatters justify their claims to the land by insisting
that they had used, it during World. War II under order of the
wartime authorities and also during the revolution and, that they
therefore have the right according to their adat (customary
law) to use the land. again. The government has tried. to
alleviate the squatter problem by resettling some of the
migrants on lands legally expropriated. from the estates,
but on the whole the government programs have been unsuc-
cessful.
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
C. Social System
The traditional social organization of the indigenous
ethnic groups of Sumatra is based, on the extended family,
in which family attachments are strong and, national loyal-
ties are weak. During the past century, however, outside
influences have considerably weakened. the kinship basis of
the social system. The classic clan is a closely knit,
exogamous unit (members must marry individuals outside the
clan) that occupies a hamlet. Up to 30 or 40 closely spaced.
hamlets occupied. by related clans are often allied, to form
a village. Until recent years, villages were relatively
isolated. and highly autonomous.
Within the hamlet, each household has a headman who is
responsible for the welfare of the occupants of his house.
His duties include arranging weddings, settling disputes,
presiding at family councils and festive functions, and.
sitting in with other headmen of the hamlet or village to
act on intertribal disputes or make decisions on such
matters as the levying of taxes and, assignment of land. One
of the headmen serves as overall chief of the hamlet. Where
hamlets are combined, to form a village, a village chief is
chosen from among the hamlet headmen. In addition to his
obligations to the people of his village, the village chief
also acts as the link between his people and. the government,
particularly in collecting taxes. With increased. absorption
of the tribal organization into the administrative structure
of the government, there has been a general decline in effec-
tive, leadership at the local level.
The Atjehnese and the Malays have traditionally had,
highly stratified, class systems, but their importance is
diminishing. Among other ethnic groups social divisions
are less well defined. Traditionally, among groups having
class systems, there has been a small and wealthy hereditary
nobility at the top, a large group of commoners (which in-
clude peasants as well as minor government clerks, small
businessmen, and laborers) in the middle, and. descendants of
slaves at the bottom. Among all groups, lineage is giving
way to education as the primary factor in social status,
and, the former noble class is being replaced. by a new class
comprised, of the persons who occupy the highest levels of
governmental, commercial, religious, and. intellectual life.
Modern education has increasingly become the identifying
mark of membership in the elite and. the passport for admis-
sion to it from the class below.
Each ethnic group has its own distinctive adat, a body
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
of social law that governs the life of the individual from
infancy onward.. Adat defines such things as inheritance,
property, marriage, moral values, and reciprocal rights and,
obligations between relatives. Within an ethnic group,
details of adat may vary from village to village. Although
there is generally no effective way to enforce the adat of
an ethnic group other than through fear of supernatural
punishment, the members of the group respect it and live by
its rules. In some cases village eld.ers may hold, court or,
in other cases, informal sanctions may be applied.. In
general, the ad.at of Sumatran peoples has been considerably
undermined by outside influences during the past 100 years,
particularly in the urban areas. The traditional attitudes
toward. the supernatural forces which are believed to control
the adat are most pronounced, in isolated, rural areas.
D. Religion
The peoples of the coastal regions of Sumatra and. of
most of the islands lying off its east coast have long been
under the influence of the Islamic religion, which was first
introduced. into the coastal cities by Arab traders in the thir-
teenth century. To some extent, Islam has also spread. into
the interior, particularly among the Bataks living north of
Lake Toba.
As elsewhere in Indonesia, Islam on Sumatra has been
molded. to serve the traditional animistic beliefs of the
people. In spite of its presence on the island for many
centuries, Islam as practiced by many of the people who
call themselves Moslems is still essentially a superstruc-
ture of adopted practices on a foundation of animism. The
underlying paganism gives to the religion unique character-
istics that make it different from the form followed by
orthodox Moslems. For example, religious ceremonies may
contain rituals dictated. by the Koran along with rituals
directed to the world of spirits. Most Sumatran Moslems
are primarily concerned with the ceremonial aspects of Islam,
such as fasts -- including Ramadan, the month when Moslems
fast from dawn until sunset -- prayers, and pilgrimages to
Mecca, and for the most part they do not understand the mean-
ing of rituals and practices. They often violate Islamic
laws -- for example, by drinking alcohol and. eating pork.
Depth of ancestry among Moslems counts for rank, and the
Moslem who can look back on several generations of Moslem
ancestors feels superior to his more recently converted,
coreligionist. A pilgrimage to Mecca also assures much
prestige to the pilgrim and provides a means for a prosperous
Moslem of doubtful antecedents to climb the social ladder.
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
It is estimated that about 750,000 people on Sumatra,
about two-thirds of them Bataks living near Lake Toba, are
Christians. In addition, there are sizable Christian com-
munities on the islands off the west coast. One of the
attractions of Christianity has been that its missionaries
have done much to improve the health and, general standard.
of living while converting people to Christianity. Like
Islam, Christianity has had. to take account of prevailing
religious customs and, beliefs and, has had. to incorporate
some of them into its tenets.
Among the more primitive ethnic groups of the interior
and. the more remote outer islands, most of the people still
adhere to animistic beliefs without the veneer of Islam or
Christianity. These beliefs combine in varying degrees the
propitiation of spirits, the cult of ancestors, and. magic.
These animists, particularly the older generation, worship
a host of spirits embodied in things such as rocks, trees,
animals, thunder, lightning, and rain. The people are very
conscious of the spirits and. are careful not to offend them
because the spirits are believed, to be implacable in their
thirst for vengeance if offended.. Evasive terms are used
when referring to the tiger, sinc4 it embodies the most evil
of spirits and, and. even to call it by name might offend its
spirit. If a tiger is killed, the carcass is held. in great
reverence, and. the people propitiate its spirit by making
offerings of food and flowers.
In the cult of ancestors, forebears who have passed to
the spirit world become capable of influencing order and
harmony on earth. In some areas the departed souls are
believed to take up their homes in plants and trees. When
cutting down a tree, rigid. conventions must be followed
in order to propitiate the spirit of an ancestor. If
adversities are many, spirits of forebears may be blamed
and, attempts made to rid the village of their influence.
To do this, a small idol of the ancestor believed, to be
responsible for the troubles is carved and, along with a
chip from his skull, is launched, from the village on a
miniature ship. Presumably, he does not return to plague
the village. Fires are sometimes believed. to keep malicious
demons away, and. the carvings of various birds and animals,
caribou horns, and various other magical devices that are
found, in many houses are believed to be helpful in keeping
away intruding ancestors.
A pagan village usually has a witch doctor who acts as
the intermediary with the world of spirits. He keeps the
religious activities of the village almost entirely in his
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
hands. Through communication with the spirit world, the
witch doctor is believed to be capable of controlling the
weather, commanding a good. harvest, and predicting future
events.
E. Language and Education
At least 15 distinct languages are used on Sumatra and
associated islands, and each has several dialects. Although
conspicuous differences can be distinguished., the character-
istics of grammer, vocabulary, and. phonetics of the languages
are enough alike so that a speaker of one probably can make
himself understood. to speakers of some of the others. The
languages of some ethnic groups -- for example, the
Minangkabaus and the Malays -- are so remarkably similar that
they appear to be dialects of a single language. On the
other hand, the dialects of the Karo Bataks and the Toba
Bataks, subgroups of a single ethnic group, are so vastly
dissimilar that they are mutually unintelligible. Although
Sumatran languages are mutually unintelligible with most
other languages of the Indonesian Archipelago, they are
related, to them as well as to the languages of Malaysia.
Bahasa Indonesia, a standardized form of Malay and the
national language of Indonesia, is best established in urban
areas where the existence of a multilingual society has
emphasized the need. for a mutually intelligible speech.
It is slowly spreading into rural areas through. compulsory
teaching in the schools. It is the language of bureaucracy
and mass media as well as of the schoolroom. The main
difference between Bahasa Indonesia and. other Malay languages
lies in the large number of words from Hindi, Sanskrit,
Arabic, Tamil, Portuguese, Dutch, English, and. Chinese that
have been incorporated into the Bahasa vocabulary. Although
the spoken form of Bahasa varies from area to area, the
written form uses the Latin script and. is standard through-
out Indonesia. To some extent, the Latin alphabet is being
adapted to all Sumatran languages. Traditionally, however,
other scripts -- in particular a modified. form of Arabic --
have been used, by most Sumatran ethnic groups, although
scripts derived, from Indian languages have been used. by a
few.
In spite of several centuries of Dutch rule, relatively
few Indonesians are familiar with the Dutch language.
Even though English is poorly taught and poorly understood
by most of the people, it has been adopted officially as
the second. language of education. It is also used as a
diplomatic language and as the principal commercial language..
Familiarity with English is a status symbol and. is often
the avenue to personal advancement in either government or
industry.
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
In the school year 1959-60, there were 6,505 schools on
Sumatra and, associated, islands. The 1,336,850 students in
primary schools and 100,243 in secondary schools were taught
by 38,833 teachers. Sumatra has several colleges, but most
students pursuing a higher education go to Java or to
countries outside Indonesia.
F. Occupations
About two-thirds of the people of Sumatra and. associated
islands are engaged. in agriculture, most of them on a sub-
sistence basis. Most of the farmers practice sedentary
agriculture with wetland, rice as the major crop. A primi-
tive slash-and.-burn system of d.ryland.-rice cultivation in
which entire villages are moved every 12 to 15 years as
soils become depleted is practiced. in the interior of
Sumatra and on the smaller islands. In southern Sumatra,
irrigated. ricefield.s are interspersed with areas of d.ryland.
rice. Much of the agricultural land, in Batak territory
shifts from rice cultivation to commercial crops (particu-
larly vegtables), depending on market price and. demand.
Since the severance of legal trade with Malaysia by the
Indonesian Government, many fields formerly devoted. to cash
crops have reverted to subsistence crops.
In many peasant villages, the men are only part-time
farmers. They prepare the land. for planting and. assist
with the harvest, but women do all other farmwork, and. the
men seek employment in nearby towns. Many Sumatran rice
farmers, particularly-in the northeastern and southern parts
of the island., reserve a small plot on which they raise a
cash crop such as rubber, t.obacco, tea, or pepper. In add-
ition to these farmers, there are many smallholders in the
Medan area and in the southern part of the island, who depend
solely on a cash crop for their livelihood,. Because of the
large areas of agricultural land, devoted to cash crops,
Sumatra has not enough food, for its people, and large quan-
tities of rice must be imported. The government has attempted
to achieve self-sufficiency by expanding rice acreage and.
improving agricultural practices, but the government program
is short of its goal.
In addition to raising domestic animals (cattle, pigs,
and fowl), most ethnic groups provide themselves with meat
by hunting and, fishing. Fishing is common not only along
the coasts and. in the rivers but also in Lake Toba.
Traditionally, small game has been hunted, with blowpipes
and slings, and larger animals such as d.eer and wild. pig
have been driven into nets or killed with spears. Now,
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
r E m
I`7 L
however, many hunters -- particularly those who served in
Indonesian military units or were active in the anti-
Djakarta rebellions of the 1950's -- are familiar with fire-
arms and, use shotguns and rifles. The Kubus and many of the
inhabitants of the islands off the west coast still have an
extremely primitive economy based. solely on hunting with
primitive weapons and. gathering jungle produce such as
coconuts, taro, sago, and, bananas.
Economic activities outside the agricultural sphere draw
more individuals from the Atjehnese, Batak, Minangkabau,
and, Chinese ethnic groups than any others. Many of these
peoples have left their homelands and. have gone to urban
areas where they are employed as laborers, businessmen,
professional people, or government clerks. Many of the
people living along the east coast of Sumatra and. on the
islands nearby are commercial fishermen; many others are
employed in the timber and petroleum industries and on
rubber and tobacco estates. In the past, many people living
along the east coast and, in the Riau Islands relied almost
entirely on smuggling for an income. Since the Indonesian
Government has increased, its antismuggling patrols, however,
many of these people have fled to Singapore.
G. Housing
Most of the Bataks and. Minangkabaus live in distinctive
villages of large communal dwellings (see discussions on
p.53 and p.69). Other peoples of Sumatra generally live in
small compact settlements of single-family dwellings or in
cities. The typical village house, a rectangular structure
of timber or bamboo with a palm thatch roof, is built on
piles, and. a ladder provides access to it. Some houses are
built out over a river and are connected. to the shore by a
catwalk.
Although in some hamlets the houses are aligned in two
parallel rows facing one another across a narrow street and,
in others they are arranged. around a central square, most of
the hamlets form no particular pattern. Many of the hamlets
of single-family dwellings contain a communal building used.
for meetings, as a sleeping place for bachelors, and for
village guests. Some hamlets are enclosed within an earthen
wall or palisade of bamboo for defensive purposes, although
this feature is disappearing since intertribal warfare is no
longer a serious threat. A centrally located, hamlet contains
marketing facilities and., in Moslem areas, a mosque to serve
the people of surrounding hamlets.
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
Except in the more remote areas, most people of Sumatra
wear either Malay or European-style dress. The men wear
short trousers when at home or at work and long trousers
with a sarong and, vest or jacket for full dress. The
women wear colorful sarongs, blouses, and, scarfs. Head-
dresses and ornaments vary from group to group. People in
the very remote areas still wear primitive attire -- a
loin cloth for the man and a sarong hung loose from under
the arms or around the waist for women.
I. Health and. Medical Factors
The tropical climate of Sumatra and associated islands
and other environmental conditions generally are conducive
to the rapid spread, of disease. Breeding places for disease-
carrying insects are abundant; in many areas, housing is
crowded, and sanitary conditions everywhere are bad.; water
supplies are likely to be contaminated, with human or animal
waste, even in urban areas; diets are often deficient in.
elements essential for good, health; and. medical facilities
are few, as are doctors and other medical personnel. The
people do not know the basic principles of hygiene, and there
has been little inducement for them to change their ways.
Medical education has improved. in recent years, partly
through the efforts of Christian missionaries; but many
people (particularly those in the more remote regions)
continue to rely on ritual prayers, witch doctors, herbs,
amulets, and, charms to ward off evil spirits and. assure good
health.
Mass inoculation against tuberculosis and. the use of DDT
to eradicate malaria-carrying mosquitoes have been among the
more successful of the recent medical programs. The complete
eradication of malaria, however, has been hampered. by the
movement of both mosquitoes and people from unsprayed areas
into sprayed areas and by development of strains of
mosquitoes resistant to DDT. Diseases other than tuber-
culosis and malaria that are prevalent include: dysentery,
typhoid fever, smallpox, dengue, pneumonia, influenza,
diphtheria, trachoma, leprosy, yaws, hookworm, tetanus,
venereal disease, rabies, and various types of skin ailments.
Major hospitals are located in Medan, Pematangsiantar,
Padang, and. Bukittinggi. In addition there are hospitals
at Palembang, at the naval base on Siantan Island in the
Anambas group, at Tandjundpinang on Bintan in the Riau group,
and on Nias (to be built in 1964). Several other smaller
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
hospitals, clinics, and. dispensaries are assumed. to be
scattered. throughout Sumatra, many of them associated. with
plantations and. oil installations owned, by Western companies.
J. Attitudes and. Loyalties
The people of Sumatra resent the power of the Djakarta-
based. government and, its neglect of Sumatra. They would,
like greater regional autonomy and, more control over the
revenues received from Sumatran resources. Dissatisfaction
with the Sukarno regime led. to the PRRI (Revolutionary
Government of the Republic of Indonesia) rebellion in 1958.
(See Chapt. V Sec. G .) The rebellion was quickly suppressed.
and many of the leaders fled to nearby Malaya, but the
grievances which led to the uprising still linger and have
been aggravated, by the trade boycott imposed, on Malaysia in
1963. Although the participants in the rebellion were mostly
Minangkabaus and Bataks (Mand.ailing and, Toba subgroups),
they were joined by the Atjehnese, who had, been in rebellion
since 1953. Most other Sumatran ethnic groups sympathized.
with the rebellion but provid.ed. little active support.
Although subsistence farmers probably have not been
affected. much by Sukarno's confrontation policy, the
Sumatran smallholders greatly resent the regime because it
upset their traditional economy. Since the boycott went
into effect, sizable numbers of people have fled. from the
east coast of Sumatra and the Riau Islands to peninsular
Malaysia (particularly to Penang and. the west coast).
The smuggling of copra, rubber, and other commodities from
the coast of Sumatra and, from the Riaus to Malaysia has
continued., although the antismuggling patrols of the
Indonesian Government have reduced, such smuggling considerably.
The increased patrols have caused. many people, who in the
past relied. almost entirely on smuggling for their income, to
leave Sumatra and. move to Singapore. In August 1964, the
Malaysian Government banned all barter trade with Indonesia
because small boats from Sumatra and the Riau Islands (some
of whose owners had tacitly been allowed. by the Indonesian
Government to continue their barter trade) had, been used to
infiltrate Indonesian agents and, arms into peninsular
Malaysia.
Some ethnic groups of Sumatra, notably the Atjehnese,
harbor resentment against the Javanese who have migrated,
from Java to Sumatra and. have settled. on the land or have
been hired, as plantation laborers. In much of Sumatra,
however, anti-Javanese feeling is overshadowed, by conflict
between indigenous people, such as that between the Karo and
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
Although there is a growing spirit of Indonesian nationalism
on Sumatra, an undercurrent of ill will persists among the
Sumatran ethnic groups. This antagonism toward, the Djakarta
regime could be exploited in the recruitment of individuals
for use in paramilitary operations. Individuals in the groups
that were active in the rebellions of the 1950's (Minangkabaus,
Bataks, and Atjehnese), are likely to be the most receptive to
recruitment; their participation in the rebellions provides them
with experience that could be effectively utilized. Other
ethnic groups generally have been politically passive and. non-
militant and are not considered to have significant potential
for paramilitary uses.
K. Ethnic Groups
1. Atjehnese
The 1961 census lists the population of the Atjeh Prov-
ince, in northern Sumatra, as 1,628,983; probably more than
1.2 million of these people are Atjehnese. The Atjehnese are
densely settled. on the coastal lowlands and. in the contiguous
foothills of the province. Their neighbors in the sparsely
inhabited interior are the more primitive Gayo people. Be-
cause of its geographical position, Atjeh was the first part
of the Indonesian Archipelago to come in contact with the
Indian and Arab merchants and to be converted to Islam. It
is now the strongest Islamic area in Indonesia. The Atjehnese
are fervent, often fanatical, Moslems. Religion is the most
powerful unifying element of the ethnic group.
In general, the Atjehnese social system is based on reck-
oning descent through the male line (i.e. patrilineally).
An individual is linked. with his ancestors through his father.
Their houses and hamlets follow the single-family pattern
common to most of Sumatra (see Section G). Most Atjehnese
are sedentary farmers who grow wetland rice, the staple crop,
and vegetables, which together with fish are major dietary
supplements. Sugarcane, coconuts, pepper, rubber, and. various
spices as well as vegetables are grown on a smallholder basis
and. exported.. Most of the Atjehnese who are not farmers work
on the east coast as laborers on the rubber and oil palm estates
and, in the oilfields. The Atjehnese have a reputation as skilled.
craftsmen and. shrewd traders.
The Atjehnese have a distinctive language with several
dialects. Although it shares the same origins, it is generally
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
mutually unintelligible with other Sumatran languages. It
is most similar to the languages of the Minangkabaus and, the
Malays but has a strong infusion of Arab and Indian terms and.
can be written in the Arabic script.
The Dutch were never able to maintain effective control
over the Atjehnese, and. the Atjehnese actively resisted
control by the present Indonesian regime until 1961. At
that time, instead. of granting complete independence to Atjeh,
which most Atjehnese wanted, the Djakarta regime granted
economic concessions, including a barter agreement that
allows Atjehnese exporters to retain 30 percent of the foreign
exchange gained from transactions. Before Sukarno's confron-
tation policy against Malaysia, the government more or less
ignored. the heavy smuggling traffic between Atjeh and the
mainland. Malaysia. The ethnic, cultural, and commercial ties
between the Atjehnese and. the Malays of Malaya are strong, and,
there is considerable sympathy and support for Malaysia among
the Atjehnese. The curtailment of trade with Malaysia is one
of many factors that have strained relations between the
Atjehnese and the central government.
The Atjehnese are fiercely independent by nature and at
present a dissident people and, therefore may have a greater
potential for paramilitary activities than any other ethnic
group on Sumatra. The Djakarta government fears that the
close ethnic link between the Atjehnese and. people on the
west coast of mainland. Malaysia might be exploited by
Malaysia as a means of encouraging subversion on Sumatra.
During the rebellions in Atjeh in the 1950's, the Atjehnese
insurgents joined forces with the Darul Islam, an extremist
Moslem organization that has been most active in western
and central Java. The Atjehnese are generally anti-Commun-
ist and. apparently well disposed. toward, the United States.
The Batak ethnic group comprises several closely related,
subgroups, each with a distinct dialect, and. includes over
1.5 million persons. The area in which the Bataks live is
centered on Lake Toba and extends westward, nearly to the
west coast and, eastward, to the coastal lowlands. The Toba
Bataks form the largest and, best known subgroup, numbering
close to 1 million persons. They occupy the land, immediately
around. Lake Toba as well as Samosir Island. in the lake. The
other subgroups occupy land farther from the lake -- the
Pakpaks on the northwest, the Karos on the north, the
Simelunguns on the northeast, and the Mandailings and. Ang-
kolas on the south.
- 51 -
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
Figure 25. Atjehnese people in ceremonial
dress.
Figure 26. Batak man.
Figure 27. Toba Batak settlement with houses typically
arranged in two parallel rows. Soldiers are members of
of a PRRI rebel patrol (1958).
S U E
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
Most Bataks are farmers, and they grow rice as their
major crop. Nearly all the Tobas cultivate wetland rice;
the Karos grow both wetland and dryland rice; most farmers
in the other Batak subgroups grow dryland rice on a shifting,
slash-and-burn basis. The Toba lands are overpopulated and,
more than any other Batak subgroup, the Tobas have emigrated
to the east coast. The other Batak subgroups devote a small
part of their land to commercial crops. Some coffee and
vegetables are grown and sent to the markets of the east
coast. Before Indonesia severed. trade with Malaysia, such
cash crops were sent to Malaya and Singapore. Since the
boycott, the loss of income from truck gardening has been
a factor contributing to lawlessness in the Batak area,
particularly among the Karos, who, along with the
Simelunguns reportedly had extensive truck gardens. Bataks
living in the estate areas of the east coast are smallholders
of rubber, although most of those who have usurped plantation
lands grow rice and, other subsistence crops. Many Bataks
have moved, to the large urban centers of Sumatra and Java,
where they have taken secretarial and clerical positions in
business and in all levels of government. Many Bataks also
function as teachers, doctors, lawyers, surveyors, mechanics,
small shopkeepers, and merchants. They have a reputation for
shrewdness in business dealings, although in their homeland
most traders are Malays.
Batak houses are distinctive. Most of them are strongly
built, massive timber structures built on piles. Generally,
one enters the house through a hole in the middle of the
floor via a ladder that can be pulled up into the house at
night for defensive purposes, but some houses can be entered
through a small doorway at the front. The thatch roof is
very high and steeply pitched,, and. the ridge line is usually
saddle-shaped., with the gable ends extending far out over the
front and back walls of the house (see Figures 28 and 29 ).
The walls, particularly those of the chief's house, may be
decoratively carved. and. painted.. The chief's house also may
have a distinctive cupola. Narrow bamboo verandas serve as
work areas and social gathering places, as the interior of
the house is dark, musty, and,smoke-begrimed.
The Batak house-accommodates up to 12 families. Usually
it has no partitions except for screens of bamboo or grass
that are hung at night to provide privacy for the individual
families. The position of the family quarters within a
Batak house usually is an indication of rank, and the quarters
at the right front are generally those of the headman. The
dwellings in the higher upland areas above the Lake Toba
tablelands are usually less massive and less ornate than
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
sw W. grew H!1111111111121_~
.U- JL
Figures 28 and 29. Two Toba
Batak dwellings on Lake Toba
illustrating contrast in or-
namentation and, quality of
construction.
Approved For Release 2007)B233 A- P80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
those of the lowlands.
Houses of the Toba Bataks are clustered, together like
islands in the ricefields. The clusters generally have 10
to 25 houses in two rows facing each other across a narrow
street. Karo settlements are usually larger, with the houses
irregularly grouped., often around a village square. Upland
settlements are usually smaller than those in the valleys.
In addition to the family houses in the Batak settlements,
there are various buildings that range from the small sheds
used to store grain and other small buildings used as work
areas by the women to the large communal houses, 50 feet
long or more. The communal houses are used for meetings
and festivals, for entertaining guests, and as sleeping
quarters for bachelors and widowers.
On the east coast Batak hamlets are strung out along
the roads that run through plantation areas, and. the
nondescript houses in which the Bataks live are indistinguish-
able from those around them.
Many of the Mandailing and Angkola Bataks who inhabit
territory bordering on that of the Moslem Minangkabaus and
a few of the Karo and Pakpak Bataks who live in the extreme
northern part of the Batak area near the Moslem Atjehnese
are Moslems. About half of the Toba Bataks are Christians;
they form the largest Christian community in Indonesia.
Most of the rest of the Batak people still practice animism;
and even among many who nominally have been converted to
Islam or Christianity, the centuries-old background of
animism has not been wholly dispelled. and many traditional
beliefs have been retained.. The Batak Church, which was
established by German Lutheran missionaries in the middle
of the nineteenth century, probably is the most important
Protestant church among the indigenous people of Indonesia.
In addition to converting many Bataks to Christianity, the
Lutheran missionaries have influenced their community organ-
ization considerably. The Church has gathered. a number of
contiguous villages into a congregation which, in effect,
has merged. small village alliances into a larger social
organization. The missionaries also have established educa-
tional and medical facilities in the Batak region. In
recent years, the Roman Catholic Church has extended its
mission operations into the region.
Each of the six Batak subgroups has its own dialect.
The dialects of the northern subgroups (Karos, Simelunguns,
and Pakpaks) are mutually intelligible within those three
subgroups, and the dialects of the central and, southern
- 55 -
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
subgroups (Tobas, Mandailings, and Angkolas) are mutually
intelligible within those three. Generally, however, the
dialects of the north and, those of the central and southern
lands are not mutually intelligible, although they share
many words. The Batak language can be written in a script
of Indian origin which can still be read. by literate members
of all groups, although during this century the Latin
alphabet has been adopted. Batak literature is not exten-
sive, and most Bataks have not learned. to read and write in
their own language; but many are literate in Bahasa
Indonesia.
Partly because of the missionaries, education is rela-
tively advanced in Batak territory, particularly among the
Tobas. Most Batak children receive some formal education.
Batak is the language of instruction in the first 3 years
of elementary school; Bahasa Indonesia is used above the
third. grade. Bataks desiring an education above the second-
ary school level must go to a university in one of the larger
cities of Sumatra, such as Medan, Bukittinggi, or Palembang,
or to Java or elsewhere.
The Bataks have a strong sense of ethnic identity.
Although many of them travel to Java and other Indonesian
islands to seek employment and. improve their standard of
living, most retain ties with their families. Even when a
Batak leaves his homeland, he does not lose his family affil-
iation or his property rights. A man who has not lived, in
the hamlet for decades may still return to collect his share
of the harvest. Bataks who have left the homeland return
frequently for important family ceremonies, vacations, and.
holidays; and a man who has traveled, abroad. usually returns
to his homeland, to seek a Batak wife. Traditionally, the
Bataks are an independent people and, until recent years,
they remained, remarkably free from outside influence. They
are suspicious of outsiders, particularly the Atjehnese and
Malays as well as the Javanese and. Sund.anese immigrants
who border on their territory. Animosities also spring up
between different Batak subgroups, most notably between the
Tobas and the Karos. The rancor which exists between these
two subgroups was a factor in the 1958 PRRI rebellion, as
most of the Tobas (as well as the Mand.ailings) sided with
the rebels while the Karos remained loyal to the central.
government.
The Bataks in general have been characterized. as tough,
crafty, and smart, as well as outspoken and lacking in
refinement and. polish. Reportedly, they distrust the
Javanese because of their sophisticated. mannerisms.
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
The Bataks also have been characterized, as cruel (perhaps
because of their former cannibalistic practices), untrust-
worthy, and. easy to anger. They like to argue, gamble, and
play chess, and. they are regarded. as highly logical people.
They are also musical and artistic, expressing the latter
skill in the extensive ornamentation on their houses. The
Karo Bataks are reported. to be particularly explosive and
are feared. by other tribes. When times are tough the,Karos
commonly turn to banditry.
In contrast to many of their Sumatran neighbors but in
common with the Minangkabaus, the Bataks are politically
conscious of their place in Indonesian affairs. They have
representatives in many key governmental positions. General
Abdul Haris Nasution, Chief of Staff of the Indonesian
Armed Forces, is a Moslem Batak.
Within the Batak ethnic group are elements that have a
definite potential for use in paramilitary operations. The
large number of Tobas and. Mandailings that sided. with the
rebel forces during the abortive PRRI rebellion,are familiar
with modern firearms and still resent the Djakarta-based,
government; these two factors make them particularly well
suited. for use in paramilitary operations. The Karos,
although also well versed, in the use of modern arms and.
reportedly more warlike than other Batak subgroups, are
generally more loyal to the Djakarta government.
3. Chinese
About 600,000 of the 800,000 Chinese on Sumatra and.
associated. islands live on Sumatra, mostly in the north-
eastern lowland. area around Medan and in the Palembang-Musi
River region. There are few Chinese in other parts of
Sumatra. On the off-lying islands, nearly half the people
of Bangka and Billiton are Chinese; the islands of Bintan,
Lingga, and Singkep also have fairly sizable Chinese commun-
ities; and the Natuna and Anambas groups have small Chinese
communities. There are few Chinese on the islands off the
west coast of Sumatra.
Although many Chinese in Sumatra are subsistence
farmers, most of them are employed in other ways. Many are
laborers in the tin mines of Bangka and Billiton and on the
rubber and tobacco estates of the east coast. As elsewhere
in Southeast Asia, the Chinese predominate as shopkeepers,
traders, importers, and exporters. Most of the rural
retailers are Chinese, although their activities have been
considerably curtailed since an edict issued in 1959 by the
57 -
a r. C n r. m
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
Indonesian Government forbade them to trade in rural areas.
Some Chinese are smallholders of rubber, tobacco, or pepper;
others are truck gardeners who sell vegetables in the urban
areas of Sumatra. Before the trade boycott they sold their
produce to the markets of Singapore and Malaya. Most of the
doctors in Sumatra are Chinese, as are a large percentage of
other professional men.
Even though most of the Chinese of Sumatra were born
there and many look back on several generations on the island,
they continue to speak the Chinese dialect of their parents.
Only a few of the second or third generations abandon the
Chinese dialects and speak Bahasa Indonesia exclusively.
Hakka is the major Chinese dialect spoken on Bangka, Billiton,
and in eastern Sumatra; Hokkien is spoken by most of the
Chinese of western Sumatra; Cantonese is spoken by most of
the Chinese of central and southern Sumatra and by a few on
Bangka; and Teochiu is commonly spoken in the eastern part
of Sumatra and in the Riau Islands. In addition to speak-
ing their own dialect, most Chinese in the business and
professional fields can communicate in Bahasa Indonesia or
in a closely related Malay tongue. Reportedly, however,
many of the Chinese merchants speak and understand only
enough Bahasa for bargaining in the market.
Although barriers of dialect, customs, and prejudice
based on district of origin often divide elements within the
Chinese community, there still is a strong group concious-
ness among the Chinese in Indonesia. This cohesiveness has
been reinforced by the upsurge in Chinese nationalism in
recent years and by the generally hostile attitude of the
Indonesian majority against the economically more successful
Chinese. This attitude and the accompanying unfriendly acts
toward the Chinese community have generated considerable ill
will between the two groups. During the first half of 1960,
after the edict forbidding Chinese retailers to trade in
rural areas was announced, an estimated 10,000 Chinese left
Sumatra for China. Because opportunities in China were poor,
however, most Chinese remained in Sumatra in spite of the
economic sanctions against them and the generally hostile
attitude of the people. Although the Chinese do harbor
resentment against the central government because of its
discriminatory practices against them, as a group they are
not considered to have sigificant potential for paramilitary
activities.
4. Gayos
The Gayos are a primitive people who inhabit the territory
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
between the Atjehnese and, the Bataks in the interior part of
Atjeh Province. They number about 90,000. They practice
slash-and-burn agriculture with dryland, rice as the major
crop. The Gayos reportedly live in communal longhouses.
They have very little potential for paramilitary operations.
5. Indians
About 30,000 Indians live in northern Sumatra, the
majority of them in Medan. About 10,000 are Indian citi-
zens; the rest were born in Indonesia of Indian parents and,
are, in effect, stateless. Most Indians are employed in
commercial enterprises. Although there was some official
protection of the Indians during the period, of discrimina-
tory measures against alien rural traders (chiefly Chinese)
introduced in 1959, the Indians also suffered. from these
sanctions. In general, the Indians have integrated more
into the Indonesian way of life than have the Chinese.
Many have intermarried with the Atjehnese and, with the
Malays. They do not have significant paramilitary potential.
6. Javanese and Sundanese
Most of the Javanese and Sundanese* who were encouraged.
first by the Dutch colonial government and, more recently by
the Indonesian Government to leave overcrowded. Java went to
Sumatra. Most of them settled. in southern Sumatra, chiefly
in Lampung Province; very few went to the northern part of
the island.. They probably number well over 500,000 in
Lampung and. form fairly large communities in the area south
of Palembang, onthe west coast near Bengkulu, and on the
eastern lowlands around Medan, where they comprise 20 percent
of the population.** Aside from transportation to Sumatra,
the government gives these settlers free land (usually 2-1/2
acres per family) and, free housing, as well as seeds, tools,
and, food. until their first crop is harvested. After the
initial subsidies, however,. the central government pays little
attention to the settlers and, many of them have drifted back
to Java; others have remained in Sumatra but have taken jobs
on the east coast plantations, in the mines of Bangka and
Billiton, or in the Sumatran oilfields.
* The Javanese occupy roughly the eastern two-thirds of Java,
the Sundanese the western one-third.
** Many of the Javanese and. Sundanese living outside Lampung
Province, particularly those in the Medan region, did. not
come to Sumatra as part of government resettlement programs;
they came to work on the plantations and, in the oilfields.
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
Figure 30. Chinese village along a river north of Medan.
Figure 31. A resettlement center in southern
Sumatra. Such settlements provide temporary hous-
ing for Javanese settlers.
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
The Javanese and Sundanese in Sumatra generally have
tried to reproduce the agricultural patterns of their
homeland.. In the new settlements, enclaves of relatively
large villages ringed by wetland, ricefields are surrounded
by jungle, cogon grass, and patches of land, cleared for
dryland rice by the Lampunger shifting cultivators. Metro,
the largest of the Javanese communities on Sumatra and, a
fairly modern city, was initially such a settlement. Un-
like the soils of Java, however, those of Sumatra are not
suited to intensive agriculture, and they deteriorate
rapidly under cultivation of wetland. rice; crop yields
decrease in a relatively short time. The settlers need
irrigation facilities and. fertilizer, and. neither has been
adequately provided by the government. This has contributed.
significantly to the dissatisfaction of the settlers and. has
turned them toward cooperative buying and growing commercial
crops, such as coffee or rubber, on the land that is unsuitable
for wetland, rice, but generally these ventures also have been
unsuccessful.
The Javanese are nominally Moslem but are characteristi-
cally less orthodox than other Moslem peoples of Sumatra.
The Sundanese are fervent Moslems. Although the immigrant
settlers from Java have significantly different social
customs and laws from their neighbors in Sumatra, the general-
ly cool relationships between the two groups have not flared,
into open hostility. The indigenous people resent having
the Javanese and Sundanese move into their area and take
over what these local people consider to be their land. They
also resent the economic assistance that is given to the
settlers by the government. Ironically, the settlers them-
selves usually resent the lack of help from the government
after the initial subsidies have been provided..
The Javanese on Sumatra are a nonmilitant people who,
in spite of being neglected by it, are generally loyal to the
Djakarta government. They have little potential for use in
paramilitary operations. In view of the participation of the
Sundanese of western Java in Darul Islam terrorist activities,
some of the Sundanese now living in Sumatra may be potentially
useful for paramilitary operations.
7. Kubus
The Kubus are a primitive people who live in the eastern
swampy region of Sumatra between Djambi and. Palembang. They
number about 20,000. Although perhaps most of them are now
sedentary farmers, many are still nomadic and, subsist by
collecting wild, fruits and vegetables and hunting and.
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
trapping animals. The nomadic Kubus are organized into small
bands that comprise several family units. There is no social
organizational unit above the band. They live in makeshift
huts, some of which reportedly have been built in trees.
Their language is similar to the languages of the Malays and
Minangkabaus. The Kubus have been characterized as a shy and,
furtive people. They have no paramilitary potential.
8. Lampungers
The Lampungers, who number over 400,000, occupy the
southern tip of Sumatra. Most of them are rice farmers.
Those who live in the well-drained parts of the interior
practice slash-and-burn agriculture, but the farmers in the
coastal areas, who have come in contact with the wetland
farmers from Java, are slowly adopting methods of irrigated,
agriculture. The Lampungers practice little commercial
agriculture other than occasionally growing pepper and coffee
as cash crops, nor do many participate in nonagricultural
commercial pursuits. The Lampungers are nominally Moslems.
Their language, which is related to that of the Malays, is
written in the Indian script. The Lampungers probably have
little paramilitary potential
9. Malays
The Malays, who are estimated, to number between 4 and
5 million on Sumatra, occupy the eastern lowlands from the
border between Atjeh and Sumatera Utara Provinces (north of
Medan) almost to the southern tip of the island. They also
occupy the islands of the Riau-Lingga Archipelago (where
they number nearly 250,000), the Natuna and the Anambas
Islands in the South China Sea, and the islands of Bangka
and Billiton. Although all of these people share a common
cultural heritage, the Malay ethnic group is not a uniform
nor a cohesive one. A wide range of cultural elements of
language, economy, and, social customs contributes to its
heterogeneity. Although the religious fervor of the Malays
does not approach that of the Atjehnese, the Islamic religion
is by far the most powerful unifying element in the lives of
the Malays and. has produced a group consciousness among them.
The majority of Malays are sedentary farmers who grow
wetland, rice as their major crop. Many Malays (particularly
those living in the islands) are fishermen, many are traders,
others are smallholders growing rubber, tobacco, and. other
cash crops, and still others are laborers on the east coast
plantations. Before Indonesia increased. its antismuggling
patrols, many Malays in the Riau Islands were engaged, in
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
Figure 32. Lampunger people
in ceremonial attire.
Figure 33. Typical native
dwelling on Bangka Island..
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
Figures 34 and 35. Malays of Palembang
area in traditional dress.
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
smuggling rubber and copra to Singapore. Some continued to
smuggle in spite of the patrols -- probably with the tacit
approval of the Indonesian Government -- but after Malaysia's
ban on barter trade with Indonesia in August 1964, all but
the most foolhardy stopped, the practice.
The language of the Malays has several mutually intelligi-
ble dialects. The languages of the Atjehnese and Minangkabaus
are similar to Malay, and a speaker of one probably can make
himself understood. to a speaker of another. The Malay
language, which has a strong affinity to various regional
languages throughout Indonesia but not necessarily mutual
intelligibility with them, has provided the basis for
Bahasa Indonesia. Traditionally the Malay language has been
written in Arabic script, but now the Latin alphabet is
commonly used..
Although numerically superior to all other ethnic groups
living in the eastern lowlands, the Malays historically have
had a feeling of insecurity because of the more aggressive
nature of other peoples of the region, particularly the
Bataks, the Javanese, and. the Chinese. The Malays dislike
and fear the Bataks and Javanese who have come into the east-
ern lowlands during this century and have taken lands and
jobs previously held by Malays. The resentment against the
Chinese has been created. primarily by the superior economic
position of Chinese businessmen who have forced. many Malays
into a debt-ridden existence.
Because the Malay ethnic group of Sumatra is so large and,
heterogeneous, it probably contains a sizable number of persons
who could be effectively used in paramilitary operations. As
a group, however, the Malays are not a militant people and
have no history of armed dissid.ence; few of them took part in
the rebellions of the 1950's. In the event of continuing hos-
tilities between Indonesia and. Malaysia, the close ties be-
tween the Malays of Sumatra and, their ethnic brothers across
the Strait of Malacca could, make the Malays of greater sig-
nificance in terms of their possible use in future paramil-
itary operations.
10. Mentawaians and Engganese
The population of the Mentawai Islands totals about
30,000 and, is evenly distributed. over the four main islands
-- Siberut, Sipura, Pagai Utara, and. Pagai Selatan. The
population of Enggano is under 500 and, reported, to be de-
creasing. Some of the people living in the coastal areas
of the Mentawai Islands are recent immigrants from Sumatra
65 -
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
(mostly Minangkabaus); on Siberut a few of the coastal
people have recently come from Nias.
Although some of the coastal people grow wetland. rice,
most of the islanders have a very primitive economy, and.
sago, bananas, sugarcane, coconuts, and root crops such as
taro form the staples of their diet. Unlike the landlubbers
of Nias, the people of the Mentawai Islands have a seafaring
tradition. Neither the Mentawaians nor the Engganese have
any potential for use in paramilitary operations.
11. Minangkabaus
Almost all of the approximately 2.3 million people listed,
in the 1961 census for the province of Sumatera Barat are
Minangkabaus. The contiguous regions of the neighboring
provinces of Sumatera Utara, Riau, and. Djambi as well as the
Nias and Mentawai Islands along the west coast of Sumatra
also have sizable Minangkabau populations. Combined, the
Minangkabaus in all of Sumatra probably number close to 3
million. Their major area includes the western uplands and
adjoining coastal stretches extending from just north of
Sibolga southward as far as Lake Kerintji. The most densely
populated Minangkabau regions are the valleys around. Bukit-
tinggi and. near the coastal city of Padang. Many Minangkabaus
have left their homeland. and. gone to the larger cities of
Sumatra and, other islands of Indonesia, particularly Java,
as well as to Malaysia and Ceylon.
Most Minangkabaus on Sumatra are farmers who grow rice on
a subsistence basis. In recent decades, however, there has
been a significant shift from subsistence crops to commercial
crops -- sugarcane, coffee, tobacco, rubber, coconut, and,
palm oil -- which has contributed. to a rice deficiency.
Most farmers grow wetland. rice, but dryland rice is cultivated.
on the steeper slopes where irrigation is not feasible.
The Minangkabaus are enterprising traders and astute
businessmen. Except for the Atjehnese, they are the only
people on Sumatra who can compete successfully with the
Chinese, and, therefore fewer Chinese merchants come to
Minangkabau territory than to other parts of the island.
The Minangkabaus have provided. a disproportionately high per-
centage of Indonesia's professional men and. intellectual
leaders -- physicians, lawyers, novelists, poets, and
religious leaders -- as well as traders and. merchants.
Few of these men who tend to form a new middle class have
remained in their homeland. Instead, they have settled. in
the larger cities throughout Indonesia. Many of the
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
Figure 36. Girls of the
Mentawai Islands.
Figure 37. Minangkabau women.
The strangely shaped. Minangkabau
headdress is unique among Suma-
tran women.
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
Figures 38 and 39. Two Minangkabau houses. Ornamentation
indicates that these buildings house wealthy families.
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
intellectual elite among the Minangkabaus were revolutionary
leaders against the Dutch during the struggle for Indonesian
independence. Ex-Vice President Hatta and ex-Prime Minister
Natsir are Minangkabaus.
Traditionally, the social system of the Minangkabaus
has been matriarchal and. matrilineal, but it has been signi-
ficantly undermined, in this century. In traditional
Minangkabau society, lineage defines not only kinship and
inheritance, but provides the basic organizational principle
for the community. The husband., who moves into his wife's
home, is still obligated to his original village and never
acquires property rights in his wife's village. The
Minangkabau man is often dissatisfied with his lot in this
type of society; he may therefore be receptive to recruitment
for paramilitary operations or for any employment in places
where he will have a better chance to attain wealth.
Minangkabau houses are distinctive and easily recognizable
(see Figure 38). They are rectangular in plan and are raised, on
piles. The ridge line of a Minangkabau house, like that of
a Batak house, is saddle-shaped, and. has ends terminating as
points that resemble the horns of a water buffalo. The
houses are expanded. as the number of occupants increases,
and the additions often are narrower and. higher above the
ground, than the main house. Until recently, roofs have been
thatched., but now galvanized tin or iron sheets are commonly
used. Houses of poorer families generally have bamboo walls;
those of wealthier families have walls of timber, which may
be beautifully carved. and. painted in intricate patterns. A
communal living room extends the full length of one side of
the house. The other side is partitioned into individual
family apartments (each with one or more rooms), arranged. in
order of rank. The headwoman usually occupies the center
apartment. The number of apartments in a Minangkabau house
varies but may be as many as 16 family units. As the number
of units increases, annexes may be built nearby to house new
members.
With few exceptions, Minangkabau houses are clustered
together in small groups to form a hamlet. The inhabitants
of the hamlet are at least distantly related.. Until recently,
marriage within the hamlet was not allowed, but since the
hamlets are becoming so large, special consent is given for
endogamous marriages in some instances. In addition to the
family houses, the hamlet includes rice granaries and. a
communal house used for meetings and as sleeping quarters for
the boys of the hamlet.
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
The language of the Minangkabaus is closely related to
that of the Malays and is written in Arabic script. Because
of their early accommodation to Dutch rule, the Minangkabaus
had. a head.start over other Indonesian ethnic groups in the
development of a system of education based on a Western
model. As a result, the Minangkabaus as a group are better
educated. than their Sumatran neighbors and. the literacy rate
is relatively high among them. Although there is one univer-
sity in Minangkabau territory (Bukittinggi),most of the
Minangkabaus who have received. an education above the second.-
ar?y level have studied in Java or the Netherlands. Although
most Minangkabaus are Moslems (they were converted. by the
Atjehnese) and adhere to the demands of that faith (obser-
vance of fasts, acceptance of Allah, calls to prayer, and
abstinence from eating pork and drinking alcoholic beverages),
they still retain vestiges of an animistic religion.
The Minangkabaus are characterized, as a vigorous and,
ambitious people with a strong sense of group identity. They
have been severe critics of the central Indonesian Government
and of the apparent official neglect of the Outer Provinces
in favor of Java. The Minangkabaus have been determined
agitators for self-government, and their desire for greater
regional autonomy led. to the PRRI rebellion in Minangkabau
territory during the 1950's. Since 1959, when the resistance
was reduced to sporadic guerrilla action, the central govern-
ment has tried to "integrate" and. "normalize" the Minangkabaus,
but resentment against the Djakarta regime still prevails.
Relations between the Minangkabaus and the Javanese government
officials and army personnel in western Sumatra are reported.
to be peaceful but cool.
Although little hostility is apparent on the surface, a
reservoir of ill will toward, the Djakarta government stall
exists among the Minangkabaus. This antipathy as well as
the restrictive aspects of their social system would make
the Minangkabau ethnic group particularly receptive to
recruitment of individuals for paramilitary operations.
Their familiarity with modern firearms, gained. largely during
the PRRI rebellion, would, make the Minangkabaus especially
useful.
12. Natuna and. Anambas Islanders
Little information is available on the people of the
Natuna and Anambas Island groups. The population is mixed,
but is comprised mostly of Malays. There are Chinese commun-
ities on the larger islands, and. reportedly, some Javanese,
Minangkabaus, and. Buginese (a seafaring people from Celebes)
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
also live on the islands. The original inhabitants were
the Orang Lauts (see subsection K-14), but on all except
the more remote islands, they have been assimilated into the
Malay community. The population of the Anambas Islands is
estimated at about 12,000; that of the Natunas is reported to
be about 10,000, most of whom live on Great Natuna, the
largest island, in the group. The Natuna population includes
several hundred. Chinese and. a military contingent stationed.
at the airfield. south of Ranai. Most of the people of the
islands live in small coastal villages and are engaged. in
subsistence farming. Lack of information precludes an
accurate assessment of the paramilitary potential of the
inhabitants of these islands, but it is believed to be insig-
nificant.
13. Niassans
According to 1961 census figures the population of Nias,
the most densely settled. island. off the west coast of Sumatra,
is about 315,000. Little information is available about the
people occupying Simeulue Island, north of Nias, or those of
the Batu Islands, south of Nias. A few Atjehnese live on
Simeulue. The Batu Islands reportedly are occupied, by about
20,000 people culturally similar to the peoples of southern
Nias. Most Niassans are subsistence farmers who grow rice
and sago as the staples of their diet. In the south, cash
crops such as coffee, copra, and cloves are raised.. Although
the Niassans have a reputation for feuding among themselves,
their isolation from Sumatra limits their potential for para-
military uses.
14. Orang Lauts (Sea Nomads)
The Orang Lauts live in boats along the shores of the
islands of the Riau Archipelago, Bangka, Billiton, and. the
Anambas and Natuna Archipelagoes, and along the east coast
of Sumatra opposite the Riaus. During foul weather they
build. shelters along the shore. Many have settled. permanently
along the east coast of Sumatra and on adjacent islands,
where they cultivate plantations of coconuts. Like that of
the Kubus, the social system of the Orang Lauts is simple
and has no organizational unit above the band. Most Orang
Lauts are nominally Moslems. They are not believed to have
significant potential for paramilitary operations.
15. Redjang-Lebongers
The Redjang-Lebonger people number about 400,000. They
are considered. by some authorities to be one group, and by
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
Figure 40. Niassans in ceremonial attire.
Figure 41. Orang Laut houseboats
on the Musi River near Palembang.
They are a familiar sight along
Sumatra's east coast and. along
the shores of islands east of
Sumatra.
3-Br-e 411,
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
Figure 42. House of type
occupied by Lampungers and
Redjang-Lebongers.
Figure 43. Girls
of the Red j ang-
Lebonger ethnic
group in traditional
dress.
- 73 -
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
others two closely related groups. They occupy the upland area
of southwest Sumatra and the adjacent coastal stretch centered
on the city of Bengkulu. The Redjang-Lebonger group has close
cultural affinities with the Minangkabaus and the Malays, their
neighbors on the north and, east, respectively. The Redjang-
Lebongers are not as advanced. culturally, however, and they
have a relatively primitive economy. Most of them are shifting
cultivators of rice.
The Red.jang-Lebongers are nominally Moslems, although they
retain many elements of their earlier animistic beliefs and,
are lax in their Moslem religious observances.
The language of the Red.jang-Lebongers uses an Indian script
in which a fairly extensive literature has been written. Many
of the Red.jang-Lebongers, particularly those living in the
region contiguous to the Minangkabaus, can speak the language
of the Minangkabaus. The Red.jang-Lebonger group is not believed,
to have significant potential for use in paramilitary operations.
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
3. Cole, Fay-Cooper, The Peoples of Malaysia, Princeton, 1945.
U.
4. de Leeuw, Hend.rik, "Tribal Life in Sumatra," Bulletin of
the Geographical Society of Philadelphia, XXIX, 85-114,
1931. U.
5. Dobby, E.H.G., Southeast Asia, London: University of
London Press, Ltd., 1958. U.
6. Fisher, C.A., Southeast Asia: A Social, Economic, and.
Regional Geography, London, 1964. U.
8. Indonesia, Central Bureau of Statistics. Sensus Penduduk
Republik Indonesia 1961, Djakarta, 1962. U.
9. Loeb, E.M., "Patrilineal and. Matrilineal Organization in
Sumatra: The Batak and, the Minangkabau," American An-
thropolgist, XXXV, 16-50; XXXVI, 26-56, 1933-34. U.
10. McVey, Ruth, (ed.), Indonesia, Southeast Asia Studies,
New Haven: HRAF Press, 1963. U.
11. Robequain, Charles, Malaya, Indonesia, Borneo, and the
Philippines, London, 1959. U.
12. Ya Berzina, M. and. S.I. Bruk, Naseleniye Indonezii, Malayi,
i Filippin, (The Population of Indonesia, Malaya, and. the
Philippines), Moscow, 1962. Translated. as JPRS 19, 799, 21
June 1963. U.
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
V. Politics and. Government
A.. Current Problems
The departure of the Dutch left Indonesia unprepared for
the problems of independence. There was only a small pool
of technical and. administrative personnel, and the principal
problem was to unify a largely illiterate, geographically dis-
persed, ethnically diverse, and regionally oriented. population
into a single nation. The problem was complicated. by chronic
insurgency during most of the 1950's. Considerable progress
has been made since 1949 in raising literacy levels, develop-
ing a national language, and, bringing about social and, political
unity, although none of these problems has been completely
solved.
Indonesia's greatest internal problem is its stagnant econ-
omy. Since independence, the economy has suffered, from in-
attention, mismanagement, a swollen military budget, inflation,
declining foreign exchange earnings, and shortages of food, and,
basic necessities. The greatest obstacle to economic progress
is President Sukarno himself, who, together with his closest
advisers, has little understanding of economics and. persists
in giving his own and, the nation's political prestige first
priority.
Sumatra suffers from all these deficiencies, although living
standards there are considerably above those on over-crowded
Java. Sumatra has been especially hard. hit by the decline in
export prices, especially rubber. The confrontation with Malaysia
has cut off a primary market and, source of revenue for the island..
There also remains considerable animosity between various tribal
and, religious groups on Sumatra. This has hindered, political
and, social unity. Friction between Sumatra and, the central gov-
ernment and, the existence of bitter anti-Javanese sentiment on
Sumatra is discussed in detail under Section G.
B. Structure of Government
Sumatra, including associated islands, is divided, into
seven provinces. Their names and capitals are: Atjeh (Banda
Atjeh); Sumatera Utara (Medan); Sumatera Barat (Bukittinggi);
Riau (Pakanbaru); Djambi (Djambi); Sumatera Selatan (Palembang);
and Lampung (Telukbetung). Called first-level regions (Daerah I),
the provinces are divided. into from 3 to 14 regencies (Kabupaten)
which together with the cities, are called second-level regions
(Daerah II).
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
The highest provincial official is the Regional Executive
Authority instituted by an executive decree of 14 September
1964. Except in the province of Riau, where the provincial
governor holds this post, executive provincial authority
has been vested in the area army commander. The executive
authority is responsible directly to President Sukarno and
to the two "super-government" councils, both of which are
chaired. by Sukarno -- the Supreme Operational Command. (KOTI
-- essentially a military council) and the Supreme Economic
Operational Command (KOTOE).
The executive authority is required, to consult with the
five-man administrative team of each province known as the
Pantja Tunggal (Five-in-One-Command.). The Pantja Tunggal. con-
sists of the governor, the highest military commander in the
area (of the army, navy, or air force), the provincial police
chief, the provincial representative of the attorney general,
and the chairman or deputy chairman of the National Front. The
decree states that the executive authority "must as much as
possible" reach unanimous decisions with the Pantja Tunggal.
The provincial governors and, the heads of the regencies
and cities are appointed. by the central government and. also
serve as chiefs of the central government's civil service.
The provincial legislative councils are appointed by the cen-
tral government upon the nomination of the governor, and, the
regency legislative councils are appointed. by the provincial
governors upon the nomination of the regents. At present the
legislative councils, which are merely rubber stamps, are made
up 50-50 of representatives of political parties and. functional
groups. Small (normally 3 to 5 man) Daily Executive Boards are
appointed, by the province and regency heads and, perform the
main administrative tasks. The planned governmental structure
for third.-level regions -- sub-districts and villages -- (Daerah
III) has not been fully implemented. throughout Sumatra, and the
village-level organization tends to vary according to traditional
boundaries and. customs such as among the Marga of South Sumatra,
the Negeri of the Minangkabaus in western Sumatra, and the
Kampong of some Malay areas. Village leaders are often selected
for a more or less permanent tenure.
The judicial system consists of a National Supreme Court
and state courts. There is a first-level state court at Medan,
and, a second.-level state court is located, in each regency.
There is a superior court of appeals at Medan. Village offi-
cials also dispense justice according to local customs, and
traffic and. juvenile courts exist in some areas.
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
C. Current Administration
The names of the present provincial governors on Sumatra
are as follows:
Atjeh - Col. Njak Adam Kamil (Acting)
North Sumatra (Sumatera Utara) - Ulung Sitepu
West Sumatra (Sumatera Barat) - K.D.R. Basa
Riau - Col. Kaharuddin Nasution
Djambi - Lt. Col. Abdul Rachman
South Sumatra (Sumatera Selatan - Brig. Gen. Iazid. Bustomi
(Acting)
Lampung - Kusno Danupojo (Acting)
Very little is known of the political orientation of the
Sumatran officials. Ulung Sitepu, governor of North Sumatra,
is reported. to be unfriendly to the US and. sympathetic to
Communism, and in 1964 was reported 25X1
Ito be active in a communist paramilitary
group comprising pro-leftist Karo Bataks and Chinese Communists.
Although a native Sumatran, Sitepu was loyal to the central
government during the rebellion.
Governor Kamil of Atjeh is also a native Sumatran and. is
highly respected in Atjeh. He speaks no English but has been
reported as friendly to Americans. Governor Kaharud.d.in Nasution
of Riau is reportedly anti-Communist and friendly to American
officials, although he speaks little English. Governor Rachman
of Djambi, who speaks excellent English, is also believed to be
friendly to the West.
Among the military commanders, Lt. Colonel (Navy) J. Sae-
lamet, head, of KODAMAR I* (Atjeh, North and. Central Sumatra) and.
Colonel (Army) M.I. Djuarsa have received. advanced. training in
the US and. are friendly to the US. Colonel (Army) Darjatmo,
Commander of KODAM II* (North Sumatra) and Lt. Colonel (Air Force)
Kard.ono, Commander of KORUD I* (Medan) are also US-trained.
Major General Mokoginta, commander of the Sumatra and Interregional
Command,, is pro-West, is US-trained, speaks good. English, and is
friendly with Americans.
D. Foreign Relations
The formulation of foreign policy is a function of the cen-
tral government, and, the provincial governments play no part in
the process. The Indonesian Government claims to follow an
"active and independent" foreign policy aimed, at maintaining
friendly relations with all powers and. blocs, but in practice
* See Chapter IX
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
its policy leans toward the Communist Bloc. Relations with
other Asian nations are generally friendly, except for its
confrontation with Malaysia and. a coolness toward India.
Indonesia's relations with North Korea, North Vietnam, and,
Communist China are more cordial than with South Korea, South
Vietnam, and. Nationalist China.
Indonesia's colonial experience and. the incidents of its
independence movement have given its foreign policy a strong
anti-Western bias. Its basic aim in the UN is to oppose
colonialism. The nationalist leaders were strongly inf:Lu-
enced, by Marxian socialist theory which provides both a
rational explanation of Western colonialism and an id.eo:1-
ogical weapon against it. Capitalism and free enterprise
are identified. with exploitative colonial practices and, are
attributed. to imperialist motives. The failure of parli-
amentary government in Indonesia is widely regarded. as due
to Western principles of political liberalism which encour-
aged.factionalism and led. ultimately to a Western-supported
rebel movement in 1958. As a result of these interpretations
of their history, Indonesians do not identify their interests
with those of the non-Communist Western nations. Sukarno's
analysis of world, politics as a struggle between the old.
colonial forces and, the "new emerging forces" parallels
Communist themes and further identifies Indonesia's foreign
policy objectives with those of the anti-Western nations.
The anti-Malaysia campaign, although expressed in terms of
anti-colonialism, is essentially a manifestation of Indonesia's
hope to establish eventual hegemony over all the Malay peoples
in the area.
E. Political Parties
Political parties in Indonesia, all of which are influ-
enced, to some degree by Marxism, have been relegated, to a
minor role by President Sukarno's "guided, democracy" concepts.
In early 1960 a National Front was formed. under Sukarno's
leadership for the purpose of amalgamating political parties
and special interest groups into one semi-official organization
to provide mass support for state policies. At the same time,
the number of political parties was reduced from 40-odd to 10,
and all were required to affirm their allegiance to the govern-
ment. The largest political party, the Masjumi, a Moslem, anti-
Communist organization whose leaders supported, the rebellion on
Sumatra, and the anti-Communist Socialist Party of Indonesia
(PSI), were among those banned.. All local political parties
were abolished. With key political posts subject to approval
by the central government, and with elections repeatedly post-
poned, the remaining political parties have been hard put to
maintain a meaningful existence.
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
The "big three" of the legal parties are the Indonesian
Nationalist Party (PNI), the Moslem Scholars (NU), and the
Communist Party (PKI). The minor legal parties are: Indonesian
Party (Partindo); Proletarian Party (Murba); Islamic Union Party
(PSII); Islamic Unity Party (Perti); Catholic Party (Partai
Katolik); Christian Party (Parkind.o); and. Association of Sup-
porters of Indonesian Independence (IPKI).
The PNI reflects the mainstream of secular nationalism, its
original leaders having been among the prewar revolutionary
elite. It is anti-capitalist and. neutralist, and. occasionally
cooperates with the Communists. It tied the banned. Masjumi for
the highest number of seats (57) in the 1955 parliamentary
elections but slipped. to third in the local elections of 1957-58
and. is still declining. The present chairman is All Sastroamid.jojo,
a moderate leftist and. opportunist.
The PKI, which supports Peiping on most issues in the Sino-
Soviet dispute, may now be the largest political party in Indo-
nesia. Centered, on Java, the PKI polled, the fourth largest vote
(16.4 percent) in the 1955 elections and improved. its position
considerably in local elections held in 1957. The PKI is organ-
ized. on standard. Communist lines. It avoids direct criticism of
President Sukarno. About 25 percent of the appointed, national
legislature and. top advisory agencies created during 1960 are
PKI members or are susceptible to Communist direction. Approx-
imately 80 percent of the membership in the Secretariat of the
National Front is oriented. toward, the PKI. In August 1964, Second
Deputy Party Chairman Njoto was named, one of four ministers
attached, to the presidium -- a body comprising the three Deputy
Prime Ministers, who are chiefly responsible for administering the
government. Chairman of the Party is D.N. Aidit. Regional PKI
leaders on Sumatra are: Atjeh, Muhammad Samikidin; North Sumatra,
Djalalud,in Nasution; Riau, Abdullah Alihamy; Djambi, Ademan
Rachman; and South Sumatra, A. Imron.
The NU (Moslem Scholars) is the "religious conservative"
wing of the Islam movement which broke away from the "religious-
socialist" Masjumi in 1952. It won the third. highest number of
seats in the 1955 elections, but now probably ranks in second
place. The party believes that Islam should be the basis for
the Indonesian state but is less rigid. than the other Islam
parties on religious principle. It takes an anti-Communist
stance but has not rejected. Communist support. The NU was di-
vided, in loyalties during the rebellion in Sumatra and did. not
play a major role in that struggle. With the exception of
Atjeh which is a Masjumi-Darul Islam stronghold., the NU probably
is the strongest party in Sumatra. Chairman of the NU is Idham
Chalid..
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
Among the minor parties, the PSII (Islamic Union Party) is
a leftist Moslem party which has not taken a strong stand, against
the Communists. It won eight seats in the 1955 elections. Its
leader, Arudji Kartawinata, frequently opposes US policy in
the Far East and. has participated, in Communist fronts. Perti
(Islamic Unity Party), headed, by Hadjis Abbas, is Communist-
controlled. It won four seats in the 1955 elections, all from
Sumatra where it was founded.. IPKI (Association of Supporters
of Indonesian Independence), which originally was established
as an anti-Communist party with army influence, is now split
into left and, right wings headed by fellow-traveler Mrs.
Ratu Aminah Hidajat and, Sugirman respectively? Murba (Pro-
letarian Party) is a "national" Communist party which won two
seats in 1955. It has very little influence on Sumatra.
Partindo (Indonesian Party) was formed, in 1958 by the defec-
tion of a large pro-Communist segment of the PNI and is under
tight control of crypto-Communists. The Catholic and Christian
Parties, headed. by Frans Seda and Tambunan respectively,
represent their religious-faiths.
Despite its illegal status, Masjumi influence, particularly
in Sumatra, remains strong. It is continuing to maintain some
influence through such front organizations as the social-relig-
ious Muhammad.ijah and, the Islamic University Students Asso-
ciation.
F. Influence Groups
The three centers of power in Indonesia are President
Sukarno, the Army, and, the Communist Party. Sukarno continues
to hold a preeminent position in Indonesia even though his
popularity and, area for political maneuver have diminished.
He has permitted the Communist Party to develop impressive
strength and is gradually offering the Communists increased
influence at provincial and. national levels of government.
Although he still uses the army as a check against the party,
in the past year he has reduced the army's political role and.
its freedom to take anti-Communist action. Neither the Com-
munists, however, nor national economic difficulties -- which
Sukarno largely ignores -- appear to constitute an immediate
threat to him.
The key positions in government and society are controlled
by only a few hundred. of the ruling elite, most of whom played
an active role in the revolution against the Dutch, have advanced.
Western-style education, and. are connected, with the Javanese
aristocracy. The elite control the government, the military,
the political parties, the mass organizations, and, the mass media,
.but divisions and, power struggles tend. to limit their power. Their
influence is supplemented, at the local level by the intellectuals,
teachers, religious leaders, military commanders, and. the village
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
heads. Business leaders are less influential than in most
countries since the government's heavy involvement in the
economy makes them dependent on the politicians. Students
participate in political activities through youth organi-
zations. The students in the past have been politically
apathetic but are beginning to assert themselves.
Mass organizations and local associations are important
channels for government efforts to mold. public opinion. In
addition to the government's Communist-dominated. National
Front, mass organizations are sponsored, by the army, the po-
litical parties, religious groups, and, labor federations, all
of which must curry Sukarno's favor to survive. The Communist-
controlled labor.fed.eration (SOBSI), with a claimed, membership
of 3 million, dominates the labor field.. The Moslem-oriented
GASBIINDO, the NU-sponsored SARBUMUSI, and the Army-sponsored.
SOKSI labor organizations are anti-Communist. The KBM and. the
KBKI are nationalist labor organizations. Other labor feder-
ations include the small, Moslem-based, organization GOBSI-
Indonesia and. the Murba-dominated. SOBRI. Youth, women's, and
peasants organizations, usually associated, with a political
party, are extensively utilized. as pressure groups.
The closing in 1960 of the opposition press, President
Sukarno's condemnation of anti-Communism, and. Communist domi-
nation of the government news agency Antara has created, a
strongly Communist-influenced, press. Among the national press,
the Harian Rakjat (the PKI official newspaper), Warta Bhakti,
Bintang Timur, Warta Berita, and. Economic Nasional are pro-
Communist. The Berita Indonesia is pro-Murba national Com-
munist). The SOKSI-backed Pelopor, army-subsidized Semesta,
Parkind.o-oriented. Sinar Harapan, and, the NU organ Duta Masjarakat,
although anti-Communist, are restrained, in criticizing the
Communists. The PNI daily, Suluh Indonesia, is fuzzy in its
political outlook and, is frequently used, as a government outlet.
The Chinese press was closed in 1962, but since late 1963 a few
leftist Chinese newspapers have been permitted. to reopen. All
the major cities in Sumatra produce several newspapers, usually
oriented. toward a political party or a cultural group, but an
evaluative list is not available. The two largest Sumatran
newspapers, both published in Medan, are the nationalistic
Waspada with a circulation of 33,000 and, the Mimbar Umum, an
independent paper with a circulation of 17,000.
G. Subversion and Insurgency
1. General
Subversive and. dissident activity in Indonesia has been the
legacy of the long struggle for independence, of the competition
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
of political forces in the post-revolutionary period, and, of
the nation's geographic and ethnic complexity. The establish-
ment of a stable government has been retarded by the presence
in the revolutionary leadership of competing groups motivated
by Islamic, Communist, secular, regional, and, ethnic principles.
Dissident activity in Indonesia has been nearly continuous
since 1950. Leaders of irregular forces who had won consider-
able local power by their revolutionary activities against the
Dutch resisted. the Indonesian Government's efforts to centralize
control. The predominance of Javanese among the bureaucracy,
both civil and. military, fanned. ethnic resentment in non-Javanese
areas. The growth of Communism in Java contributed. toward
stiffer regional resistance to the central government. The
inept performance of a legislature absorbed. with political
rivalry and, inattentive to economic deterioration encouraged
both open rebellion in parts of several areas of Indonesia, in-
cluding Sumatra, and the replacement during 1959 and. 1960 of the
parliamentary system with an authoritarian form of government.
Widespread surrenders of rebel bands in 1961 were concluded,
in a conciliatory atmosphere designed to heal domestic rifts in
order to present solid national support for the campaign to
wrest West New Guinea from the Dutch. Likewise, the political
fortunes of the anti-Sukarno politicians declined following the
arrest of many of them on trumped-up charges of plots against
the state. Among them were prominent leaders of the independence
movement, former prime ministers, and. anti-Communist political
party leaders. The reaction by non-Communist elements has been
a deepened pessimism and, apathy rather than an attempt to organize
more forceful opposition to Sukarno's programs.
Although separatist sentiment is no longer strong in Sumatra,
old, rivalries between Sumatra and Java continue to smolder. The
emphasis placed by Islam and Christianity on personal effort to
gain salvation, and the entry of these religions into Sumatra
through foreign missionary activity and international trade have
promoted, among the Sumatrans a stronger sense of individualism,
a wider acceptance of foreign influences, and a greater value
for commercial activities than exist in Javanese society. Dis-
content on Sumatra stems from a variety of grievances: thedis-
proportionate influence of Javanese in the local bureaucracy;
the arbitrary arrests of Islamic political leaders; increased
central government control over education; the central govern-
ment's toleration of the growth of Communism; the inadequate
allocation of tax revenues and foreign exchange to Sumatra;
and. the deterioration in the Sumatran economy due both to inept
government and, to the ban on trade with Singapore and Malaya.
As a result, there are many dissatisfied. groups on Sumatra, in-
cluding regional groups opposed, to centralized rule, religious
- 84 -
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
extremists, ex-rebels, certain occupational groups, private
entrepreneurs, poorly-paid. bureaucrats, and. harassed. Chinese
businessmen. However, these groups are divided by ideological
and. ethnic differences and. by personal disputes among the
leaders.
In early 1964 there were reports of increasing terrorism
and, banditry among the Darul Islam (DI) in Atjeh and among the
ex-rebels in West Sumatra. Unconfirmed, reports indicate that
a substantial number of army troops throughout Sumatra deserted
during 1964 with their weapons, including at least two entire
battalions. Although some of these desertions were probably
for the purpose of banditry, the reports indicate that there
is considerable discontent among the troops over treatment of
the ex-rebels and, a lack of sympathy for the anti-Malaysia
campaign which the Sumatrans feel is a "Javanese" war. In
September, elements associated, with the outlawed. Masjumi Party
were reportedly organizing ex-rebels (PRRI and, DI) in Sumatra
and, elsewhere with the aim of overthrowing the Sukarno Govern-
ment. Another clandestine group, comprising ex-rebels and.
coastal Malays, was reported. to be advocating Sumatra's se-
cession from Indonesia. These groups are known to the Indone-
sian authorities, however, and, their prospects are
2. Communist Party (PKI)
The PKI is the major subversive threat to the state.
Believed, to be the largest Communist party outside the Bloc
and with a membership of 2 to 2-1/2 million, the PKI is well-
organized, well-financed., and capably led. With its front organ-
izations, it probably could. muster from 10 to 12 million persons
susceptible to its direction, and would probably win from 35 to
40 percent of the vote in an election at this time. It is supported
domestically by strong front organizations and assisted from
abroad. by financial support and. by large amounts of Bloc mili-
tary and, economic aid. It has heavily infiltrated the govern-
ment at both national and local levels. In addition to one
Communist attached to the presidium, two pro-Communists are
serving as Ministers of Justice and Labor. The National Front,
designed. to harness all organizational activity behind, the
government's programs, is a major target of penetration. The
party also has a clandestine structure which is probably capable
of maintaining the party's existence in an illegal status.
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
The Communist Party has twice (1926 and 1948) attempted a
forceful overthrow of the government, but failed, because of
inadequate preparation. The party's paramilitary capabilities
today are limited, by an apparent lack of arms, although ele-
ments of the PKI's peasant and youth fronts have participated.
in military training programs. Unable to challenge the army,
the party has emphasized cooperation with Sukarno's programs,
the development of popular support, and the building of its
capability for disruptive activity through a widespread net
of legal mass organizations. The Communists have repeatedly
proved. their ability to organize large and angry demonstrations
throughout Indonesia. The more important of the Communist-
controlled front organizations are: All-Indonesia Central
Labor Organization (SOBSI); People's Youth (Pemuda Rakjat);
Indonesian Peasants Corps (BTI); Indonesian Women's Movement
(GERWANI); a veterans'organization, Movement for the Development
of Indonesia (Gerpi); Indonesian Federation of Student Youth
Organizations IPPI); People's Art and. Culture Society (LEKRA);
and. the Indonesia Peace Committee. The Indonesian Citizenship
Consultative Body (BAPERKI) is a Communist-controlled. organi-
zation ostensibly formed, as a non-political body to protect the
rights of Indonesians of foreign descent, in reality the Chinese,
and. has branches throughout all of Indonesia.
The wide range of PKI organizational and, propaganda activ-
ities indicates heavy subsidization from foreign Communist
sources, the greater part apparently being provided by China
either directly or through the Chinese minority. There is some
discontent within the party over the party's tactical support
of Sukarno, and factional differences between adherents of
Peiping and Moscow. The party is pro-Peiping on the issues in
dispute between Communist China and. the USSR. Domestically,
however, the party follows the Soviet line of cooperation with
the "national bourgeois leadership."
Although growing, and. strong in the major cities, the PKI
is probably not yet the predominant party anywhere in Sumatra.
This is because of the strongly religious base of some elements
of the population, the relatively good. living conditions, and.
the identification of the PKI with Java. However, the PKI is
filling some of the vacuum left by the banning of the predominant
Masjumi party, and is exercising considerable influence through
pro-Communist Javanese officials assigned. to Sumatra, as well as
through SOBSI, the Communist-controlled fronts, and the mass
organizations. 25X1
The Communist Party,
has a nucleus of paramilitary strength in Sumatra. It is
strongest in the crucial spots in the economy such as on the
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
plantations and in the oil, transportation, and. communications
installations. The American-owned. rubber estates have been a
particular target for Communist agitators. No estimates are
available as to Communist strength on Sumatra, except in the
province of West Sumatra where local officials in mid.-1963
estimated. there were 120,000 party members in a 2 million pop-
ulation. Communist influence on Atjeh is virtually non-existent,
but is strong in the Medan area of northern Sumatra where har-
assment of American plantations and official installations has
intensified. during 1964. Communist influence is also important
in southern Sumatra due to the presence of large numbers of
immigrants from Java.
3. Other Pro-Communist Parties
a. Proletarian Party (Murba) -- Murba is a "na-
tional" Communist party which aligns itself with the PKI on
most issues. It exerts a political influence far in excess of
its electoral strength because of the close personal relation-
ship which its leaders enjoy with President Sukarno, several
Murba-oriented Cabinet ministers forming part of the "palace
clique." It differs from the PKI in its advocacy of evolution-
ary rather than revolutionary methods of bringing about. socialism,
its rejection of atheistic principles, and. its advocacy of a
neutral foreign policy. Skeletal branches of Murba exist in all
major centers but the party is not strong on Sumatra. Front
organizations include: Central Organization of Labor (SOBRI),
Youth of the People's Republic of Indonesia, Union of People's
Farmers (Perta), Murba Women's Union (Perwamu), and the Murba
Student Movement GMM .
b. Indonesian Party (Partindo) -- Partindo is a
minor party under firm Communist control, and. has close ties
with both Sukarno and. the PKI. Four of Partindo's five exec-
utive committee chairmen have Communist connections, and Com-
munists are influential elsewhere in the party's bureaucracy.
Front groups connected. with Partindo include: Women of Indo-
nesia (Wani), a Farmers' Union Serati), a students'organization
(Germind,o , and a youth group (Permuda Partind.o).
4. Non-Communist Subversive Activity
a. Territory of Islam (Darul Islam-DI) -- the DI
is a loose federation of dissident movements in western Java,
northern Sumatra,and southern Celebes with the stated. aim of
creating an Islamic Republic. The Sumatra wing of the DI move-
ment, in cooperation with local Moslem leaders, launched a
revolt in September 1953, led. by Teungku Mohammad. Daud. Beureueh,
a prominent Moslem teacher and former government official in
- 87 -
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
Sumatra. In 1959, the Atjehnese DI engaged, in limited, joint
operations with the PRRI rebels (see b. below). While its
activity ceased for all practical purposes in mid-1961, the
movement officially terminated with Daud Beureueh's surrender
in May 1962. At that time, he had, about 1,000 men under arms.
Although old. and, ailing, Beureueh is still the dominant figure
in Atjeh, and. is under close surveillance.
b. PRRI/Permesta Rebellion -- Long smoldering dis-
content broke out in northern and central Sumatra and in north-
ern Celebes in late 1956 and early 1957 when the local military
commanders assumed both military and. civil powers in their areas
without the consent of the central government. Open rebellion
began in February 1958 when the government rejected. the demands
of the rebel leaders for cabinet changes, curbing of Sukarno's
power, and. anti-Communist action. The Revolutionary Government
of the Republic of Indonesia (pemerintah Revolusioner Republik
Indonesia-PRRI) was formed in Sumatra, incorporating the "Uni-
versal Struggle Movement" of Northern Celebes (Permesta).
Central government forces, moving rapidly and effectively,
captured. the PRRI strongholds of Padang and. Bukittinggi. The
PRRI forces fell back to their heartland, the mountainous areas
of the Minangkabau people in west-central Sumatra and the Batak
people south and, west of Lake Toba, and continued. guerrilla
activities until July 1961. The rebellion aborted. principally
because of its failure to win expected widespread. defections
from military ranks, lack of support from powerful political
figures in Java, and a lack of military strength and. effective-
ness. The PRRI had about 9,000 men under arms on Sumatra in
early 1961.
c. The army -- the challenges to the central
government which originated. in army factionalism in the past
have subsided., partly because the 1958 regional rebellion
divested the army of its most vigorous anti-Sukarno element
and partly because since 1957 the army has been permitted, a
substantial political role. Aside from the PRRI rebellion
which was led by army territorial commanders, the most notable
military challenge to the civil government occurred. in October
1952 and climaxed. a prolonged, power struggle among both military
and, political factions. The challenge failed when Sukarno re-
fused, to capitulate to the army's demand that he dissolve par-
liament and assume personal governmental responsibility. This
event chastened the army leaders, who apparently became convinced
that Sukarno was too powerful to challenge directly.
The army's decision to remain loyal to the central government,
despite considerable sympathy for the motives of the rebels in the
1958 revolt, was a major factor in consolidating Sukarno's present
88 -
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
dominant position. Sukarno in the past year has largely reduced.
the army from an independent power factor to an arm of the
executive. His first move was to lift martial law, which had.
been in effect since 1957, and which had. considerably expanded.
army powers. He subsequently replaced army commander Nasution
(a Sumatran) with the more pliable General Jani, and, then re-
duced, the army's role in the cabinet. The army continues to
be one of Sukarno's major props and the army leaders would, be.
unlikely to move against him, except under extreme provocation,
such as an attempt to reduce drastically the army's role, a
complete breakdown in governmental authority, or a dangerous
growth in Communist power.
d.. Moslem organizations -- during the past year,
several Moslem student and, youth organizations have shown in-
creasing determination to counter leftist, ultra-nationalistic
and Communist agitation and. to change the government's policy
toward, a more pro-Western course. To consolidate this task and
to formulate Moslem religious policies, top-echelon leaders of
Moslem political parties and. associated. groups from the youth,
labor, and. cultural fronts formed. the Consultative Body of Islamic
Organizations and Parties in May 1963. In the late spring Moslem
students, with at least the tacit support of younger army ele-
ments, reportedly organized, and, implemented the waves of anti-
Chinese demonstrations which swept Indonesia. These outbursts
were apparently the result of a combination of anti-Chinese
prejudice, enmity toward the Communists, pent-up anti-Sukarno
sentiments, and, economic frustrations.
In July 1963, Sukarno banned, the Islamic Youth Movement
(GPII) which was closely allied, with the banned, but still
quietly active Masjumi Party. The GPII was an active anti-
Sukarno, anti-Communist, and. Western-inclined, organization. It
was particularly strong in Sumatra, having an estimated, 48,000
members in central Sumatra alone. Although it may continue a
sub-rosa existence, the banning leaves the Islamic University
Students Association (HMI), a Masjumi front organization with
links to the NU, and. the Muhammad.ijah, a Masjumi-oriented.
charitable and. educational organization, as the two principle
rallying points for Moslem youth.
Other organizations associated. with the Masjumi are the
Indonesian Federation of Moslem Trade Unions (GASBIINDO), a
labor federation some 125,000 strong; the Federation of
Islamic Peasants of Indonesia (5TII), a rural affiliate of
undetermined size; and, the Federation of Islamic Merchants of
Indonesia (SDII), a small but effective cooperative movement
at the village level.
89 -
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
5. The Chinese
The Chinese minority, estimated at 3 million, is regarded.
by the Indonesians as a potential subversive threat because of
its overseas ties with either the Communist or Nationalist regimes.
Alleged. Nationalist support for the Sumatra-Celebes rebellion
in 1958 intensified. Indonesian distrust of the Chinese. The
government's ban on alien retailers in rural areas in the fall
of 1959 was directed. primarily at the Chinese, and, the resultant
strain on relations between Indonesia and. Communist China, which
championed the interests of the overseas Chinese, brought out
an unprecedented, amount of anti-Communist comment. For the most
part, the Chinese try to remain aloof from political problems
because of the vulnerability of being identified with either
Peiping or Taiwan and for fear of stirring up the racial antag-
onisms of the Indonesians. The Communists have a virtual
monopoly on the distribution of literature to the Chinese
community, however, using the resources of the Chinese diplo-
matic establishment including the consulate at Medan. Baperki,
a Communist-controlled organization consisting primarily of
Chinese, has branches and a youth affiliate throughout all of
Indonesia. There are Chinese communities throughout Sumatra,
but they are concentrated, in northeast Sumatra and in the Riau
Islands where they constitute 28 percent of the total population.
There reportedly were 690,000 persons of Chinese origin in
Sumatra in 1961.
90 -
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
2. CIA. NIS 100, Chapter I, Indonesia, Dec 1961. S.
3. NIS 100A, Sec 57, Subversion, Sept 1963. S.
4. DIA. Cold. War (Counter Insurgency) Analysis Indonesia, 10
Oct 1963. S.
5. Hanna, Willard A., Bung Karno's Indonesia, New York:
American Universities Field Staff, Inc., 1961. U.
6. Human Relations Area Files, Inc., New Haven, HRAF-57,
Yale-2, Indonesia, 1956. U.
7. McVey, Ruth T. (ed..), Indonesia, New Haven: HRAF Press,
1963. U.
8. State. INR, Policy Research Study, Political Problems
Facing a Stabilization Program on Indonesia, 1963. S.
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
VI. Economy
A. General
Sumatra is economically the most important island. of the
Indonesian archipelago. The yields of its mineral resources,
chiefly petroleum and. tin, and agricultural estates contribute
almost 70 percent of Indonesian foreign exchange earnings.
Northern Sumatra has extensive agricultural estates, which
were initially established with European capital. These es-
tates continue to produce cash crops for export, such as
rubber, tobacco, tea, coffee, palm oil, and, cinchona bark
(used, for quinine). Although foreign interests remain on the
island, the Indonesian Government is gradually reducing their
holdings and influence. British and. US investment continues
in the petroleum industry, but this will gradually be taken
over under an agreement signed, between the government and the
(foreign) oil companies which provides for gradual compensated
nationalization of these holdings. Dutch agricultural estates
were taken over during 1957-58 at the same time other Dutch
interests in the islands were seized.. Currently, British es-
tates are being subjected to threats of similar takeover.
The peasant economy is dominated by subsistence farming,
although some of the peasants set aside small plots on which
to grow cash crops. There is some cottage industry in the
villages. Basically, however, the peasant economy is limited
to agricultural pursuits. Smallholder production is increasing
in importance throughout the island. and the rest of Indonesia,
but the estates continue to be the most efficient agricultural
producers, and, their products continue to be of better quality
than those produced. by smallholders.
The economic development of the island has been hindered
by inept government policies. Little progress has been made
in the industrialization of the island. or in the improvement
of production techniques to exploit the island's natural re-
sources. The economic situation has been aggravated by the
current confrontation of Malaysia. Confrontation has cut off
the Malaysian ports to which almost all of Sumatra's exports
were formerly shipped. There has been a consequent disruption
in the normal flow of trade; new markets and, processing facili-
ties must be found to substitute for those in Singapore and
Malaya.
B. Natural Resources
Petroleum is Sumatra's most important natural resource.
Total Indonesian reserves are the largest in the Far East,
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
and Sumatran reserves account for about 90 percent of all Ind.o-
nesian reserves. Although most of the $250 million annual
export production is controlled, by foreign dominated companies
-- Caltex, Stanvac, and Shell -- Indonesian Government firms
are becoming more important. Three small government firms --
Perming, Pertamin,and Permigan -- conduct operations in Sumatra.
Tin is mined. on the islands of Bangka, Billiton, and Singkep.
Although tin accounts for less than 5 percent of total Indo-
nesian exports, Indonesia ranks as the third, largest. free world
tin producer. The industry was nationalized, in 1958 and has
been troubled, by inefficiencies in production since that time
because of inept management and. other consequences of the gov-
ernment's failure to establish a positive economic policy.
Bauxite mines have shown increasing production during recent
years. Confined to the island of Bintan, Indonesian bauxite
deposits are relatively insignificant as a world. source. There
are two coal mining regions, one at Bukit Asem, near Lahat, the
other at Umbilin, near Muara, in central Sumatra.
Mineral deposits which are not exploited. commercially include
gold, silver, lead., copper, iron, antimony, cobalt, naptha,
sulfur, alum, and, saltpeter. Iron deposits may be commercially
exploited when the Soviet-financed, steel project at Tjilegon,
Java, is completed..
C. Industry and Electric Power
There is little industrial activity in Sumatra. Agricultural
and. mineral products are processed.,and, cement, fertilizer, tex-
tiles, and, other consumer goods are manufactured. Two important
foreign-owned. petroleum refineries are the island's only heavy
industry. Shell operates a refinery at Plad.ju, and Stanvac
operates one at Sungaigerong, both in the Palembang area.. There
are several saw milling centers and, rubber processing facilities.
A hydroelectric power plant and aluminum project financed by the
USSR is to be constructed. on the upper Asahan River southeast of
Lake Toba.
Sumatra has few electric power facilities which are found.
primarily in the Medan, Padang, and Palembang areas. Most of
the electrical supply is generated. by small thermal plants.
Hydroelectric power generating potential exists in the uplands
region of Sumatra, especially in the Lake Toba region. This
potential may be developed under Soviet credit as mentioned.
above.
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
D. Agriculture
Agriculture in Sumatra consists of three types -- peasant
(subsistence), smallhold.er,and estate. The peasants' main
crop is rice, grown by both wet land and dry land methods.
The amount grown is insufficient and. large quantities must
be imported annually. Maize is also grown for home con-
sumption. Smallholder cash crops include copra, spices
(pepper, cloves, and. nutmegs), coffee, tobacco, betelnuts,
peanuts, cinchona bark, and cotton.
Estate agriculture, primarily European, produces rubber,
tobacco, tea, palm oil, hard fibers, and, to a lesser extent
cinchona bark, coffee, gambier,and, coca. The most extensively
cultivated area is in northern Sumatra around Medan. Although
grown throughout Sumatra and on Bangka Island, most of Sumatra's
rubber yield comes from large estates in the eastern parts of
Atjeh and. Sumatera Utara Provinces.
E. Fishing and. Forestry
Fishing is important to the economy of Sumatra and. pro-
vides the main source of animal protein in the Sumatran diet.
Most fishing is done in coastal waters, although inland fish-
ing is gaining in importance, especially in the large rivers
of northern Sumatra and. in Lake Toba. The largest coastal
fishing port is Bagan-Siapiapi. Other fishing centers are
Sungsang, Bengkulu, along the coast of Lampung Province, and
on the Bangka Island coast. Shell fish, trepangs (sea slugs),
and prawns are also caught. Dried fish are exported.
Sumatra contains the finest timber producing forests in
the Indonesian archipelago. About 60 percent of the island
is covered. with forests, containing hard. wood and, soft wood
in great variety. Oak, chestnut, ebony, ironwood, camphorwood,
and. sandalwood as well as many species of resin and wild rubber
producing trees are found. Much of the timber, however, is
difficult to obtain because of inaccessibility.
F. Employment and Labor
About 70 percent of the Sumatran labor force is engaged. in
agriculture. Less than 10 percent of the labor force is engaged,
in industrial activities. Although industrial enterprises are
very limited, Javanese laborers have been recruited to supple-
ment the industrial labor force, which consists primarily of
workers in oil refineries, textile mills, and, other light con-
sumer goods industries.
- 95 -
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 r
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
Sumatra, in common with all of Indonesia, has a severe
shortage of capable managers, administrators,and technicians.
During the colonial era, foreigners supplied these talents.
As the result of the Indonesian desire to eliminate foreign
influence, people with managerial skills have been eliminated.
Lacking capable native managers, many Sumatran enterprises
formerly managed by foreigners have deteriorated. The Chi-
nese retain their place in small business ventures, but the
government has imposed rigid, controls over their activities.
There is an active, politically oriented. labor movement
in Sumatra. The unions have, in fact, mainly political
functions, because strict government controls have limited,
their economic bargaining powers. Communist-sponsored SOBSI
is the most influential labor federation, not only in Sumatra
but in all of Indonesia. SOBSI affiliates, including Sarbupri,
the plantation workers' union, have been active in the recent
takeovers of British estates on Sumatra.
G. Foreign Trade
During 1961, Sumatra's exports were valued at $560 million,
more than 70 percent of total Indonesian exports. Important
exports include rubber, petroleum, tin, bauxite, copra, tea,
coffee, palm oil, and tobacco. Sumatran imports, on the other
hand, were $140 million, less than 20 percent of total Indo-
nesian imports. These imports consisted primarily of consumer
goods and foodstuffs, mostly rice.
The Indonesian economic confrontation with Malaysia, which
began when the latter was formed in September 1963, has had
important consequences for Sumatra and. its associated islands.
Prior to confrontation a large share of the island's exports
were transshipped through Singapore or other Malaysian ports.
Now, new markets and processing facilities, which could sub-
stitute for those formerly provided by Malaysia, are being
sought. Smallholder rubber, producers have been seriously af-
fected because the low quality of their rubber has made market-
ing -- except to the processors in Singapore -- difficult. High
quality estate rubber has always been shipped. direct to consumers,
and thus confrontation has posed little problem for the estate
producers. Petroleum exports have been rerouted, but there has
been a decline in exports. Tin ore exports have been shifted
from Penang to the Netherlands for smelting and, re-export to
Western European markets. Even if new markets can be found for
Sumatran exports, the problem of adequate port and shipping
facilities remains.
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
The United. States and. Great Britain are among the most
important consumers of Sumatran exports. The Communist
countries' share of trade, although increasing, is only
about 14 percent -- consisting primarily of rubber and other
tropical products in exchange for machinery and. textiles.
H. Foreign Loans and. Aid
Little foreign aid. has been contributed for the economic
development of Sumatra. The limited, amounts of aid, that have
been granted. are for the most part unused, and, prospects for
the early completion of any major aid. projects are faint.
The most significant loans to the island. are those of the
Soviet Bloc, primarily the USSR. The USSR agreed to build a
large hydroelectric power facility and, aluminum project in
the Lake Toba region of Sumatera Utara. This project has
been surveyed., but further progress has been slow. Other Bloc
projects scheduled. include the rehabilitation of the Umbilin
coal mine near Muara and the construction of a cement plant in
Sumatera Utara, a sugar refinery in Atjeh, and a soda ash plant
in Palembang. Aid. from western nations includes construction
of a blast furnace in Lampung Province and a new tin smelter
at Muntok, Bangka Island, both financed by West Germany. Japan
has cooperated in a production sharing venture with the Indo-
nesian oil industry. United States aid, projects include diesel
electrification projects, a fertilizer plant at Palembang,
harbor development and, rehabilitation, malaria control programs,
and agricultural extension services. As with welfare programs
in Indonesia, the aid. programs of Western and. Bloc nations
have been largely centered on Java. The same is true for gov-
ernment development plans, which consider the outer islands as
producers of primary goods to provide capital for the industrial-
ization of Java. This aspect of the government plans has tended,
to alienate many of the peoples in the outer islands, especially
those on Sumatra.
I. Prime Economic Targets
The petroleum industry is the most important economic
target on Sumatra. Its installations are exposed., concentrated,
and. unprotected. Oil fields, pipelines, refineries, and, stor-
age facilities are all possible targets for small units. Suma-
tran fields and. refineries supply most of Java's petroleum needs,
and if supplies were cut off for even a short time, transportation
and. military operations would be seriously hindered..
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
Figures 44 and. 45. Oil pumping station at Dumai. New Caltex tanks
under construction (June 1964).
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
Figure 46. Permina oil collecting station at Rantau.
Figure 47. Oil pumping station at Duri.
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
Figure 48. A POL storage area on Sambu
Island, Riau Islands.
Figure 49. Conveyor belt system at Umbilin coal mine.
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
Important Oil Fields
Minas (Caltex) 00?52'N-101?29'E
Duri (Caltex) 01?20'N-101?15'E
Limau (Shell) 03?30'S-104?10'E
Pendopo (Stanvac) 03?20'S-103?50'E
Rantau (Permina) 04?25'N-98?10'E
Sago (Stanvac) 00?30'5-102?20'E
There are extensive pipelines between the oil fields and
refining facilities and, harbors. Caltex has pipelines between
Duri and, the port of Dumai (O1?41'N-101?27'E), between the
Minas and, Duri fields, and, between Minas and. Perawang (00038'N-
101?35'E) on the Sungai Siak. Stanvac operates two parallel
pipelines between the Pend.opo oil field. and the refinery at
Sungaigerong (02?55'S-104?50'E). Shell has two parallel pipe-
lines between West Prabumlih (03?30'S-104?20'E) and, its Pladju
refinery (02?59'S-104?50'E), as well as a pipeline between
Tempino (O1?47'5-103?30'E) and. the Pladju refinery. There are
important POL storage facilities at Dumai, Sungaipakning
(01?20'N-102?09'E), and. Palembang (03?00'5-104?46'E).
Electric power facilities are also particularly vulnerable
to sabotage because of the simplicity of their distribution
and, generating systems. However, only the main towns have any
power facilities, and the oil. companies operate their own
generators.
Mining operations could be a target for the small unit.
The only mining activity, however, that contributes directly
to the domestic economy is coal mining. Coal mines are lo-
cated at Umbilin (00?35'S-100?52'E) and. at Bukit Asem (03045'S-
l03?50'E).
- 101 -
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
1. Dobby, E.H.G., Southeast Asia, London: University of
London Press, Ltd.., 1958. U.
2. Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. 21, Chicago: Encyclopedia
Britannica Inc., William Benton Publisher, 1963. U.,
3. Fisher, C.A., Southeast Asia, New York: E.P. Dutton Inc.
1964. U.
4. McVey, Ruth, (ed.), Indonesia, New Haven: HRAF Press, 1963
(Section on Indonesian economy written by Douglas S. Paauw).
U.
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
VII. Transportation
A. Inland Waterways
Streams flowing eastward through the lowlands into the
Strait of Malacca and the Java Sea provide the most important
-- and in much of the central area the only -- means of
transportation on Sumatra. These streams are generally
navigable far inland by large vessels, and most of the
centers of population in eastern Sumatra are located on
their banks. Westward-flowing rivers draining into the
Indian Ocean, on the other hand, are normally navigable by
shallow-draft vessels for only short distances inland.
Rivers that form the inland waterways of Sumatra have
had only minor dredging and clearing. Manmade navigational
obstructions, such as dams or bridges, are rare. Natural
hindrances to navigation, however, are common. They include
sandbars, especially at the entrances of major streams;
rapid silting of channels; and tidal bores, especially in
the Kampar and Rokan Rivers. Tidal effects are felt for
varing distances upstream on all major rivers. In spite
of some seasonality, the rainfall of Sumatra is always
sufficient to keep the inland waterways deep enough for
navigation.
Numerous types of craft operate on the rivers of Sumatra.
Sampans, bamboo rafts, dugouts, and many other shallow-
draft vessels engage in local trade. Most are powered by
hand or sail, but an increasing number are driven by out-
board motors. Ocean-going vessels and interisland coasters
navigate far into the interior on most major rivers. Other
large craft, including stern-wheel and screw-driven types,
launches of various sizes, lighters, and barges, are also
common on the lower courses of major rivers. Oil tankers
are common on the Hari, Musi, and Siak Rivers.
B. Roads and Trails
1. Roads
The highway network on Sumatra is sparse and, except in
the plantation areas,.poorly maintained. At present there
are approximately 15,500 miles of road, of which 1,500 miles
are paved with asphalt, 10,000 miles are surfaced with
gravel, stone, or clay, and 4,000 miles are unsurfaced.
Usefulness of the roads is limited by their narrowness,
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
poor surfacing, susceptibility to flooding and landslides,
sharp curves and steep grades in the mountains, and.abundance
of single-lane bridges, ferries, and. fords (see Figure 50
through 52). Heavy rainfall makes flash floods and. wash-
outs so common that very few roads are suitable for all-
weather travel (see Figure 53). Generally poor maintenance
outside of urban areas has resulted in a steady deterioration
of the road. system. Encroaching vegetation makes some roads
impassable.
The most important road extends the entire length of
the island from Banda Atjeh (Kutaradja) to Kalianda, a
distance of 1,657 miles. Most of the major cities not
on this main road. are connected. with it, directly or in-
directly, by feeder roads. The main route extends southward
from Banda Atjeh along the Atjeh River Valley, across a
mountain range east of Seulimeum, and along the east coast
to Medan. South of Medan the roadway turns to the west and
gradually ascends into the Main Range near Lake Toba. The
road continues southward through the major intermontane
basins of the Main Range to Solok, where it turns to the
southeast and ultimately follows the upper course of the
Hari River to Muaratembesi. South of Muaratembesi the road
generally follows the low eastern foothills of the Main
Range. Near Baturadja, Kotabumi, and Telukbetung the road
again passes through rugged terrain. Most of the main road
is surfaced. with asphalt or crushed stone but is badly
maintained.. Its condition is generally fair near Medan but
reportedly poor in the section to the north. South of Lake
Toba are some poorly maintained. sections, notably the
Tarutung-Bukittinggi section. Bridges may be bottlenecks
throughout the route because they usually have only one
lane and, are of low capacity. Steep grades and sharp curves
restrict traffic in the mountainous parts of the main road.
Recently the central government announced, an ambitious
plan to construct a two-lane, divided, highway from Banda
Atjeh to Pand.jang that will generally follow the present
north-south road. Announced plans call for construction
to begin late in 1964.
A relatively dense network of road.s in the vicinity of
Medan connects local plantations with the railroad and.
nearby ports. Also, a well-traveled road. parallels the
coast southward from Banda Atjeh to a point south of
Bakungan and. then extends inland. to the Lake Toba area.
Few of the associated. islands have improved roads; the
- 104 -
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
Figure 50. Mountainous section of road from Bukit-
tinggi to Pakanbaru. Steep gradients and sharp curves
are characteristic of roads through the Main Range.
Figure 51. Road bridge in central Sumatra. This bridge
has a small capacity and is unsafe for large vehicles.
Note the dense vegetation along the roadway.
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
Figure 52. Auto ferry at Pulautarap (00?18'N-100?56'E). Such
ferries are major bottlenecks during periods of heavy rainfall.
INWIlIllk"M
Figure 53. Typical road in central Sumatra. Travel by
road is extremely difficult or impossible during the
wet season.
Approved For Release 2007/02/2'3 : CFA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
Figure 54. Bukit-
tinggi-Pakanbaru
road near Tand-
jungpauh (00013'N-
100?47'E)s 56
miles E. of Bukit-
tinggi.
Figure 55, Bukit-
tinggi-Pakanbaru
road-62 miles E.
of Bukittinggi.
This unsurfaced.
road would prob-
ably be impassible
during the rainy
season.
Figure 56. Bukit-
tinggi-Pakanbaru
road. ferry on Ba-
tang Kampar Kanan
at Danaubengkuang
(00?21'N-101?14'E).
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
systems on Bangka and, Billiton are best. A road, of varying
quality follows much of the coast of Nias Island.. The few
other island roads are generally limited, to the vicinity of
coastal villages.
Off-road,, cross-country wheeled. movement is impossible
throughout most of Sumatra. In general, the eastern low-
land is too swampy for off-road, movement except for some
natural levees. Approximately three-fourths of the Main
Range is either too steep or too densely forested..
In 1959, Sumatra had, 54,521 registered. motor vehicles.
Most of these were trucks (17,658) and, motorcycles (17,283),
but some were passenger cars (12,812) and buses (6,768).
2. Trails
Trails provide remote areas of Sumatra with access to
roads or navigable waterways and. normally connect heads of
navigation with villages not served. by other means of trans-
portation. The trail pattern is sparse in rugged. parts of
the Main Range but somewhat denser and. less restricted by
topography in the eastern foothills of the range. Trails
in the rugged. areas are usually confined to river valleys,
but where valley walls are too steep they traverse ridgetops.
Trails are most numerous north and south of Lake Toba and
in the vicinity of Samosir Island, particularly on the
western shore. A number of trails also cross the floors
of the drier intermontane basins.
In the eastern and western lowlands the network of trails
is much more sparse than in the Main Range. Vast areas of
swampland preclude the development of overland transportation
of any type, and trails are restricted to isolated areas
of high ground and natural levees. Near Medan an extensive
trail pattern connects numerous plantations and, small villages.
A dry area west of Palembang and a few dry areas in the
southeast corner of Sumatra have a number of interconnecting
trails.
Ease of travel on the trails varies greatly. In remote
areas many trails are narrow paths used, primarily by hunt-
ing parties. Encroaching vegetation may impede passage on
these and. other trails that are used. infrequently. Trails
in mountainous areas tend to be very narrow and steep. In
more heavily populated areas of Sumatra movement on trails
is easy, but the risk of encounter with the local population
is much greater because the trails are commonly used, by
farmers hauling produce to village markets.
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
S-E we
C. Railroads
Sumatra has about 1,220 miles of railroad, some of
which are out of operation. The railroad, system consists
of three discontinuous administrative divisions -- the
Northern, Southern, and. Western -- under the jurisdiction
of the Indonesian State Railways (Djawatan Kereta.Api).
The Northern Division contains most of Sumatra's
track mileage. It crosses generally level land., although
grades are steep in the north. A continuous track of 572
miles connects Uleelheue, port for Banda Atjeh, with
Rantauparapat to the south. Between Bukitkubu and. Ran-
tauparapat the gauge is 3 feet 6 inches, but from Uleelheue
to Bukitkubu it is 2 feet 5-1/2 inches. A number
of short spur lines serve minor ports on the Strait
of Malacca. The-6-mile spur line from Pangkalansusu to
Bukitkubu is dual gauge (3 feet 6 inches and 2 feet 5-1/2
inches) and has transshipment facilities at each terminal.
Between Belawan and, Medan the railroad. is the only d.ouble-
tracked line in Sumatra. The Atjehnese Rebellion during
the 1950's was especially damaging to the Northern Division,
whose rolling stock, bridges, and, physical plants were
special targets for sabotage. Military activity made it
impossible to provide routine maintenance, and. the result
was serious deterioration of equipment and right-of-way,
with a reduced overall capability that has not been over-
come to this day.
The Southern Division comprises a main line that connects
Palembang with Pand.jang, 249 miles to the south. A branch
line extends southeastward, from Lubuklinggau to Perabumulih,
141 miles away. A few short spur lines connect coal mining
activities with the main line. The entire division is single
tracked. and. has a gauge of 3 feet 6 inches. A railroad ferry
operates between Pand.jang and Merak, Java.
The Western Division is located in very rugged country and.
contains some of the sharpest curves and steepest grades in
Sumatra. Rugged terrain necessitates the use of rack sections
at several points (see Figure 58). The 145-mile division
connects Telukbajur, the port for Padang, with the interior.
A branch line serves Bukittinggi, Pajakumbuh, and. Talaga; another
branch serves Sawahlunto and. Muara. The Western Division has a
gauge of 3 feet 6 inches and is single-tracked.. A rack-operated
spur line that serves the coal mines near Sawahlunto has a gauge of
of 1 foot 11-1/2 inches.
Sumatra must depend, on outside sources for railroad
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
Figure 57. Railroad yards in Medan (Northern
Division).
Figure 58. Rack section
on railroad north of
Lake Singkarak (000
37'S-100033'E). Such
systems are necessary
to ascend. steep
slopes.
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
Figure 59. A portion of the Western Division near
Tabing (00?19'N-100?34'E). Note the old. steam
engines and. antiquated. cars.
Figure 60. Railroad along the Batang Arau near
Padang.
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
equipment. Much of its present rolling stock is old equip-
ment that has been discarded. by Java (see Figure 59). Only
steam engines are used in Sumatra; there are no diesel or
electrified, lines. Old., rundown equipment and dependence
on outside sources for spare parts are major deficiencies
in the system.
In spite of their inadequacies, railroads on Sumatra
are important to both the local economy and the economy
of the Republic of Indonesia. The Southern and Western
Divisions transport most of the coal exported from Sumatra,
and the Northern Division serves estates that produce
rubber, palm oil, and. tobacco.
Locally, a number of private enterprises operate narrow-
gauge lines to serve their own industrial requirements.
These are mainly Decauville lines, although they are moved
so seldom that they can properly be considered, permanent
railroads. They are found largely on the rubber and palm
oil estates on Sumatra and. in the tin mining areas of
Bangka, Billiton, and. Singkep Islands.
Marine Transport
1. Merchant Marine
Most of Sumatra's merchant marine is owned and operated
by the Government of Indonesia and. is normally administered
by the National Indonesian Navigation Company (PELNI) and
other governmental agencies. In June 1963, 418 ships
exceeding 100 gross registered. tons and mostly less than 5
years old were registered in Indonesia. The number of
these ships based. in Sumatra is unknown. A lack of trained.
personnel and, spare parts has rendered. many ships inoperative
for long periods of time, and some government dockyards
reportedly are faced. with closure. Chartering of foreign
shipping is essential to maintain interisland. services.
The number of native craft engaged, in commercial
activities cannot be determined. Of the Indonesian total
of 10,698 vessels registered. in 1957, Sumatra had. 2,542.
Many native craft in Sumatra are presumed to be unregistered.
These have been engaged in traditional smuggling activities
across the Malacca Strait and. in the Riau Islands.
2. Ports
Indonesia's policy of confrontation against Malaysia
has had, a direct effect upon the ports of Sumatra. Legal
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
traffic with Malayan ports (including Penang. and Singapore),
which formerly handled approximately one-third of Indonesia's
exports, has been halted. The Indonesian Government hopes
to compensate for this loss by creating rival free ports
and free-trade zones in Indonesian territory. Sabang has
been declared a free port, and a free-trade zone has been
established at Belawan. Indonesia is reportedly considering
the establishment of free-trade facilities at Great Karimun,
an island near Singapore. Sumatran ports are near the
principal shipping route from Europe to the Far-East, in an
advantageous location for direct competition with the
western ports of peninsular Malaysia, but at present they
cannot compete successfully because they do not have
adequate cargo-handling and warehouse facilities. Neither
do they have the banking and insurance facilities that are
readily available in Malaysia.
Most river ports other than Djambi and Palembang are
capable of handling only local agricultural products and
similar cargoes. Details for selected ports on Sumatra
and associated islands are given below.
Port Length Alongside Storage Remarks
of Berth Depth
(feet) (feet) (sq. f eet )
Belawan 6,200 7-31 600,000 Serves Medan. Facilities
include 26 lighters,2
tugs and barges,l
floating derrick of
40-ton capacity, and
various cranes. Low-
water depth over bar
at river's mouth is
26.2 feet. Capacity
for storing approxi-
mately 140,000 barrels
of oil. Port clearance
by road, railroad, and
inland waterway. Port
expansion project
scheduled for completion
in 1964 to include
approximately 2,000
feet of docks, an oil
wharf, and warehouses.
Djambi 500 20-30 23,350 Facilities include
one crane and several
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
Port Length Alongside Storage Remarks
of Berth Depth
feet feet- (sq.feet)
small lighters and
towing launches. Low-
water depth over bar
at river's mouth is
3 feet. Port clear-
ance by road and
inland waterway.
Dumai 750 36 Unknown Primary oil port for
Caltex. Can accommo-
date 60,000-ton
tankers. Storage
capacity of 1,000,000
barrels of petroleum.
Served by pipeline.
Port clearance by
road.
Palembang 3,500 21-25 320,000 Low-water depth over
bar at river's mouth
is 9-1/2 feet.
Facilities include
numerous lighters,
tugboats, and cranes.
Twelve oil wharfs 4
miles downstream;
coaling wharf 6 miles
upstream. Oil stor-
age capacity of
7,121,770 barrels in
Palembang area. Port
clearance by road,
railroad, and inland
waterway.
Pandjang 1,400 24 47,800 Unlimited anchorage
available. Harbor
craft include lighters
and native craft.
Ferry service avail-
able to Java. Port
clearance by road
and railroad.
Sabang 1,400 7-24 257,200 Several mooring buoys
(We Island) in use. Facilities
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
Port Length Alongside Storage Remarks
of Berth Depth
feet feet) (sq.feet)
Tandjungpandan
(Billiton Island)
include several
cranes and, shops
for minor repairs.
Storage for petro-
leum and, coal.
Port clearance by
road..
Tand.junguban
(Bintan Island)
able. Oceango-
ing vessels anchor
5 miles offshore
and are served by
lighters. Harbor
unsafe from Novem-
ber to March ow-
ing to monsoons.
Port clearance by
road..
Unknown 13-41 Unknown Oil transshipment
port. Six oil
jetties. Ninety-
foot anchorage
available.
Telukbajur 1,500 17 120,000 Most important
port on west
coast. Serves
Padang. Unlim-
ited. anchorage.
Harbor craft
available. Port
clearance by road,
and, railroad.
Uleelheue Unknown Unknown 22,000 Unlimited, anchor-
age, but no deep-
water wharfs. Har-
bor facilities in-
clud.e general har-
bor craft and. a
115 -
Q 0.
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
Port Length Alongside Storage Remarks
of Berth Depth
feet (feet) sq.feet)
berth for small
vessels. Port
clearance by
road and, rail-
road.
E. Air Transport
Civil air service is an important supplement to the
surface transportation system of Sumatra. It is provided
by the Indonesian Government through Garud.a Ind.onesian
Airways. Within Sumatra domestic service is available
between Banda Atjeh, Bengkulu, Djambi, Kotad.abok (Singkep
Island), Mand.ah, Medan, Padang, Pakanbaru, Palembang,
Pangkalpinang (Bangka Island,), Rengat, Tandjungpandan
(Billiton Island), and Tandjungpinang (Bintan Island.).
Garud.a also links Sumatra with the rest of Indonesia. The
policy of confrontation has resulted. in the cancellation
of flights between Sumatra and. Malaysia. International
flights are available from Medan.
The expulsion of the Dutch from Sumatra in 1958 removed,
the primary source of trained. personnel for Garuda and. re-
sulted in a reduction of about one-half in scheduled. air
service. An accelerated. training program for Indonesian
personnel, however, is gradually increasing Garuda's
capabilities. In April 1964 Garuda's inventory of aircraft
was reported. to include 23 DC-3's (20 operational), 3 Con-
vair 990 jet aircraft, 3 Lockheed Electras, 8 Convair 240's
(4 operational), and 8 Convair 340's. Garuda also has an
unknown number of Twin Pioneer and De Haviland, Beaver
aircraft. Many of the airfields of Sumatra cannot be
used, by large aircraft because they are too short or their
surfaces cannot withstand, heavy weight (see Map 39136 and,
Appendix A for details on airfields). As part of a current
airfield-improvement program, the airfield, at Medan has
been expanded. to a length of 8,038 feet. Sumatra has sev-
eral airfields longer than 5,000 feet, but only the one
at Medan is usable by jet aircraft.
F. Targets
Significant transportation targets in Sumatra are few.
The road. system offers some possibilities. The destruction
of bridges and, ferries, especially during the rainy season,
could temporarily disrupt vehicular traffic. Road. traffic
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
was severely hampered. by these tactics during the PRRI
Rebellion of the late 1950's (see p.88 ). The three divi-
sions of the railroad, system offer a variety of targets.
Bridges and tunnels on each of the lines would, be good.
targets. Destruction of the rack sections in the Western
Division would. also hamper operations. During the
Atjehnese Rebellion the Northern Division was inoperative
for months owing to the sabotage of bridges and other
facilities. The disruption of railroad. traffic would, be
most effective in the Southern and. Western Divisions because
it would, halt shipment of coal for export.
Among the possible railroad, and highway targets are the
following:
Length
Remarks
feet
Railroad Bridges
Martap8ra
Three-span bridge
(4 19'S-104?22'E)*
across Komering
10 miles E of Lahat 525
River
Four-span bridge
(3?49'S-103?32'E)
across Lematang
5 miles SE of
River
Three-span bridge
Tebingtinggi
across Musi River
(3?36'S-103?05'E)
3 miles SW of
Four-span bridge
Pad.angpand.jang
(0?27'S-100?24'E)
12 miles SE of 300 (est.)
Bridge crosses
Pangkalansusu
(4 06'N-98?11'E)
Babalan River
27 miles SE of Idi
318
Combined. rail-
(4?57'N-97?46'E)
highway bridge
12 miles SE of Idi
331
Combined. rail-
(4?57'N-97?46'E)
highway bridge
across Peureulak
River
* Coordinates locate town mentioned,not bridge or tunnel.
117 -
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
Length
18 miles NW of Idi
(4?57'N-97?46'E)
39 miles NW of Idi
(4?57'N-97?46'E)
86 miles E of Sigli
(5?23'N-95?57'E)
80 miles E of Sigli
(5?23'N-95?57'E)
23 miles E of Sigli
(5?23'N-95?57'E)
39 miles ESE of Banda
Atjeh
(5 34'N-95?20'E)
36 miles ESE of Banda
At j eh
(5?34'N-95?20'E)
14 miles SE of Banda
At j eh
feet
Combined rail-
highway bridge
across Arakundo
River
300 (est.) Combined rail-
highway bridge
Combined rail-
highway bridge
(5?34'N-95?20'E)
Railroad Tunnels
Near Lahat
1,186
(3?49'S-103?32'E)
4 miles SW of
51250
Padangpandjang
(0?27'S-100?24'E)
3 miles N of
2,707
Muarakalaban
Combined rail-
highway bridge
across Peusangan
River
Combined, rail-
highway bridge
across Pante
Radja River
Seven-span viaduct
over ravine;
height 66 feet
Eight-span viaduct
over ravine;
height 115 feet
Combined rail-
highway bridge
across Djreue
River
On spur line to
Sawahlunto
(0?41'S-100?47'E)
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
Location
Length
Remarks
Highway Bridges
36 miles NW of
Telukbetung
(5?27'S-105?16'E)
Nine-span bridge
across Seputih
River
Baturadja 327
(4?08'S-104?10'E)
23 miles SE of
Baturad.ja
(4?08'S-104?l0'E)
16 miles W of
Muaraenim
(3?39'S-103?47'E)
11 miles SE of Meulaboh 560
(4?09'N-96?08'E)
1 mile SE of Meulaboh 475
(4?09'N-96?08'E)
48.5 miles NW of
Meulaboh
(4?09'N-96?08'E)
57.2 miles NW of
Pantonlabu
(5?07'N-97?27'E)
Highway Tunnels
4 miles NE of Sibola Unknown
(1044'N-98?46'E)
4.3 miles NE o; Sibola Unknown
(1044'N-98 46'E)
26.5 miles S of .
Pematangsiantar 150
(2?57'N-99?03'E)
Five-span bridge
across Ogan River
Four-span bridge
across Komering
River
Four-span bridge
across Lematang
River
Bridge crosses
Seunagan River
Bridge crosses
Meureubo River
Bridge crosses
Masen River
Combined. rail-
highway bridge
across Peusangan
River
90 0 turn inside
tunnel
Short tunnel
through rock
Through granite;
road curves inside
tunnel
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
25X1
5. CIA. NIS 100, Sec 31, Railway, Dec 1955. C.
6. NIS 100, Sec 32, Highway, Aug 1955. C.
7. NIS 100, Sec 35, Ports and. Naval Facilities, Mar
1956. C.
8. . NIS 100A, Sec 33, Inland. Waterway, May 1956. C.
9. NIS 100A, Sec 36, Merchant Marine, Mar 1964. C.
10. ?. NIS 100A, Sec 37, Civil Air, Apr 1963. C.
11. George Philip and Son, Ltd.., Ports Dues Charges and. Accomo-
dation Throughout the World., 23d, ed., London, 1963. U.
12. Shipping World., Ltd., Ports of the World, 1963, 17th ed.,
London, June 1963. U.
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
VIII. Telecommunications
A. General
The telecommunications system of Sumatra is owned and
operated by the government and. provides all civil telephone,
telegraph, and radiobroad.casting services. Telephone and./or
telegraph service is available in most inhabited areas of
Sumatra and, radiobroadcasting service is available throughout
Sumatra and associated islands.
B. Telephone and. Telegraph Services and Facilities
1. Domestic
The Administration of Posts, Telegraphs, and Tele-
phones (PTT) for Indonesia, subordinate to the Ministry of
Communications, operates the telephone and telegraph systems.
The services provided, by the PTT are restricted. by antiquated.
facilities and, adverse climatic and, topographical conditions.
There are 20,000 telephones in use in Sumatra, one third, of
which are automatic. More than forty percent of the telephones
are located, in Medan, Padang, and. Palembang. Conventional
telegraph service is provided throughout Sumatra. The larger
cities have automatic subscriber telegraph (TELEX) exchange
facilities, used principally by business and. government, which
afford. direct connections with Djakarta. Interurban telephone
and, telegraph connections are made by open wireline and high
frequency (HF) and, very high frequency (VHF) radio facilities.
(See Map 39511.)
2. International
The only direct international circuit -- a HF radio-
telegraph connection between Medan and Singapore -- is not
currently in operation. All international connections are
made through Djakarta.
C. Broadcasting Facilities and. Services
The Radio Republic Indonesia (RRI) broadcasting system,
which is controlled by the Ministry of Information, provides
service to approximately 220,000 radiobroadcast receivers in
Sumatra. Regional and, local broadcasting service is furnished
by transmitters located. at Medan (20 kilowatts, 7.5 kw, and
1 kw), Padang (10 kw, 10 kw, and. 1 kw), and. Palembang (10 kw
and 1 kw). Transmitters at Sibolga (1 kw) and Tand.jungpinang
(5 kw and. 1 kw) provide local service and. relay regional pro-
grams that originate in Medan. In addition, local service is
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
provided by transmitters located, at Bukittinggi (.3 kw and. .3
kw), Banda Atjeh (1 kw and, .1 kw), and. Pakanbaru (.1 kw). All
stations broadcast in Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia) with the
exception of Banda Atjeh which regularly broadcasts programs
in Atjehnese.
D. Specialized Networks
1. Army
The army uses facilities of the PTT for long-distance
service and operates its own HF and VHF radio equipment: for
tactical purposes. A modern tropospheric scatter network that
is to provide service throughout Sumatra and Java is under con-
struction for the army. The scatter circuit between Palembang
and, Djkarta is to be completed, early in 1965; the remainder of
the network in Sumatra most likely will be operational in 1966
or 1967.
2. Aeronautical
The Department of Civil Aviation (DCA) and the air
Force operate HF point-to-point and. VHF ground-to-air radio
facilities at most airports in Sumatra.
3. Maritime
Maritime radiotelegraph and. radiotelephone service is
provided. by the PTT, the navy, the Caltex Pacific Oil Company
(Caltex), and, the Bataafse Petroleum Maatschappij (BPM).
4. Police
The State Police Force operates HF radiotelegraph
facilities that connect major towns in Sumatra. VHF radio-
telephone facilities are used for city, mobile, and marine
service.
5. Other
The Standard.-Vacuum Petroleum Company (Stanvac) and.
BPM have radiotelephone connections between their refineries
at Sungaigerong and. Pladju respectively and. oilfields in
South and. Central Sumatra. Caltex has radiotelephone facili-
ties in its Central Sumatra oilfields.
E. Prime Telecommunications Targets
1. The destruction of the open wireline network would
effectively disrupt local telephone and, telegraph service. In
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
almost all areas the wirelines follow roads and. railroads.
(See Figures 61 and 62.)
2. The destruction of HF radio transmitting and re-
ceiving stations of the PTT located in Medan, Palembang, and.
Padang would, virtually curtail interurban and, interisland.
telephone and. telegraph service. At Medan these facilities
are located, in the southern outskirts of town near the airport;
at Palembang they are located. in the eastern outskirts of town
between the airport and. the Musi River. At Padang they are
located, in the southeastern outskirts of town. (See Figures
63 and 64.)
3. The destruction of the RRI transmitters at Medan,
Palembang, and. Padang would. halt all regional rad.iobroadcasting
service. At Medan the transmitters are located 3-1/2 miles
from the center of town on the road to Bindjai. At Palembang
the transmitters are located. 2-1/2 miles north of town on the
Sud.irman road. At Padang the transmitters are located. in the
southeastern outskirts of town. (See Figure 65.)
Figure 61. Open wirelines along the Tebingtinggi-
Medan highway and railroad route 14 miles south
of Medan.
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
Figure 62. Open wirelines along the
Bengkulu-Palembang highway, 120 miles
from Palembang.
Figure 63. Administration of Posts, Telegraphs,
and Telephones radio receiving station near Medan
airport.
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
Figure 64. Administration of Posts, Telegraphs, and
Telephones radio transmitting station near Medan
airport.
WN=
Figure 65. Radio Republic Indonesia transmitting
facility at Medan, along the highway to Bindjai.
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
1. CIA. FBIS, Broadcasting Stations of the World, Pt I, Mar
1963. U.
3. ITU. Alphabetical List of Call Signs of Stations Used by
the Maritime Mobile Service, 2nd ed., Geneva, Nov 1963. U.
4. . List of Fixed, Stations, Vols. I and. II, Geneva,
Mar 1959. U.
5. State. Djakarta - A595, 3 Jan 1964. Limited Official Use.
6. World Radio TV Handbook, Hellerup, Denmark: 0. Lund Jo-
hansen Ltd.., 1964. U.
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
IX. Military and. Internal Security Forces
The Indonesian military services are known collectively as
the Armed, Forces of the Republic of Indonesia (Angkatan Perang
Republik Indonesia - APRI) and, consist of the Ground. Forces
Angkatan Darat Republik Indonesia ADRI), the Air Force
(Angkatan Udara Republik Indonesia - AURI), and the Naval
Forces Angkatan Laut Republik Indonesia - ALRI). Determi-
nation of national defense policies is the responsibility of
the National Security Council. Coordination of activities of
the armed forces is the responsibility of the Chief of Staff,
Armed. Forces under the direction of the Coordinator Minister
for Defense and. Security. The Commanders of the three services
act as advisors to the Coordinator Minister and, command, their
respective services.
President Sukarno is ex officio Commander in Chief of the
Armed. Forces. The Coordinator Minister for Defense and. Securi-
ty, and, concurrently Chief of Staff, Armed Forces, is General
Abdul Haris Nasution. The total personnel strength of the
Armed, Forces (as of October 1964) is about 353,625, broken
down as follows: Army 295,000; Navy 24,650; Marines 13,150;
and. Air Force 20,825. Supplementing the army in military oper-
ations are the 23,000 men of the Brigade Mobile of the National
Police.
The APRI is capable of maintaining internal security. It
has only a limited, capability to wage an offensive war, and.
it could, not repel a major attack against the Indonesian archi-
pelago. However, equipment obtained primarily from the Soviet
Bloc during the past two years, together with experience gained.
in the conduct of joint operations, gives the APRI the potential
to become the most powerful military force in Southeast Asia.
Indonesia has a manpower reserve of about 13.4 million males
fit for military service. A common religion, physical stamina,
mental alertness, individual loyalty, and. obed.ience -- at least
through the battalion level -- favor the development of effective
forces. These assets are offset, however, by command. problems,
poor leadership, some ethnic and linguistic diversities, the low
level of formal education, and. inadequate troop training. Also,
a lack of spare parts, a shortage of funds, technical and. lo-
gistics deficiencies, and, dependence on foreign sources for
weapons and. equipment will continue to be limiting factors in
the realization of the APRI's total military potential. Present
airlift and sealift equipment could support a force of no more
than 12 battalions.
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
The armed, forces are subject to considerable Communist
propaganda and. penetration efforts from the large Indonesian
Communist Party (PKI). Higher echelons of the armed. forces
and police are anti-Communist but are more nationalistic than
pro-Western. Leftist attitudes are apparent among some junior
officers and among the enlisted. ranks in all services. Pre-
dominant Western influence on the navy is being diluted by
Soviet Bloc programs. The introduction of equipment, ships,
and aircraft from the Soviet Bloc has resulted, in the presence
of Communist (mostly Soviet) instructors and. technicians, and
this, coupled with training programs in Bloc countries, is
offering further opportunities for Communist penetration and.
indoctrination.
The military budget for the year ending 31 December 1963
was $1,762,000,000 (on the basis of the official exchange
rate: 45 rupiahs equals $1.00). This represented. 26 percent
of the total budget and 12 percent of the GNP.
Morale within all services is generally high. This stems
from pride in the military's role in achieving independence
for the nation, in ending the 1958 rebellion, and in winning
the struggle for West New Guinea, as well as from the promi-
nent role of the armed forces in current national programs.
Membership in the armed forces provides both prestige and
privilege, and despite low pay, haphazard. promotions, cor-
ruption among senior officers, and poor living conditions,
provides a higher standard. of living than does civilian life.
Although there is some dissatisfaction within the services
over President Sukarno's policies, the armed forces are es-
sentially loyal to him and, would. be reluctant to pursue an
independent course.
B. Army (ADRI)
The army is the major stabilizing force in the nation and.
through its senior officers plays a direct political and, ad-
ministrative role in the government. Military officers or
former military officers occupy key positions at both the
national and regional level, in the diplomatic service, and
in various industrial enterprises. The army is engaged. in an
ambitious civic action program designed to increase its pres-
tige and influence and, to reduce Communist penetration at the
village level through civil development programs, indoctrina-
tion of village leaders, and. rehabilitation of surrendered.
dissidents. The army has a considerable degree of unity,
reasonable standards of discipline, pride, and a capacity
and intention to counter Communism.
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
Operational control is exercised. by the Army Chief of Staff
through 17 Military Area Commands or KODAMs. KODAMs I, II, III,
and. IV are located. in Sumatra, with headquarters at Banda Atjeh,
Medan, Padang, and. Palembang respectively (see Map 39136 - Army
Order of Battle). For administrative convenience an inter-
regional command, (IRC) was established, for these KODAMs at Medan.
The interregional commander is a deputy army chief of staff and
acts within his area as the representative of the ADRI commander.
The KODAM commander exercises control over all troops in his
area and is responsible as well for training, administrative and
logistic support, and. for some recruitment.
The battalion is the largest tactical unit normally employed.
offensively, although the brigade is expected to replace the
battalion as the major tactical unit. Sixteen brigades have
been formed., including the 7th Brigade in KODAM II (North Sumatra)
and the 8th Brigade in KODAM IV (South Sumatra). The Strategic
Army Command (KOSTRAD), a mobile strike force organized, on the
brigade system, draws units from the KODAMs as required. The
standard. infantry battalion has a TOE strength of 874, but actual
strengths vary considerably. The army is credited, with 180 bat-
talions (140 infantry). There are 34 battalions stationed, on
Sumatra -- 28 infantry, 2 cavalry, 2 field, artillery, and. 2
engineer battalions. Locations of army headquarters on Sumatra
are also shown in Section F. Elements of a brigade were re-
ported. in late May 1964 to be stationed, on Billiton and Bangka
Islands in connection with the Malaysia crisis. The approximate
number of troops in the four Sumatra KODAMs is: KODAM I, 3,000;
KODAM II, 14,000; KODAM III, 18,000 and; KODAM IV, 13,000.
The army is equipped with a varied. assortment of weapons
from most European countries, the US, Japan, and. the Communist
Bloc. Equipment provided by the USSR includes small arms,
heavy and, light machineguns, 82mm mortars, 82mm and 107mm
anti-tank recoilless guns, 122mm howitzers, anti-tank rocket
launchers, 57mm AA guns, armored cars, amphibious tanks,
surface-to-air missiles, and vehicles. Maintenance standards
are poor, and, there is a marked. shortage of spare parts. The
units on Sumatra are poorly trained and are equipped for the
most part with obsolete Western weapons. Various army uniforms
are shown in Figures 66 through 68
Numerical designations of infantry battalions reflect their
geographical origin. The 100 series battalions originated, in
North and Central Sumatra, while the 400 series battalions
(some of which are stationed. on Sumatra) originated. in Central
Java. Battalions numbered. 110-119 are based. in KODAM I, 120-129
in KODAM II, 130-139 in KODAM III, and 140-149 in KODAM IV. Since
the Indonesian soldier has a strong attachment to his native area,
troops are assigned, to units as close as possible to their homes.
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
- 130 - Approved For Release 200 80-014448000100040001-4
-
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
Figure 69. Rebel sentry
on mined airfield at
Bukittinggi, 1958. Pointed
bamboo stakes are to dis-
courage paratroop land-
ings (see p. 88).
Figure 70. Rebel
patrol -- Suma-
tra, 1958.
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
Figure 71. Students being drilled by rebel
officer -- Bukittinggi, 1958.
Figure 72, Rebels surrender to government forces -- Sumatra,
1958.
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
The Javanese units on Sumatra would be generally more loyal to
the central government than the local units, where loyalties
tend to be tied. to individual commanders.
C. Air Force (AURI)
The AURI is an autonomous organization under the control
of the Minister/Chief of Staff, Air Force and, has 13 operational
squadrons, made up of 2 medium bomber, 2 light bomber, 2 fighter,
2 fighter-bomber, 2 transport, 1 reconnaissance, 1 air-rescue,
and. 1 helicopter squadrons. Overall strength i's: fighters 130
(including 87 MIG's); bombers 82 (including 17 IL-28's and. 25
TU-16's); transports 59; trainers and. miscellaneous 254. All
units are based, on Java because of budgetary restrictions, but
detachments are sent to the outlying provinces for specific
operations. Headquarters of Air Regional Command I (KORUD I),
which is responsible for all air force matters in Sumatra, is
located. at Medan.
The AURI's tactical capability is satisfactory against
undefended. ground, targets and in supporting ground operations
against dissident forces. Its transport capability is approx-
imately 1500 paratroopers. Its air defense capability is
improving as a result of deliveries of Soviet MIG-19 and. MIG-21
aircraft, antiaircraft guns, surface-to-air.missiles, and. radar;
nevertheless, air defense is still limited. The TU-16's have
given AURI a small strategic capability. Piston and. jet fighters
operating out of Medan and, possibly from Palembang could. cover
the whole of Malaya and. Singapore. Jet fighters and. medium jet
bombers could cover at least some of Sarawak from Palembang.
AURI's greatest weakness is in logistics. Procurement and.
control of supplies are poorly managed, and are complicated
by the diverse origins of the aircraft. Also, limited, inter-
island. shipping, roads, and railroads seriously hamper logistic
support.
The air force has little political influence. Most of its
senior officers are US-trained., although training has also been
supplied by India, Egypt, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and, the USSR.
Training in so many foreign countries has resulted. in a diversity
of doctrines, methods, and. techniques.
The air facility system on Sumatra and. associated islands
consists of 62 known airfields, 23 of which have runways over
2,000 feet. The Polonia/Medan airfield is one of eight in all
Indonesia with a runway of at least 8,000 feet. Although there
are no air force operational units permanently based on Sumatra,
jet fighters and. medium and light bombers have been seen at
Polonia/Medan, jet fighters and light bombers at Paalmerah (Djambi),
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
and jet fighters at Talangbetutu (Palembang). Location and,
data concerning known airfields on Sumatra are shown on Map
39136 and in Appendix A.
There are six known ground control intercept sites on
Sumatra utilizing Polish NYSA "B" or "C" radars with 100 mile
GCI capability. Of 14 SAM sites called. for in Indonesia's
1961 arms agreement with the USSR only three are operational;
all are on Java. Missiles and equipment were observed. at
Medan, Sumatra in December, 1963.
D. Navy (ALRI)
The acquisition of large numbers of ships from the Soviet
Union during 1961-62 has given the Indonesian Navy the most
powerful indigenous naval force in Southeast Asia. It com-
prises the following ships: 1 light cruiser (CL), 7 destroyers
(DD), 10 destroyer escorts (DE), 12 submarines (SS), 3 patrol
escorts (PF), 28 subchasers (PC), 3 subchasers (SC), 21 motor
gunboats (PMG), 21 motor torpedo boats (PT), 7 guided missile
patrol boats (PTG), 16 minesweepers, 12 amphibious ships, and
37 auxiliary and, service ships.
The primary mission of the ALRI is the prevention of smug-
gling and piracy. It is incapable of defending the country
from attack by a modern naval force due to the island. nature
of the country. Other limitations include: 1) a continuing
shortage of trained. personnel; 2) lack of training and expe-
rience in submarine and mine warfare; 3) poor maintenance of
ships; and. 4) a shortage of spare parts due to the diverse
origins of the ships and dependence on foreign sources of
supply. These negative factors are partially offset by the
energy and enthusiasm of the young officers who now lead the
navy, the increased emphasis on fleet exercises and, improved
educational facilities, and. efforts to improve outlying bases
to enable them to support patrol craft for sustained, operations.
During the early years of its existence, the ALRI was
strongly influenced, by the Netherlands Navy, but as this
influence diminished. the ALRI turned toward, the United. States
Navy. Training and organization is now almost totally ori-
ented. toward. the United. States, but the large purchases of
Soviet ships has tied, the ALRI logistically to the USSR.
This dependence is resulting in increased. Soviet influence.
The US, USSR, UK, India, Poland, Italy, Yugoslavia, and the
Netherlands have provided. training.
The Minister/Chief of Staff of the navy is the highest
naval. authority, and his functions are comparable to the
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
combined, functions of the US Secretary of the Navy and the
Chief of Naval Operations. He has three coequal deputies:
the First Deputy who heads the operations staff, the Second
Deputy who heads the administrative and, technical staff, and
the Commandant of the Marine Corps (Korps Komando). Directly
subordinate to the First Deputy are the seven maritime area
commands (KODAMARs) and, the Fleet Command.
Three of the area commands have jurisdiction over Sumatran
waters. The I Naval Area Command (KODAMAR I), with headquarters
at Belawan, exercises control over the north and, south coasts
of the northwestern half of Sumatra and adjacent islands. The
II Naval Area Command. (KODAMAR II), with headquarters at
Tandjungpinang, controls the northern coast of Sumatra along
the Strait of Malacca, the areas in the vicinity of the Riau
and. Lingga Archipelagos, and, the Anambas and Natuna Islands.
The III Naval Area Command. (KODAMAR III), with headquarters
at Djakarta, controls the waters around, the southeastern end
of Sumatra.
Most of the fleet is based on Java. There are bases for
patrol craft at Belawan, Sabang, and. Palembang on Sumatra, and.
at Tand.jungpinang,and Tand.junguban in the Riau Islands. These
bases are capable of making only limited, repairs to patrol
craft. Larger ships make occasional brief visits to these
installations, but, because of limited. logistic and repair
facilities, large-scale navy activity could not be sustained.
for long periods. There is a minor naval installation at
Telukbajur (Padang), Sumatra, and several others are scattered
throughout the Riau and. Anambas Islands.
The navy has a small air arm comprising 240 personnel, 17
aircraft, and. 15 helicopters with a primary antisubmarine
warfare mission. All aircraft are based, near Surabaja, Java.
The Ministry of Sea Communications, the Sea Police, and. the
Ministry of Finance (customs) have small craft based. throughout
Indonesia on anti-smuggling duty.
The 13,700-man Marine Corps (Korps Komando) is an integral
part of the navy, and its organization is patterned, after that
of the US Marine Corps. It is believed to be responsible for
the development of amphibious doctrine, operations in support
of naval forces, and for the conduct of security and guard
duties at naval installations. The marines have no major units
on Sumatra but in early 1963 had. three platoons of security
troops at Sabang and, an unknown number at Palembang. There
was also a platoon at Tand.jungpinang (Riau Islands).
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
E. Police Forces
1. State Police Force (SPF)
The SPF's primary mission is to maintain law and, order.
SPF strength is about 110,000 officers and men, excluding the
23,000-man Police Brigade Mobile (see below). The Minister/
Chief of State Police is subordinate to the President, who, as
Supreme Commander of the Police, directs the policies of the
police. Besides directing the police force, the Chief serves,
along with the Chiefs of Staff of the Army, Navy, and. Air :Force
as a permanent adviser to the National Defense Council. The
SPF faces a considerable task. Although some earlier uprisings
have been suppressed, banditry and robbery are chronic problems.
Small dissident groups are still active in parts of western Java,
Celebes, and Sumatra, and the police, together with the Armed.
Forces, have not been able to bring them completely under control.
SPF training is considered good mainly because of foreign assist-
ance since 1954, principally by US personnel through AID, although
efficiency and morale among the rank and file are still generally
poor due in part to their low wages. Police on patrol duties are
usually armed with rifles or carbines. Police weapons are of
varied origin and include Dutch, Japanese, and those obtained.
from various foreign-aid programs. Although the majority are
in poor condition, large quantities of small arms are available
to the police.
Provincial police headquarters are located at Medan (north
Sumatra), Bukittinggi (west-central Sumatra), Palembang (south
Sumatra), and. Tandjungpinang (Riau Islands). The basic unit is
the three- to five-man patrol which operates principally from
local police stations and receives its instructions from the
local police chief. These patrols are stationed in the towns,
village areas, and, islands. The State Police Security Service
is the intelligence and. security arm of the police, while the
Criminal Investigation Service has responsibility for prevention
and detection of crime. Members of these two services are not
normally uniformed.. The Sea Police organization owns 123 as-
sorted, vessels and. engages primarily in anti-smuggling duty.
2. Police Brigade Mobile (BriMob)
BriMob is a paramilitary element of the State Police
Force and was formed, in 1950 as a special force for maintaining
internal security, particularly for controlling insurgency'. It
also provides bodyguards for the President and other officials.
It is usually committed in situations too difficult for the
regular police to handle. BriMob troops are capable of launch-
ing amphibious and, airborne operations and. of parachuting into
enemy territory if the need. arises. Morale and, discipline in
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
BriMob are good and, are better than in the army and regular
police. The force is generally anti-Communist.
AID has been instrumental in training and. equipping the
BriMob. A large number of senior officers have received
anti-guerrilla training in the US, Italy, the Philippines,
and at the US Special Forces School in Okinawa. The training
center in Porong, East Java is emphasizing jungle warfare
training in addition to cavalry and amphibious operations.
Weapons are of World. War II vintage and were obtained from
Britain and the US. None of the equipment was new at the time
of acquisition, and about 70% of it has been in active use
since 1950-51. Weapons used, by BriMob are normally the types
issued, to a light infantry company and include 81mm and 60mm
mortars.
Provincial police headquarters in each province has control
over all police activities in the area, including all BriMob
units. BriMob is organized into 10 Area Commands and 12 mobile
brigades. There are at least 32 battalions, each with three rifle
companies of 177 men, one heavy weapons company with 118 men,
and. a headquarters company with 203 men. There are three area
commands and six battalions in Sumatra. Headquarters for Area V
(north Sumatra) is at Medan, with battalions at Banda Atjeh and.
Padangsid.impuan. Headquarters for Area VI (central Sumatra) is
at Padang, with battalions at Bukittinggi and. Pakanbaru. Head-
quarters for Area VII (south Sumatra) is at Palembang, with
battalions at Palembang and Telukbetung.
Figure 73. Police at Bukitkubu (4?02'N-98?10'E).
- 137 -
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
F. Locations of Army and. Mobile Brigade Units - Sumatra
nation
Desi
Unit No.
Permanent Station
g
KODAM I (Atjeh Military Area)
H q KODAM I
Banda Atjeh
Mil Dist Comd. (KODIM)
0101
Banda Atjeh
0102
Sigli
0103
Lhokseumawe
0104
Langsa
0105
Meulaboh
0106
Takingeun
0107
Tapaktuan
0108
Banda Atjeh
BriMob Bn
Sigli
Meulaboh
Bireuen
Langsa
Unlocated.
Banda Atjeh
Escort Co
Banda Atjeh
Raider Co
Ketapang Dua
Conscript Co
Leupueng
Conscript Co
Indrapuri
Conscript Co
Sibree
Conscript Co
Simpangtiga
Training Center
Banda Atjeh
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
esignation
iODAM II (North Sumatra Military Area)
Hq Sumatra Interregional Command (IRC)
Hq KODAM II
Mil Dist Comd. (KODIM)
Inf Brig Hq
Unit No. Permanent Station
Medan
Medan
0202 Bindjai
0203 Kabandjahe
0204 Pematangsiantar
0205 Tandjungbalai
0206 Rantauparapat
0207 Gunungsitoli
0208 Tarutung
0209 Sibolga
0210 Pad.angsidimpuan
0211 Sidikalang
0212 Tebingtinggi
7 Pulo Rad. j a (near Medan)
121 Medan
122 Medan
123 Sid.ikalang
124 Sibolga
(7th Brig)
125 Rantauparapat
(7th Brig)
126 Rantauparapat
133 Tebingtinggi
(7th Brig)
137 Padangsidimpuan
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
Designation
Unit No.
Permanent; Station
138
Sei Silau.
139
Sidikalang
Bukit Barisan I
Pematangsiantar
Arty Bn
II
VII
Medan
Medan
Cav Bn
6
Pangkalanbrandan
Eng Bn
I
Medan
BriMob Bn
17
Pad.angsid.impuan
Escort Co
Medan
Escort Co
Pematangsiantar
Escort Co
Padangsidimpuan
Escort Co
Pulo Rad.ja
Escort Co
Balige
Guerrilla Warfare Center
KODAM III (Central Sumatra Military Area)
Simpang Raja
Hq KODAM III
Padang
Mil Dist Cmd (KODIM) 0301
Pakanbaru
0302
Rengat
0303
Bengkalis
0304
Bukittinggi
0305
Sukamananti
0306
Pajakumbuh
0307
Batu Sangkar
0307B
Tepi Selo
0308
Pariaman
- 140 -
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
Designation
Uhit No.
Permanent Station
0309
Solok
0309B
Alahanpand.jang
0310
Sawahlunto
0311
Painan
0312
Padang
Regt Cmbt Team
II
III
Bukittinggi
Solok
Inf Bn
130
Padangpandjang
131
Pajakumbuh
132
Bukittinggi
440
Padangpangakajan
442
Painan
BriMob Bn
18
Bukittinggi
19
Pakanbaru
Cav Det
Padang
Arty Bty
Padang
Cmbt Engr Det
Padang
FA Bty
Solok
Cmbt Engr Co
Bukittinggi
Mil Police Co
KODAM IV (South Sumatra Military Area)
Pakanbaru
Hq KODAM IV
Palembang
Inf Brig Hq
8
Tandjungkarang
Inf Bn
141
Djambi
142
Sungaipenuh
141 -
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
Designation
Unit No.
Permanent Station
143
Lahat
144
Muaraenim
145
(8th Brig)
Baturadja
146
(8th Brig)
Tandjungkarang
Tjurup
Palembang
Telukbetung
Cav Bn
Palembang
Cmbt Engr Bn
Palembang
Raider Co
Palembang
Arty Bty
Palembang
Constr Engr Co
Palembang
Inf School
Tjurup
Battle Training Center
Palembang
Inf Depot
Palembang
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. CIA. NIS 100, Chapter I, Indonesia, Dec 1961. S.
2. NIS 100A, Sec 81 (draft), Ground. Forces, Jan 1964. S.
3. NIS 100A, Sec 82, Naval Forces, Jan 1962. S.
4. DIA. Army Intelligence Digest, 15 Nov 1963. S.
5. . Free World Air Intelligence Brief, 16 Jan 1963. S.
6. . ONI, Strength and, Disposition of Foreign Navies, 15
Oct 1963. S.
7. . PACOM Intelligence Estimate/Non-Bloc Countries, 16
Jan 1964. S.
9. USARPAC Special Report No. 438, Non-Bloc Ground.
Forces, PACOM Area, 15 Mar 1963. S.
10. DI-USAF/ONI. Airfields and, Seaplane Stations of the World.,
Vol. 26, July 1964. S.
11. Pacific Command. Weekly Intelligence Digest, No. 38-64, 18
Sept 1964. S. NFD.
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
Survival Factors
A. Food and Water
1. Plants
A traveler on Sumatra or any of its associated islands
should have little trouble living off the land if he is
willing to eat unfamiliar foods. The best places to search
for food plants are in forest clearings and along trails and
streams. The commonest edible vegetation consists of wild
fruits (breadfruit, durians, bananas, papayas, pineapples,
figs, oranges, mangoes, raspberries, and passion fruit),
various types of nuts, plant leaves, roots, tubers (taros
and yams), grasses, and shoots of ferns, bamboo, palms,
and other trees.
Taro is most plentiful in damp places. Its tuberous
root should be cut into small pieces and thoroughly baked
or boiled to remove the acrid taste. Young taro leaves,
though slightly acid, also are edible if boiled thoroughly
in several changes of water. The yam is found at the base
of the stem of a twisting plant with ivylike vines. Most
species are edible, but those with an acrid, taste should.
be considered poisonous. Fern fronds and stalks, which
occur almost everywhere in the forests, and the roots and
tubers of the water chestnut, water lily, and bulrush can
be eaten raw or cooked. The stem and root shoots of wild
rice, which grows in poorly drained areas, can be eaten
raw. Coconuts are a good source of food -- growing wild
most commonly along better drained coastal stretches, and
cultivated in or near native villages. The pith of the
trunk of the sago palm -- a large thorny palm with huge
leaves, generally found in moist regions -- is edible
when crushed to a pulpy mass and then washed and dried.
The white kernel inside the nut of the nipa-palm also is
edible; the nipa palm grows behind the mangroves along the
east coast and along rivers as far upstream as they are
influenced by the tide.
Some general rules to follow with respect to wild plant
food are:
a. Discard all beans and fungi.
b. Consider all milky or otherwise discolored sap or
juice as poisonous.
c. Taste all plant food before eating it in quantity. if
- 145 -
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
Figure 74. The fruit of
breadfruit can be boiled.,
baked, or fried; seeds should
be boiled or roasted..
Figure 75. The taro plant,
found in moist shady places,
is entirely edible either
raw or boiled..
- 146 -
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
Figure 76. Manioc.
- 147 -
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
Figure 77. Seeds of immature
fruit of the nipa palm taste
like coconut.
Figure 78. Nuts of the water
chestnut are under ground. and.
should. be boiled. or roasted
before they are eaten.
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
it has a pronounced bitter or soapy taste or if it
is hot and irritating to the tongue, it should not
be eaten.
d. Avoid toadstools and mushrooms; many are poisonous.
e. Regard most leaves, fruits, and tubers that can be
eaten by birds or mammals as safe to eat. (Some
travelers in the jungle use monkeys to test wild
berries and other vegetation for safety for human
consumption.)
Wetland rice is the common crop near native villages in
the lowlands and. in some of the valleys of the uplands; dry-
land rice and corn are the staple foods at higher elevations.
Small fruit and vegetable gardens are located in or near
villages, and. large truck gardens in northern Sumatra supply
urban markets. Extreme caution should, be exercised. to avoid.
detection when pilfering crops from native fields, as the
fields are closely watched for predatory birds and animals
during the ripening period.. In fields of the highlands
these marauders commonly are detected and scared away
by observers who manipulate extended wires from tall platforms.
A person in or near the fields could. be observed, from such
posts. The outsider should. also beware of village dogs. The
best approach to the fields is from the downwind side after
dark, preferably near midnight rather than in the early evening.
2. Animals
Meat is abundant throughout Sumatra and all but the
smallest of its associated islands. Most animals, birds,
reptiles, and fish are edible, and their meat is generally
more nourishing than wild plant food. It might be possible
to kill one of the many wild pigs or deer that often
accompany herds of grazing elephants without antagonizing
the elephants, but it would be very risky. Attempting to
kill any of the large animals that abound on Sumatra would
be dangerous and not worth the risk involved. The small
animals such as monkeys, badgers, otters, martens, squirrels,
and foxes are easier to catch than the large ones, and for
the most part, are tastier. All native villages have
poultry and other domestic animals, but it would. be hard. to
steal them without being detected. Sumatra has many species
of birds, all of which are edible. Included. are pheasants,
hornbills, swifts, mynahs, and kingfishers. All of the many
varieties of snakes on Sumatra, including the poisonous
species, can be eaten safely if the head -- where the poison
sacs are located -- is removed.
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
The rivers, tidal flats, and. coastal waters of eastern
Sumatra contain a wide variety of fish, amphibia, and
reptiles including frogs, turtles, lizards, and crocodiles.
Crabs, crayfish, and clams are found near the shore,
particularly in the mangrove areas. A variety of carp is
very common in Lake Toba and is netted by the Bataks who
live on the lakeshore.
The flesh of many salt-water fish, including the
pufferfish, porcupine fish, triggerfish, and parrot fish,
which frequent rocky or coral reefs and muddy or sandy
shores, is poisonous. It is difficult to distinguish a
poisonous fish from a nonpoisonous one by appearance. In
general, however, poisonous fish have round or boxlike
bodies with hard shell-like skins covered with bony plates
or spines. Their mouths are small and parrot-like, gill
openings are small, and belly fins are small or absent.
Generally all fresh-water fish and amphibians are safe to
eat, although they should be well cooked because of the
prevalence of flukes and. other parasites.
Fish can be caught with the fishing equipment in
standard survival kits, with crude improvised equipment,
or -- in inland waters -- by spreading poison on the water.
Fishhooks can be made from pins, needles, wire, wood, or
bone; lines can be made from bark, roots, or the leaf and
stem fibers of various trees and plants; spears can be
made from bamboo or saplings. Poison can be derived by
crushing the parts of several types of plants (notably
the tuba plant) or by extracting lime from burned coral or
seashells. Fish are usually easiest to see in small shallow
streams, but they are most numerous in pools of deep calm
water, particularly when streams are low.
Edible grubs are found in rotten logs, in the ground,
and under the bark of dead trees. Edible termites are
common throughout the jungles. Both can be eaten raw
without ill effects, although cooking is probably preferable.
Caterpillers should not be eaten, as some are poisonous.
3. Water
Water is readily available on most of Sumatra and.
associated islands, but finding a supply that is safe to
drink can be a serious problem. Water supplies, except in
major urban areas, are not controlled and should be
regarded as contaminated.. Dysentery, cholera, and. typhoid
are the commonest of the water-borne diseases; blood flukes
and worms also can be picked up from drinking contaminated water.
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
Other than rainwater, which is safe to drink if collected
in a clean container, the safest water supplies are streams
at high elevations -- above the sources of contamination.
The most dangerous sources of drinking water are still
or slow-moving bodies of water near native villages. Water
should be purified. by using chemical water purifiers or by
boiling for 20 minutes. For most of the length of the
east coast of Sumatra and extending inland up the rivers
for several miles, only brackish or salt water is available
and a desalter kit must be used to provide fresh water.
Fluids can be obtained by chewing the fruits, growing
tips, leaves, stems, and, buds of many plants. Water can
be extracted from some varieties of bamboo and from many of
the woody vines in the forests. The vines should be cut
into 2-foot or 3-foot lengths and allowed to drip. Water
can be drained from larger bamboo shafts by cutting into
each segment just above the joint. Potable liquids also
are obtainable from the trunks of banana trees and many
palms, from the lower part of nipa palm fronds, and from
coconuts. The milk of ripened. coconuts contains an oil
that may cause diarrhea. The milk can be drunk safely by
allowing it to stand, as the oil will seperate from it and
can then be drained off.
B. Environmental Hazards
Large animals are a potential hazard. on Sumatra, and.
associated islands but usually are not a serious threat to
the traveler because they tend to avoid humans. Although
they rarely attack a man unless provoked, it is inadvisable
to attempt to kill them except in self-defense. Large
animals are most likely to be encountered in the. denser
parts of the jungle, where their trails may provide the
best routes for movement on foot.
Elephants are found. throughout Sumatra and are
particularly numerous in the south; they also inhabit
islands of the Riau Archipelago. They travel in large
herds and. remain mostly on relatively high, dry ground.
Rhinoceroses still live on Sumatra and the Riau Islands,
although their numbers are rapidly diminishing. Both
elephants and rhinoceroses charge if provoked. Tigers are
found throughout Sumatra. Among the various types of apes
on Sumatra, potentially the most dangerous is the orangutan,
which lives only on Sumatra and Borneo. Orangutans are large
and powerful and usually travel in small bands. They
151 -
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
Figure 80.
Drinking bam-
boo water.
When one seg-
ment runs dry,
another may be
tapped.
Figures 81 and. 82. Thin leech becomes gorged with blood
in 10 minutes.
Figure 79 (opposite). Tapping bamboo for water by slashing with
a knife.
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
rarely trouble those who do not bother them but, like most
other large animals, can be extremely disagreeable when
provoked. Other potentially dangerous animals include
panthers and leopards. Tapirs (large haglike animals)
are common on Sumatra but are not considered dangerous to
.man. Monkeys are numerous throughout the area and, like
the tapirs, are not dangerous. They do, however, have a
troublesome habit of stealing small unguarded items from
campers.
2. Reptiles
Several of the numerous species of snakes that occur
on Sumatra and associated islands are dangerous to man.
The krait, cobra, and adder are the most dangerous of the
poisonous snakes. The python and boa constrictor, large
nonpoisonous snakes that crush their prey, are not uncommon.
Crocodiles are found in the rivers of Sumatra.
Usually snakes move out of the way and strike only if
frightened or provoked. All snakes should be avoided on
the assumption that they are poisonous; a bite from a
nonpoisonous snake may be a source of secondary infection
or serious illness. To minimize the chance of being bitten
by a,snake, basic precautions should be observed at all
times. Extreme caution should be taken in gathering fire-
wood, particularly around fallen trees and limbs. A
traveler on rocky terrain should not place his hands on
rocks or ledges above his head or step down into shadowed
rock crevices without first visually examining the site.
During the heat of the day, all areas with deep shadows
should be regarded, as potential shelters for snakes.
Clothing and equipment should be hung on tree limbs rather
than left lying on the ground. Instead of sleeping on the
ground, a hammock or sleeping platform should be improvised.
3. Insects
The danger of bites and stings from insects varies con-
siderably from place to place and from individual to
individual. As precautionary measures, contact with all
insects and other small animals such as leeches should be
avoided whenever possible, and repellents should be used.
Mosquitoes are common in most of Sumatra and associated
islands. At best their bite is unpleasant; at worst it can
lead to delirium and death. Many species are vectors of
malaria; others carry dengue and filariasis. Although a
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
_81 ElP-R-El _T_
malaria eradication program has been underway on Sumatra
for a number of years, little progress has been made;
incidence of the disease is still high. Malaria-carrying
mosquitoes are most prevalent in poorly drained lowland
areas, where they breed in pools open to the sun, but
they are also found at elevations as high as 5,000 feet,
where they breed in mountain streams, particularly in slow-
moving backwaters open to the sun. A traveler in mosquito-
infested areas should use suitable clothing and netting
to keep the amount of exposed skin to a minimum, partic-
ularly after sundown when mosquitoes are most likely to
bite.
Several species of flies are found on the island.
Their bites may cause swelling and intense itching and
may result in secondary infection if scratched. Near
infested villages they may carry intestinal diseases and
trachoma. One can usually escape flies by moving out of
the vicinity, because most flies travel only short dist-
ances from their breeding areas.
Fleas, numerous in native villages, carry many dis-
eases. Rat fleas are vectors of plague and typhus. If
it is necessary to kill rodents for food, the animals
should be hung up as soon as killed and not handled until
cold; fleas soon leave dead animals. Lice, also common
among native groups, may transmit typhus and relapsing
fever.
The bloodsucking land leech is perhaps the most
irritating form of animal life on Sumatra and associated
islands. Leaches are very difficult to avoid, especially
in forested areas after heavy rain. They cling to blades
of grass, leaves, and twigs and fasten themselves to the
skin of passers-by. They can slip through coarse socks or
the eyelets of shoes. Although their bites may cause dis-
comfort, they generally are painless and'often are dis-
covered only after examination of the body. In leech-
infested country the body should be examined regularly,
as failure to remove leeches promptly will result in loss
of blood.. Leeches should be removed from the body very
carefully in order to avoid secondary infection. They
are best removed by applying a burning cigarette or a
dehydrating substance such as salt, iodine, alcohol, or
dry ashes.
Ticks and mites may carry scrub typhus. Additionally,
they may cause secondary infections (tropical ulcers) if improp-
erly removed, from the skin. Ticks and. mites are usually more
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
difficult to remove than leeches. If the substances
recommended for the removal of leeches are not effective
in removing ticks and mites, a steril instrument should
be used to extract them. Repellents are fairly effective
in keeping ticks and mites away.
Scorpions, which average about 1-1/2 inches in length
but are sometimes as long as 8 inches, are found on Sumatra
and associated. islands. They should be carefully avoided
because their sting, although rarely fatal to humans, is
extremely painful. Scorpions usually hide under the loose
bark of fallen timber, under boulders, and in dry, grassy
areas during the daytime; they move about at night.
Clothing (particularly shoes) and equipment should not be
left on the ground, as scorpions are likely to crawl inside
Spider bites, although not normally fatal to man, may
cause severe pain and swelling. The bites of numerous
other insects are poisonous but rarely serious. Because
of the danger of secondary infection, however, care should
be taken to avoid bites or stings from ants, centipedes,
wasps, and. other insects.
C. Climatic Hazards
1. Heat and Humidity
Temperatures vary little from month to month through-
out Sumatra; the daily range is considerably greater than
the yearly range. Temperatures are consistently high
throughout most of the region and are relatively cool only at
higher elevations. By far the most healthful climate is
in the mountains. Combined with high relative humidity,
the tropical heat that prevails throughout most of Sumatra
is oppressive and enervating. Loss of body moisture
through perspiration is high and has a debilitating effect
unless the salt balance of the body is maintained. Men
unaccustomed to tropical climates are particularly subject
to intestinal and. gastric infections. Young individuals in
prime physical condition and with adequate diet usually
become acclimatized in 1 to 2 weeks and retain unimpaired
health for periods varying from 6 months to a year or more.
Exertion of any kind, even for the acclimatized, is more
taxing than in a moderate climate. Activities requiring
exertion must be undertaken with caution; overexertion
often results in heat exhaustion and temporary disability.
Chronic overexertion may result in premature physical de-
terioration and, consequently, a shortened period of
effectiveness.
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
Fungi and. molds grow rapidly because of the high humidity
and, cause rapid, deterioration of cloth and, leather.
2. Precipitation
Rain falls during all months of the year in Sumatra and
associated islands. Rainfall is highest on the western slopes
of the Sumatran mountains and. is considerably lower in the
eastern lowlands and. on the associated islands. Thunderstorms
are frequent and, commonly occur at night. Campsites should.
be well above stream level, particularly in narrow valleys, as
a sudden rise in water level is common during heavy rains.
Streams are hazardous to ford, during and. immediately after
heavy rains, when they become raging torrents with swift cur-
rents and numerous whirlpools.
Cultural Factors
Contact with natives is hard. to avoid. on Sumatra and.
associated islands. Even in the sparsely populated swamps
of eastern Sumatra, avoidance of contact is difficult
15ecause nearly all settlements are situated along rivers,
which are the only practical travel routes through the
region. Undetected movement is also difficult in the
western half of Sumatra because, although a traveler is
not confined. to waterways, he is confined. to less rugged.
valleys and gaps in the mountains, where people are most
likely to live. In addition, western Sumatra is more
densely populated. than eastern Sumatra, and, villages are
generally close together. Throughout the islands, people
are most easily avoided at night and, in early morning,
preferably from midnight until about an hour before dawn,
when they are asleep. During Ramadan, however, Moslem
villages become active earlier in the morning. (In 1965,
Ramadan -- the month when Moslems fast from dawn until
sunset -- occurs twice; it begins 5 January and 25 December
and. advances at the rate of about 11 days per year on the
Christian calendar.)
The reception that a stranger is likely to receive from
a Sumatran is difficult to predict. An encounter with a mil-
itant Communist or pro-Communist group could. result in death.
An encounter with military or police forces would result in
interrogation and, confinement. On the other hand., non-hostile
reception could, probably be expected. from some Sumatrans, such
as Christians and. employees of American or British enterprises.
Members of the isolated and. less sophisticated, tribes living in
the interior are shy and. suspicious, but if the traveler shows
no antagonism toward. his hosts, he should be able to establish
good, relations.
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
The Sumatran people are, for the most part, religiously tol-
erant and unlikely to be upset if any of their beliefs are vio-
lated. Nonetheless, a respect for religious beliefs is im-
portant, and any disrespect for the native's religion is likely
to put the starnger in disfavor. To retain good. relations
with the tribal people, the outsider should, watch carefully
for native reactions and quickly attempt to rectify any blunder
he may have committed. Among many pagans (and to a lesser extent
among people who have adopted Christianity or Islam but still
cling to many of their traditional beliefs), spirits are be-
lieved to be embodied in various animate and. inanimate things
such as animals, trees, mountains, rivers, automobiles, tele-
phones, thunder, and lightning. The people are very careful
to avoid antagonizing these spirits. Older people are espe-
cially spirit conscious. The tiger is the most revered animal
and is referred, to by evasive terms rather than by its real
name to avoid offending its spirit. After killing a tiger,
care is taken to mollify its spirit; offerings are placed before
the carcass. Great care also is taken when felling trees to
avoid cutting one that contains the spirit of an ancestor.
Some natives formerly believed, that to be photographed short-
ened one's life; the image received, by the camera was thought
to be one's soul, which was thereby placed, under the control of
the photographer. This belief may persist in remote areas.
A traveler is likely to win the respect of the natives most
rapidly if he learns the natives' names and. language and. shows
appreciation and understanding of their history, culture, and.
religion. The Bataks reputedly are good, chess players. A
visitor who plays chess with a Batak is likely to be regarded
favorably, particularly if the visitor loses.
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
E. Medical Factors
Sumatra and. its associated, islands contain the health haz-
ards common to typically tropical areas. Diseases are carried
by mosquitoes, mites, ticks, and, other insects and are also
caused by contaminated soil and water (see Section F). Per-
sonal hygiene and cleanliness of camps and, messing facilities
are essential.
Grasses such as alang, Bermuda, panic, and, couch differ
from similar grasses in the United. States and Europe and often
produce allergenic reactions such as hay fever. Sensitive
individuals should, carry an antihistamine such as chlortrimeton
(8 mg.).
The saps of some trees contain irritant poisons. These
saps cause itching and blistering if they touch the skin.
Treatment consists of washing the area of contact with strong
soap or applying mild alkali.
Several foods eaten by the natives should, be avoided or
used with extreme caution. Cassava, from which a nutritious
flour is made, contains cyanide. Improperly washed, flour may
produce cyanosis. Native foods consisting of certain molds
may produce toxoflavin poisoning (symptoms: vomiting, per-
spiration, cramps, coma) if improperly prepared. A fermented.
native food. called. ontjom is prepared from peanuts and may
produce a temporary jaundice. No specific antidotes for these
poisonings are known.
159 -
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
a)
W
cd
N CCdd N
a)C Ei
{~ N
Sti
0 a)
U+-)
I~ Cd
U
U) O
a) U)
Cd
Q)
O
ACd
H Cd
Cd ~4
r1 Cd
14
>~. 0
?rl ~
04 0
0
Cl)
Ca
>5
r.
m
H
O 0
Si
H
1
Cd
-O
O
1 Cd
Cd
U)
cd
't1
00
:3
000 a)0
4- 040 > 0
a4-I Cd
o?1 U) 0
0 0 U r1
Ua)O 0UCd
O'0
$.( ?r4
aC
U) 0
O Cd U)
-1 0
;-I U) O U
W U)r4
a) U ?r4 'C$ Cd ?rl U) a) a)
4-4 Fi ?N O 0 Q rI r''
a~ a+ 14 z 0'0
a)
U) O
0 0 ?ri
Si O 4?
U ?rl Cd
4.4 -1
"a?r4~
rl 'O U
0
0 z
Q' U ?rl
+4 1
p '(~ ?ri
Cd 04
a) a)
Cd p4 bA m
0 aai a) N?rp4-4
9 P4 r. rZ
p. a) ?ri p a)
cd bb 'd 'd
U)
ri
U)
0
?.) Cd
04 0
4 U a)
U 0 I~
r~1
U) T. SM Cd r-I
O ?r1 ?r1 4-C
Cd l Q. U) C.'
W U) Cd +- P, U .H
> 0 S: cd 0 0. 0 0
Cd +- z t ca is 01
0
U) U I I 11
a) ~ ?H'a4caI ~U M Cd >
~+a 10 ccd a 3cd P Cd4-11
O, u 4) U Cd 0 Cd 4 F1 0 '0
a) 4 U O, ?r1 Cd ? (D -P +-
> - 0 Cd S-i 4 U) S-, 0 Cd
r1 10 ?r1 cd +- hA 0 E
rl 0 w O -P r-i F1 U) 0
-P O N P m P O m V]
a) ?r1 " Q E m w ?ri 0
0 -N ++ '0 4 w
Cd a, U) Cd 0 r1 ++ 0 +-) O
U) 0 ?r1 C_ Cd ?ri 0 0 _
a) 41 r1 O, Cd 0 bb r-I 0 Cd
4 w 0 cd a) 0 $-1 ?ri cd r( O
E104M4 Vcdr1>cdU
I r1 U
U) T..S1 Cd ?r1
$ 0 ?ri +-~ U)
`d 0
0 CCddCd ?I
4J + a r-I H CO 0
N 0 Cd
Z)'ri ?rl 0,4 E
oaa0 pH
Q. Cd A, m R,
H
I >y
-H +??)
(D
Cc) cd
0 0
'0
a) 0
a)
0
'G I
U) L.
Cd Cd
0
H
> >
'0
-1
-,
(1) a)
0
Cd
0
S1 FC
C1 m
u
A A.
O cd
m
>
$1
cd ?r1
ri
0
a) U)
O4-
ew
> >
o (1)
0
.y 0?ri
0 ri N
0 -N -H O cd
Cd m 0 0 > ?r1
N a) ?r1 U" S 'O
S1 ?rHl "0 04-1
Q) fA C C d m U)
U)
0
U) U) '0
0 11 0 ~1 00
~O -HO CH Cd cd b N o0.
aH aH Cd Cd w )
m r1 m ri 0 '0 (1) '0 ,-
a p, 0 ca 0 cd mwrl
F0'
Cd
~1
r1 0 ,0 r1
0+P O ?r1
0 Cd 0 0
~:) 3wm
Cd 0
.0
"0
?ri > m
o +~ s1
s~ Cd a)
As1>
>>Cd 0
E-4 0, H
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
+~ rl
r. 0
o
bA U)
U) a) Cd
~ ?~cad U co l. Cd
aa) sa F
H ?rl U U cd cd H Cd ?rl H H +a
Cd Si W Fi N 4- F- > 0 H
> 0 bA U) bA ca U) o Cd w 3 i
a) +a U) r. a) 4 0 10 U ?ri O Cd
U 094 a C a) U) ?r1 q N
04 a) ?rl H Cd u U) Q) 4J S-~ ro F?i Cd
> cd I~ 010
r^s " 0" 0w Cd Cd O
cd H UH 0 3 a) a) N +-) Cd O Cd
N a)C ro a) 0041 P~ Ooa) U) -4
a) .C, S: 4-1 L." Ci" ?ri O S-1 0 O N H H Cd
> h ?r1 O c d ?rl 4i W U rl - : 4M' >"
a) 1
cd a)
H Sti .0 U)
U G H ?) rI I H I H 1
>,HO a)N 4O aO 0
O U U l o o m du cd O -P
cd O ?11 Cd F-4 Si F-, ri S-i ?rl 0 U)
Si 0 O N O a) O 0' O 0 a) -H
rC a) +c H U ?, 0 H a) H N Fi O
a) 0 .C Q) .0 N ?r1 0
0 G +~
cd S ~ . E O H P Z O CL O p C
zs?
Cd
a)
A
+?)
U)
a>
w
U)
U)
(D
U)
U)
?r1
U)
?r1
U)
a)
I
Cd
I
Cd
a) a)
'd
+)
a)
+)
a)
!a Fi
rl
Cd
S1
9
Cd
r4
Cd
P4 w
C
U)
U)
U
Cd
.q
P4
U)
Cd
.r1
H 0
d
0 0
4)
Cd Cd
O
x
O
U)
Cd
+3
a)
ba
~ E
U U)
C.)
Cd
M F?1
H
C/)
a)
^H
H
?ri a)
a) Sa
+
U)
Ul w
H a) TS H
0
a)
Cd
w +3 O ?H
0
+P
a) ^O
U)
rO 0 N N
a)d Cd aU aU
U)H H O,I O?rl
N U1 Cad O U) 0 rO ?
~:, ~$ 3v-1 H AU AU
1
N
CO
r-I
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. CIA. NIS 100, Sec 21, Military and. Geographic Regions,
Apr 1956. C.
2. NIS 100, Sec 24, Topography, Jan 1956. C.
3. Craighead., F.C. and J.J., How to Survive on Land, and, Sea,
Annapolis: United States Naval Institute, 1962. U.
Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
 Approved For Release 2007/02/23: CIA-RDP80-01444R000100040001-4
CH r.
O H
Cd a)
Cd
a
r-i
H H
>
U
C N
CD CO
O C)
r?1 r-1
''
H
H
rl
H
r?
ri
'-.
H
r-.
r1
H
-
H
H
H
s.
O
0
0
a)
4
a)
4
a)
H
0)
a)
m
a)
Q)
?? cd
H
>
>
>
>
-P
>
H
>
Cd
>
>
m
>
>
'o .s'.
P
Cd
Cd
Cd
Cd
Fi
Cd
;,
Cd
Fi
Cd
cd
Cd
Cd
Cd
s~ f],
Cd
P
S?,
P
z,
Cd
.,
Cd
;,
0
s-,
P
P
:A
Cd m
a)
by
b
tap
bA
0)
bA
0)
by
u
by
by
by
by
by
m Cd
O
N
0
0
0
0
C)
0
0
M
0)
H
O
LU
0
0 LO
LO
N
da
0
0
C)
0
C)
N
C)
0
N
0
co
N
O CD
r-I
It]
00
CD
0
[
CO
LO
0)
LU
CO
O
0
0
N
CD N
Izv
CC]
c
m
CCU
N
C)
"
co
-14
LO
co
LO
C "
H
H
H
O
H
rl
H
rt
ri
r-I
H
H H
?r1
r1
H
H
H
z
H
H
H
H
?ra
H
H
?r1
?r1
?rH H
>
>
>
N
x
x
>
>
x
x
>
>
>
>
>
> >
U
0
U
cC
~
H
?r1 0
v)
N
z
r-I
z z
O 00