CRYPTOLOGIC ASPECTS OF ESP

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: STARGATE
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): NSA-RDP96X00790R000100030008-7
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 107
• Document Creation Date: November 4, 2016
• Document Release Date: December 1, 2011
• Sequence Number: 8
• Publication Date: January 1, 1973
• Content Type: REPORT

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Extra Sensory Perception and Telekinesis -
The COMSEC Threat -- A Brief
INM: The Bulk of the attached report was written at a time before
Extra Sensory Perception (E.S.P.)* had been established as a phenomena
worthy of scientific inquiry. Since that time the American Association
for the Advancement of Science has accepted parapsychology as a legiti-'
mate branch of Science. **Significant developments took place in 1972
at the Stanford Research Institute (SRI), where psychic Uri Geller was
tested in guessing experiments involving dice. During the many randomized
tests, whenever Mr. Geller said that he could guess the number on the
dice correctly, he was able to do so. Ingo Swann and other psychics
tested by SRI demonstrated the ability to describe distant rooms, they
had never previously observed, with considerable accuracy. From 1970
to 1974 Mr. Clive Backster, a polygrapher, and other American researchers
as well as Soviet researchers discovered that the bond between men and
plants was often so close that the plant would respond automatically
whenever the man was injured. It was as if the man and the plant had
become a single organism. What affected the person seemed to also affect
the plant instantly. In ESP occurences between persons, this uniting bond*
seemed to be the primary factor permitting the E.S.P. effect. It also
appeared that some persona could bond readily and deeply with other
*See Glossary of terms on page 8 of the attached report.
**This took place at the AAAS meeting on 27 Dec 1968.
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persons or objects. This bonding was often followed by the acquisition
of insightful information available from no other sensory or logical
source. The advent of groups devoted to psychic or insightful gifts
has indicated that groups of mutually supportive E.S.P. seekers can
achieve a greater degree of sensitivity than the interested person can
achieve on his own. Spontaneous events occuring in primitive societies
confirms this conclusion.
In 1974,J1-over-matter phenomena were given further credence by
the remarkable experiments conducted by scientists Dr. Robert Miller
of Georgia Institute of Technology and Dr. Philip Reinhart of Agnes
Scott College of Atlanta, Georgia. Working with psychic Mrs. Olga Worrell,
they were able to demonstrate energy effects willed by Mrs. Worrell in
a cloud chamber. This feat was reportedly performed at distances up
to 600 miles away from the cloud chamber. Though more spectacular than
most previous experiments, this latest work only tended to confirm what
researchers like Drs. Hans Bender of Germany and Sergeyer of Russia had
also found; that some people could emit energy of an unknown type which
could move objects or interfere with electronic equipment. Such effects
were more often spontaneous than intentional. The effect was usually
directly related to the intensity of frustration experienced by an
individual.
*The relationship theory of this unitary bond in Chapter I is my own
sketch of this reality. I have bhown it to ESP researcher physicist
Russel Tang and discussed it with Professor lfarthaler of Catholic
University, a thelogian. These and others of different fields have
said that it was a goo& insight.
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COMSEC Threat. Although at present only a very few persons are
measurably gifted with ESP, the threat implications to COMSEC are
profound. This is true because studies of primitive people indicate
that general ESP ability level within a society does fluctuate in
accordance with the emphasis placed on the subject by the society.
Our present society is quite interested in this subject and many ESP
study and development groups have formed throughout the United States.
The anticipated growth in ESP utilization not only threatens the security
of the U.S. and friendly nations' communications,, but the whole security
structure which relies so heavily on the ability to compartment and
protect need-to-know. The person with highly developed ESP capabilities
can disregard need-to-know and few would probably be the wiser until
it was too late. The psychic would probably not concern himself with
guessing most cryptographic keys but would attack the plaintext directly,
either in the mind of the communicators or the originators or in the
plaintext printed message. Uri Geller's reported performance with guessing
dice seems to be more of a threat to small cryptographic materials such
as nuclear command and control authenticators. With the advent of
increased telekinetic ability, direct and subtle attacks against computers
and computerized ciphers becomes a troublesome eventuality. With their
high level stress factor, command and control centers become particularly
-vulnerable to such attacks.
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Defenses. Fbrtunately, bond disrupting confusion, boredom, and meditation
seem to provide some protection against ESP, as do certain religious
practices. Unfortunately the offensive element has been subjected to
far closer scrutiny than the defensive ESP factor. Much needs to be
done to test defenses against ESP.
Psychology and Ethics. As you will soon note the subject of E.S.P. does
not lend itself easily to the simple logical direct approach. The
basic reason for this is that E.S.P. is an effect arising from the deepest
level of the human being. At this central reality where man is at-one
with all of reality, the various fields of human knowledge also become
one concern. ESP cannot be treated simply as a psychological phenomena
or a physical reality or just a powerful talent or only an ethical concern.
The story of pandorra's box is an excellent analogy of the emergence of
E.S.P. into the life of man. We cannot be so selective that we let
out only the E.S.P. portion of the deep consciousness. When the lid is
lifted the '"monsters of the Id" also emerge and with them the sanctity
of a Francis or a Teresa of Avila. It is no coincidence that the first
modern head of state to dedicate himself to the use of the E.S.P. powers
was also the man principally responsible for unleashing the most
unspeakable horrors upon the earth - Adolf Hitler.
E.S.P. used by a cadre of unscrupulous or unsensitive men would
not only make a shambles of our need-to-know structure, but also threaten
? the state with a great malignancy. These powers cannot be ignored but
only men of wholeness, of high moral development, should be encouraged
to develop such gifts and allowed to use them in gover Lit. It ought not
to be forgotten that 1leninger Institute researchers as well as noted
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parapsychologists have warned us that the occupational hazard of E.S.P.
research is a virulent form of mental illness.1
Conclusion. The attached report contains actually several reports
written over the past ter. years. Because there is little understanding
of this new field and much resistance to it, many pages are expended in
describing the nature of the phenomena. The longest portion of the
study, surveys some significant research in the field, to establish the
legitimacy of the ESP concern. This is a foundation study, an exploratory
study. There are few certainties and no tidy conclusions. From the fearful
experiences some government researchers have had, perhaps; we have learned
that we are too immature to deal appropriately with such phenomena. In
conversations with some talented cryptanalysts it has become apparent
that NSA has made use of ESP for years. The gifted analysts admitted
that when they are unable to develop an effective attack by logical processes,
they perform a kind of mental switching to a higher unitary way of
thinking. This is often symbolized in dreams. By this new way of
thinking information is gained for which there is not really a logical
explanation. Perhaps the best and most appropriate approach N.S.A. could
use in dealing with this phenomena in-house, would be to identify such
talented analysts, so-that they can be used in teams on especially
difficult problems. Otherwise, it may be best, for the time being, not
to engage in E.S.P. development experiments within N.S.A. But a close
-watch needs to be kept on developments in the field. Although where
talented psychics are involved in experiments, it is best, for security
1John Peterson, "Science and Psychic Power," The National Observer,
20 Oct 1973.
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reasons, that parties not knowledgeable in current N.S.A. classified
projects, be used as observers.
Suggestions to Reviewer. Because few people are conversant with the
field of parapsychology the report contains much foundation and explanatory
material. If the reviewer is aware of the nature of E.S.P., of scientific
work in the field and of Soviet Bloc research, I suggest he concentrate
only on the Introduction and Chapters I, VI, VII and VIII. Chapter VI
is a unique cryptographic experimental study designed by the author
with professional review.
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Introduction: A Description and Experimental Study of the
Cryptologic Aspects of ESP . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
Chapter I Extra Sensory Perception (Primary Omm unication) . . .
An Explanatory Observation of the Nature and
Structure of PSI . . . . .8
Chapter II Now to Safely Develop ESP Through the Organism
Type: The Believing Community . . . . . . . . . . . .21
Chapter III ESP -- A Threat to CM49EC - A Survey of
Open Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
Chapter IV ESP -- A Special Report on Soviet Research . . . . . .47
Chapter V Soviet Bloc Science and Parapsychology . . . . . .54
Chapter VI Testing for the Cryptologic Aspects of ESP . . . . . .60
An Initial Report
Chapter VII The Potential Threat of PK to COMSEC . . . . . . . . .81
Chapter VIII Defense Against ESP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .y4
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9y7
Glossary of Terms . . . . . . . . .Page 8
Appendixes . . . . . . . . At End of Chapters
Bibliography . . . . . . . . At End of Chapters
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INTRODUCTION
A Descriptive and Experimental Study of Cryptologic Aspects
of ESP
This paper is intended to present a series of contributions
toward a more complete knowledge of certain special factors
bearing on threats to CONBEC. In particular, this study
seeks to increase our knowledge of one factor known as PSI* or ESP.
This ability is presently little understood and could considerably
enhance a human being's capability to guess: the correct order
of randomized key settings or the relationships between our operations
code groups and their meanings, the underlying plaintext of an encrypted
message or to influence an individual's use of keying material to a
hostile analyst's advantage.
In order to make this first study as meaningful as possible, it
was decided to make an overall survey of the investigations presently
conducted into the PSI factor to determine: which aspects of the
factor are most closely
*An unknown qualitative and quantitative factor which enables
a person to know clairvoyantly telepathically or to exhibit
mind-over matter capabilities. See Glossary of Terms for
basic definitions., page 8.
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..
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related to the problem of human ability to correctly guess
randomized cryptographic information at better than chance
expectancy on a continuing basis (see ChaptersI through
VII); which environmental characteristics enhance or retard
the manifestations of the PSI factor (see Chanters I, II,
VII and VIII); what are the most useful sources of information
available to keep abreast of the latest meaningful developments
in PSI research, with attention paid to sources related to
Soviet Bloc efforts in this field.
After this data base was established it was decided to
develop under professional supervisionsa PSI experiment
utilizing all factors possible which are known to enhance
PSI performance and particularly to build an experiment
which is specifically related to the COMSEC question of
guessing randomized cryptologic information. Such an
experiment would serve a dual purpose: It would isolate
subjects which appear to be capable of demonstrating a more
efficient use of the PSI factor than the average person
(see Chapter VI); and it would provide a vehicle for testing
such a subject in order to learn more about the factors
which enhance or inhibit the operation of the PSI factors,
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especially in the cryptologic environment. It would also
develop a method of training talented personnel in the
cryptologic uses of ESP.
To date, the following steps in the PSI study have been
accomplished on a time-available basis:
A survey has been made of the work being done
in the field of PSI research (see Chapter III).
PSI factors most directly related to the COMSEC threat
have been tentatively identified. These PSI factors are:
telepathy (thought transference), precognition (the ability to
know what is going to happen in the future), clairvoyance
(the ability to observe objects not available to normal
sensory detection), and PK or telekinesis (the ability of
one mind to move objects or emit energy.).
With the assistance of professional PSI and psychological
experts within the intelligence community,* a cryptologically
appropriate telepathy/clairvoyance experiment was constructed
in such a way that it wauLd utilize a maximum number of per-
formance enhancing factors. (See Chapter VI, Inclosure C).
*Dr. C. E. Lease, PHD (Psycholophysiologist-Parapsychologist),
Dr. Gerald L. Daniel, M.D. (Psychologist), and Dr. Melvin
A. Gravitz, PHD (Psychologist)
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~: ?~ ~i6.i rs.~a Li-AL"
It will be noted that the testing method used bears some
resemblance to that of Dr. Rhine, in particular. There are
however, some notable differences. The material is crypto-
graphically constructed using NSA random generation. The
subject is forced to make a double guess on target material
which thus yields far more performance characteristics for
statistical and psychological analysis. The subject receives
prior motivational conditioning. The target material has
realistic or lifelike characteristics and can be tailored
to the subjects preferences.
Current sources of PSI experimental research have
been located and are being utilized to enhance NSA knowledae
of this field. In particular, note the Soviet Bloc material
sources in Chapter IV (see especially Inclosure A: Selected
Bibliography). It is interesting to note that Soviet experiments
are funded under the Ministry of Defense and are mainly of
the telepathy communications and PK variety.
Research into psychogenesis indicated that both
spontaneous episodes caused by sudden anger or frustration
and controlled experiments can have an electromagnetic effect
(See Chapter VII). An experiment is being designed to
test the effectiveness of PK in jamming modern low voltage
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electronic communications security equipment. Some spontaneous
PK events have indicated that persons with a low frustration
tolerance and no normal outlet for this energy are prone to
release this pent-up force through the PK channel. Being
aware of those relationships, we might design experiments
around such persons and suitable frustrating stimulus, which
they can only halt during a specified period of time by using
PR to alter voltage in a target circuit.
Gap "ALW r 1 i aa~ l.av .i it ia~'y ~i. aidr
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Glossary of Basic Terms
ESP: The apparent ability to perceive thoughts, events or
objects in a manner and under conditions of space and time
usually not possible and beyond the normal capability of the
bodily senses.
Telepathy: The apparent ability of the mind to know what is
being thought or felt by another at a distance beyond
bodily perception range.
Clairvoyance: The apparent ability to mentally observe
what is taking place in a distant place, beyond the range
of normal sight.
Precognition: The apparent ability of the mind to foresee
future events.
PK or Telekinesis: The ability of the mind and will to
focus energy of an unknown type on an object and move it
or cause it to malfunction or to change the alignment of
object substance so that one object can interpenetrate
another.
Relationship: That absolute reality by which all entities
interpenetrate, fertilize and participate in one another to
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form existent being and to develop higher levels of being.
Participant in Relationship: Any entity solid, liquid,
gaseous plasma, energy or field state which is an existent
entity in relationship.
Psychic: A human being capable of ESP to a measurable
degree or such an ESP talent specifically, or another name
far PSI energy.
7
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Chapter I
ESP - Extra Sensory Perception (Primary Communication)
An Explanatory Observation-The Nature and Structure of PSI
In the past few years fundamental changes have taken place
in our understanding of ESP. The old mind-to-mind communication
concept of telepathy has been supplanted by a new model which
emphasizes the oneness of the sender and receiver. American
experimenters, Clive Baxter and Eldon Bird, as well as Soviet
researchers V. N. Pushkin, and V. M. Fetison have been able to
demonstrate that between man and plants a bond can form which
makes the plant, in a sense, an appendage of the man, a part of
him. This unitary existence is so intimate that if the man
is seriously injured even at a distance the plant will show a
measurable heightened response at the moment of injury. The
results of these experiments are reported to be repeatable with
a high degree of consistency. It seems that the humble plant
more than establishes the validity of the ESP phenomena as a
basic unitary communication.1
1Backster Clive, "Evidence or Primary Perception in Plant Life,"
IAtl., Journal of Parapsychology, Vol. 10, No. 4 Winter 1968,
pp. 329-348.
HashiMoto, Ken. Choshinrigaky Nyumon (Japanese Work an Psychic
Research, Tokyo 1964
Pushkin, UN "Flower Recall," Ananya Sila, Nov 1972, in Russian
11 ~a LXM.; UZ.0k .: 2 ANN
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VYf ~Y.a: . `...a i .~.1' ai.7f::a ~a i1 r~ ?~1` 'd -
Such results have Given researchers a deep insight into
human ESP. ESP seems to take place at the deepest levels of
human awareness and communication. It appears that there are
roughly seven levels of human communication depth which we may
rank as to increasing intensity and increasing risk to self.
Activity Type Risk to Self
Cliche (merely a recording) 5%
Reporting history or dry data with little
personal material included 10%
Reporting or others 20%
Reporting own thoughts 40%
Expressing feelings (because so much of a
person is involved with phis- feelings
it is no wonder that mental illness
always includes emotional illness) 70%
Sharing. the most intimate experience -
dreams, hunches, ESP visions, poetry,
diary, etc. 80%
Sharing whole self total empathy with the
other to the extent that what happens
to you happens to him,,?at-one-ness. 100%
Each of these levels seems to deepen in the level of
consciousness as it deepens in intensity of communicative
bond. It also appears that as the bonding intensifies the
relationship between time and space becomes more dense and
concentrated.
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no W, In,
r. , r.
L'r Syr
Surface time is that conceived of by man as a unit of
measurement which proceeds from the nor, instant, backwards
into past and forward into future. As the level of human
consciousness deepens the past and future appear to be constricted
into a now which includes both future and past. Such
ambiguities beneath the surface of things are not new to
the physicist. He would consider it most inappropriate for
one to ask where an electron is at any particular moment in
its orbit. It seems that one model of consciousness time
and space reality in deepening levels of intensity would
look like so:
to
etc. ..t...i.+4 44
Nwar J. 'U.1 L: Zzi.-
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What all of this means is that when a person or (living
thing of any kind) is threatened and that Person or living
thing is "close" to you - you are also feeling the threat at
the same instant because in a sense you are that person
(by empathy) or you are a new unitary being which includes
both of you as participating organs. The information of threat
first enters the receiver where it is felt first which is where
the person is most at-one with the other
might look like this:
AILSOul -,.-I Prigs -1
AWAXPE
OF
Or, if it were a precognitive event
OF AT
AWA-ft
09
OIA6RAM Z
The united awareness observes a surface future threat
in the now and passes it upward.
11
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The fact that these models have some validity is indicated
by all known accounts of ESP, ancient or modern indicate that
it took place as a dream, hunch, or vision - the accented
language of the deep consciousness. Russian, European and
American experimenters all acknowledge that over 90% of known
ESP spontaneous episodes take place between close friends or
the members of a family. Talented sensitives are aware that
they have an uncanny ability to emphasize or "absorb" others
(see chapter 1 appendix:Sumnary of An Extrasensory Event to
Illustrate stages of the developing relationship bond The
scriptures and wisdom literature of all major cultures consistently
associate these ESP powers with deepening capabilities of at-
one-mess. In Christian scripture this is particularly evident
in John's Gospel, Chapter 14 to 17 and in Paul's letter of
the Corinthians, Chapters 12 to 14. Much the same outlook is
evidenced in the work of ChuangYzu 'rhetaoist, the
wr.itfngs.. of the Moslem Sufis the Jewish Hasidim and the Zen
masters. Most writings emphasize the Great dander of concentrating
on acquiring powers rather than improving the bonding capability -
out of which all power comes,in their view.
12
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It appears that by concentrating principally on at-
one-mess we are merely putting things in their proper
perspective. Dr. Einstein noted that nothing exists by
itself that all things exist in relationship with something
else. Although it is often not taken this way, it is evident
that Dr. Einstein is refering to an absolute reality,
The Relationship. Existence is not possible without it.
Unless a proper relationship exists between the parts, not
even our bodies can function. if one organ or function is
given too much emphasis the whole system goes out of balance
and a degerative relationship begins. This is no less true
with ESP. If only the ESP aspect of a person is deepened, the
whole psychological structure becomes unbalanced and severe
mental illness results.
One of the principal reasons ESP has been shunned in
the past by orthodox science is that it appeared to conform
to few known scientific laws. But of course, this is not
so. It conforms as we observe with the principal law or
absolute of the at-one-mess relationship. As the intensity
of the multilevel bond increases between people, a deeper
relationship of at-one-ness exists until the two have become a
kind of new unitary being (or a single field entity). This
i3
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being has a kind of unitary mind, which knows what is happening
to both participants at the same time. This knowledge takes
place at the deep level of the Now world which is beyond time
and space as we know it,in the surface world.
How does the relationship look in a simplified sketch?
For over 4,000 years Man has attempted such a sketch.
The Egyptians say ? the egg of life entering
(substance) yin (a) filling in the female container (b)
and all things in a state of energy flux between being filled
and emptied, but all were one in this relationship.
Binary math used the 0 and 1 in much the same way. In
the 19th century Bagel added the concept of thesisi
antithesis and synthesis. But his was a world in conflict:
(~--ate--- .
The thesis and antithesis were destroyed in forming the synthesis.
14
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in the model of the atom, modern physics has given
us a glimpse of the fully balanced interpenetrative relation-
ship. The proton neutron and electron 'share one another,
experience one another and continue to exist as separate
entities while still forming a new entity, the Atom. This
model seems to work for all known relationships.If we see the
neutron as the intermediate zone or buffer or partner of
interface, the relationship would look something like so:
Thing or state v which is more, attracted to thing
or state C-) which is less, or complimentary: To facilitate
exchange of input they form a buffer or mixture Owhich also
assures their continued separate existence. In a balanced
relationship the 4) becomes another partner and a new entity
forms at the next highest level of being.
As the atom is real with traits of its own, so is the
human entity of relationship the family. As the atom forms
compounds so families form tribes and nations and these are
real entities with perhaps a consciousness of their own. To
illustrate further: when we see the child as a bond between
the mother and father, it is not hard to understand that half
of his genes come from mother and half from father. Nor
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L Y r
is it unexpected that his principal character traits come from
the two parents. But the relationship is subtle. A participant
is 0 at one level and in one direction while at the same time
he is a in another and d)in another. Because all entities are
continually being fertilized by all other participants their
identities continually change and are created anew.
As the ESP effect is observed to be in direct proportion
to the intensity of the multilevel bond between persons, then
the principal effort in developing talented people should
first concentrate on their ability to form deep multilevel
balanced bonds. The whole person must be developed at the
deeper level. An unbalanced emphasis on only the ESP faculty
often leads to severe neurosis and psychosis accordin c to
Menninger Institute psychologists and parapsychologists
alike.2 Such unpredictable people are untrustworthy to themselves,
their families and to the intelligence community. It is
more than a cliche that power corrupts and absolute power
corrupts absolutely. For the intelligence community to be
2John Peterson "Science and Psychic Power" The National
Observer 20 Oct 1973.
? - !"tea .er-,~w
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able to use such people in relative safety they must be as
developed ethically and morally as they are psychicly, or we
might as well forget need-to-know and compartments. This
calls for an inner discipline of the whole man which goes
far beyond the rationalized ritualized mass-produced religion
we are all familiar with. It is no coincidence that the
growth and development of meditative and contemplative
disciplines has taken place concurrently with the development
of national interest in ESP. It appears that the person who
wants to develop those deeper insights and powers must experience
that which is one complete and whole or become unbalanced.
This development seems to take place best in the
believing community. This is not just a community that
believes in strange phenomena but a group of people strong
enough to relax in one another's presence. This group of
people would be courageous enough to accept themselves
and others for what they are and allow others to be what
they are - trusting that any talent or capability emerging
in the person who is trustworthy will be of value to the
community. These are persons who trust what they experience
because they trust in their own integrity-or persons.
1''
AV" Amt. I-. TZZ
N :r i ns& I ~
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Summary of an Extrasensory Event to Illustrate Stages of the
Developing Relationship
A Lawyer Mr. D.F. is asking Mrs. Barbara about the details of
an accident through the researcher. The accident happened two
years ago:
Barbara: A policeman hit the car broadside, as it was
crossing an intersection near the train station. The lady
who was a passenger was killed.
Barbara: I feel very cold (emptying of self concern and
orientation toward other?) nervous very upset. (Entering into
policeman in relationship-emotional level first). The policeman,
he is goinT too fast. (rational knowledge secondly?) He sees
that he is going to hit the car. He panics, instead of turning
the steering wheel immediately he turns on the siren. He gets
confused. It's too late. She was in the car crossing from left
to right up the street. Check the policeman's driving record.
He has had problems with speeding before.* Your friend won't
*Past present and future derivations. Both intuitive and
logical analysis are used.
1S
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have any trouble with this case in court. If he really questions
the policeman carefully especially about his previous record for
reckless driving, he will breakdown very easily*. He feels
terrible about all this*.
Researcher: There was a witness up the block who says
that the policeman did have his light on before he turned the
corner.
Barbara: No that is not right he didn't see that. He
was afraid of the police. He just said that to keep out of
trouble. Besides, he was talking to another person at the time.
He was facing the building when the car went by. He couldn't
have seen whether the light was on or not when the car turned
the corner.
(Later) Researcher: Dick, Barbara said the above, is
any of it true, do you know.
Dick: Some of it I know is true. The guy was talking
to someone up the block. Did you tell her anything more.
(Researcher: No Dick, I didn't. I was surprised when she
correctly stated that the car came from left to right.
*Past present and future derivations. Both intuitive and
logical analysis are used.
10
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Dick: How about that part about the policeman turning
on his siren right before the accident.
Researcher: I didn't tell her, I didn't even know that.
Dick: Well she was right.
(Later) Researcher: Barbara, Dick says you are right, about
a lot of the details. He asked me how you do it. What
training do you take. What is your technique.
Barbara: None of that. It is a gift from Good. I went
through this very trying period and I changed; my relationship
with him became very much closer and I just started being
able to do these things. I feel that I am being used to
give forth this information.*
*Harry Gross had a similar experience as did Wolf Messing of
the Soviet Union, a surprising admission coming from a
Communist. He stated that as a teenager he was very devout
and had a religious experience. After that he had always
been able to do such things as mind clouding and clairvoyance.
All three of these people claim a very idealistic relationship
with their God and other men. Does this form of disinterested
relationship yeild the greatest information about the other
because it encourages the greatest access and flow with the
other? It is consistently reported that it does.
sa
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Chapter II
How to Safely develop ESP Through An Organism Type: The
Believing Community
In a recent film interview Dr. Rhine was asked to
describe those conditions which seemed to enhance ESP. He
isolated basically two: High motivation on the part of the
subject and a sympathetic testing enviroment. This comes
very close to saying a Believing Community.
Outside the laboratory, ESP seems to function best in
an organism type environment where the perceptive capability
satisfies a real need such as protection against threats
of various kinds or other basic needs such as food or to
maintain communal ties over vast distances. Laurens
Van Der Post* tells us that the African Bushman regularly
amazed his party by informing them that someone, who the
tribe knew, was going to enter camp some days hence, though
the distances involved were too great to have knows such
information by ordinary means. During one hunt the party
*Laurens Van Der Post, discoverer of the Bushman and author
of two books detailing his discoveries : "The Heart of the
Hunter"and'fhe Lost Land of the Kalihari.
21
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A IL
was met on its way back to camp by a jubilant tribesman who
said he came out to meet them because he had known along
with the rest of the tribe that the hunt had been successful
and that the great Eland had been taken.
In parapsychological studies of the Australian Bushman
similar capabilities were noted under similar conditions of
great distance and a need for information exchange which could
not be met by normal modes of communication. These Bushman
were given European ESP tests and scored generally 2 to 4
times higher than the average European. Their means of
contacting each other over moderate distances was apparently
to build a fire which sent up a thin column of smoke. This
attracted the attention of another Bushman who when he
saw such a signal was observed to squat and take a thoughtful
pose. He later would explain that somebody wanted to talk
to him. Interviews with European bosses of the tribesmen
revealed a remarkable ability of the Bushman to know of
family tragedy in far away areas without radio.
As pointed out previously) most spontaneous ESP type
events take place between members of a family or close
friends. Where is such information more likely to receive
22
Y r 4
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a IL A-h% Low
a sympathetic ear? Where would the motivation be higher
to acquire threat information than in this smallest of
Believing communities?
There is doubt whether any really significant parapsychologica
results will be obtained outside of such Believing Communities
and realistic motivation. Such communities are springing
up all over the U.S. today and much work needs to be done with
them. The two principal types of these communities are the
Occult and the Charismatic. Of the two the Charismatic
appear to be of a more permanent variety and more likely to
tolerate close scrutiny. The encouragement given to clairvoyant
and other perceptive capabilities is intense. The communities
are generally under 50 in number and their personal bonds
become very strong. The model of their organization and
motivation is found within the New Testament in I Corinthians.
23
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Chapter III
E.S.P. - A Threat to COMSEC. A Survey of Open Literature.
The author surveys open literature to determine whether
there is acceptable scientific proof of the existence of the
parapsychological phenomena herein described as "telepathy"
and "clairvoyance," and classed under the general heading of
"extra-sensory perception" (ESP) and to determine whether
such phenomena, if they exist, constitute a significant threat
to the COMSEC equipments, devices, and materials of the
United States or to the classified information protected by
such equipments, devices, and materials.
Experimental Difficulties and Deficiencies. Many, if not
most, reputable scientists have been skeptical as to the
scientifically provable existence of phenomena which could be
adequately demonstrated to satisfy the current definitions of
telepathy and clairvoyance. Some of the reasons for their
disbelief include: the difficulty of isolating a phenomenon
which, if it exists, would be subject to extreme variations
caused by human factors, such as boredom, fear, and mere whim;
the lack of precision in the definition of the talent under
-study; and the scarcity of clear manifestations of the "psychic'
talent to be tested. Some scepticism also resulted from
24
.+` VY si L i~ j; a~~=Sara Y 4 Ji.S 4
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-4 '%A A jijaLw
frequently inconclusive results of experiments* and the
inability of trhined experimenters to develop repeatable
experiments showing a continuing high rate of ESP performance.
it has been suggested that, when a psychic -- a person-alleged
to have ESP talent -- of considerable reputation was involved,
this problem was the result of testing under environmental
conditions not tailored to the peculiar needs of the talent
being tested.
Significant Experiments and Observations. The following
describes and comments on a few of the more significant ESP
experiments which have been conducted and the results which
have been obtained. Late in 1961, a small group of scientists
formed a research team under the auspicies of the Cambridge
Research Laboratories, Office of Aerospace Research, United
States Air Force, to establish a scientifically unbiased
method for testing and evaluating the ESP hypothesis. In
their report the group explained their views and aims as follows:
"Parapsychology, of which ESP is a branch, is not
transitory. The subject is attracting the attention of an
increasing number of respected scientists. With reports
of significant ESP performances growing in number, it is
*The concentration by many scientific investigators on testing
for ESP capability in the "average person' (who could possibly
show only an incipient capability, nearly impossible to demon-
strate conclusively), instead of concentrating on specific
persons reputed to have considerable psychic talent, may be a
coptributing factor.
L
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apparent that the time is fast approaching when objective
and emotionally unbiased scientists, using rigorous experimental
techniques, must test the ESP hypothesis in order to make clear
the nature of these phenomena to themselves and to the public.
Moreover, until a sizable segment of the orthodix scientific
community displays the integrity and courage to conduct a
series of appropriate experiments and publishes both positive
and negative results impartially, the ESP controversy will
never be resolved. With this connection in mind, the authors
converged on the problem of experimenting in ESP in order to:
(1) test their own skills in experimental design by applying
them to this little-known area; (2) developed the knowledge
which could lead to intelligent evaluations of existing
studies and opinions in the field; (3) have first hand ESP
testing experience with subjects in a controlled environment;
(4) gain experience in analyzing ESP type responses in a
rigorous statistical fashion; and, (5) evaluate various data
collection, data reduction and statistical analysis techniques
for application to ESP data.1
Repeatable Experiments. One of the chief aims of the
continuing Air Force studies in this field is to devise a
repeatable experiment. As they state in paragraph 3 of their
iTesting for Extrasensory perception With a Machine,
W am R. Smith, Everett F. age, rgaret?D. Hill , John
Mott-Smith, Defense Documentation Center for Scientific
and Technical Information, Alexandria, VA. p.2
r . " e ---i-+ ?~'r~ rya +r~:-r.=r ?
+~ a::Ci lsr. Y 1
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initial report,
"Opponents of ESP emphasize that a repeatable experiment
has never been designed in this field. This standard is
justified from a physical sciences standpoint, where repetition
of experiments and consistency of results are mandatory and
historically have been achievable."2
No persons who appeared to have any significant ESP
capabilities were found by the Air Force team during their
first tests. It may be significant that the team confined
its testing exclusively to "average persons" having no
prior record of exhibiting ESP talents. It was also noted
that little thought was given to tailoring the testing
methods to conditions under which the phenomena might most
readily be manifested in the test subjects.
The Air Force Team makes use of the "sheep" (believers)
and "goat" (non-believers) method developed by Dr. Gertrude
Schmeidler3 of the Psychology Department, City College of
New York and R. A. McConnell of the Biophysics Department,
University of Pittsburgh.
Repeatable Techniques. Schmeidler has been partially
successful in developing a repeatable technique which could
be used over and over again with consistent results. Over
Zlbid, p. 3
3Dr. Sclvneidler a
presented paper to the APA on ESP research
in 1967. She is a respected researcher in the field.
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a three year period she tested, (using the 5 symbol ESP cards)
in six large scale experiments, the hypothesis that belief or
disbelief in the reality of ESP would incline her subjects to
succeed or fail in the task. Working with decks of cards
placed in another room or locked in a closet, she consistently
obtained higher scores from those who believed in ESP.4
On one series of more than 4,000 tests, the "sheep"
deviated from the chance expectation by +614 and the "goats"
deviated by -301.5 Dr. Schmeidler was not contending that her
own experiment was needed to prove the ESP hypothesis. In
her own report, "ESP and Personality," she explains,
"Why so many scientists are still unconvinced ...
uncareful reading, lack of knowledge of experiments with
tightly controlled conditions (such as those) performed
by Pratt and Woodruff in 1939."6
She also points to phenomenal scores under conditions
of considerable distance such as those obtained by B. F. Riess
in 1937:
"Subject lived about a quarter of a mile from him. She
(subject) agreed to stay while she made her responses in a
4Parapsychology, Colliers Encyclopedia, 1972F Vol. 18p p. 436
5ESP and Personality, Dr. Gertrude Schmeidler, R. A. McConnell,
Yale and Oxford University Presses, 1958, p47.
6Ibid, p17
2R
6 ` a-%: ,; $Ms' 6"M 2 'w Y L? "1L loon
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room which faced away from his house ... Out of 1850 responses
(using the five symbol ESP cards) where chance expectation
was 370 successes, the obtained number of successes was 1349."7
Environmental Selectivity. Schmeidler's examples and her
experiments are impressive; however, she still neglects
environmental selectivity and the testing of?a well defined
talent. The Pratt and Woodruff experiments (referred to by
Dr. Schmeidler) were particularly impressive. Under very well
controlled conditions, where the tester was not even aware of
the successes of the subject and the results were locked in a
box, on 2400 runs of ESP cards the subject scored results
against which the odds of chance happening were one in 500,000.
Noted Psychic. Between 1952 and 1955 Dr. Andrija Puharich,
ND,8 conducted as"noted psychic." One of the more interesting
experiments was described as follows:
"The electrical target was a random generator pulsed
by big cosmic ray showers, and a moving paper graph recorded
on ON switching period (of ten seconds). This provided an
electrical target appearing in a random sequence which followed
7Ibid, p7
8Puharich is particularly noted in the ESP research field
for his novel Experimental Designs - His controls were often
below present standards but were not below other testing con-
trols of the periods in which they took place - His primary
interest was exploratory,. not advocative.
to
* 3
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a Poisson distribution. The subject was separated from the
electrical target by a distance of 0.3 miles. The subject
was further shielded from the electrical target by being
stored inside the double Faraday cage9... "Mrs. Garrett
(the Psychic) was asked to call the arrival time of the
cosmic-ray pulse that activated the pen, and was allowed 15
seconds after the target in which to qualify for a hit.
In group 5 of the test experiment of Project IV there
appeared a total of 59 targets, and these were distributed in
the Poisson series with a mean of .475. In relation to these
targets Mrs. Garrett made 61 calls distributed in the Poisson
series with a mean of 0.491. Statistical analysis of group
5 yielded a critical ratio of 4.87 with a probability of
0.000001, or odds against chance of a million to one. The
uncharged cage, control experiment yielded a critical ratio
of 1.08 or chance expectation. The critical ratio of differ-
ence between these two experiments is 4.43 (P=0.000005).
This result was considered statistically significant and
argued for extrasensory cognition on the part of Mrs. Garrett.
9A copper-screened cubical enclosure on insulating supports,
the purpose of which is to permit an electrical field to be
placed around the person to be tested for ESP. The Faraday
cage is supposed to isolate the person from incoming electro-
magnetic signals and to prevent the person from transmitting
such signals beyond the cage.
so
'- r r!rw ,
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However, because of the possibility that large cosmic-ray
showers could simultaneously strike the target area and
the call area, it was felt that the evidence for 'no electrical
interaction' was incomplete."10
The controls for the experiment, as they are represented
by the doctor, seem to be good. The experiment appears to be
tailored to Mrs. Garrett's talent. The results appear to be
significant evidence in favor of the ESP hypothesis, except
for the qualification made in the last sentence quoted above,
which (at the least) shows an unusual human sensitivity to
cosmic rays.
Spontaneous ESP. Between January and October 1956,
Dr. Puharich conducted a series of experiments testing the
capability of the noted Dutch psychic, Peter Hurkos. Among
the most significant were the following demonstrations of
"spontaneous" ESP, all of which occurred before witnesses
and two of which involved persons of good academic reputation.
"The object contained in a sealed package I (Professor
C. J. Ducasse noted ESP investigator of Brown University)
., .:gave Mr. Loring to. submit to Hurkos for Psychometrizing11 is
10-
Beyond Telepathy, Andrija Puharich, Doubleday and Company,
Inc., Garden City, New York, 1962, p214.
11"Divination by physical contact or proximity of the properties
of things touched or approached", New Practical Standard
Dictiona , Punk and Wagnall. More accurately, the touching
o package enabled Mr. Hurkos to use it as the + or means
of interfacing with the inside contents e.
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.. .rs 5 \i 2
a small pottery jar, that was broken but mended, which was
given to me in 1922 by the late Dr. Stevenson Smith, Professor
of Psychology at the University of Washington. He said it came
from the ruins of Pompeii. in Italy, buried in 79 A.D. in the
ashes thrown up by eruption of Vesuvius...Mr. Hurkos said...
'this object blew up-an explosion. There was an explosion a
long time ago. I hear the language, It is very old. It had
to do also with water. I don't know what it is. I see a
dark color. It is not straight, not regular, it very jagged,
sharp points. I am sure of this. Dr. Ducasse: didn't ]guy
this. It was given to him, and it was repaired. A souvenir.
I am sure the owner of the cylinder is dead. I do not mean
Dr. Ducasse; he is well.'"12
"Julian Huxley (the noted scientist) and his wife visited
the Laboratory on the twenty-sixth of August 1956. In this
test Mr. Huxley handed a sealed envelope to Harry Stone, who
went to the opposite side of the room. Peter Hurkos was to
concentrate on Harry Stone holding the sealed envelope to see
if he could get any impression. These are his words ... 'I
now go to the hospital room and I see a bureau and a blonde
--woman. I see a woman who lives outside of town. A musical
1Beyond Telepathy, Dr. Andrija Puharich, M.D., Doubleday
and Company, Inc., Garden City, New York, 1962, p47.
s$
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person. A ring has been lost. The woman had an accident
on the legs ... I see airplanes and bombs. 'Don't forget
me, Frank and Lillian would.' I see writing on a photograph.
I feel a woman."
Hurkos was wrong, but he realized that the picture
described was, in fact, in Mr. Huxley's wallet and normally
touched the test picture.
"Mr. Huxley affirmed that Hurkos' description of the
photograph still in his wallet, sketchy though it was, was
accurate."13
"A friend of mine gave Peter Hurkos a letter sealed in
a manila envelope. Hurkos handled this letter and then made
the following statements to my friend in my presence.
'This letter is from your wife. She seems to be
in good health at the moment, but she will have trouble with
her female organs.'
Hurkos then drew a diagram of the uterus and the Fallopian
tube with a large mass in the center portion. Hurkos then
went on to say that in about six months the female organs
would give rise to complications which would require surgical
intervention. Six months after this reading the woman in
."question.began to develop severe cramps, irregular bleeding
13Ibid., p54
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and low hick pain ... At the Mayo Clinic a hysterectomy was
performed ... The left Fallopian tube had a large sealed-off
mass, w14
Two business men, Mr. C. V. Wood and Mr. Tom Slick
wanted to test Hurkos' ability to get intelligence from an
object sealed in a package. At this time, May 1959, Hurkos
was staying in Miami and two gentlemen visited him there.
They had arranged to have Mr. Wood's secretary, in Los
Angeles, California, mail them a sealed package whose contents
were not revealed to them until after the experiment was
completed. In this particular instance Hurkos was not
allowed to touch the sealed package. Furthermore, it was
held by another gentleman who went into the next room so that
Hurkos could not even see the shape of it. Hurkos' statement ...
'I see in this package some brown hair from a dog.
I see a leather collar from a dog with brass trimmings on it.
This package is about a small dog, brown in color. The dog
has a lame left hind leg. The owner of the dog does not
know what is wrong with it ... The doctor thinks that it is
some sort of an arthritis. I think that this ... is due to
.neuritis. I believe this will be cured by some sort of shock...'
The sealed package contained some brown dog hairs, and it
contained a metal chain from a dog. There was no leather
14lbid., p51
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brass-triimned dog collar in the box ... The other statements
were remarkagle in their knowledge of the situation. The dog
in question was a brownish poodle called Cocoa. The dog had
been sick for several weeks, limping and favoring his left
hind leg ... The most curious aspect ... a week after the
reading by Hurkos, the dog was hit by a car but merely rolled
over, and after this accident the limp disappeared and the dog
has been well since that time."15
These "spontaneous" performances are as controlled as
is possible under the circumstances. The relation of chance to
these demonstrations represent either fraud or the unique
expression of geniune talent. With the caliber of the
Witnesses involved, fraud seems unlikely.
On January 1941, Dr. S. G. Soal,16 highly respected
scientist, began a series of tests for telepathy and precognition
which were to last for a year. The principal subject was Mr.
Basil Shackleton. Previous experiments has shown that
Shackleton had achieved significant positive results. His
talent bad a peculiarity, however; previous results had shown
that Shackleton's correct card guesses were always related to
the card which the sender had just previously transmitted.
15lbid. p50
16Senior Lecturer in Pure Mathematics, Queen Mary College,
University of London - Fulbright Research Scholar in,
Parapsychology (1951).
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Soal was particularly interested-in verifying both Shackleton's
talent and its peculiar manifestation. More than 18,000
individual tests were performed. Shackleton showed only a
sligtly higher-than-chance expectation on direct calls of
the card being looked at:
Trials
--
3,946
Expected Hits
--
789
Actual Hits
--
829
Deviation
--
+40
Standard Deviation
--
-2517
However, when the card calls were related to the card
immediately proceeding the one being concentrated on, the
results were quite different:
Trials
--
3,789
Expected Hits
--
777
Actual Hits
--
1,101
Deviation
--
325
Standard Deviation
--
-2518
"In other words, the (Shackleton) 'telepathy'
experiments show odds against chance of at least ten million
to. one. "19
17 -
Modern Experiments in Telepathy, S. oa , Yale nive
rg ess,Now maven, p149
i8ibid., p149
19lbid., p151
36
\...> mo t e t j L i ? .+~.
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-r
The character of the experimenter, the careful tailoring
of the experiments to the talent of the 'psychic' and the
tight scientific controls, the experimental results must be
seriously considered as showing very strong evidence in favor
of the ESP hypothesis. (This view is shared by L.L. Vasil'yev,
The Principal Russian Experimenter, see pp38 and 39 of his work,
Suggestion at a Distance.) As Vasil'yev also shows, scientific
reviewers generally hold Soal's work in high regard.
TV Summary of ESP Research. On June 16, 1966, ABC-TV
presented a documentary entitled "The Baffling World of ESP."
Many scientists studying in the field were represented.
Among them were psychologist Gardner Murphy, psychiatrist
Montague Uliman, and physicist Henry Margenau. The participants
were as varied in their nationality as in their scientific and
psychic talents:
English medium Douglas Johnson gave (before the
,camera) a convincing demonstration of ESP. He revealed many
detailed facts about a woman and her father, neither of whom
he had previously known (according to the TV network).
Dr. Milan Ryzl PhD, of Czechoslovakia, gave a
partially successful demonstration of the gifts of one of the
clairvoyants which he trained by hypnotic methods. A repre-
sentative of the-University of Utrecht, who further represents
the parapsychological institute of the University, had been
observing Dutch psychic Gerard Croiset for several years.
37
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.e .?1 .. r ~..,.' .rs.e ~
N&WO
He testified that Croiset had repeatedly demonstrated, during
the period he was under surveillance, an amazingly dependable
ability to find lost people, especially children.
Croiset's performance was particularly convincing. Even
though lacking laboratory controls, the probabilities involved
in consistently being able to find lost persons are obviously
well beyond chance, especially when the location of such
persons was often not known by anyone. Such a long sur-
veillance should have uncovered any fraud.
Of particular interest in the field of parapsychological
research is the quality and quantity of Soviet Bloc research
being conducted. A partial list of Bloc scientists involved
would include Milan Ryzl (Czech), M. Kantorovich (Russian),
Dr. A. V. Dubrovskiy (Russian), B. Kazhinskiy (Russian),
Jirina Dumasova (Czech), Edward Naumov (Russian), V. Bekhterev
(Russian), Dr. G. V. Reyts (Russian), R. I. Platonov (Russian),
Dr. N. A. Panov (Russian), R. D. Kotkov (Russian) and,
particularly, Leonid L. Vasil'yev (Russian). The effort which
the admittedly materialistic Soviet Bloc researchers are
expending in ESP research is remarkable. The sophistication
? and positive results achieved by the Bloc effort are exem-
plified by the description of the following series of tests
carried out by L. Vasil'yev in 1961 or 1962:
28
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"The subject, awake, was given the instruction to
rhythmically press on the balloon (connected to a rotating
kimograph drum (like a seismograph) ) .. at a given point,
unknown to the subject, an indicator in another room gave
her the mental suggestion to fall asleep .. The pneumatic
recording of her movements continued while she was still
awake. However, the moment the percipient (subject) was
hypnotized, the movements stopped and the recording equipment
marked an even line. (When suggested to wake up) the
percipient with no additional instructions renewed her
squeezing of the balloon, interrupted during her hypnotic
sleep." 20
Three subjects were tested in this experiment.
There were 260 tests of mental hypnosis and awakening.
There were 6 failures to wake and 21 failures to hypnotize
the patient within a 10-minute period. In 91 instances the
percipient responded to the command within 2 minutes after
it was given; 73 of these responses were within 1 minute.
This experiment was scientific, repeatable and convincing
evidence for ESP. Vasil'yev's book, Suggestion At a
Distance, contains the following quotation on p38, in which the
20Suggestions at a Distance (Notes of a Physiologist) (A
translation) Leon asil'yev, Gospolit.zdat Publishing
House, Moscow, 1962, p85-90
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~? L L'. a. r:J.~. ?..:r'X J~
English philosopher George Price* (remaining unconvinced of
ESP as being supra-normal) acknowledges the successes of
parapsychology:
"A peculiarity of our times is the fact that in
the past 15 years (i.e. from 1940 to 1955) there has hardly
been a single scientific article criticizing the work of the
parapsychologists. This victory is the result of thorough,
extensive experimentation and sensible argumentation. The
best of Rhine and Soal experiments in guessing cards indicates
a tremendous difference compared to any possible accidental
coincidence. The possibility of prompting is almost excluded
since the cards and the percipient were in different buildings.
Positive results were obtained from dozens of experiments ...
And the mathematical computations were approved by leading
statisticians."
Price remains unconvinced because parapsychology is
"incompatible with modern scientific theory."
It can be concluded that, despite over-zealousness, care-
lessness and exaggerated carefullness on the part of scien-
tific investogators, there is, in the aggregate, solid
evidence that:
*Price is a long time member of the British Institute for
Psychic Research. He is a psychic investigator of con-
siderable reput and healthy skepticism. It was Price who
conducted the ten-year study of the Haunting of Borley
Rectory - A notably detailed and careful analysis of a most
persistent phenomenon.
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Some men who are talented in a PSI direction can
know other men's thoughts, sometimes, and it is not necessary
that the talented person be within what is considered the
normal human sensory range. (Telepathy has been asserted by
reputable witnesses to have taken place over a distance of
many miles).
Some talented men are able to perceive objects
inside other solid objects, to describe such hidden objects
in detail, and often to describe personal details of persons
who previously had touched the hidden objects without having
any other access to such information. Such "clairvoyant"
performances have been observed (by reputable witnesses) to
take place where the "clairvoyant" merely touches, but does
not rattle or.shake, the outside container. Sometimes this
type of person is able to describe internal conditions of
human beings in detail when said persons are miles distant
(again, according to reliable witnesses).
Because of the detailed accuracy in the "clairvoyant"
descriptions of some of the experiments and because of the
ability of some of the "telepathic" receivers studied to
"tune in" on the mind of the pre-selected sender, ESP can
constitute a significant threat against COMSEC equipments,
devices, and materials, if such a talent is developed to a
41
-- 1i '% M XAIWLBMM
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00 '%L . JI kA=A L
a dependable degree. Because of the small pool of dependable
"psychic" talent, such a threat would probably be used
only against selected high-echelon diplomatic or military
communications. Some of the most lucrative targets for
such a threat would seem to be: the message drafter,
the message typist, the clear-text message in a known place,
the man who keys the crypto machine or the crypto device
and the cryptomaterial user or handler, keying materials
(the simpler in construction the greater the liklihood of
their vulnerability), the encrypted message, and the
encrypted signal.
There is some indication from the ESP tests studied,
that talented "psychics" operating in teams might increase
the reliability and accuracy of the material psychically
perceived.
Very few naturally gifted "psychics" with continuously
dependable talents exist today, and the ability to train
such talent does not presently exist. Although Dr. Milan
Ryzl of Czechoslovakia has demonstrated some limited .
success in training psychics by using a hypnotic technique.
42
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(Both of these assertions are universally acknowledged by
reputable investigators).
There are indications that physical conditions can
be created which will hinder the operation of the "psychic
talent" (boredom, and even small increases in the normal
levels of carbon dioxide and positive ions can hinder good
performance21) as well as promote its positive achievement
(sleep, hypnosis, chemical stimulants and negative ions
promote good performance22). Appendix A contains a summary
of optimum conditions for "telepathic" interaction as
described by the Russian parapsychologist, Vasil'yev and
the American, Dr. Puharich.
opcit., Beyond Telepathy, p14 and Suggestions at a Distance,
p47-59
22opcit., Beyond Telepathy, p14 and Suggestions at a Distance,
? p47-59
43
f . , 1a : ~? is ?.'..?:V LZU A In I
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J ~.sF? .. - Y '
J% 1F-T
RMIUMN
OPTIMUM CONDITIONS FOR 'TELEPATHY'
Using ideas or mental images on which the inductor (sender)
has concentrated his attention to a maximal extent.
Using ideas on mental images which have emotional value
to the inductor and receiver, consciously or unconsciously.
Using a clear image deliberately guided toward the
intended recipient.
Testing while the percipient (receiver) is in the state
of neutral consciousness or trance, hypnosis, sleep, great fear,
concern or a feeling of sensitivity.
The existence of a feeling of success on the part of
sender and, especially, the receiver.
The existence of "telepathic rapport" between sender and
receiver.
Permitting the sender to determine the time of image or
idea transmission.
The prior establishment in a period of time close to
that of the testing period, of good normal communications
between individuals participating in the test, as-spontaneous
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cases of telepathy often occur between persons who have a
depth of comman concerns such as members of the same family.
The development of "spontaneous" atmosphere around the
target material on constructing the test environment in such
a way that it offers a considerable challenge to the percipents's
capability
45
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(Note: See Chapter 5 Appendix A for
complete Listing)
Union of South Africa
Mr. Maurice C. March
Rhodes University (Union of South
Africa)
United Kingdom
Prof. C. A. Mace
Mr. William G. Roll
Prof. H. H. Price
University of London
Oxford University (Parapsychologic
Laboratory)
United States
Dr. Gardner Murphy
Director of Research
Dr. Montague Ullman
Dr. Stanley Krippnes
Menninger Foundation (supported
by Grant of Ittleson Family
Foundation)
William C. Menninger Dream
Laboratory Brooklyn New York
Dr. J. B. Rhine
Mr. E. Douglas Dean
Dr. Putthoft
Mr. Russel Targ
Dr. Thelma Moss
Duke University
(Grant from Durham University)
Newark College of Engineering
Stanford Research Institute
(University of Stanford)
UCLA Neurological Institute
Mellon Charitable Trust (supports
work at University of Pittsburgh)
Parapsychology Laboratory, St.
Joseph's College, Philadelphia
Laboratory For Psychological
Physics University of Pittsburgh
Human Echology Fund of New
York (grant to Oxford)
46
-? .. x! i r_- C .'r.. ! - ,~i .J fir'w:.~,
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As of 1954 and beyond, work on ESP was being conducted
or supported by the following additional persons and
institutions:
Germany (West)
Dr. W. H. C. Tenhaett,
(Prof. of Parapsychology)
Mr. J. G. Van Busschbach
Mr. Geimans Baugmans
Spain
J. Riccardo Musso
(Prof. of Parapsychology)
USSR
P. I. Gulyayev
Parapsychology Laboratory,
University of Kings Colleae,
Halifax
Institute for Mental Hygieric
and B6der Line Studies,
Frieburg (Germany)
University of Utrecht (Chair
of Parapsychology)
Groningem University (Holland)
Universidad del Litoral (SPAIN)
Leningrad State University
46
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Chapter IV
ESP and Earlier Soviet Research
After a careful study of numerous CIA and FTD reports of
Soviet ESP research, the following general information con-
cerning such research was derived. Between 1960 and 1966
Russian ESP research went from a position of official toleration
to considerable official support.
The research plan of Russian research is reported to be:
'ro find out who are suitable subjects for ESP research; determine
the proper conditions for successful ESP experiments; develop
the biophysics of ESPY study the electromagnetic spectrum
as a possible transmission source; Study field and wave
theories as they may be applicable to ESP) Understand ESP
from the cybernetics point of view.
No detailed results of ESP experimental successes have
been published in recent open Soviet literature; however,
the effort being expended by the Soviets in this field and
the range of uses which they envision for ESP indicates that
some meaningful results have been produced by their efforts.
It is interesting to note that recent Soviet publications of
ESP research have lacked the more detailed quality of the
professional report and have tended to be more general and
aimed at propandandizing:
47
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The amount of research effort beina expended by
the Soviets is indicated by the number of personnel and
institutions apparently involved in ESP research; these
include:
Moscow - Biological information section of Moscow
Scientific technical Society of Radio Engineering-(Department
of Technical Parapsychology)
--Dr. E.K. Naumov (Pres)
--AM. S. Smirnov, Dr. Prof. Sig C,ershteyn,
A.S. Pressman, AI Potekhin, V.A. Kholodov, Mr. Martin Wadiri
(50 scientists in all). Institute of Problems of Transmission
of Information-Dr. D.G. Mirza (DIP.) Dr. Smirnov, Miss Kisilova,
Mr. I.V. Mirzalis. Unassigned-Eugent Faddeev and Y.U. Makarenko,
Leningrad - Leninarad University Telepathy
Laboratory (8 rooms) Prof Vasiliyev (dec) Prof P.V. Tarentiev,
Prof. A.D. Alexandrov, Prof Perov, Dr. P.I. Gulyaev and Dr.
P.I. Bull (15 scientists in all).
Kiev - Biocybernetics Department of the Institute
of Cybermetics, Academy of Sciences Ukranian SSR, Kiev - Dr.
Prof N.M. Amosov, Director, Dr. B.B. Kazhinskiv, Prof N.A.
Raevsky, physchologist, Dr. T.A. Timofesovich, Dr. Petrov,
Mr. LI Plushch (12 people in all).
48
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? ~' ... .. X11 .. 'r J is LEA
Omak - Dr. Zavada Valeri.
Sochi - (7)
Saratov - Dr. V. V. Safronov
Tar - Dr. Pumblilia Augustovna
Odessa - Mrs. S.T. Niklaevna
The following possibilities for using ESP are being
considered by the Soviets:
Some Soviet scientist consider that ESP could be
"accomplished with the help of a still unknown type of energy
or a factor inherent only to the highest form of development
of matter--the substances and structure of the brain. The
discovery of this type energy or factor would be the equivalent
of the discovery of atomic energy". Some of these scientists
feel an unknown energy "possibly akin to gravity and neutrinos
is involved". They also feel that "in the future, machines on
the moon or in the ocean will be controlled by thought." Such
ideas are not mere idle speculation. This type of energy is
considered seriously by such diverse minds as the Soviet N.A.
Kozyrev and the French scientist-philosopher Tielhard de Chardin.
Experiments are carried out by Jule Eisebud, M.D. in the
United States and Dr. Barnard Grad of Canada, tend to
substantiate the theory that such energy exists.
49
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Dr. Eugene B. Konecci, Director of biotechnology and human
A
research at N"SA's office of Advanced Research and Technology
stated during the 14th congress of the International Astronautical
Federation (1963) that the Soviets are giving top priority
toward the study of "electromagnetic communications between
living organism" under their manned space program. Dr. Konecci
confirmed that NASA is persuing similar research.
A report
stated "From the talks
of the prominent scientists I could gather that research in the
field of telepathy is being conducted from the point of view of
defense quite actively particularly in the problem of transmission
of information and in the problem of guiding the movement of
inter-continental rockets (using) pigeons." This would be an
emergency measure to counter jamming - intentional or unintentional.
Presumably the transmission of information could also be
concerned with the transmission of Soviet agent communications
or the intercept of Western defense information.
Thought control is another area in which the Soviets are
trying to utilize telepathy. Many modern psychologists and
psychiatrists believe that the unconsciousness of man (in which
ESP operates) provides part of the information which is used by
50
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men to make decisions or form opinions. The Soviets would like
to influence this unconscious information fill and thus
influence world attitudes as well as those of their own citizens.
stated "B.B. Kazhinsky has envolved a
system of using telepathy in education not only for knowledge,
but also for transforming characters.' states
that "The Soviets have extended Pavlovian experiments to
individual human beings to groups and even to societies. They
are utilizing electronic computers in their experiments at
giving them control of entire populations."
Some developments in Soviet ESP research include:
A successful telepathy transmission of 12 out of 25
pictures from Moscow to Novosibirsk (6 of which were satisfactorily
received and 3 very good) - Tass 9 Oct 1966.
A successful telepathy experiment in which the hypnotized
subject was made to fall asleep or awaken in four out of five
tries - Tass 9 Oct 1966.
A nationwide telepathy experiment is to be carried out
atW& y
within the next few month. All Soviet citizens have been alerted
to this test which will originate telepathy transmission from
Moscow at scheduled times. This test has been characterized by
CIA as a nation-wide talent hunt.
ai
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Bibliography
Excerpt - Prepared 14 Feb 67 (CIA) CEL
Excerpt - Prepared 14 Feb 67 (CIA) (C)
Excerpt - USSR NATL Affairs (CEL) 10 Oct 66
CIA Info Report, Subj: Added Comments on Dr. Smirnov's
Interest in Parapsychology 13 Sep 65 Nr.
Excerpt Parapsychology F DD 6393 (CIA) 9 Apr 65
CIA Info report, Subj: Heavy Emphasis on Parapsychology
Program/Extension of Pavlovian Experiments to whole Populations
Nr. 00-3-3, 231, 557 31 Jul 62
CIA Info report Czech Parapsychologists Report on Visit to
Biochbernates Lab., Personnel involved, and Programs Encountered
30 Jan 62 Nr
CIA Scan/66/461, Title: New Telepathy Research Section
25 Feb 1966
Studies in Mental Telepathy, Leonid Vasilayev, Gospotitizdat
Publishing House, Moscow, 1962; pgs 1-160.
CIA Scan 66/1101, Title: French Estimates of Soviet Science
'.2 May 1966.
58
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The "Laying on of Hands" Implications for Psychotherapy and
the Placebo Effect, Corrective Psychiatry and Journal of Social
Therapy, Bernard Grad Phd Vol 12 Nr. 2 Mar 1966 p. 192-204.
"The Man with the Camera Brain", True Mag. Jule Eisenbud, Md.
Jan 1967 p. 37-124.
"Thought Transference" - Aviation Week and Space Technology
Oct 7 1963 p. 37.
CIA Report Subj: Parapsychology in the Soviet Union/
Organizations/Interest NNr. pp. 30 Nov 62.
`Westinghouse Scientists try to Harness Mental Telepathy."
New York Herald Tribune - Robert C. Toth 3 Nov 1958.
.1 8
~~ ~i :& L & $ L-P
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Chapter V
Soviet Bloc Report Science and Parapsychology.
One of the most critical aspects in the development of any
new technology or field of science, is the caliber of men working
in the field. There are a fairly large number of Soviet
scientists (See Appendix A and B), investigating various
aspects of ESP. Some of these men are the leaders of less
controversial fields of science. Perhaps a comparative study
should be made based on past experience (The amount of high
caliber effort focused on a particular problem in the past as
related to the speed with which the particular problem was solved)
to indicate the approximate time period remaining to us before
Soviet science begins to bring the practical applications out
of the field of Parapsychology.
In view of the recent Soviet emphasis on the new type of
energy aspect of the field, it appears that this suggestion would
be timely. As of 1972 between 13 and 20 million dollars are
reported to be invested in Soviet ESP Research in 20 or more
centers of research.1
1LaMothe, John D. Controlled Offensive Behavior DIA, 31 Jan 72 p24
St-CS-01-169-72
514
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Soviet field research directed toward the isolation and
investigation of PSI energy seems to have made some significant
discoveries in 1969 in spite of some considerable opposition in
Soviet official and scientific circles.
one of the most intriguing developments during the year
was the seminar of studies and experiments concerning the
tele-Kineticist Kalugina. (Nelya Mikhalova). A film of her
capabilities has been made, viewed by western observers and
portions of the film were copied from the screen and broucht
back to the U.S. The chief Soviet Parapsychologist, Dr. Edward
K. Naumov, asserts that the powers of Miss Kalugina has been
observed by Professor Terlexry a well known Soviet physcist, who
postulates some new kind of energy to explain this capability.
This considerable interest in the Kalugina capability seems to
be somewhat related to the 1968 Soviet scientific interest in
Ted Serios who was able to produce a photograph, using mind
energy alone, of a Soviet rocket never before known to be
available in Western communication or news media. The authenticity
if the missile was vouched for by Professor Vikon Y. Animov of
oronezh State University while he was in exchange professor
t .Nebraska University.
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During the Kalugina experiments a new device called a
wireless EEG was used to detect some sort of energy pulsing
around Kalugina while she was demonstrating the PK effect.
Other reports indicate that these some, rather sophisticated
devices have been used to test clinically dead people. When
ordinary EKG's and EEG's register nothing, these detectors
register some sort of energy. (Dr. Abram Hoffer and Dr. Harold
Kelm of the University of Saskatchewan are doing similar research
with devices of a much similar design.)
Western observers report that the best parapsychological
work done in the Soviet Bloc countries was being done in
Bulgaria by Dr. George lazanov. He has been in the field for
over 30 years. He claims high level support and possesses the
only nationalized psychic in the world, Vanga, who is famous
all over Eastern Europe and even in USSR. Lazanov is reported
to have many institutes all over Bulgaria filled with costly
Italian instruments and equipment. He appears to have free
access to Western Parapsychological Journals and has travelled
through most of Western Europe and recently in India.
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i
Russian - Dr. G.A. Sergeyev - Invention of wireless EEG, works in
a Military Lab.
Dr. I.M. Kogan
Dr. L. Paulova
Dr. Nikolai
Ko zyrev
Dr. Pavel
Gu ly ayev
Dr. Smirnov
Prof. Terlexky
Engineer Viklor
Popovkin
N.A. Valus
Prof. PK
Oshchepkov
- Conceives time as a carrier of
telepathic information.
- Of Leningrad Laboratory describes
the biological plazma on electrical
aura.
- Well known Soviet physicist has
observed telekiniticist, Kaluqina
and postulates some new form of
energy to explain her feats.
- Well known physicist - works on
serious photographic effect
- Inventor of radio location in
USSR - well known specialist in
field of introscopy also has a new
energy concentrations theory to
explain the serious effect.
r, 7
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Prof. Viktor - Physics exchange professor at
Anifimov Nebraska State University authenticat
Seyios photographs of Soviet Bloc.
Rocket, not seen before in the U.S.
Bulgaria-Dr. Georbe - Leading Parapsychologist in Bulgaria
Lazanov and sponsor of Vanua Dimitrova,
famous clairvoyantwho is nationalize
by the Bulgarian aovernment and
is well known in the Soviet Bloc'
and even in the USSR. Lazanov is
very powerful in Bulgaria.
Czechoslovakia -Dr. Zdenek - Psychologist and nerophyscicoloaist,
Rejdak a leading Czech (PSI) researcher
and exponant of hypnotic method
(good friend of Sergeyev in Leninarac
58
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97 Z~ A ALt1Ar
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Report) (Subject: Soviet Opposition to
Research in Parapsychology/ description of
Filmed Experiments with Nina Kalvgina Date 14 Feb 1969.
Report Subject: Validity of Nelya
Nikhavlova's claim to telekinetic Power/GA Sergeyeh's Wireless
EEG Date 29 Apr 69.
Report
Subject: Soviet interest in Ted
Senios claim to extrasensory Perception Qualities Date 22 Apr 68.
ReportSubject: Recognition Given
Dr. George Lazanov and Parapsychology in Bulgaria Date 18 Apr 69.
59
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I if "T
117-
.. ...- -~ ?~.. '.~ J:
Chapter VI
Testing for the Cryptologic Aspects of ESP
The purpose of the ESP experiments herein described is
threefold:
- To determine what effect human extra-perceptive
capabilities, temporarily categorized as telepathy and
clairvoyance, could have on the COMSEC posture of the United
States. The prime target areas being considered are: code
and cipher keying materials and encrypted text: underlying
plain text of encrypted messages; and knowledge of message
originators or processors.
- To determine what factors enhance the phenomena known
as telepathy and clairvoyance and what factors detract frori
its operation. Factors thought by researchers to contribute
to performance success are listed in appendix A. Those
included in preliminary tests and fully controlled tests are
indicated by asterisks. It is hoped that knowledge of such
factors will provide useful defensive security knowledge,
should a COMSEC threat be realized in this area.
- To find talented subjects so that A and B above
can be determined.
so
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Experimental Material: It was decided at an early stage in
the project that combinations of code groups and their
meanings would be used as target material for the tests.
The reasons for their choice were:
-It made the tests related to the Agency mission.
-By using combinations, it would be possible to obtain
100 guesses out of only 50 transmissions. It was considered
that the resulting abbreviation of each testing session
would inhibit the decline factor* which has so often detracted
from the results of previous parapsychological tests.
-Subjects could be convinced that the test involved a
real Agency problem which immediately increased interest
and attention.
-The material permitted flexibility. SyTTbols or meanings
having idiosyncratic' significance for the subject could
be isolated, which permitted some tailoring of the test to
the personality of the subject.
*Note the decline factor is an constant decline in positive
test results in written tests of knowledge or ability in
human beings.
The principal cause apparent to be boredom. Individual
significance for that participant person.
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- Code group-meaning provided a constant context, a fixed
environment condition or relationship.
-it was not difficult to adapt the material to statistical
procedures* already established in prior psychological and
parapsychological research.
Preliminary Tests - The purpose of the preliminary tests was
to test the text, and thereby, to ascertain if it were a
useful tool. Those who acted as participants (receivers) in
the preliminary tests were young college graduates, about 40%
of them male and about 60% female. The groups tested were
from virtually every state in the union.** The attitude
toward the test was typically one of considerable interest
combined with an ambivalent hope-fear attitude of individuals
toward exhibiting the phenomena themselves.
Randomness - The order of the 50 transmissions was put
into a random matrix such as that in Appendix Bl. The random
pattern itself was chosen by one tester from available
* Accepted mean choice expectancy statistics used for testing
randomness.
**Note principally just an observation but could have signifi-
cance as a degenerative effect caused by bond interfering
different cultural biases.
62
Y AY Z.A_J
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Agency produced crypto-material. (Since only 5 possible
combinations of code groups and meanings were used and each
future combination was automatically designated A. B, C, D,
or E, these letters rather than the actual combinations
themselves were randomized). The randomized matrix was
kept in a safe prior to the test to preclude access by
anyone, except the tester and the transmitter themselves.
The combinations were randomized at the last minute as a
further safeguard. (Appendix B2).
Conditioning - The precipients were given an ESP pep
talk before the test to heighten their enthusiasm, and an
attempt was made to have the students verbalize their thoughts
on the subject in order to enhance the conditions of normal
communications in the hope that channels of unusual
communications would thereby also be enhanced. Students
were encouraged to choose code group meanings which had
significance to them. Although in one session the transmitter
was permitted to establish the timing of the transmissions,
this-was found to make the test too lengthy. It was finally
decided that transmitting at a steady 10 second interval was
most comfortable for all concerned.
es
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Physical conditions and controls - During the best
controlled preliminary test, the percipients were located
in a room about 40 feet away from the transmitter who was in
an outside hallway in an alcove (see appendix C). There was
a monitor posted with the percipients and with the transmitter.
Timing was passed by word of mouth from a monitor who was
stationed with the transmitter.
Experimental Controls - In order to separate those who
might have a more active ESP capability from those who might
not, a simple test was designed with no stringent controls.
The statistics are the same as those of the Rhine cards,
but in this instance 5 love-hate symbols (cross, swastika,
heart, U.S. flag, and peacedove) were substituted for the
usual symbols. It was additionally decided that any one who
acheived 12 or more correct guesses or 9 or less correct
guesses would be included in the experimental group. It is
interesting to note that the two symbols which were received
best, even by subjects who only guesses 5 or 6 correctly,
were the cross (22% of the correct guesses) and the U.S.
flag (20% of the correct guesses), followed by the swastika
(18% of the correct guesses).
64
~
T
y-~
`~~' Sri ?L' is
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Results - In this test, each combination of code croup
and code meaning was counted as two guesses. The mean chance
expectance (MCE) for 100 guesses where the possibilities are
1 in 5 is 20 correct (although it developed that the actual
mean for 35 subjects and 3500 guesses was less than 18%).
The expected standard deviation (SD) is plus-or-minus 4.
All of this indicates that those subjects who scored more than
24 correct guesses show a deviation in favor of the ESP
hypothesis. Correct combinations were also studied statistically.
The same laws apply; however, the expectancy in this case is
for the MCE to be 2 correct with an SD of 1 in either direction.
The 12 members of the experimental group showed a
total positive deviation of 26 hits above the expected SD
of 60 for 12 people.
The 10 members of the control group showed a total
positive deviation of 5 hits above the expected SD of 50 for
10 people. The control group also showed double the total
negative deviation of the positive group below the SD--a
minus 8.
.- 6 5
'"k L
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Within the experimental group there were 4 individuals
who scored double or more the number of correct hits expected.
One of these individuals was
correct guesses on the code groups or meanings -- more than two
times the standard deviation: This subject also scored an un-
usually high number of hits on guessing combinations -- 6 instead
of the expected 2.
Within the control group no extraordinary positive
deviations occurred except where one subject guesses 5 com-
binations correctly; however, 5 fairly significant negative
deviations from MCE were scored: two of minus 7 and three of
minus 5.
Preliminary Test Conclusions: Since the controls of the
experiment were not considered stringent enough to eliminate
all possibilities of unusual sensory perception, it must be
concluded that the testing method was only possibly an
acceptable vehicle for isolating the ESP phenomena.
It was decided that further tests would have to be made of
high scoring subjects from the preliminary phase to insure
intended purpose.
It appears that some subjects who in the first preliminary
test were told that they did no better than average tended to
suppress their ESP capability which had the result of producing
a significant negative deviation in the second preliminary test.
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Fully Controlled Conditions: With some exceptions the
approach, attitudes, and preparatory steps used with the
fully controlled ESP test were the same as those used on
the preliminary tests. The principal deviations from the
original conditions were in the nature of:
A more complete indoctrination of the percipient
in the aims of the tests, and the conditions thought to
enhance test performance (as indicated in appendix A).
The indoctrination stressed among other things the probable
Agency use for the ESP capability, as well as the fact
that the development of ESP was part of an overall
personality enrichment effort.
-There were three series of tests conducted, each
consisting of 50 transmissions of 50 code group/meaninc-
combinations. Each test lasted approximately 30 minutes.
- More stringently controlled conditions:
Although the random matrix for scrambling the
basic code group-meaning combinations were still made up
days ahead of time, the random sequences of the combinations
themselves were made up at the last minute by a monitor, not
normally associated with the tests, who flipped a coin to
decide which random sequence to use.
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The transmitter was isolated from the receiver by
a distance of approximately 1.5 miles. The receiver was
placed under the scrutiny of the Agency psychologist, Dr.
Timing was provided by using synchronized electric
clocks activated by a single short phone call from the
tester who stayed with the transmitter (under monitoring).
The ten second interval was maintained by the monitor at
each end verbalizing each numbered interval.
The tests were marked by Dr. Q or another
monitor at the receiver site.
5 or 10 warm-up questions were used at the insistence
of the receiver.
In test two the receiver was known to be having a
personal disagreement with the transmitter but the test
was allowed to continue in order to observe the effect
this might have.
In test three another transmitter was added to the
first transmitting in hopes that this might offset any
negative attitudes that might have carried over from the
68
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conditions existing under test Nr. 2. Note that this
transmitter was retained because Miss had such good
rapport with her during the preliminary tests. The receivers
-root was subjected to jackhammer-like noises. The transmitter
site was also subject to temporary disruptive noise (door
knocking).
Test three was conducted under extremely adverse
conditions. The receiver was under constant scrutiny by 2
guest observers.
Controlled Test Results: Under preliminary test conditions
where test conditions were not strictly controlled, Miss
Cullison scored a total of 88 correct guesses of code
groups and code meanings (individually tabulated) out of
a total of 300 guesses. With a standard deviation from
MCE being 60, Miss scored more than 4 times the
expected deviation. Similarly the subject scored correctly
on 19 combinations where MCE is 6 and the SD 2 or more
than 6 times the expected rate.
Under fully controlled conditions, Miss still
continued to score significantly but lower than under the
preliminary tests. With the same number of total guesses
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involved as in the preliminary tests Miss) (made 77
correct guesses for individual code group and meaning or
about 2.4 times the expected rate. The subject also guessed
10-combinations instead of the expected 6 or twice the
expected rate.
It should be noted that Miss scored highest
in both categories on the last test (the most difficult
in terms of conditions). On this occasion whe was asked if
she thought she had gotten any one combination correct more
often than any other. She correctly replied SCO-attack which
constituted 4 of the 6 correct combinations which she
guessed on the third test. (In two preliminary tests
Miss Q had duplicated this feat. In both instances
the code meaning had been the word retreat. In the first
such instance Miss
guessed 6 combinations correctly,
5 of which contained the meaning "Retreat". The total
combinations involved were the usual 50. 'Under similar
conditions Miss again guessed 5 combinations
correctly, 9 of which contained the meaning "Retreat")
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It should be noted that on the occasion of her final
test, Miss was asked if anything disturbed her
during the test. (The transmitters had estimated that
around question 24 there had been a disturbing series of
knocks on the door of their room. This question was checked
off on the answer sheet). Miss replied that around
question 20 she felt like giving up -- an intriguing
coincidence, the exact same thoughts were going through
the transmitter's mind at that time.
Controlled Test Conclusion: The test methods used, if
carefully, are probably effective for the isolation and further
testing of some persons who have a measurable ESP capability.
Since Miss scored more significantly under
conditions which were more competitive and encouraged
greater intragroup communication, these conditions should
probably be given more emphasis in future tests.
On three testS(two preliminary and one fully controlled)
Miss seemed to display an affinity for a particular
code meaning. If such an affinity should prove to have
any durability, it could be of measurable benefit to
cryptanalysis.
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a
Since Miss ~ scored more significantly when there
were two transmitters, the possibility of enhancing percipient
performance by using groups of transmitters should be
given greater emphasis. In this connection, it might
also be beneficial to score groups of receivers in a
collective manner, i.e., if 3 out of 5 people guess combination
A, it is considered the group answer.
It'is considered that other test methods involving more
realistic situations might measurably enhance test results.
It appears that personality clashes* between transmitter
and receiver tend to cause a lack of interest on the part
of the persons concerned, which may result in a near average
performance by even talented subjects.
Miss ability to produce near random guesses
of target material appeared to be considerably above
average.
The above test results indicate that human ESP capability
provides a better than chance expeeta?eyresult on random
cryptographic material. For this reason the human ESP
*They had a couple of fights and began to dislike each other.
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s. +...? i L r Y Yii' --.u
capability could be a significant threat to U.S. COMSEC in
all of the categories indicated in paragraph lA. In view of
the results, the National Security Agency cannot afford to
remain ignorant of the scientific advances in utilizing or
developing this field.
Recommendation:
It is strongly recommended that the Agency seek to
acquire all available information on the subject of ESP
research
it is recommended that the Agency's psychological
testing program be amended to include a test such as that
reported above which would serve two purposes.
To isolate "super guessers" or persons who have a
knack for cryptanalysis
To isolate persons who have a high ESP potential.
7$
i~r Y - YY ?`~J/.
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It is recommended that future ESP tests concentrate on
the collective testing and scoring of groups of receivers
and transmitters.
it is recommended that some real material be included
for ESP targeting in future tests.
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Factors Considered to Benefit the Operation of ESP Tests:
xxx
1.
Creating a realistic situation.
xxx
2.
Getting transmitter and receiver to concentrate on
sending and receiving with each person considering the other
as the intended target.
xxx 3. Conditioning the subjects to react to the material
properly to consider the test important.
xx 4. Testing subjects who have demonstrated an ESP
capability by some degree.
xxx 5. Give feeling of success to sender and receiver by
praising positive and negative deviations.
xxx 6. Transmitting of targets in some sort of context or
natural environment.
xx
7.
Limiting each testing session to a short period.
xxx
B.
Building on success by eliminating unsuccessful
materials or conditions and conserving successful ones.
xxx 9. Trying to open as many channels of normal human
communications as possible - and opening them wide!
xxx 10. Synchronization of sender and receiver.
? xx 11. Using groups of transmitters.
12. Testing groups of receivers in some collective way
so as to discover even slight trends in,responses which defy
chance.
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`~ ?~/ L iii /lit 1d ?. /~ X AL
xx Included in preliminary tests
xxx Included in controlled tests
'8
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Initial Random Matrix of code group-code meaning
combination positions derived from Agency Random sequences.
Position of Transmitted Group Agency Random Sequence
1 A-WTA - Women and Children
2 E
3 B
4 C
5 A
6 A
7 A
50 B
Combinations receive their A, Be C, D, and E designations
by means of two more random sequences used to mate the members
of the combination, see below.
After an arbitrary A, Be Cr D. or E designator is
appended to each code group and meaning, a random sequence is
used to determine how they are to be mated. A separate
random sequence is used to rearrange the order of the code
groups and code meanings. If, for example, E should be the
first of the five letters to occur in the random sequence
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assigned to code'groups, WTA (below) would be the first
partner of combination A. Similarly, if B were to be the
first letter to occur in the random sequence assigned to the
code meanings, then Women and Children would be the code
meaning assigned to combination A. The same method is used
to determine the remainder of the combinations to be trans-
mitted.
B SCO Attack A Code Combination A =
WTA Women and Children
C MRV Target B
A BXY Killed C
D PLK Women and D
Children
E WTA Intelligence E
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Participants of the AD/HOC
testing group include:
Mr.
Dr.
Mrs
?8
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rvr-f7vA
A.Sa DER
, &UARO
PERcr P Ica 7'S
GUAILD
16
7
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Chapter VII
The Potential Threat of PK to COMSEC
In order to discuss the title question meaningfully, it
appears we will have to consider two more basic questions.
- Is there strong evidence supporting the existence
of PK phenomena and its relationship to stressful situations,
where frustration within a person causes the buildup of energy
that expresses itself in PK demonstrations.
What effect could such a phenomena have on the
SIGINT community.
There is significant evidence supporting the
existence of the phenomena and its connection with frustration.
The famous psychiatrist Hans Bender investigated two celebrated
cases in Germany: "The "Rosenheim" Case of 1967" and the
"Bremen Boy" case of June 1965. The Rosenheim case of 1967
was also investigated by two physicists Drs. F. Nanger and
G. Zuha, who also supported the reality of some of the
unusual phenomena.1 It all began in late 1967 in a lawyers
1Henry W. Pience, Science Looks at ESP, New American Library
Inc., New York 1970, pp. 86 and 87.
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office in Rosenhiem, Bavaria. Neon lights blinked off and
became unscrewed, Electric light bulbs exploded and usually
high telephone bills were attributed to the number 0119
(the dial?a-time number.)
The town sent the assistant director of the electric
company and his electricians to investigate. Using a voltage
recorder they detected unexplained deflictions (or up to 50
AMPS) associated with the strange phenomena. To rule out
the possibility that the town's power supply was causing the
unusual problem, a separate generator was used to provide the
building with power. Still the phenomena persisted. When
physicists F. Ranger and G. Zuha observed the same phenomena
they also noted that the house voltage remained the same.
This led them to conclude that the phenomena was not electrical
but that an "unknown energy" must have "mechnically" acted
on the pointer of the recorder."2
A team of Parapsychological investigators headed by
psychiatrist Dr. Hans Bender was called into the case. Dr.
%lan Vaughn, a Pollergeist investigations in Germany, Psychic,
the Bolen Co., San Francisco, California, April 1970, pp. 12
13.
82
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Bender's suspected that this was a case of "Poltergist"
(PK) phenomena and began to look for the usual cause -- a
young person with unresolved conflicts. He found such a person
in Annemarie Schaberl. She hated her work and impatiently
awaited the end of each working day. She was most distressed
in the late afternoon. The time when hundreds of calls
were registered for "0119" -- The number of "Time".3 The
phone was closely observed during these periods but there
was no dialing motion to be seen. Instead it appeared that
the "girl's unconscious PK somehow seemed to have tampered
directly with the switching elements inside the instrument.3
When the lawyer Sigmund Adam was told about the suspected
PK occurrance, he joken with Annmarie that "The next thing
you know there'll be pictures twirling on the walls.3
Early the next Monday morning,, the suggestion seemed to
seemed to take effect, as heavy oil paintings were observed
to twirl on the walls.
"Bender's team also witnessed this
Alan Vaughn,"Pollergeist investigations in Germany, Psychic,
The Bolen Co., San Francisco, California, April 1970, pp. 12
ci 13.
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.%.r' %4-V ..
was able to film on video tape the movements of one
painting as it rotated through an arc of 120 degrees."4
Annemarie went to Dr. Bender's laboratory at Freiburg to
be tested for ESP and PR. It is noteworthy that the girl only
scored above chance "when her emotions rose to a high pitch
during the course of Bender's psychiatric interviews."4
The"Bremen Case" involved a 15 year old boy, Heiner
Schultz who, it was claimed by witnesses, could cause objects
to move without touching them. At first the strange phenomena
concerned flying dishes in a china shop. When witnesses
realized that the phenomena only occurred when Heiner was
in the shop, Dr. Bender was called in to investigate. To
the amazement of Dr. Bender and his team of three men, the
phenomena continued while the boy was under their observation.
Later when the boy was apprh a ticed to electricians the
phenomena took a bizarre twist, loosening sturdy cable
hooks inserted into a concrete wall. When Dr. Bender set up
a laboratory test it also showed positive results. The
scientific team inserted their own hooks into a concrete
4IBID Psychic pp 13
r-+ r-% ... .. 8.4
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wall and after assuring themselves that they were secure,
placed the boy at a distance of one meter from the wall
and closely observed. After a few minutes they discovered
the hooks were loose but no one had seen them becoming so.
When the Bremen boy and the Rosenhein girl were psychologically
examined their personality structures were found to be
unstable. Both had little tolerence for frustration. In
both the frustration caused a rapid build-up of tensions
for which neither had any normal outlet. A more conformist
reaction to the same stressful environment might be to develop
an ulcer or high blood pressure.
Soviet scientists are well aware of the PK phenomena
and have been conducting tests in a Leningrad Laboratory.
The test subject is N. S. Kulagina, a woman who is reported
to be able to move small objects at will. The laboratory
belongs to Dr. G: A. Sergieiev (Dr. of technical sciences,
cybernelicist, telecommunications expert and neurophyscist).
Sergieiev is the inventor of the wireless EEG or Force Field
Detector. The phenomena have been verified by several scientists
.ncluding the world famous theoretical physicist, professor
B. Terletskii, who suggests that some unknown kind of
,orgy is responsible for the phenomena. The physician
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who studied Mrs. Kulagina during one experiment stated that
the pattern of her reactions during the experiment "reminds
one of a stress alarm reaction"5, which tends to support Dr.
Bender's findings.
Now let us consider the second question: How could this
effect the SIGINT community?
The evidence suggests that the PK effect in times of
stress and tragedy may be far more common than we suspect:
The clock stopping at the time of death or accident, the
picture falling apparently without cause when a son is shot
down over North Vietnam and light bulbs blowing out with
unusual frequency (only during times of high tension).
Many of these minor incidents are quickly forgotten and
usually reported to no one.
As with most large organizations, many Agency employees
already display some of the Psychosomatic symptoms of stress:
ulcers, high blood pressure, tics, etc. Many psychological
experts tell us that unrelieved stress does not have to
lisplay itself in a particular sympton. Many different types
5Dr. Zdenck Rejdak, ESP in Eastern Europe and Russia, March
.970, p6. Dr. Rejdak is the Chief Czech Parapsychologist and
'ersonelly tested Kulagina under stringent laboratory conditions.
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will do just fine. Most are interchangeable, with a given
individual often displaying a variety of different symptoms
during his lifetime, even blending some. It is interesting
to note the prevalence among executives of the socially
acceptable stress ("Success") symptoms of ulcer, high blood
pressure and heart ailments.
The twirling pictures in the Rosenheim case indicate how
symptoms may be altered merely by suggestion. With the
increasing popularity and acceptability of ESP and PK,
it is anticipated that PK symptoms will increase. If one
accepts that such things are possible, it is certainly
much more appealing to use your excess energy to destroy
the source of your frustration: The computer, the telephone,
the teletypewriter, than it is to destroy yourself. Just
consider for a moment the temptation: One cannot be held
responsible for such effects, such "getting back at the
boss" would be very hard to differentiate from outages with
other causes; the adventurous aspect is fascinating all by
itself.
It would be appropriate at this point to ask-our readers:
Is there a lot of pressure and tension in your office? Do
you also have a much higher outage rate or down time than
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comparable offices? Have you really isolated the cause of
your malfunctions? Do these outages measurably degrade the
efficiency of your operation? Perhaps it would be worth-
while to carefully compare the rate of accidents and outages
of undetermined cause in our offices during times of stress
and during more normal periods. Do the light bulbs in
your house blow out more frequently when someone is under
stress? You might keep a little graph of stress peaks.
(The correspondence might surprise you.)
As PK becomes more widely publicized and the methods of
causing it more accurately determined, is it beyond the realm
of possibility that the Soviets will attempt to:
- Use the PK capability to disrupt communications
equipment with a direct attack by a trained person (s).
Plan their world moves in such a manner that all
major diplomatic or military thrusts are preceded by a
prolonged period filled with stress producing activities
designed not only to frustrate and confuse our people, but
also to produce PK effects in sufficient quantity to measurably
degrade the operations of our critical command and control
machinery: telecommunication, cryptographic and computer
hardware.
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Personally target people they know have a PR effect
who are working in'critical command and control communications.
Subject such persons to the appropriate stress so that they
will radiate at a sufficient intensity to disrupt delicate
computer switching circuits.
Use talented psychics to project energy to cause
electronic communications gear to malfunction.*
*That this is feasible has apparently been demonstrated by
a psychic Mrs. Olga Worrall who cause effects in a cloud
chamber experiment conducted by Dr. Robert N. Miller,
Professor of Chemical Engineering at Georgia institute
of Technology and Dr. Philip B. Reinhart, head of the
Physics Department at Agnes Scott College in Atlanta,
Georgia. Mrs. Worrall caused the effect from 600 miles away.
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!. Y IF
a. r
Appropriate Recommendations are:
Efforts be made to ascertain whether known psychic
talent within the Soviet Bloc is presently associated with
personalities known to be part of Soviet Bloc SIGINT (or
other intelligence) activities.
Efforts be made, through existing DOD or other
(see Appendix B) facilities where possible, to test the
degree of vulnerability of O.S. classified communications
and COMSEC equipments, devices and materials to the ESP
threat. Such testing should consider both the threat of
the individual talented and reliable psychic and groups of
such individuals arrayed against a single target. Any
conditions promoting or hindering the ESP performance should
be carefully noted.
An NSA representative(s) be appointed to monitor any
psychic tests performed on behalf of this agency to make
certain that: NSA requirements are properly tested; the tests
are scientifically established and carried out; and the tests
are tailored to the psychic gift(s) of the participants.
All NSA requirements in this area be properly coordinated
before any tests are begun.
0
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SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY AND NOTES
Extra-Sensory Perception, Joseph Banks Rhine, Boston Bruce
Humphries, 1964
Psychic: The Story of Peter Hurkos, Peter Hurkos, Bobbs -
Merrill 1961.
International Conference of Parapsychological Studies, 1st
Utrecht, 1953 - "Parapsycholgy is still struggling to have
the phenomena it studies recognized as what they are. For
me, Rhine's experiments have established the reality of
these phenomena as far as telepathy and clairvoyance are
concerned. - Dr. Schafer, Prof. of Physics, University of
Heidelberg.
Psychological Reflections - An anthology of the writings of
C. G. Jung, Ed. Jolande Jacobi, Pantheon Books, Ballinger
Series XXXI, p55 - "As a further determinant of the dream, I
must recognize the telepathic phenomenon. The general
fact of the phenomenon can no longer be doubted."
Psychical Research Today, D. J. West, M. B., D. P. M., General
-uckworth and Company LTD, London, 1954 p131. "Almost
;reryone is agreed, for example, that ESP has been shown to
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exist ... Far-seeing thinkers, from Socrates to Henry Sidgwick,
and Albert Einstein, have not doubted the importance of
psychic phenomena."
Modern Experiments in Telepathy, S. G. Soal, M. A., D.Sc
(Fuibright Research Scholar in Parapsychology, Senior Lecturer
in Pure Mathematics, Queen Mary College, U. of London); F.
Bateman, M.Sc; Yale University Press, New Haven,'1954, p151.
"In other words, the 'telepathy' experiments show odds against
chance of at least ten million to one ..."
Testing for Extrasensory Perception With a Machine, William
R. Smith, Everett F. Dagle, Manganet D. Hill, John Mott-Sinith,
Defense Documentation Center For Scientific And Technical
Information, Alexandria, Va.
"Parapsychology", Colliers Encyclopedia, 1962 Vol 18. P436
ESP and Personality, Dr. Gertrude Schmeidler, R. A. McConnell,
Yale and Oxford Presses 1958, p17.
Beyond Telepathy, Andrija Puharic, Doubleday and Company, Inc.,
Garden City New York, 1962.
Suggees tionS at a Distance (Notes of a Physiologist) (a translation)
Leonid L. Vasil'yev, Gospotitizdat Publishing House, Moscow
1962, pp85-90.
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NOTE: M54 (X3865) t
are presently investigating ESP aspects of sleep learning.
Psychic, James Grayson Bolen (ed), the Bolen Company, San
Francisco California, Jan-Feb 1970.
The Journal of Parapsychology and The Parapsychology Bulletin,
Parapsychology Laboratory, College Station, Dunhan, NC
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.~ ~.. .rte ~.. ? ~. Y .
Chapter VIII
Defenses Against ESP
As Extra Sensory Perception does appear to pose a
threat to U.S. Communication Security, it is of considerable
concern to determine how defenses might be erected against
such an attack. ESP is seen to be an effect of The empathetic
bond. This has been firmly established in Soviets, as well
as free world research. Kamansky, The Soviet, when trans-
mitting to his receiver Nickolaev concentrated on being angry
at him. Dr. Thelma Moss of UCLA uses emotionally charged
films to stimulate feelings of threat in the transmitter.
In the E. Douglas Dean experiments at Newark, the transmitter
concentrated on people that Dean either greatly disliked or
cared about.
Although no known defense could be called foolproof
against a talented psychic, it is evident from years of
research and experience that anything which degrades the
intensity of the bond between the perceiver and the object
or person of concern is a defense against ESP. -
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As noted in Chapter VI, the test scenes declined when
the two subjects began to dislike each other and become
bored with the tests. For many years researchers have com-
plained about the "decline factor" which as in most tests is
caused by the tedium of doing the same thing over and over
again in a boring manner. While mild doses of drugs and
alcohol seem to enhance the ESP factor in some perceivers
heavy drugs or alcohol has a destructive effect on ESP.
Research has consistently indicated that a distracted calm
on dreamy state is good for reception of ESP material but
it is poor for transmission. A state of confusion in
the subject especially when engendered in a skeptical envir-
onment has always been observed to hinder the PSI factor.
Where negative ionization of a mild nature seem to enhance
perception, positive ionized atmosphere inhibits and makes
a person nervous and depressed. While intense concentration
is good for transmitting telepathically, it is a poor condition
fQ reception. From time immemorial it has been reported
that enclosing oneself deep within the one-who-is* is a
very strong protection against such attacks of perception.
g5
.... '.:_ ;ter;''
~eri1 L:lr.z
a.S _
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The above defenses are principally PasSive?*i but there
are reports from primitive people and more sophisticated
psychics that active measures can be used to confuse the mind
of another. The British report some curious cases of malignant
ESP where natives in the Pacific islands were targeted for
death by the tribe and didn't know it at the timed but they
still died with no apparent cause of death discovered.
Wolf Messing in "Psychic Discoveries Behind the Iron Curtain"
is reported to be able to "cloud" men's minds and even.
convince them that he is someone else. Reportedly- the
Soviets tested him early in the Second World War period.
On one occasion Messing walked through Stalin's guards without
being challenged. He says he made them think he was Beria,
the chief of secret police. on another occasion he bemused a
bank clerk into giving him a large sum of money. All
apparent ESP defensive measures require careful scientific
scrutiny to determine their degree of reality and useability.
*NOTE: The real absolute relationship, the one-life, as
experienced by deep individuals and contemplative groups
targeting the pure substance of reality. This is the Foundation
entity - the primary existent.
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Uncareful use of either offensive or defensive psychic
powers is exceedingly dangerous. The Fanatical Hitler
experience, where a society of criminal leadership thrust
open an occult horror chamber which cost over 50 million
dead, should be more than a casual reminder that opening
the Pandora's box of deep human power can unlock more than
beneficial effects, but the lid is lifted and will not be
closed. We must proceed with caution and integrity. It
is my conviction that only the whole man can successfully
survive in this new world. This is the last frontier and the
most challenging. Man needs all of his powers and experience
to be equal to the task. He must bring his wisdom as well as
his science, his emotions as well as his mind. And unless
the man is firmly rooted in the foundation of the Spirit of
Life, he will not survive this great adventure into the World
of Being.
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