PROGRESS REPORT NO. 2 COVERING THE PERIOD 1 MARCH TO 1 APRIL 1974 STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITUTE PROJECT 3183 CONTRACT 8681/160681-74WR PERCEPTUAL AUGMENTATION TECHNIQUES

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: STARGATE
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79-00999A000200010095-1
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 36
• Document Creation Date: November 4, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 9, 2014
• Sequence Number: 95
• Publication Date: April 24, 1974
• Content Type: REPORT

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,4iiitiNARD RESEARCH INSTITUTE
'iti:enaPirk, California 94025 ? U.S.A.
,711110LW/ffr2
Progress Report No. 2
Covering the Period 1 March to 1 April 1974
Stanford Research Institute Project 3183
CeeracrInfineo 617- 7r4/4
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PERCEPTUAL' ACGMENTATION TECHNIQUES
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24 April. 19-74
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I OBJECTIVE
The purpose of the program is to determine the characteristics of
those perceptual modalities through which individuals obtain information-
!
about their environment, wherein such information is not presented to ?
?
any known sense:
The program is divided into two categories of investigation of
approximately equal effort, applied research and basic research. The
purpose of the applied research effort is to explore experimentally
the potential for applications of perceptual abilities of interest,
with special attention given to accuraey and reliability. The purpose
? of the basic research effort is to identify the characteristics of
individuals possessing such abilities, and to identify neurophysiological
correlates and basic mechanisms involved,in such functioning.
II PROGRESS DURING THE REPORTING PERIOD ?
Applied -Research
Remote Viewing
(a) Local Targets
An'experiment is continuing in which ten sites known to
the subject are:being visited in random sequence, with replacement, by a
target deearcation team. A comparison is to be made?as to hit'aceuracy
under conditions of (1) identifying the site by name and, (2) identifying
the site by photegraphs.
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(b) Remote Targets
!In conjunction with a vacation trip by one of the
experimenters (H.P.) to Costa Rica, a week of remote target viewing will
I
be carried out at 1330 local time (1430 Costa Rica time). Pictures of
the target locations are to be taken. Upon return and development of
the pictures, the subject will be asked to match target pictures with
narratives, as will the experimenter, both in blind -fashion.
2. Detection of Variable Density Target Material
? An initial experiment with twenty-seven sponsor drawings of
:variable content and density was completed. The goal. was the differen-
tiation of twelve low-density cards, six pencil, and nine blank cards.
.The numbered envelopes containing the target material, ?sealed and
specially secured by the sponsor, were randomized before each '41.al and
? placed inside non-numbered opaque envelopes before being presented to
the subject for sorting.
Two series were carried out. The first consisted of 24 runs
through the 27 cards, choosing 12 cards each run, the goal being to
choose the 12 low-density cards. Out of the 12 x 24 =.288 choices, the
expected number of target cards by chance was 128, the observed number
chosen, 133. The second series consisted of 18 runs through the 27 cards
choosing 6 cards each run, the goal being to choose the 6 pencil cards.
Out of the 6 x 18 = 108 choices, the expected number of target cards by
chance was 24,. the observed number chosen, 19. Thus, ?the overall result
given the task did not differ significantly from chance.
? However, when we examine the ranking of caids.by number of
times chosen, we observe a significant skew in the distribution.
.Independent of the assigned task, in the 24-run series of 12 choices
each, ithe expected number of tines a given card is chosen is 11.
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In the 18 run series of 6 choices each, the expected number of tines a
given card is chosen is 4. In the two series, of the 17 cards chosen
more often than expected by chance, the expected number of low density'
cards is 7.5, the observed number 13, a result significant at the
p = 2.x 1073.level. Thus, in the overall distribution certain of the t,
,
low-density cards were chosen often enough to yield a significant result
in the ranking distribution.
It is Considered that the initial experiment was unnecessarily
complex, there being a mixture of target sizes (2), symbols (3),, and ink
techniques (3). New experiments are to be carried out to clarify
whether a usable talent exists in this area.
1
Basic Research
1. Testing Program
(a) Psychological Testing
'Arrangements have been made with Dr. Donald Lim of the
Palo Alto Veteran's Administration Hospita? l for the administrationof
the Halstead-Reitan neuropsychology test battery. Dr. Lim is experienc?d
. in the administration of the battery and has personally consulted with 4
Dr. Reitan on testing procedures and interpretation...
? In connection with testing hypotheses associated with
hemispheric specialization of the brain, Dr. Robert Ornstein of the
Langley Porter Neuropsychiatric Institute, University. of California,
San Francisco, had agreed to administer tests appropriate to testing
hemispheric predisposition.
(b) Medical Testing
.The physical characteristics part of the prOgrath will be
administered by-the Environmental Medicine :facility of the Palo Alto '
, ?
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Medical Clinic. The basic physical includes urinalysis, bloodwork
(hemoglobin, STS, CBC, blood pressure pulse), hearing tests (frequency
and intensity), eye tests (depth perception, color vision, iar and near
vision, peripheral vision), pulmonary function test, EKG, tonemetry,
height, weight, and a physical examination. A consultation appointment
. has been set up to explore further testing for special areas beyond the
'? basic physical.
2. Measurement Program
.(a) EEG Experiment
%A variety of evidence 'rem clinical and neurosurgical'
sources indicates that the two hemispheres of the human brain are
specialized for different cognitive functions. The left hemisphere is
predominantly involved in Verbal and other 'analytic functioning"the
'
-right in spatial and other holistic processing. (See Appendir.)1
In consultation with Dr. Robert Ornstein of the Langley
Porter Neuropsychiatric Institute, an hypothesis was formed based on
,certain observed characteristics that paranormal functioning might
involve right hemispheric specialization. To test this hypothesis, the
EEG remote strobeflashkexperiment described in Report No. 1 was repeated
-three times with monitoring of right and left occipital regions. Each
? experiment consisted of 20 15-second 'trials, 10 no-flash trials, and 10
16 Hz trials-randomly intermixed. Reduction of alpha activity (arousal
,
response) correlated with remote stimuli was observed as in previous
experiments, but essentially only in the right 'hemisphere (average
?alpha isedUction 16 percent in right hemisphere, 2 percent-in left,
1
-during the 16 Hz trials as compared with the no-flash triMla). SuCh-
results indicate initial support for the hypothesis of right hemispheric
specialization, and therefore, further investigation of 'right hemisphere
specializatiofleeme indicated.
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(b) Physical Measurements
A meeting was held with Mr. Stacy Luke of the client's
organization in which it was agreed that an experiment. shall be carried
out utilizing the client's Josephson junction gradiometer. Alternate
SRI locations were examined and a suitable one chosen. The purpose of
the experiment is (1) to determine whether magnetic field gradients can
7 be eatablished.on command by the subject; and, if so, (2) to investigate
such effects under conditions of viewing the probe from remote locations,
and, if the latter is positive, to examine the effect as a function of
subject-probe distance.
Two additional sensitive instruments are being set up as
remote probes. One is a radiation probe box which includes a photo- .
multiplier and geiger counter. The other is a mechanical force indicator
;
consisting of a torsion pendulum suspended on a metal fiber, enclosed in
a-bell jar, and monitored by a laser beam reflected from a mirror on the
r 'pendulum to a beam-position detector. Baseline data are being taken for
these instruments, and experimentation will proceed during April. . ?
Reference. 1: "Hemispheric Specializatidn and the Duality of Consciousness,"
David Oalin, M.D. and Robert' E. Ornstein, Ph.D., in press in:
?Widroe, Harvey, M.D., ed. Human Behavior and Brain Function,
Published by Charles CI Thomas, Springfield, Illinois, .1973.
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APPENDIX
Hemispheric Specialization and the
Duality of Consciousness
*
David Galin, M.D. and Robert E. Ornstein, Ph.D.
Institute for the Study of Human Consciousness
Langley Porter Neuropsychiatric Institute
University of California, San Francisco
in press in:
Widroe, Harvey, M.D., S. Human Behavior and Brain Function
. published by
Charles C Thomas ,
Springfield, Illinois
1973
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Hemispheric Specialization and the
? Duality of Consciousness
David.Galln, M.D., and Robert E. Ornstein, Ph.D..
? institute for the Study of Human Consciousness
Langley Porter Neuropsychiatric Institute
University of California, San Francisco
ti
' A variety of evidence from clinical and neurosurgical sources
indicates that the two hemispheres of the human brain are specialized for .
dlffereht cognitive functions. This evidence has been confirmed in studies
of normal subjects. The left hemisphere is predominantly Involved In
verbal and Other-analytic functions, the right in spatial and other
,holistic processing.
. The two hemispheres have been surgically separated for the treatment
of certain. cases of epilepsy; after the operation, it has been found that
. each hemisphere is conscious, and can carry out complex cognitive processes
of the type tor which it is specialized. i In short,. there appear to be two
separate, conscious minds in one head. The study of how these two half-.
brains cooperate or interfere with each other in normal, intact people has
Just begun. .We believe that this work has important implications for ?
psychiatric theory and practice, and edUcation, as well-as.for clinical
neueology.
I ?
? In our laboratory at Langley Porter we have been studying this
'iateralization of function with EEG techniques. With the method which we
have developed we can distinguish between these two cognitive modes. as they
'occur in normal subjects, using simple scalp recordings.
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We will review some of the experiments and clinical observations on
this duality in human-nature, and mention some of the opportunities for
future research that seem to us most promising.
1. Specialization of the two Hemispheres - "Split-Braln? studies:
The asymmetrical localization of cognitive function has long been
established. Language ?was ascribed to the left.hemi sphere by Dax in 1836
(Benton & Joynt, 1960). Since then clinical work with brain damaged
patients has continued to differentiate the cognitive functions of the
hemispheres (Semmes:et al., 1955, Milner, 1965a, Luria, 1966, Corkin,
' 1965). For example right temporal lobectomy produces a severe impairment on
visuil and tactile mazes. In contrast left temporal lobectomy of equal
extent produces little deficit on .these tasks but impairs verbal memory
(Milner,' 1965a,- Corkin, 1965). In general, clinical.work has found verbal '
and arithmetical functions (analytic, linear) depend on the left hemisphere
while spatial relationships (holistic, gestalt) are the special-province'of
the right hemisphere. Sperry, Gazzaniga, Bogen and their associates (1969,
Levy, 1970, Bogen, 1969) have had a uniqUe opportunity to study the
specialization of the two halves of the brain isolated from each other.
They worked with patients who had undergone surgical. section of the corpus
callosum for the treatment of epilepsy. These "split brain".patients were
tested with special.apparatus to. insure that the task was presented to only
one hemisphere at a time. Sperry, Gazzaniga and Bogen have been able, to
V
establish that each hemisphere can function independently and is ..
independently Conscioul: Learning and memory are found to continue
separately In eaCh hemisphere. he right hand literally.does,not know what
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the left hand Is doing. Both halves independently sense, perceive
and conceptualize. Unilateral asseciations between tactual, visual
and auditory sensations remain. In these patients, the left
. hemisphere is capable ofspeech, writing and mathematical calculation,
?
t.
and is severely limited in problems involving spatial relations. The
right hemisphere has use of only a few words and can perform simple
.addition only up to ten, but can perform tasks involving spatial
relationships and music patterns.
It is important to emphasize that what most characterizes the
hemispheres is not hat they are specialized to work with different types
of.Material,,(the left with words and the right with spatial forme);
rather each-hemisphere is specialized for a different cognitive style; the
left .Thr an analytic, logical mode for which words are an excellent
tool, and the right for a holistic, gestalt mode, which happens totbe
particularly suitable for spatial relations, and music. The difference
?in cognitive style is explicitly described in a recent paper by
Levy; Trevarthen, and Sperry, 1972 :
"Recent commissurotomy studies have shown that the two disconnected
hemispheres, working on the same task, may process the same sensory
information indistinctly different ways,.and that the two modes of
mentalsOleration involving spatial synthesis for the right and
temporal. analysis, for the left, show.indications of mutual antagonism
(Levy, 1970). The propensity of the language hemisphere to note
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analytical details in a way that facilitates their description in
language seemsto interfere with the perception Of an over-all
Gestalt, eaVing the left hemisphere 'unable to see the wood for the
tree's.' This interference effect suggested a rationale for the .-
evolutic;?n of latetral specialization..." (Levy, 'et aL,-1872).i.(See also
Nebes; 1971,. Semmes, 1968).
Sperry and his collaborators have found that "in general, the post-
operative behavior of (the commissurotomy patients) has been dominated by
-
. the major, (left) hemisphere..." except-in tasks for which the right
hemisphere .is particularly specialized. .(Levy,, et al,, 1972).
'To understand the method of testing and interviewing each half of the
brain separately, two points of functional anatomy must be kept in mind.
? The first ii,,that.sincelanguage-functlons Ispeech,igritingi are mediated,
predominantly by.the left hemisphere in most people, the disconnected right
. ? , .
hemisphere cannot express itself verbally. The second point is that the.
. neural pathways carrying information from one side of the body and one-half
? of the visual field cross. over and connect only with: the, opposite Side of
the brain. This means that sensations in the right hand and .images in the
visual:Spiee will be projected almost entirely, to the. left
' hemisphere. ..Similarly, the major motor output is crossed, and .the left ?
, hemisphere Mainji, controls the movements_of the right hand. Therefore, . 1
patients with the corpus callosum sectioned can describe or answer'
questions about objects placed in their right hands, Or pictures flashed, to
the right visual.field with a tachistoscope, but can give no correct .verbal
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response when the Information is presented to the left hand or the left
visual field (they will in fact, often confabulate). The mute right
hemisphere can, however, Indicate its experience with the left hand, for
example, by selecting the proper object from an array.
., 2. Dissociation of Experience:-
4
The dissociation between the experiences of the two disconnected
hemispheres is sometimes very dramatic. 'A film made by Sperry and his
colleagues shows two illustrative incidents.
The film shows a young female patient being tested with a
tachistoscope as described above. In the. series of neutral geometrical
figures being presented at random to.the right and left fields, .a nude pin-
up
was, included and flashed to the right (nonverbal) hemisphere: , The girl
? blushed and giggled. Sperry asked "What 'did you :see?". She answered
"Nothing, jutt-a flash of light," and giggled again, covering her mouth ..
with her han4. "Why are you laughing then?" asks Sperry, and she laughs
- again and says, "Oh, Dr. Sperry, you,havelsome machine:" The episode is
? very dramatic, and if one did not know her neurosurgical history one might
have seen this as a clear example of perceptual defense: one might infer
that she was repressing the perception.of the conflictful sexual material--
even her final response (a socially acceptable nonsequitur) was convincing.
? 4
(see also Sperry, Mi. Psycho], 1968, 23:723-33, esp. p. 732). .
In another section of the film a different patient Is.performing a
block design task; he is trying to match a colored geometric design with a
set of painted blocks. The film shows the left .hand (right hemisphere)
quickly carrying out the task. Then the experimenter .disarranges the
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? blocks and the right hand (left hemisphere) is given the task; slowly and?
with great ipparebt indecision It arranges the pieces: In trying to match
a corner of .the design the right hand cor'rects. one of the blocks, and then
?)shifts it again, apparently not realizing it was correct: the viewer sees
the left hind dart Out, grab the block to restOre It to the Correct
? 1PoitloeiL-arid then the arm of the experimehte'ice'aChes ?Ver. and pulls the.
Intruding .left hand off-camera.
3. PsychiafficAmplications:
There Is a compelling formal similarity between these dissociation
phenomena seen in the commissurotomy patientsand the phenomena ?of,
repression; according to Freud's early "topographical" model of the mind,
? t.repressed mental contents functioned in a separate realm, which was
inaccessible to conscious recall or Verbal interrogation, functioning
according to Its own rules,. developing and pursuing ,Its own goals,.
affecting the viscera and insinuating, itself in the stream of Ongoing
consciously directed behavior:
,This parallel suggests that we examine.the?hypothests that In normal,
Hintact. people mental events in the right hemiiphere can become disconnected
? functionally from the left hemisphere (by inhibition of neurorial.
transmission across the corpus callosum and other cerebral commissures),'
and can continue a life of their own. This hypothesis suggests a
neurophysiological mechanism for at least some cases.of repression, aPd an
anatomical loctis, for the unconscious mental content's.
What are the circumstances under which such a dissociation could take
place? There are several ways in which the two hemispheres of an ordinary
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person could begin to function as if they had been surgically disconnected,
'and cease exchanging Information. The first way .is by active Inhibition of
information transfer because of conflict. Imagine the effect on a child
when: his mother presents one message verbally, but quite another with her
facial expression and body language; "I am doing it because I love you,
, .
. ,
dear", say the words, but "I .hate you and will destroy you" says. the face.
Each hemisphere is exposed to the same sensory input, but because of their
relative specializations, they each emphasize only one of the messages.
The left will attend, to the verbal cues because it cannot extract
information from the facial gestalt efficiently; the Tight will attend
?
preferentially to the.non-verbal.cues because it cannot easily understand
the words (Levy et al., 1972). Effectively a different input has been
? dellvered to each hemisphere, Just as In the laboratory experiments in
which a tachistoscope is used to present different pictures to the left and
? right visual fields. We offer the following conjecture: In this situation
?1 the two hemispheres might decide on opposite courses of action; the left to
approach, and the right to flee. Because of the high stakes involved each
hemisphere might be able to maintain its consciousness and resist the
inhibitory influence of the other side. The left hemisphere seems to win
. control of the output channels most of the time (Sperry, 1968), but if the
left is not able to "turn off" the right completely it may settle for
disconnecting the transfer of the conflicting information from the other
side. .The connections between hemispheres are relatively weak compared to
the connections within hemispheres(Bogen 1969) and it seems likely that
each hemisphere treats the weak contralateral input in the same way in
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which people In general treat the odd discrepnnt observation which does not
fit with the mass of their beliefs; first we ignore it, end then if it is
. insistent, we actively avoid it (Stent, 1972).
The mental process in the right hemisphere, cut off in this way from
?the left hemisphere consciousness which is directing overt behavior, may:
nevertheleis continue a life Of its own. ? The memory of the'tittiation-,-the
-emotional concomitants, and the frustrated plan of action all may persist,
affecting subsequent perception .and forming the basis for expectations and
evaluations of future input.
? .8ut active inhibition arising from conflicting goals is not the only
-way to-account for a lack of communication between the two hemispheres, and
consequent divergence of consciousness. In the simplest case, because ?
,of their special., modes of organization and special areas of competence, the.
knowledge which one hemisphere possesses may not translate well into the
-lan4uage of ?the other. For example, the experience of attending a symphony
concert is OA readily expressed in words, and the concept "DemOcrady
? requires informed participation" is hard to convey in image? What may be
transmitted in.such.cases may be the conclusion as to action, and not the
? details on which the evaluation was based. It is possible, to convey some
of the richness of the holistic consciousness in words, but it requires a
great artist.
4. Neo-Phrenology:
It is not clear to what extent specific cognitive performances can be
said to depend on specific areas of the cerebrum, beyond the gross
distinction between left and right hemispheres. Without going too far in
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the direction of atslgning "centers", to each mental quality in the manner
.of the phrenologists, there seems to be some evidence for within-hemisphere
localization. For example, Milner (1965b) has correlated disorders in .
? specific kind; of language processing with lesions in specific areas of the
left hemisphere; verbal memory deficits with anterior temporal lesions,.
?
speech deficits with posterior 'temporal lesions, fluency deficits,with
frontal lesions.and reading deficits with lesions in the region of the
parleto-occipital-Junction.
The difficulties inherent in "localizing" complex functions are
exemplified in the conflicting literature on the lateralization of
. arithmetic calculation. Luria finds'"primary,acalculia" or primary
arithmetical disturbances with lesions of the left infero-parietal lobe
(Luria, 1966), but kinsbourne finds no systematic lateralization for
arithmetic (1972)..
The problem is. complex, according to Critchley (1953) because.
? calculation may entail more than one type'of Mentation and different people
seem to employ different methods. Lesions In different areas would be '
expected to produce Ayscalculla insofar as a.person depended on the use of )
specific visual symbols or notation, or on rote memory (e.g. multiplication
tables) or on an ideokinetic factor based on concrete manipulation such as
counting on fingers. The horizontal and vertical arrangement of numbers to '
represent units, tens, hundreds, etc., depends on 'spatial and
constructional factors. Vivid imagery for numerical forms and sequences
. ?
may be important to some people (Humphrey and Zangwill, 1952). Critchley
-concludes, "Nonetheless, there are certain 'vulnerable' regions of the
'
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brain, wherein a lesion is more apt to be followed by a severe dyscalculia
bearing certain clinical hallmarki. Thus disease of the dominant left
hemisphere Is more,often followed by severe disorders of calculation."
. 1
(Critchley, 1953)
5. Evidence for Lateral Specialization in Normal People:
, ' '
Some caution should be exercised in-making the Inference, of lateral
specialization, of cognitive function in normal people from lesion studies
' alone. One might consider whether the 'split' functions are due in some
part to the radical surgery, or to the other disturbances in these '
patients. The study of neurological disorders or surgical preparations
cast light on normal functioning, but the most important and mostcpractical
question is whether the normal brain; engaged in everyday activities is
organized around lateralization of cognitive function.
Recent research with normal subjects provides support for the
-
Inference that the ihtact.brain does in fact make use of lateral ?
,specialization. With normal subjects, Filbejf and Gazzaniga,have measured
the time required for information presented to one hemisphere to be acted .
upon by the other. A verbal reaction to-Information presented to the non-
verbal right hemisphere took longer than a* non-verbal response:, (Filbey
and Gazzani?a; 1969). McKeever found fasterrtachisoscopic word
? ?
recognition for .words projected tc):the left,hemispnere than to,the right
(McKeever and Huilng?.J970). In dichotic:listening tasks/normallsobjects.
have better recall for verbal material presented,. to the right than to the
left ear and better;recall,for melodies presented to,the left. (Kimura,
?
1961).
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. .
page 11 '
Other laboratories have used electrophysiological techniques such as
.evoked potentials and DC potentials. Buchsbaum recorded averaged visual
,evoked potentials from the left and right occipital areas. in response to
word's and geometric stimuli (Buchsbaum and Fedio, 1969). The responses to
these two classes of stimuli were the same in the right hemisphere, but
Atfferentin the'left hemisphere. .Wood et.61.(1971)Jound.similar results
, ,
?
with auditory stimuli; subjects listened to verbal stimuli under two
conditions; to process them for speech cues (stop consonants) and for non-
.
.. speech cues (pitch). The evoked responses were. the same In the right
'hemisphere, but different in the left hemisphere.
,Worrell and Salamy (1971) reported that evoked potentials to speeCh
:sounds were larger in the left hemisphere leads than In the right, and
Vella et al. (1972) reported that responses to complex visual forms were
larger in the right. McAdam and Whitaker recorded DC potentials over the
left and right.fronto-temporal'areas. Just .before,subjects spoke, a ?
? .negative shift appeared, more pronounced on the left than on,yhe,right.
.shift was seen preceding non-verbal vocal. tract act141tjes (voluntary.
coughing, spitting) (McAdam and Whitaker, 1971)...
In the past three years we have appliedJEG methods to the study of
. this lateral specialization in normal people. By, Studying EEG asymmetry we
were able to distinguish the two.cognItive modes as they occur in normal
. .
subjects using simple scalp recording (Galin and Ornstein, 1972). In .
?, ? . ?
? .brief, we examined the EEGs of subjects, perform ng verba1.and:spatial tasks
' .
-
to determine whether there were differences In activity between the
?.
appropriate and ihapprOpriate hemispherei? We recorded from the temporal.
? t
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and parietal areas since clinlco-anatomical evidence Indicates that these
areas should be-differently engaged In these tasks. We found that auring.
verbal tasks the integrated whole-band power In the left hemisphere is less
than that in the right, and during spatial tasks the integrated power in
the right hemisphere is less than in the left. Most of the task-dependent
.asymmetry appeared to,be In the alpha band. nor method of analyzing the,
ratios of right to left EEG power was adopted by McKee, Humphrey and .McAdam'
-
(1973) in a study contrasting musical and verbal processing. They confirm
our general finding that the. ratio is higher in the verbal tasks compared
to the non-verbal task..
Table 1.summarizes some of the results from two of our experiments..
? The average alpha ratios(right/left) were computed for,teMporal,,parietal,
? and central recordings during verbal and spatial tasks intended,to engage
primarily the left or the right hemisphere. Spatial tasks included building
.geometric designs from memory with blocks, mirror drawing and a mental Form
Board task.. Verbal tasks included composing a letter mentally and in
writing, and memorizing and writing the.main.facts.frOm a.text passage..The
task pairs which were selected differ in their requirement for motor
output, and for memory. The attention-to-breathing task was included as a
"neutral" non-cognitive, condition., (For further details of themethods and
results of Experiment I, see Galin and Ornstein, 1972, Doyle, Ornstein and
? Galin, 1973).
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TABLE I Inter-: and Intra-hemispheric Specialization for Cognitive Mode:
Differendes between Electrode.LocatIons 7 Alpha ratios*
:
:
Experiment I
'motor tasks
Mental tasks
.4 .
"Non-cognitive" .
:Written Form Mental ' Attention
N..10 Blocks Letter p Board Letter p ,. to-Breath
P4/P3 '0.:57 ? ? 1.05 .01 0.81 0.58 ? ns 0.54
:- ?
14/13 068 '1.06 .01 0.75H .1.06 ,05 - 0.87:
Experiment II
Memory tasks
?
Non-memory tasks "Non-cognitive"
? Write
from Mirror Text,. Attention
? r N''35 Blocks Memory p Drawing Copying p to-Breath
? P4/153 0.59. 1.15 .0003 1.01 1.07 .04 1.20
74/73 '0.77 1.12 .00003 0.75 0.54 .0004 ' 0.88
,C4/C3 6.75 . 1.17 .0003 0.83 1.03 .0006 0.97
* GeometriC means over all subjects of EEG power ratios (right/left)
. . .
** Significance of differences tested by Wilcoxon Matched-Pair Signed-Ranks Test,
vi ?
all P value two-tailed, ns .05.
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? ?
Fig. I shows a.sample from the EEG from one subject during the. Blocks
and Written Letter tasks. Fig. 2 shows the results of frequency. spectrum-.
.analysts of the EEG from which Fig. I was taken.
, I ? ''
.? ?
Insert Figures 1 and 2 about here
The second. eXperlment Confirm's the.meirreffect found.,in the first;
-
higher ratios are fo,und during verbal tasks than during spatial tasks.
three lead 'lairs Show the task-dependent asymmetry. in both comparisons
(Blocks vs. "Write-from-Memory, and Text Copying vs. Mirror Drawing).
?
There are systematic differences between the.leads.:,,The, parietal.
leads, in all xanparisons, in both experiments, exhibit the least task-
dependent asymmetry, i.e. the difference in alpha ratio on the verbal task
and the spatial task is smaller on the parietal leadsthan on the temporal
All
and central leads. The temporal and central leads appear to behave .
similarly, in this respect.
The Attention-to-Breath task most closely approximates the conditions
under which clinical EEGs are recorded; i.e. little information processing,'
passive, unstructured. Clinical EEG texts generally state that alpha
amplitude is normally higher on the right than the left. We find this to
be so for the parietal leads, but consistently reversed for the temporal
leads. Table II shows the results from the Breathing task of Experiment
II. Most subjects have predominant right parietal alpha and predominant
left temporal alpha. The central leads show an equal distribution. This
,reversal between parietal and temporal alpha predominance can also be seen
1
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during the active cognitive tasks. (Table 1, all tasks except Mental
Letter)
'TABLE It
Differences
?
between electrode locations in "resting" alpha asymmetry'
:
ParietaL Temporal Central; H?
..
Higher Right Alpha
27
9 .
. 16
Higher Left Alpha
6
24
15
the functional sigrilfIcance of this reversal of asymmetry Is not yet
clear, but it.preeludes classifying a person simply as "right dominant" or
"left dominant"; intrahemispheric specialization must be taken into
account.
Previous- Investigators have sought to relate electrophysiological
recordings to cognitive functions. A major effort has'been devoted to
relating the EEG to "intelligence" (see review by Vogel,et al., 1968);
Oar approach to this probleM takes into account three factors which seem to
...have been neglected in the past:
'1. Recording while the subject is engaged.in a task, rather than
trying to relate a "resting" EEG or averaged evoked potential to subsequent
performance.
2. Selection of cognitive tasks which clinical evidence has shown to
depend more on one hemisphere than the other, and which therefore should be
associated with a predictable distribution of brain activity.
3. Selection of electrode placements on clinico-anatomical g-rounds. A
wealth of evidence suggests that temporal and parietal leads should be the
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ciat car
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most functionally asymmetrical, and occipital leads the most similar.
Unfortunately, Aoccipital leads have been used most often in the past,
probably because they are not as sensitive to eye movement and muscle
artifacts. .Usually recordings have been made only unilaterally.
Now that we have established a method for determining lateralization
of cognitive function in normal Ss, several major 'areas of cdricern can be i;
studied: .the generality of lateral specialization of cognitive function In
the population, the role of lateral specialization in critical academic
skills, the effect of social drugs on hemispheric interaction, and the
possibility.of training voluntary control over patterns of lateral.
asymmetry using the feedback EEG.
6. Lateralization in left .Handed and. AmbIdexterous People: .
The lateralization of cognitive functions described above Is.
r,
characteristic of right handed people...The$cerehral lateralization of left
handed peogle Is more complex: Hecaen (1964,1971) has provided an.
extensive review of the neurological-literature and a summary of his own
clinical studies, and concluded that left handers show a greater cerebral
ambi-laterality, not only for language, but also for gnosic and praxie
functions. Hecaen distinguishes between left handedness which is familial
?. and that which follows a perinatal injury to the left hemisphere. The
familial type may or may not have reversed language lateralization. .
. These conclusions were generally confirmed by Satz et al. (1967) in a
study of a neurologically normal population. They used the dichotic
listening test tb assess language lateralization and'carefully tested
.$ ?
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?
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page 17. .
manual superiority rather than relying On the subjects' self-classification
as to. handedness.
F011oWing..the hypothesis. of Orton that stuttering and dyslexia can be
_ due topoorly established cerebral specialization, many studies have found
. ,
high Incidences of ,left handers and ambidexterous people among these
clinical groups. Hecaen (1964) concludes that while no convincing direct
relation has been demonstrated, "disorders Of laterality can play a part in
certain number of these Cases."
The nature Of these "disorders of laterality" is not Clear. To our
knowledge there have been no attempts to quantitatively evaluate the
interaction between the verbal-analytic and spatial-holistic cognitive
systems in normal daily activities. Our opinion is that in many ordinary
activities normal people simply alternate between cognitive modes rather
than integrating them. These modes compliment each other but do not
readily substitute for each other. Although it is possible to process
complex ipatial relationships in words, it would seem much more efficient
to use visual-kinesthetic images. For example, consider what most people
do when asked to describe a spiral staircase; they begin using words, but
quickly fall Lack on gesturing with .a finger.
? Processing in the inappropriate cognitive system may not onlytbe
Inefficient; it may actually interfere with processing in the appropriate
system. This 'interference hypothesis' is supported by a study of left-
handed subjects who were presumed to have bilateral language representation
(Levy, 1969). Levy compared left-handed and right-handed subjects with
equal WAIS verbal scores and found that the left handers had significantly
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? lower performinCe scores, which she attributed to interference from the
? presumed ambila te rail ty. of language. Her observation has been confirmed by
'Miller (1971). Similarly, In a group of patients In whom right-hemisphere
'language Was demonstrated with -carotid amytal, lansdell (1969) found a
..negative correlation between language ability and spatial performance
?
scores.' Brooks (1970) presents additional support for the hypothesis of
"Interheixispheric interference". Reading a description of spatial
_ .
relations interferes with the subsequent manipulation of those spatial
relations. DenHyer and Barrett (1971) demonstrated selective loss of
spatial and verbal information in short term memory by?means of spatial and
1
.'yerbal Interpolated tasks. Levy has in fact suggested that verbal and non-.
?
verbal functjons evolvad in opposite hemispheres to,reduce,interference of
one system with the other (Le)y,. 1969).
.This evidence of Interference, between the right and left cognitive
modes provides a new kind of support for the hypothesis of Orton, that lack
?of? cerebral lateral specialization plays a major: role_ in dyslexia and.
. .stuttering. This hypothesis has continued to sustain interest, in spite of
a.lack,of.convincing.direct evidence.' lint' I recently, the only generally.
? . available index of cerebral lateralization was handedness, and people With
, -
little hand .0raference,.or left handers who were ?switched" or those with
mixed, hand and. eye preference were considered to be "high risk". The
Incidence of such people in .clinical categories such'As stuttering,..
-dyslexia, and ,specific learning disability .k usually found to be higher,
than in the normal population.
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Our EEG method for studying lateralization of cognitive function,.?
along with the. dichotic listening test,. can provide a much more direct and
presumably mote sensitive means for investigating disorders of laterality'
than measures based on band, eye, or foot dominance. Our present proposal
? to extend our measures to left handed and ambldexterous populations will
?? lay the gtoundwrk for these clinical studies'.
.7. Biofeedback Training for Voluntary Control of EEG Asymmetry:
Our research has demonstrated characteristic patterns of activity and
. .
,
Inactivity for both the verbal and-the spatial cognitive modes, it is
reasonable'to suppose that more selective inhibition and. facilitation of
:each hemisphere can improve performance. It has been shown in many
laboratories that, when subjects are given exteroceptive feedback on the
? state Of a physiological variable, they'can,learn control of the variable,
e.g. EEG alpha,' heart rate, EMG (Nowlis and Kamiya,.1970; Judzynski, ,
? .Stoyva and Adler, 1970; Hnatiow and. Lang, 1565). For .example, Ogialley.and
? Conners (1972) have reported a pilot case of a dyslexic boy who was given
? lateralized alpha feedback training, and showed significant changes in. EEG
asymmetry. Therefore, with the aid of feedback from our.
electrOphysiological index of cognitive mode, subjects may be able to learn
to reduce .the interference between hemispheres, and thereby imprOve
cognitive performance.
8. Implications .for Education: ,
Our EEG and eye movement studies (Kocel et al., 1972; Galin & Ornstein,
1973) provide potential methods of assessing an individual's preferred'
cognitive mode. An indiNiidual's preferred cognitive?style may facilitate
?
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? his learning of one type of subject matter, e.g., spatial; relational., and
hamper the learning of another type, e.g., verbal analytical. A student's
? .
7
oiffi*ulty with one part of a curriculum may arise from his inability to
change to the cognitive mode appropriate to the work he Is doing.
e: 'V
? Studies by Cohen (1969), Marsh et al. (1970), and by Bogen et al.
'ril
, r
(1972), have indicated that sUbcultu'res within the United States ire
characterized by a predominant cognitive mode: the middle class is likely
? ?
?
't0 use the verbal-analytic mode; the urban poor is more likely to use the
r ? . - ?
spatial-holistic mode. This results in a cultural conflictof cognitive
- ?
.style.and may in part explain the difficulties of the urban poor children
_ ?
In the school system oriented toward the middleclass. There seems to be a
Ir. ?.
new recognition among educators of the importance of, both modes of .
experiencing, the world (J. Bruner,. On'KnOwing; Essays for the Left Hand,
1965). Many new programs (e.g.,.Sesame Street):emphasize helping verbal-
analytically oriented children to 'develop hOlistid mode skills as well as
helping holistically-oriented children to make.use of the traditional
verbal-analytic materials.. If our project Is successful it may make it
feasible to .train an individual child to enter both cognitive modes
appropriately. With EEG feedback an: individual may be able to learn to
sustain a pattern of brain activityand the concommitant cognitive mode
which is appropriate to reading and arithmetic on fhe, one' hand and painting
and construction on the other.
Our approach may also be. of use in the study of cognitive development.
Since brain injuries before the age of,12 rarely, result in..permanent
aphasia, it is reasonable to suppose that the lateralization of cognitive
1
1 -2
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Doyle,:.j.C.,Ptnsteln, R., Galin, D. "Lateral specialization of cognitive mode:
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.?Gazzaniga, M.5. The Bisected Brain. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1970..
Mecaen, H. and.Ajuriaguerra, J. de. Left-Handedness: Manual Superiority and
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? Mecaeh, W. and Sauguet, J. "Cerebral dominance in left-handed subjects."
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McAdam, D.W. and Whitaker, H.A. "Language production: Electroencephalographic
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Vella, E.J., Butler, S.R., Glass, A. "Electrical correlate of right hemisphere
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page 26
function." Nature 236:125-126, 1972.
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*JI ?
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Figure Legends
Figure I. Change in EEG asymmetry during the Blocks and Written Letter
Tasks: P3 7 left parietal, P4-0 right parietal, 13 n left
temloral', T4right temporal.' The ratio of-power in,homolo-
gous leads 14/T3 and P4/P3 is greater on the spatial task
than on the verbal task.
"Reprinted from Galin and Ornstein, 1972."
' Figure 2. Sample Fourier power spectra for Blocks and Written Letter
tasks. For each lead EEG poweris plotted versus frequency
In.] Hi Intervals from 1-29 Hz; the last .point on each plot
Is an average for frequencies 30-64 Hz. The ordinate is-
scaled in arbitrary units. in-which .a 10 Hi sine waye:of 80
microvolts p-0 corresponds to 80,000 units. The ratio of
alpha-band power from homplogous.leads4/13 and P4/P is
greater on the Blocks taski.than on the Written Letter task.
These spectra correspond to the sample EEG tracings shown
in Figur! 1.
"Reprinted from Doyle, Ornstein and Galin, 1973.."
. ? .
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LDeclassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/01/09 : CIA-RDP79-00999A000200010095-1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/01/09: CIA-RDP79100999A000200010095-1
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\ Name of Contractor Stanford Research Institute
?
MONTHLY CONTRACT STATUS REPORT
No. 2 (Part 1)
? For Period 3 March 1974 to 30 March 3974 Date: 26 April 1974
. .
Contract No, 8681/ 160681-74WR Task No, Project No. ISH 3183 .
Pe-riod of Contract Jan. 24, 1974
? Amount of Contract
.
Amount of Obligations and/or
Expenditures this Period
? ;Amount of Obligations and/or
? Expenditures to Date
to Feb. 23, 1975
Estimated Cost
$69,846
9,719
.16,909
.-Egiimate of Funds to Complete 52,937
? ? ,
? .Percentage of Funds Expended to Date 24.2%
Fee
TOtal
STAT ?
Percentage of Work Completed to Date 24.2%
? ?
(NOTE: All amounts shown must include overhead, G&A, handling charges, fees, etc.)
1. Is work on schedule? Yes (Attach sheets if necessary)
2. Can the Contract be completed in the authorized time? Yes
?3. Can the Contract be completed with the authorized funds? Yes
'? Comments: (Attach sheets if necessary)
? Technical Progress in Period: (Attach sheets if necessary)
Objective for the Next Period: (Attach sheets if necessary)
Philip J. O'Donnell
, Manager-
Submitted by: Contract Administration
Declassified in Part: Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/91/09: CIA-RDP79-00999A000200010095-1