SCIENTIFIC REGIMENTATION

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-00809A000500170079-3
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 14
• Document Creation Date: December 20, 2016
• Sequence Number: 79
• Content Type: REPORT

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U.S. Officials Only
Cotfl IDENTIAL
SUBJECT Soiontifio Regimentation
SECURITY INF08MATI0A
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
INFORMATION REPORT
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DATE DISTR.
NO. OF PAGES
NO. OF ENCLS.
SUPP. TO
REPORT NO.I
1'/ 1."'f it 4
T 11s report Is for the use within the USA of Iht' Intelligence coniponeftts
Aaencles indicated above. It Is not to be !ransrr1tted overseas without
of the Departments 'ur
the concurrence of the
and Dissemination, CIA
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C OONFIDEtLT IAL
Sf.CUtIIY INFORMATION
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A LENKOy AND LYSENKO
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WHILE STALIN WAS STILL ALIVE, AT THE 19TH CONGRESS OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF
THE USSR, MALENKOV MADE A STATEMENT WHICH SAID LITTLE IN ITSE'_F CONCERNING THE NEED
FOR SOVIET SCIENTISTS "TO OCCUPY FIRST PLACE IN WORLD SCIENCE". ACCORDING TO
MALENKOV, IT APPEARS THAT SOVIET SCIENCE PRESUMABLY "THE MOST ADVANCED SCIENCE" IS
STILL BEHIND "WORLD SCIENCE"; I.E., THE SCIENCE THAT FLOURISHES IN THE :`IESTERN WORLD.
.NALENKOV DOES NOT EXPLAIN HOW "THE MOST ADVANCED SOVIET SCIENCE" CAN FALL BEHIND
"REACTIONARY BOURGEOIS SCIENCE". IT iS A WELL KNOWN FACT THAT STALIN t;AD EXPELLED
"BOURGEOIS SCIENCE" FROM THE SOVIET UNION, AND THERE WAS NOTHING LEFT FOR IT TO DO
BUT BECOME A "SERVANT" OF THE CAPITALISTS IN AMERICA OR IN WESTERN EUROPE.
HOWEVER, MALENKOV 010 NOT MAKE A MISSTATEMENT IN THIS CASE; MALENKOV IS NOT
SATISFIED WITH SOVIET SCIENCE. AT THE SAME 19TH CONGRESS, MALENKOV PRAISED THE
ACHIEVEMENTS OF USSR IN THE FIELD OF AGRICULTURE BUT SPOKE UNFLATTERINGLY OF "BIOLOGI-
CAL AND AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE".
MALENKOV REPEATS THAT THE REACTIONARY ANTI-SCIENTIFIC -IDEAS IN AGRICULTURAL
SCIENCE HAVE BEEN EXPOSED AND DEVASTATED, AND NOW AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE CONTINUES ON
THE BASIS OF THE ONLY CORRECT MATENtALISTIC MICHURIN THEORY, HOWEVER, IN SPITE OF
SOME ADVANCES AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE IS STILL BEHIND THE DEMANDS OF PRODUCTION. THERE
IS A NEED TO DEVELOP CREATIVE INITIATIVE AMONG SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL WORKERS.
ABOUT FIFTCEN YEARS AER, STALIN ENTRUSTED THE LEADERSHIP OF THE ENTIRE SOVIET
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE TO LYSENKO. MALENK'V ALSO HELPED IN THE ADVANCEMENT OF LYSENKO
BECAUSE HE WAS AT THAT TIME IN CHARGE OF THE CADRE BRANCH OF THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE OF
THE PARTY. THE CADRE BRANCH CONTROLS ALL APPOINTMENTS TO RESPONSIBLE POSITIONS IN
THE USSR. AT THE 19TH CONGRESS, MALENKOV OPENLY MENTIONED THE FACT THAT IT WAS THE
KREMLIN ITSELF THAT HAD HELPED LYSENKO TO DESTROY "REACTIONARY IDEAS" IN THE USSR.
THE PROPONENTS OF THESE "IDEAS" WERE RUSSIAN BIOLOGISTS, GENETICISTS, AGRONOMISTS AND
DOCTORS. THEY WERE THEREFORE THE yMEN~ WHO WERE "EXPOSED AND DEVASTATED"; I.E.,
PHYSICALLY DESTROYED. AT THE SAM? !!TIMES RUSSIAN AND FOREIGN SCIENTIFIC BOOKS AND
PUBLICATIONS WERE REMOVED FROM THE LIBRARIES ANO BURNED. FOREIGN SCIENTIFIC PUBLIC-
ATIONS ARE FORBIDDEN IN THE USSR TO TMC PRESENT DAY.
BECAUSE THE RUSSIAN SCIENTISTS REFUSED TO BE "RE-EDUCATED", THE COMMUNISTS
BROUGHT FORWARD LYSENKO TO REPLACE THEM. HE WAS MADE ACADEMY MEMBER OF ALL SOVIET
ACADEMIES. SOON HE BECAME DICTATOR IN THE REALM OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE. LYSENKO
PICKED FOR HIMSELF MANY STUDENTS FROM AMONG YOUNG COMMUNIST FARMERS. THEY HAD NOTHING
TO DO WITH SCIENCE BECAUSE THEY HAD NEVER WORKED IN SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTIONS. CONSE-
QUENTLY, THEY HAVE NEVER BEEN UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF "BOURGEOIS" GENETICISTS, BIOLLU-
ISTST OR BOTANISTS. THE INFLUENCE OF "WESTERN SCIENCE" WAS COMPLETELY EXCLUDED.
A MODERN COUNTRY CANNOT DEVELOP NORMALLY WITHOUT WELL ESTABLISHEO AND CORRECTLY
REGULATED SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTIONS. SCIENTIFIr INSTITUTIONS ARE A GREAT NEED IN TI,'
USSR. THE MANIA FOR GIANTISM WHICH IS A CHARACTERISTIC OF COMMUNISM I;RINGS WITH !f
DAILY NUMEROUS MISTAKES IN THE PLANNED AGRICULTURE OF THE USSR. REALLY WELL QUAL.
SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTIONS COULD DIMINISH THESE MISTAKES. FOR EXAMPLE, MALENKOV HFn_`
THE HELP Or "SOVIET SCIENCE" (FOR THERE IS NO OTHER SCIENCE IN THE USSR) TO SCLe, !r.Nl
NEW PROBLEMS WHICH CONSTANTLY ARISE IN SOVIET AGRICULTURE. THE 19TH CONGRESS IIA:.
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DEMANDED AN INCREASE IN TONNAGE OF CULTIVATED CROPS AND AN INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF
HEADS OF CATTLE RAISED IN THE USSR, FOR EVEN NOWADAYS THE SOVIET UNION IS NOT FULLY
PROVIDED WITH MEAT, OR EVEN WITH BREAD.
THE 7EOULATION OF AGRICULTURE IN THE USSR 13 BECOMING INCREASINGLY COMPLICATED.
AT THE 19TH CONGRESS OF THE PARTY, MALENKOV STATED THAT THE PLANTING ACREAQE IN 1952
WAS GREATER THAN THAT OF 1913 BY 1.4 TIMES. (THIS INCREASE IN PLANTING AREA WA? DUE
MOSTLY TO THE INCREASE IN PLANTINGS OF CROPS~REQUIRED FOR PURPOSES OF INDUSTRIJ._ZATIOi
AND NOT FOR FOOD. THE AREA UNDER GRAIN CROPS WAS ACTUALLY INCREASED BY 5% ONLY IT
IS A FACT THAT UNLESS CROP TONNAGE IS INCREASED, THERE WILL ALWAYS BE HUNGER YEIRS
IN THE USSR, DUE TO' THE FREQUENT DROUGHT YEARS IN THE SOUTHERNIPAPT OF THE COUNPRY.
THE PROBLEM OF CEREAL CROPS THUS REMAINS AN IMPORTANT ECONOMIC FACTOR IN THE SOVIET
LIN1ON
WITH THE CONSTRUCTION OF HYDRO-ELECTRIC STATIONS AT STALINGRAD AND KUIBYSHEV
AND THE VOLGA-DON, TURKMENIAN, SC'ITHERN UKRAINIAN, AND NORTHERN'', CRIMEAN CANALS,
PROBLEMS OF IRRIGATION ARISE. THEY ARE NEW PROBLEMS TO THE EUROPEAN USSR. ACCORDING
TO FIGURES FURNISHED BY L. P. BERIA, THE NEW IRRIGATED REGIONS CREATED BY THESE CANALS
WILL BE ABLE TO PRODUCE UP TO 3 MILLION TONS OF COTTON, 30 MILLION POOOS (1 POOD
EQUALS 36 POUNDS) OF RICE, AND 6 MILLION TONS OF SUGARBEETS ANNUALLY. THE NUMBER OF
HEADS OF CATTLE SHOULD INCREASE TO 2 MILLION. )N ADDITION TO THIS, THE 19TH CONGRESS
DEMANDS THAT THE COLLECTIVE FARMERS BUILD 35 TI'OUSANO PONDS (WATER TANKS) WITH THEIR
OWN HANDS, WITHOUT THE AID OF ANY MACHINERY, IN THE REGION OF THE MIDDLE RUSSIAN
PLATEAU. THE SOVICT GOVERNMENT WANTS TO MAKE USE OF THE EXPERIENCE OF THE UNITED
STATES AND MAKE IRRIGATION A COMMON PRACTICE INISOYIET AGRICULTURE.
As UNDER STALIN, SO ALSO UNDER MALENKOV,~THESE IMPP.OVEMENTS, CONSTRUCTION OF~
CANALS, ETC., WILL DE MADE WITH THE USE OF CHEAP LABOR FURNISHED BY COLLECTIVE FARMERS
TO BE PAID BY "LABOR DAYS" ON WHICH ALL EXPENSES ARE PAID DY THE SAME COLLECTIVE
FARMERS. FOR THE MOST DIFFICULT OR POOR PLACES.$ LABOR WILL COME FROM CONCENTRATION'
CAMPS IN THE PERSONS OF SOVIET SLAVES.
THE AVAILABILITY OF GREAT NUMBERS OF SEMI-' AND FULL-SLAVES AND OF SURPLUS
NUMBERS OF SLAVE DRIVERS DOES NOT, HOWEVER, GUARANTEE THE SUCCESS OF ALL THESE UNDER-
TAKINGS OF THE SOVIETS. WHAT IS NEEDED, TOGETHER WITH THOSE MENTIONED, IS A NUMBER
OF FREE-ENTERPRISING, EDUCATED PEOPLE WHO POSSESS THE PROPER EXPERIENCE AND KNOWLEDGE.
ONLY FINE ENGINEERS AND REAL SCIENTISTS CAN FACI:1ITATE ALL THIS CONSTRUCTION WORK
AND START A REGIME OF WELL-REGULATED AGRICULTURAL\PRODUCTION.
THE HOMEGROWN RED SOVIET ACADEMICIANS WHO BECAME MEMBERS OF ,CADEMIES AT THE
EKPENSE OF THE LIQUIDAT_D "BOURGEOIS SCIENCE" ARE INOT VERY WELL QUALIFIED. WHO
AMONG SOVIET SCIENTISTS CAN GIVE MALENKOV GOOD ADVICE THAT MIGHT HELP SOLVE THE BASIC;
AGRICULTURAL PROBLEMS OF THE PEOPLE? SUCH PERSONS1MAY BE THE FOLLOWING ACADEMICIA:1H
LYSENKO, TZITZIN, OLSHANSKY, VLASSIUK, AND A FEW OTHERS OF THEIR TYPE. ACADEMY MEMcER
YAKUSHKIN STILL REMAINS IN THE USSR, BUT HE HAS COMPLETELY LOST HIS HIND AFTER HAVING
,BEEN RELEASED FROM PRISON.
THE VALUE OF A SCIENTIST 15 DETERMINED DY HIIS SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS AND
DISCOVERIES. IT IS THEREFORE IMPOSSIBLE TO CONCEAL, THE TRUE VALUE OF'A SCIENTIST
EVEN WITH THE AID OF THE IRON CURTAIN, FOR THE SOVIET SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS STILL
REACH THE SCIENTIFIC LIBRARIES OF THE WESTERN WORLD. IT IS POSSIBLE TO EVALUATE WITH
COMPLETE OBJECTIVITY BY THE PRINTED RESEARCH PAPERS THE CREATIVE CALIBER OF MALENKOVIS
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SCIENTIFIC HELPERS. IT HAS BEEN GENERALLY ADMITED THAT THEIR SCIENTIFIC AUTHORITY
DOES NOT INSPIRE TRUST. THESE MEN, THEREFOAZ, HAVE NO AUTHORITY EITIIER WITHIN THE
LIMITS OF THE USSR OR ABROAD.
FROM THE STANDPOINT OF SCIENTIFIC ASSISTANCE, MALENKOV'S POSITION IIS MUCH LESS
FORTUNATE THAN THAT OF HIS PREDECESSORS, STALIN AND ESPECIALLY, LENIN. T;:EY HAD IN-
HERITED FROM CZARIST RUSSIA A WHOLE CONSTELLATION OF EXCELLENT RUSSIAN SCIENTISTS WAD
POSSESSED WELL-EARNED REPUTATIONS BOTH IN RUSSIA AND ABROAD. AT FIRST, THE BOLSHEVIK..
HAD NO FEAR OF MAKING USE OF THE EXPERIENCE AND KNOWLEDGE OF THE CZAR'S SCIENTISTS.
LENIN ENTRUSTED THE SCIENTIFIC LEADERSHIP OF THE ENTIRE SOVIET AGRICULTURE TO FIRST-
MAGNITUDE SCIENTISTS FORMERLY UNDER THE CZAR. HE MADE THEM RESTORE RUSSIAN AGRIC-
ULTURE AFTER THE RAVAGES OF WAR AND REVOLUTION. COMMUNIST ADMINISTRATIVE' AUTHORITY
WAS LIMITED TO PURELY COMMISSAR FUNCTIONS. It WAS UNDER LENIN THAT THE AGRICULTURAL
ACADEMY OF SCIENCES WAS CREATED. IN IT WERE GATHERED ALL THE MOST PROMINENT RUSSIAN
BIOLOGISTS, GENETICISTS, AND AGRONOMISTS. PRACTICALLY ALL THE SCIENTISTS WERC NOT
~~ MEMCERS-OF_ANY PARTY. A BRILLIANT RUSSIAN SCIENTIST, GENETICIST, AND PLANT BREEDER,
!V+'--ACAOFMICIAN E. I. VAVILOV, WAS APPOINT O AT THE HEAD OF THE AGRICULTURAL ACADEMY.
WORK AT THE RUSSIAN (FORMERLY IMPERIAL) ACADEMY OF SCIENCES WAS ENLARGED IN SCOPE;
THE INSTITUTE OF GENETICS WAS OPENED; ALSO INSTITUTES OF PHYSIOLOGY, BIOCHEMISTRY,
BOTANY, ETC., WERE ADDED.
E. I. VAVILOV VERY QUICKLY ORGANIZED THHOUGMOUT RUSSIA HUNDREDS OF SCIENTIFIC
RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS WHICH SPECIALIZED ON DIFFERENT CROP CULTURES SUCH AS BEETS,
COTTON, TOBACCO, ETC. THESE WERE ACTIVELY ENGAGED IN THE SOLUTION OF SCIENTIFIC
PROBLEMS ON PLANT AND ANIMAL BREEDING. MANY OF THESE INSTITUTIONS VERY SOON BECAME
AUTHORITATIVE BOTH AT HOME AND ABROAD. THEY WERE OF IRREPLACEABLE SERVICE TO AGRIC-
ULTURAL. INDUSTRY IN CENTRAL RUSSIA AS WELL AS IN THE OUTLYING REGIONS AND REPUBLICS.
A NEW SCIENTIFIC FORCE WAS CREATED CONSISTING OF RUSSIANS, UKRAINIANS, WHITE RUSSIANS
(BELORUSSIANS), GEORGIANS, ARMENIANS, TURKMENIANS, ETC.
VAVILOV UNDERTOOK NUMEROUS SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITIONS WHOSE PURPOSE WAS TO COLLECT
NEW VALUABLE PLANTS. HE TRAVELED OVER ALMOST ALL OF ASIA (AFGHANISTAN, TURKEY,
PERSIAN, ARABIA, CHINA, JAPAN); AFRICA (ABYSSINIA, SUDAN, EGYPT, MOROCCO); TILE
COUNTRIES AND ISLANDS OF THE MEDITERRANEAN; NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA. TENS OF THOU-
SANDS OF SAMPLES OF THE MOST DIVERSE PLANTS WERE COLLECTED AND STUDIED. RUSSIAN
SCIENTISTS PARTICIPATED IN ALL THE INTERNATIONAL CONGRESSES. MANY SCIENTISTS FROM
ABROAD INCLUDING PROFESSORS MULLER AND KOSTOV WORKED FOR SEVERAL YEARS AT THE ACADEMY
OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR. PROFESSORS BAUR, GCLOSCHMIOT, BRIDGES, AND OTHERS VISITED
AND LECTURED IN THE USSR. VAVILOV ORGANIZED A SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHING HOUSE WHICH
PRINTED NOT ONLY RI'SSIAN SCIENTIFIC BOOKS AND MAGAZINES BUT ALSO REGULARLY PUBLISHED
WORKS OF OUTSTANDING FOREIGN AUTHORS AND MADE TRANSLATIONS, ETC. IT WASPOSSIBLE IN
THE MAIN LIBRARIES OF THE USSR TO GET ANY FOREIGN SCIENTIFIC EOOK DESIRED.
ANOTHER RUSSIAN SCIENTIST WHOSE NAME IS ALSO WORLD..RENOWNED, ACADEMY MENDER
D. N. PRIANISHNIKOV, GREATEST SPECIALIST IN AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY, ORGANIZED THE SO-
CALLED "CHEMIZATION" OF AGRICULTURE IN THE USSR; 1. E., THE USE Of MINERAL FERTILIZER:
IN ADDITION TO HIS NUMEROUS POSITIOVS IN SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTIONS, ME WAS'ALSO IN CIIAZG
OF PROBLEMS ON FERTILIZERS IN THE USSR GOSPLAN GOVERNMENT PLANNING) ANDWAS CHIEF
CONSULTANT IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF FACTORIES FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF AGRICULTURAL
FERTILIZERS. IN THE PRODUCTION OF FERTILIZERS HEAVY INDUSTRY WAS ALSO USED.
THE OLD "BACKWARD AGRARIAN" RUSSIA HAD PRODUCED MANY BRILLIANT SCIENTIFIC
AGRONOMISTS AND RESEARCH MEN: PROFESSORS TULAIKOV, MEISTER, ROZHDESTVEI.dKY, LISITZIN,
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SAZANOV, SAPIEGIN, MANKOVSKY, FIATYRENKO, AND MANY OTHERS. AFTER THE REVOLUTION, ALL
THESE MEN WERE PLACED AT THE HEAD OF LARGE ADRICULTURAL SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTIONS
LOCATED ALL OVER THE COUNTRY. AT THE SAME TIME, THEY FUNCTIONED AS CONSULTANTS FOR
REGIONAL, STATE, AND FEDERAL (ALL-UNION) MANUFACTURING INSTITUTIONS.
THIS "GOLDEN AGE" OF SOVIET SCIENCE LASTED FROM 1920 UNTIL 1933-35; THAT IS,
FOR A VERY BRIEF PERIOD.
BY 7,2?I3Q, WITH THE INTRODUCTION OF "NEP" (THE NEW ECONOMIC POLICY) AND
WITH FAIRLY WELL-ORGANIZED WORKING :ONDITIONS FOR PEASANTS AND STABILIZED AGP.IC-
ULTURAL MARKET. RUSSIA'S AGRICULTURE BEGAN TO SURPASS ITS MAIN PRE-WAR RECORD. IT
SEEMED THAT HUNGER MAO BECOME A MYTH, A THING OF THE PAST; BUT THIS "NORMAL" DEVELOP-
-0 MENT OF THE COUNTRY LASTED NOT OVER TEN YEARS. A FEW YEARS AFTERWARDS, STALIN, WITH
HIS "WISE" LEADERSHIP, MANAGED TO STARVE OLT SEVERAL MILLIONS OF PEASANTS WHO HAD
REFUSED TO JOIN THE COLLECTIVE FARMS IN 1.93..3. THE POLICY OF COMPROMISE (P;EP) CAME
TO AN END AND STALINtS FIVE-YEAR PLANS'BEGAN.
AFTER THE LIQUIDATION OF "NEP", THE PHENOMENAL PROGRESS OF SOVIET SCIENCE BE-
GAN TO SLOW DOWN. IT APPEARED CLEAR THAT THIS "GOLDEN AGE" OF SOVIET SCIENCE WAS THE
SAME "NEP" CARRIED OUT IN THE REALM OF SCIENCE. THE POLICY OF "NEP" CONSISTED OF
ALLOWING FREEDOM TO A LIMITED DEGREE TO PRIVATE INITIATIVE ON THE FARM AND 13ARTIALLY
IN THE t1TY, THiS GAVE THE BOLSHEVIKS A PERIOD OF PEACEFUL DEVELOPMENT
OF THE USSR AT A -IMEWHEN THEY WERE OTHERWISE ALMOST UNABLE TO CONTROL CIVIL WAR AND
PEASANT REBELLION. THIS PERIOD WAS A TIME OF SCIENTIFIC FREEDOM OF THOUGHT AS WELL.
DURING THE "NEP" PERIOD, THE BOLSHEVIKS BUILT UP A ST:2ONG ADMINISTRATIVE AND
POLICE FORCE. STALIN BROKE THE "NEP" POLICY BECAUSE HE HAD TO HAVE COLLECTIVIZATION
IN ORDER TO BIND "COUNTRY RUSSIA" WITH THE CHAINS OF COMMUNISM. ALL PRIVATE INITIA-
TIVE WAS THEREFORE EXTERMINATED AND INDUSTRIALIZATION BEGAN. MONEY FOR THIS PURPOSE
WAS EKED OUT WITH THE AID OF THE WELL-KNOWN "FIVE-YEAR PLANS". AT THIS TIME, TOO,
THE RED ARMY WAS REORGANIZED AND ENLARGED. IN MILITARY SCIENCE, THE ELEMENT OF SECRET
AND SURPRISE CAN BE A FACTOR !N MILITARY VICTORY. SO LIFE IN THE USSR BEGINS TO BE
INCREASINGLY SECRET. INDUSTRIALIZATION WAS CARRIED OUT, AND STILL IS, BY MEANS OF
SLAVE LABOR. ANY PUBLICITY IN CONNECTION WITH THE TERRIBLE DETAILS OF SOVIET SLAVERY
WAS AND STILL IS EXTREMELY UNDESIRABLE TO COMMUNIST RULE. STALIN THEREFORE DROPS AN
IRON CURTAIN OVER THE USSR. THE HUNGRY AND DISENFRANCHIZED CITIZEN OF SOVIET RUSSIA
LOSES ANY OPPORTUNITY TO OBSERVE LIFE IN THE WESTERN WORLD.
To MAKE THE LEON CURTAIN MORE IMPENETRABLE ON EITHER SIDE OF THE BORDER, STALIP
ANNOUNCES THAT NOT ONLY THE ECONOMIC SYSTEM AND THE POLITICAL LIFE OF THE WEST BUT
ALSO ITS ART AND SCIENTIFIC THOUGHT ARE SINFUL.
PERSECUTION OF "BOURGEOISISCIENCE" BEGINS NOT ONLY IN THE REALM OF POLITICAL
AND ECONOMIC SCIENCES, WHICH HAD ALWAYS BEEN SUBJECTED TO PERSECUTION, BUT ALSO IN
THE REALM OF EXACT SCIENCES. "BOURGEOIS" PHYSICS AND BIOLOGY ARE NOT ADMITTED IN THE
USSR. THIS IS FOLLOWED BY THE EXTERMINATION OF ALL "BOURGEOIS" SCIENCES WITHIN THE
LIMITS OF THE COUNTRY.
THE RED PHILOSOPHERS . . . AND THL ACTIVE "SCIENTIFIC" BRANCH OF THE COMMUNIST
PARTY THEN STARTED CARRYING ON PROPAGANDA AMONG RUSSIAN SCIENTISTS WHICH CONTINUED FOF
SEVERAL YEARS. SPECIAL "CRITICAL" ARTICLES WERE PUBLISHED WHICH WERE FILLED WITH IN-
VECTIVES AGAINST WHAT WAS TERMED THE METAPHYSICAL WAY OF REASONING. COMPULSORY
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COURSES, SIX AND TWENTY-FOUR MONTHS IN LENGTH, WERE ARRANGED FOR PROFESSORS AND
ASSISTANTS OF UNIVERSITIES AND INSTITUTES. VARIOUS SPECIAL REGIONAL AND ALL-UNION
MEETINGS AND CONGRESSES ARE CALLED FOR THE SOLE PURPOSE OF DISCUSSING THE SO-CALLED
METHODOLOGY PROBLEMS. AT THESE MEETINGS, THE . . DEMANDED THAT SCIENTISTS COME
OUT WITH A REVISION OF MOD_RN SCIENCE. OFFERS WERE MADE TO SCIENTISTS THAT THEY
RENOUNCE THEIR SCIENTIFIC TRUTHS. IN THE USSR, EVERYONE REALIZED THAT IN CASES OF
REFUSAL THERE WOULD BE ARRESTS, TRIALS OF "SABOTEURS" OR "TROUBLE MAKERS", ETC.
THE MAJORITY OF SCIENTISTS PREFERRED TO DIE. ACTUALLY HUNDREDS AND THOUSANDS OF
SCIENTISTS, WITH N. VAVILOI'AT THE HEAD OF THE LIST, WERE EXILED AND KILLED. BY THE
EARLY 1950'5, THERE REMAINED ABSOLUTELY NUT ONE SCIENTIST WITHIN THE LIM1ITS OF THE
USSR WHO WOULD OFFICIALLY AOMIT AS TRUE THE POSTULATES THAT ARE GENERALLY ACCEPTED IN
WORLD SCIENCE.
TO REPLACE THE "BOURZEOIS" SCIENCE, A NEW KIND OF SCIENCE OF THEIR OWN HAD
TO BE CREATED. STALIN WAS ABLE TO CREATE THIS NEW SOVIET SCIENCE ONLY WITH THE HELP
OF LYSENKO. IN THIS RESPC:T, LYSENKO RENDERED AN IRREPLACEABLE SERVICE TO COMMUNISM.
HE ALONE AND NONE OTHER IIN THE USSR WOULD AGREE TO INSERT THIS SHAMEFUL PAGE IN THE'
HISTORY OF SCIENCE. THERM WERE NUMEROUS RUSSIAN SCIENTISTS WHO HAD BEEN IN EXILE OR
WHO WERE SITTING IN THE CHEKA WAITING FOR THEIR VERDICTS WHO REFUSED THIS CsFER.
FOLLOWING AN ')RDER OF THE KREMLIN THE ACT!?E NUCLEUS Of THE NEW "SCIENCE"
WAa CHRISTENED "MICHURIN'S GENETICS". IT FORMED THE BASIS FOR A REORGANIZATION OF
ALL THE OTHER "PURE AND APPLIED" SCIENCES IN THE USSR.
ACCORDING TO LYSENKO, THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF MICHURIN'S GENETICS IRE: FIRST,
THE WELL-KNOWN AND LONG DISCARDED AS OBVIOUSLY FALSE THEORY OF THE SO-CALLED INHERIT-
ANCE OF ACQUIRED CHARACTFRISTICS; AND SECONDLY, THE DENIAL OF THE EXISTENCE OF AN
II'ITRA-SPECIFIC STRUGGLE AS A FACTOR IN EVOLUTION. LYSENKO TELLS THE COMMUNISTS THAT
WITH PROPER UPBRINGING, PROPER CHANGE IN ENVIRONMENT, ANYTHING CAN BE ACHIEVED. "THAT
INCLUDES COMMUNISM TOO", THOUGHT STALIN. ACCORDING TO LYSENKO, THE MOTIVE FORCE OF
EVOLUTION IS NOT THE STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE OF INDIVIDUALS OR ENTITIES WITHIN SPECIES
LIMITS BUT THE STRUGGLE OF DIFFERENT SPECIES WITH EACH OTHER. IT FOLLOWSITHAT IN
HUMAN SOCIETY, INDIVIDUAL PERSONS MUST Be COMPLETELY SUSJQCTED TO AN ORGANIZED COL-
LECTIVE (BODY POLITIC). IN PRACTICE IT MEANS THAT THE INTERESTS OF AN INDIIVIDUAL
MUST BE SACRIFICED TO THOSE WHO ARE LEADERS OF THE COLLECTIVE (OF THE PEOPLE) TOWARD
A DEFINITE GOAL. THESE ARE LYSENKO'S "BRILLIANT" PRINCIPLES WHICH FURNISHIA "BIOLOG-
ICAL BASIS" FOR THE WHOLE POLICY FOLLOWED BY COMMUNISM AND BASED ON COMPLETE ABOLITION
OF FREEDOM WITHIN THE LIMITS OF THE USSR.
NEITHER STALIN NOR MALENKOV HAVE HAD ANY DESIRE TO BREAK THE "BIOLOGICAL PRIN?-
CIPLES" OF MICHURIN'S GENETICS OR TO REPLACE THEM WITH IDEAS TAKEN FROM THE SCIENCE. ni-
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THE WESTERN WORLD. THEY HAVE USED THESE PRINCIPLES FOR PURPOSES OF PROPAGANDA ANt)
FOR THE SPIRITUAL ISOLATION OF THE CITIZENS OF THE SOVIET UNION. UNFORTUNATELY, FOP
STALING AND NOW FOR MALENKOV, THESE PRINCIPLES HAVE BROUGHT NO FRUIT IN SOIJ.ING THE
P!OSLEMS OF THE PEOPLE'S AGRICULTURE. A SCIENTIFIC WORKER WHO FOLLOWS THESE IDEA:,
P}'JVES UTTERLY USELESS IN ANY SOVIET INSTITUTION. THE FUTILITY or LYSENI;tS POSTU?-
LPT?S HAS ALSO BECOME QUITE APPARENT ABROAD: THE WESTERN WORLD WHICH CAREFULLY
4:?.1CHES THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN THE USSR HAS NOT BEEN ABLE TO MAKE USE OF A
SINGLE SOVIET IDEA EITHER IN THEORY OR IN PRACTICAL APPLICATION.
YET THE PRACTICAL PROBLEMS Of THE PEOPLE'S AGRICULTURE IN THc USSR HAVE TO BE
SOLVED ON THE BASIS OF THESE TOTALLY USELESS IDEAS. THIS IS PART OF STALIN!S
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SPIRITUAL HERITAGE THAT INTERFERES WITH THE GROWTH OF THE USSR. NOBODY CAN GET ANY-
THING USEFUL DONE TO HELP HIS PEOPLE. BECAUSE OF ITS FUTILITY, SOVIET SCIENCE IS
BEGINNING TO BREAK AWAY FROM SOVIET LIFE. HEREIN LIES THE CRISIS OF SCIENCE IN THE
USSR.
WHILE CARRYING ON A COLD WAR WITH THE WEST, MALENKOV MUST SUPPORT "HIS"
SCIENCE WHICH IS DIFFERENT FROM THAT OF THE FREE WCRLO. SOVIET SCIENCE CAN BE OF
SERVICE TO THE KREMLIN ONLY WHEN U^:D FOR PROPAGANDA PURPOSES. IT IS OF NO HELP AS
A THEORETICAL BASIS IN CARRYING OUT "THE GREAT STRUCTURES OF COMMUNISM".
THE KREMLIN REALIZES THAT; IN FACT THAT IT DOES IS SHOWN BY AN INTERESTING
CIRCUMSTANCE WHICH HAS SO FAR REMAINED UNKNOWN IN THE WEST: THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE
OF THE PARTY HAS REQUESTED THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE OF THE USSR THAT IT CREATE
A MAIN EXECUTIVE DIVISION OF AGRICULTURAL PROPAGANDA WHICH WOULD BE DIRECTLY 3UB-
ORDINATE TO THE PROPAGANDA DIVISION OF THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE OF THE PARTY. ACCORD-
ING TO THIS ORDER, ALL THE SOVIET SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS, AGRICULTURAL
INSTITUTES AND SELECTIVE BREEDING STATIONS, ALL EXPERIMENTAL LABORATORIES, REGARDLESS
OF TH.?. OFFICE TO WHICH THEY BELONG, ARE MADE SUBORDINATE TO THE DIVISION OF PROPAGANDA
WHICH HAS BEEN SPECIALLY CREATED FOR THE PURPOSE.
THE CHANGE OF S OVIE. SCIENCE IN THE HANDS OF PROPAGANDA MONGERS HAS PROVEN
VERY PAINFUL EVEN TO THE MICHURINISTS. RECENTLY EVEN LYSENKO BEGAN TO CALL FOR HELP
IN PRINT, AGRCBIOLOGIA, No. 6, P. 55, 1952, CLAIMING THAT "THE WORK OF THE AGRIC-
ULTURAL ACADEMY or SCIENCES HAS BECOME WORSE BECAUSE OF RELATION WITH THE MINISTRY,
THE INSTITUTIONS OF PRODUCTION, AND THE NETWORK OF SCIENTIFIC RES"%RCH INSTITUTES;
ITS CONNECTION WITH PRODUCTION HAS NOT INCREASED BUT HAS NARROWED GOWN TO SOME
EXTENT. THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AND THE CHIEF EXECUTIVE DIVISION F'OR AGRICULTUr^.AL
PROPAGANDA OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE IN THE USSR HAVE NOT BEEN ABLE TO COOPERATE
IN THEIR WORK IN SUCH A WA/ THAT THE ACADEMY COULD BE OF SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT TO THE
CHIEF EXECUTIVE DIVISION."
IT APPEARS CLEAR THAT THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE DOES NOT DESIRE TO BUILD
ITS WORK UPON MICHURIN'S SCIENCE. IT IS WELL AWARE THAT THE SOVIET ACADEMY Hv5 LL^-F:EN
CALLED UPON NOT TO SOLVE SC!ENTIFIC PROBLEMS BUT TO WORK UNOER FALSE PRETENSE:: (i':
THE SOLUTION OF PROBLEMS REQUIRED BY THE SOVIETS FOR PROPAGANDA PURPOSES. THc .`.Ito S
AND PROBLEMS OF PROPAGANDA ARE DETERMINED NOT IN SCIENTIFIC LABORATORIES BUT IN THE
PARTY OFFICES OF THE KREMLIN.
THE SPEECH BY MALEUKOV AT THE 19TH CONGRESS OF THE PARTY FORCED THE LEADER OF
MICHURINIS SCIENCE TO COME FORTH WITH AN ANSWER BOTH IN PRINT AND WITHIN TIIE WAI.'_S
OF THE PRESIDIUM OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. LYSENK.OIS ARTICLE APPEARED IN THE
DECEMBER NUMBER OF THE MOST IMPORTANT MAGAZINE ON MICHURIN'S SCIENCE. IT BEARS A
C:IIRACTERISTIC TITLE: "ON THE PROBLEMS OF THE ACADEMY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES IN
C:.RRYING OUT THE RESOLUTIONS OF THE 19TH CONGRESS OF THE PARTY IN THE REALM OF
AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE USSR." AGROBIOLOGIA, No. 6, PP. 17-56, 1952.
AS ALWAYS, THE LYSENKO ARTICLE CONSISTS OF: ATTACKS ON BOTANISTS WHOH HE DOES
NOT FANCY, (SOME WORDS ARE DIRECTED AGAINST THE WELL-KNOWN GEOBOTANIST ACADEMY
M 'ADCR V. N. SUKACHEV ) WHO HAVE SURVIVED HERE AND THERE IN THE USSR; A MIXTURE OF
FAIRY TALES (FOR EXAMPLE; THE CHAISE OF RYE INTO A COMMON WEED . . . WITH ADVICE
CONCERNING THE MOST ORDINARY PROBLEMS).
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LYSENKO DOES NOT DISCUSS ANY IMPORTANT PROBLEMS ON AGRICULTURE THAT ARE NOV
BEING ADVANCED 3CTH I N THE USSR AND ABRCAO. THE LYSENIKO ARTICLE I S OF NO I NTEF.Z S'i
TO SCIENCE BUT IT CONTAINS A NUMBER OF NEW ANGLES FROM THE LIFE OF THE SOVIET UNION,
ANGLES WHICH DESERVE ATTENTION.
IN THE FIRST PLACE) LYSENKO HAS BEEN FORCED TO ADMIT THAT IN HIS THEORY BUILT
ON THE CONCEPT BY LENIN-STALIN AND TESTED IN NUMEROUS EXPERIMENTS BY ")?/D' MEN
IN THE SOVIET UI';ON/ THERE ARE SOME MISTAKES. IT SEEMS THAI EVEN A CONt1.?N HUMAN
MORTAL OF THE U'-,R NOW KNOWS THAT SOVIET SCIENCE IS Cf?ABLE OF MAKING MISTAKES.
LYSENKO SAID THC FOLLOWING: "IN MY PAST WRITirIGS I BASED MY OPINIONS 0': T4E ONE-
SIDED EVOLUTIONARY THEORY AND FREQUENTLY EXPNSSSED INCORRECT IDEAS CONCERNING THE
GRADUAL ACCUMULATION Or DIMINUTION OF CHARACTERS. A LARGE AMOUNT OF FACTUAL MATERIAL
ON THE CHANGE OF INHERITANCE HAS SHOWN THAT THIS THEORETICAL ASSUMPTION WAS WRONG."
LYSENKO IS REPENTANT. ANY OLD OR NEW TEXTBOOK ON "BOURGEOIS" GENETICS ALWAYS POINTS
OUT THAT THE ACCUMULATION OF CERTAIN CHARACTERS WITHIN THE BODY OF AN ANIMAL OR A
PLANT NEVER BRINGS ABOUT THE ACCUMULATION OR THE LOSS OF INHERITED CHARACTERS. ANY
STUDENT KNOWS THIS/ BUT THEY DID NOT WANT TO KNOW IT IN THE KREMLIN.
IN THEIR FORMER CONTRIBUTIONS OF WHICH LYSENKO NOW SPEAKS AS INCORRECT HE/
PREZENT, AND THEIR FOLLOWERS HAVE ALWAYS EMPHASIZED THE IDEA THAT THEIR "DISCOVERIES"
WEPE POSSIBLE BECAUSE THEY WERE BASED ON THE TEACHINGS nF L "!N-Sr L;,,, ;nGSZ PusrU-
IA.TES Or L"SCHKO b, NOW REGARDED AS INCORRECT, WERE AFFIRMED FOR ALMOST TWENTY YEARS
(1935-'955) BY DOZENS OF LYSENICOIS DISCIPLES. THEIR FALSITY AND TENDENTIOUSNESS WERE
JUST AS APPARENT TWENTY YEARS AGO AS THEY ARE NOW. FOR THIS REASON, NO ONE WILL
BELIEVE LYSENIfO, NOW THAT HE HAS ADMITTEDLY FOUND HIS OLD IDEAS INCORRECT BECAUSE OF
SOME NEW DATA OBTAINED IN SOME EXPERIMENTS (UNKNOWN TO ANYONE) CARRIED OUT IN SIBERIA
A FEW YEARS AGO. IT MUST BE THE APPEARANCE OF SOME NEW POLITICAL FACTORS IN THE USSR
I THAT HAVE COMPELLED LYSENKO TO REPENT TWICE WITHIN HALF A YEAR THE THEORETICAL MIS-
TAKES THAT HE HAD MADE.
IN HIS REPENTANCE LYSENKO DOES NOT EXPOSE ALL OF MICHURIN'S SCIENCE.
MICHURtN'S SCIENCE MAY BE ABOLIShED IN THE KREMLIN BUT NOT IN THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
AS AN INDIVIDUALS LYSENKO HIMSELF ANNOY SURVSVE THE DEATH OF MICHURIN'S SCIENCE. THE
SOVIET POWER PUNISHES BY DEATH NOT ONLY =T'::.,:GERS BUT ITS OWN MEN FOR SUCH THINGS.
THEREFORE, IN ORDER TO PACIFY HIS KREMLIN SUPERIORS AND HIS FOLLOWERS, LYSENKO OFFERS
AGAIN HIS SOMEWHAT ALTERED METHOD WHICH MAY BE USED FOR CHANGING INHERITED CHARACTERS.
THE METHOD PROPOSED IS BASED ON THE SAME PRINCIPLES WHOSE FALSITY LYSENKO HAS JUST
ADMITTED.
ADMISSIONS OF MISTAKES ARE NOT MADE VOLUNTARILY BY SOVIET NOBLEMEN; SUCH AD-
MISSIONS CANNOT BE CONSIDERED AS A PURELY VOLUNTARY ACT. THIS TRUTH IS COMMON KNOW-
LEDGE IN THE USSR. AFTER LYSENKO HAD POINTED OUT THE EXISTENCE OF THEORETICAL MIS-
TAKES IN HIS CONTRIBUTIONS, IT BECAME CLEAR TO ALL SOVIET BIOLOGISTS THAT THE THERR'.
OF NEW GENETtCS WHICH HAD BEEN WORKED OUT BY LYSENKO IS NOW IN THE STAGZ OF "CRITIC-
ISM AND SELF-CRITICISM".
THE CAMPAIGN OF "CRITICISM AND SELF-CRITICISM" IS USUALLY CARRIED OUT SIMUL-
TANEOUSLY BY PARTY, SOVIET ADMINISTRATIVE, AND PROFESSIONAL ORGANS. DURING SUCH
CAMPAIGNS THE RELIABILITY OF INDIVIDUAL KEY OFFICIALS IS CHECKED, AND, UNDER THE
GUISE OF A CRITICISM OF MISTAKES OF INDIVIDUAL PERSONS/ A TEST OF THE APPLICABILITY
AND EFFECTIVENESS OF SOVIET MEASURES IS CARRIED OUT. IT IS SUPPOSED THAT THE ATTRACT-
ION OF THE "WIDE PUBLIC", OF WHICH 9ON ARE NON-PARTY SOVIET SERVANTS AND VORY,ERS/
WILL ENABLE THE PARTY TO REPLACE CERTAIN SOVIET OFFICIALS WITH CERTAIN OTHERS; AND
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THAT THIS WILL HELP CORRECT THE DEFECTS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF SOVIET AGRICULTURE WHICH
THE KREMLIN ALONE CANNOT MANAGE TO DO.
THE CAMPAIGN OF "CRITICISM AND SELF-CRITICISM" IS MADE ONLY PARTIALLY PUBLIC.
MOST OF IT IS CARRIED ON BEHIND THE CLOSED DOOR AT PARTY MEETINGS. WHEN THE MATERIAL
NECESSARY TO THE SOVIETS IS ASSEMBLED, THE CAMPAIGN OF CRITICISM GOES ON TO THE NEXT
PAASEIWHICM IS CARRIED ON WITHOUT PUBLICITY DY ALL SOVIET ORGANS AND ORGANIZATIONS
UNTIL SUCH A TIME AS NEW APPOINTMENTS ARE MADE; MEANWHILE, IN MANY CASES, SOVIET
PEOPLE TELL EACH OTHER SECRETLY ABOUT NEW ARRESTS. THE SECRET POLICE FOLLOWS ALL
THE SELF-CRITICISM ACTIONS VERY ATTENTIVELY.
SUCH CAMPAIGNS OF CRITICISM ANJ SELF-CRITICISM ARE CARRIED ON IMPARTIALLY AS
"WORKING OVER" OF ANY SOVIET OFFICIAL, PARTY MEMI:ERj ENGINEER, SCIENTIST OR WRITER.
IT IS'ONL'. NECESSARY THAT THE WORK OF THE PERSON CRITICIScD BE MENTIONED UNFAVORABLY
EITHER AT A MEETING OR IN PRINT. WAYS ARE POINTED OUT BY WHICH THE EXISTING DEFECTS
MAY BE CORRECTED. ANY T,LK ABOUT PAST ACHIEVEMENTS IS?EXCLUDED AT SUCH MEETINGS. AT
THE SAME TIMES THE REPRESENTATIVES OF AUTHORITY SEEK OUT AIIOHG THE PEOPLE WHO COME
FCRWARD SOME THAT MIGHT REPLACE THOSE WHOM THEY CRITICISE. A SOVIET OFFICIAL OR
? RT(MEMBER UNDER CRITICISM MAY "SURVIVE" ANO RETAIN ItIS OLD POSITION NOT BECAUSE.-
{ HE HAD SUCCCEDEO IN PROVING THAT HE IS NOT TO BLAME FOR THE FAILURE OF A GIVEN TASK
if BUT ONLY IN CASE NO OTHER SUITABLE CANDIDATE IS FOUND DURING THE PROCESS OF CRITICISM.-
IT IS HARD TO EXPECT A "REVOLUTION IN SCIENCE" IN THE USSR AT THE PRESENT TIME.
ATT:MPTS TO FIND NEW PRINCIPLES AND DISCOVERIES THA': MIGHT MAKE'TIICHURIN'S SCIENCE"
SUFFICIENTLY EFFECTIVE HAVE NOT BEEN CROWNED WITH SJCCESS. SOVIET SCIENCE IS UP
AGAINST IT! ACCORDING TO MALENKOV, SOVIET BIOLOGY CANNOT BE BUILT ON THE SAME PRIN-
CIPLES ON WHICH WESTERN SCIENCE IS BASED. To MAKE UP A NEW SOVIET SCIENCE TO REPLACE
AN OLDER MADE-UP SCIENCE IS A FUTILE OCCUPATION. IN NATURE THERE IS BUT ONE BIOLOGICAL-
SCIENCE. IT IS ALREADY IN EXISTENCE AND IT HAS BEEN CREATED BY SCIENTISTS OF THE
WHOLE WORLD. THOUSANDS OF SCIENTISTS IN THE MOST DIVERSE COUNTRIES ARE SEEKING
CORRECT SOLUTIONS TO SCIENTIFIC PROBLEMS. IT IS THEIR DISCOVERIES ALONZ THAT MOVE
SCIENCE FORWARD. SCIENCE CANNOT PROGRESS IF ITS BASIS IS BUILT ON PRINCIPLES SUITED
TO PARTY OR EVEN STATE INTEI:ESTS.
THE CONSTANT INTERFERENCE OF THE PARTY WITH SCIENCE WHICH HAS BEET. GOING ON IN
THE USSR I S FURTHER ILLUSTRATED BY LYSENKO. A S SOON AS N.ALENKOV POINTED AT THE 19TH
CONGRESS TO A NUMBER OF DEFECTS IN SOVIET SCIENCES LYSENKO, HEAD OF SOVIET SCIENCE,
FINDS THESE DEFECTS AT ONCE. WHY DIDN'T HE SEE THEM BEFORE?
IT IS OF INTEREST TO NOTE ALSO THAT LYSENKO HAS NOT ONLY BEGUN TO FIND MIS-
TAKES IN "ADVANCED SCIENCE" BUT HAS ALSO MENTIONED A NUMBER OF FACTORS WHICH IN HIS
OPINION OBSTRUCT THE DEVELGPMCNT O;r SOVIET SCIENCE.
LYSENKO SAYS THAT THERE ARE QUITE A FEW OTHER DRAWBACKS. 'THE ENVIRONMENT FOR
A CREATIVE, FREE DISCUSSION OF NEW QUESTIONS ARISING IN BIOLOGICAL AND AGRICULTURAL
SCIENCE HAS NOT YET BEEN CREATED. FREEDOM OF DISCUSSION OF DIFFERENT VIEWPOINTS
SUPPORTED BY EXPERIMENTAL AND PRACTICAL DATA WOULD HELP SCIENTISTS ESTABLISH
.CIENTIFIC TRUTHS. THERE ARE SOME SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTIONS THAT CONTRIBUTE LITTLE
THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE. 7Y NEW INVESTIGATIONS AND HELP PRODUCTION VERY LITTLE. WE
MUST ELIMINATE THE CEFECYS OF SUCH W JRK AND MUST ORGANIZE A WIDE EXCHANGE OF OPINIONS
AND CARRY OUT FREE DISCUSSIONS AMONG SCIENTIFIC WORKERS."
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AN UNHEARD-OF PHENOMENON HAS TAKEN PLACE. WITHIN THE LIMITS OF A SING _E PAGE
WRITTEN INCONCLUSION ON SUCH AN IMPORTANT OCCASION TO THE USSR AS THE DISCUSSION OF
RESOLUTIONS MADE BY THE ALL-UNION PARTY CONGRESS, LYSENKO MANAGED TO SAY THE WORD
"FREEDOM" THREE TIIHES1 LYSENKO WHO WITHIN A PERIOD OF THIRTY YEARS HAD WRITTEN OVER
100 PAPERS HAD NEVER ONCE MENTIONED THE WCRC "FREEDOM" BEFORE. THE WORD "FREEDOM"
15 GENERALLY NEVER USED IN SCIENTIFIC SOVIET PUBLICATIONS. THE WORD "FREEDOM" IS
GENERALLY USED IN THE USSR ONLY IN HISTORICAL WORKS DESCRIBING THE REVOLUTIONARY
STRUGGLE WITH CZARISM OR THE EVENTS IN CAPITALIST EUROPE 3R AMERICA. THE BOLSHEVISTS
THEMSELVES SPEAK OF THE SO-CALLED "DEMOCRACY WITHIN PARTY LIMITS" BUT NOT OF ANY FREE-
DOM OF OPINION, A!SSEMBL',OF THE PRESS, ETC. LYSENKO DOES NOT WISH TO BE GIVEN THE
RIGHT TO THESE "FREEDOMS" FOR, TO BE: SURE, THEY HAVE NOTHING IN COMMON WITH "CRITICISM
AND SELF-CRITICISM".
OF COURSE LYSENKO WILL NOT GET ANY FREEDOM. YOU CANNOT GIVE "FREEDOM" TO A
SOVIET LORD OF SCIENCE AND DENY IT TO OTHERS SUCH AS; FOR EXAMPLE, PARTY MEMBERS,
THE MILITARY, The POLICE, THE ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICIALS, ETC. FREEDOM IS NOT COMPAT-
IBLE WITH THE POLIICY OF THE IRON CURTAIN, THE COLD WAR, AND DICTATORSHIP IN GENERAL.
A SCIENTIST CAN BE A REAL SCIENTIST ONLY WHEN HE IS FREE, BUT IN ORDER TkAT HE IS,
THE PEOPLE AMONGWHOM HE LIVES AND WORKS MUST ALSO BE FREE.
WITH LYSENKOIS HELP, THE BOLSHEVIKS WERE ABLE TO KILL ANU TO EXILE THOUSANDS
OF RUSSIAN SCIENTISTS. THESE MEN WERE ANNIHILATED BECAUSE THEY REFUSED TO DC DENIED
THE FREEDOM OF SCIENTIFIC THOUGHT. BECAUSE OF THE DEATH AND EXILE OF RUSSIAN
SCIENTISTS, THE TRIUMPH OF LYSENKOISM WAS ACHIEVED; THIS SET RUSSIAN SCIENCE SEVERAL
CENTURIES BACK.
A S EXPECTED, THE ACTUAL CREATIVE POSSIBILITIES OF LYSENKOISM WERE INSIGNIFICANT
LYSENKOSIM WILL SOON BE ABLE TO CELEBRATE THE TWENTY-FIFTH ANNIVERSARY OF ITS TRIUMPH
IN THE SOVIET UNION. NEVERTHELESS, ITS SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL ICHIEVEMENTS HAVE NO
OBJECTIVE VALUE WHATEVER. THE LYSENKOISTS HAD GOOD MATERIAL POSSIBILITIES TO CARRY
ON THEIR"INVESTIGATIONS". AI.L THE SCIENTIFIC LABORATORIES, INSTITUTIONS, AND EXPERI-
MENT STATIONS WERE TURNED OVER TO'THEM COMPLETELY. TO ASSIST IN THEIR WORK THEY
CALLED ON AN ENORMOUS NUMBER OF NEW HELPERS WHO KNEW THE "DIALECTIC METHOD OF INVESTI-
GATION". NEVERTHELESS, THEY ARE GASPING FOR THE LACK OF ANY PROGRESSIVE SCIENTIFIC
IDEA. AND THAT ITS WHY LYSENKO NEEDS NEW IDEAS WHICH HE HOPES TO GET TOGETHER WITH
HIS "FREEDOM".
WHILE REMA1ININQ OFFICIALLY FAITHFUL T O MICHURINIS SCIENCE, LYSENKO BELIEVES
THAT, THANKS TO TIME LACK OF SL:FNTIFIC COMPETITION IN THE USSR, HE WILL BE ABLE TO
MAKE A NUMBER OF 'NEW BIOLOGICAL DISCOVERIES WHICH WILL RENDEZ MICHURINIS SCIENCE
BETTER SUITED FOR THE SOLUTION OF THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL PROBLEMS. To BE SURE,
IT IS A QUESTION 'NOT OF THE EVOLUTION OF MICHURINIS SCIENCE BUT OF ITS NEW FALSI-
FICATION. THIS NEW THEORY WILL PROBABLY INCLUDE A FEW DISTORTED ELEMENTS OF REAL
BIOLOGICAL, GENETiCAL, AND SELECTIVE BREEDING SCIENCES. THIS CHANGE-OVER :S ALREADY
IN THE MAKING.
FOR EXAMPLE, LYSENKO IS NOW RECOMMENDING TO THE SOVIET ZOOLOGICAL WORKERS THAT
THEY USE THE WIDEST SCOPE AND TO THE BEST POSSIBLE ADVANTAGE THE FINEST PRODUCERS
FOUND AMONG HERDS OF CATTLE. THERE IS NO NEED TO PROVE THAT IN ANIMAL BREEDING, THE
PURITY AND THE HIGH QUALITY OF THE PARENT STOCK IS OF GREAT IMPORTANCE. BY USING
PUREBRED STUCK WE HAVE A BETTER GUARANTEE THAT THEIR DESIRABLE INHERITED QUALITIES
FOR PRODUCTIVITY, WILL BE RETAINED IN THE PROGENY.
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WE TOO, WOULD LIKE TO REPEAT THAT "THERE IS NO NEED TO PROVE" THAT THIS
LATEST DISCOVERY OF SOVIET SCIENCE CAN BE FOUND IN ANY TEXTBOOK ON SELECTIVE BREED-
ING PUBLISHED IN ANY LANGUAGE IN ANY COUNTRY THAT IS NOT INCLUDED IN THE SOVIET
SYSTEM.
IN THIS MANNER, LYSENKO IS HOPING TO SAVE HIS LIFE. VERBALLY HE SUPPORTS
THE "DESIRABLE TYPE" OF SOVIET SCIENCE; BUT THE PRACTICAL AGRICULTURAL PROBLEMS HE
HOPES TO SOLVE BY METHODS WHICH "THERE IS NO NEED TO PROVE" AND BY THE USE OF
INTUITION AND THE INBORN COMMON SENSE OF THE RUSSIANS.
II NEITHER LYSENKO NOR MALENKOV WANT TO MAKE SCIENCE IN THE USSR REALLY FREE.
A FREE COUNTRY AND A FREE SCIENCE ARE NOT COMPATIBLE EITHER WITH LYSENKOIS MIICHURIN
SCIENCE OR WITH STALIN1S OR MALENKOV'S DICTATORSHIP.
SOVIET COMMUNISM OCMANDS THAT ALL MEASURES TAKEN BY THE SOVIET COUNTRY, ITS
EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL POLITICS, SHOULD ALWAYS BE SUBORDINATE TO PARTY AIMS ALONE.
T0 ACHIEVE THIS, THE "THEORISTS OF COMMUNISM" DEEM IT NECESSARY TO USE DIFFERENT
METHODS OF INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL POLITICS AS NEEDED, TO CHANGE THE TYPE OF PROPA-
GANDA, ETC. ONLY THE MAIN OBJECT OF SOVIET CCMMUNISM - THE ATTAINMENT OF WORLD
MULE OF COMMUNISM--REMAINS UNCHANGED.
WITH THE CHANGES IN THE CURRENT POLICIES OF THE SOVIET EMPIRE, THE KREMLIN
ALSO CHANGES ITS "ATTITUDE" TOWARD SCIENCE, ART', RELIGION.
THE HISTORY OF THE DEVE.OPMENT OF SCIENCE IN THE USSR REFLECTS INCREASINGLY
GREATER POLITICAL CHANGES WHICH HAVE TAKEN PLACE WITHIN THE SOVIET UNION. A RELA-
TIVELY FREE SCIENCE AT THE TIME OF MEP (NEW ECONOMIC POLICY) WAS REPLACED BY
LI SENKOISM AT THE TIME OFF COLLECTIVIZATION AND INDUSTRIALIZATION OF THE COUNTRY.
THE ERA OF AGREEMENT BETWEEN STALIN AND HITLER WAS MARKED BY THE ARREST OF N. I .
VAVILOV AND A THOUSAND OTHER SCIENTISTS. AT THE TIME OF THE LAST WORLD WAR, SOVIET
OFFICERS AGAIN PUT ON SHOULDER PIECES SO TYPICAL' OF THE OLD RUSSIAN ARMY. PERRECUT-
IONS OF THE CHURCH WERE DIMINISHED AND SOVIET GENETICISTS WERE AGAIN ABLE TO .RITE
AINUMBER OF ARTICLES IN WHICH THE GENERALLY-ACCEPTED PRINCIPLES OF WORLD SCIENCE
WERE USED. WHEN THE COLD WAR DEVELOPED BETWEEN THE WEST AND THE KREMLIN, SOVIET
GENETICISTS WERE SU?.:ECTED TO PERSECUTION FOR THE SCIENTIFIC PAPERS WHICH THEY~HAD
WRITTEN DURING THE WAR. JUST AT THAT TIME, "WORLD" SCIENCE WAS COMPLETELY LIQUIDATED
IN, THE USSR.
THE YEAR 1952 15 MARKED BY A RAPID GROWTH OF MILITARY POWER OF RED CHINA. THE
POSITION OF THE SOVIETS BECOMES SECURE ON THE ASIATIC CONTINENT. ON SHE OTHER 'HAND,
IN~THE COUNTRIES OF WESTERN IUROPE, THE POLICIES OF THE KREMLIN SUFFER NUMEROUS
SETBACKS. THE ATLANTIC PACT BECOMES A REALITY. THE COLD WAR IN EURuPE HAS HELPED
THE REDS TO SEIZE CHINA BUT HAS NOT GUARANTEED A SIMILAR VICTORY IN EUROPE. THERE
AROSE THE NEED TO CHANGE THE CURRENT POLICY AT THE KREMLIN. IN THE EXTERNAL POLI-
CIES OF THE KREMLIN, PEACEFUL NOTES BECOME AUDIBLE. THE DEATH OF STALIN SEEMS TO
IurInc.CC Tur nnnnn-...n rv cnn rn...-t-c nrrurrs rur WrCT Am ,'wr SOVIETS-
AT THE SAME TIME, WITHIN THE USSR, IMPROVEMENTS IN THE STANDARD OF LIVING OF
ORDINARY CITIZENS ARE BROUGHT ABOUT. THERE IS A DROP IN THE PRICE OF PRODUCE AND
GOODS. AMNESTIES ARE GRANTED TO CRIMINALS.
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THIS NOOD INFILTRATES SOVIET SCIENCE. REGRETTING HIS MISTAKES, LYSENKO
BEGS FOR HIMSELF AND FOR HIS FRIENDS THE "CREATION OF AN INVIRONMENT" FOR'THE CON-
STRUCTIVE FREE DISCUSSION OF DIFFERENT POINTS OF VIEW, ETC.
THE PARALLEL BETI~ZEN THE NEW "PEACEFUL" EXTERNAL POLICY OF THE KREMLIN
AND THE DESIRE OF RED SCIENTISTS TO HAVE "FREEDOM" OF SCIENCE 15 EASILY TRACED.
WE KNOW THAT AS LONG AS COMMUNIST DICTATORSHIP EXISTS IN RUSSIA, ITS
PRINCIPLE Of "ACHIEVING WPRLD LEADERSHIP OF COMMUNISM" REMAINS CONSTANT. AND
THER'FORC, THE PEACE ATTACK OF THE KREMLIN WILL NOT BRING HUMANITY EITHER FREEDOM
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