JPRS ID: 8617 USSR REPORT INDUSTRIAL AFFAIRS

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i4 AU~iUST i9T9 C FOUO i0l79 ~ , i OF i
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FUit OI~~'IC1~1L USN. UNLY
JPRS L/861 ?
14 August 1979 ~f
USSR Re art
p
INDUSTRIAL AFFAIRS
CFOUO 10/79)
~
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JPRS L/8617
1.4 Augus~ ~9~9
,
USSR REPORT
INDUS7aIAL AF~'AIRS
(~ov~o io/79~
~ONTENTS PAGE
' CFiEMICAL INDUSTRY ANA RELATED EQUIPMENT
Development of Raw Materials Ba,se in Petrochemical Industry
( Ya . S. Amirov, et al HIiIlKIYA T TEI~TOLOa~YA
~'OPLN I MASEL, rto 6, i979) i
Development of Chemical Induatry in Siberia and Far East
(N. V. Kuznetsov; I~INitCHESKAYA PROMYSffi,E~TNOST~,
No 5, 1979) 9
Report on Proposals for ~uther Automation
( D. M. Lepskiy; HIiIMIYA I TEHI~INOLOGIYA TOPLN I
MASEL, No 6, 1979) 19
CONSTRUCTION, CONSTRUCTION MACHIlVERY AND BUILDING MATERT.ALS
- Influence of Investment Structure on Capital Intensity
of Ca ital Conatruction
~V. Dan-Chin-Yu; VOPROSY EKONONaKL, Jun 79) 21 -
METALLURGY
Greater Concern for Conserving Metal
(A. Yu. iah?.inskiy: STAL', r~y ?9) 28
Ways of Decrea8ing the Ma~erials Used in Electric Steel
Making
(A. F. Kablukovskiy, et al.; STAL', May 79; 36
Imp~ovement of Intrabxanch Produation Re.lations in Ferrous
Metallurgy
(V. A. Minenko, ef: ~1~; STAL', MaY ?9) 45 _
- a - (III - JSSR - 36 FOUO~
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CONTENTS (Continued) Page
Techn~.cal Ach~.evements of the ~Ryaztevetmet~ Plan~
(A. N. Polyakov, Yu. Ye. �:luvayev; TSVETNYYE METALLY,
No 3, 1979) 53
- b -
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~ CHEMICAL INDUSTRY AND RELA'1'ED EQUII'MENT ~
UDC 665.6:54.002.2
UEVELOPMENT OF' ItAW MATERIALE BASE IN PETROCHEMICAL INDUST1tY
~
Moscow KHIMIYA I TEKHNOLOGIYA TOPLIV I MASEL in Rusaian No 6, 1979
pp 49-52
~Article by Ya. S. Amirov, D. Ya. Rusanovich, and V. Ye. Tishchenko:
"Expanding the Raw MaCerials Base of the PeCrochemical Induatry"]
[Text] The development of the petrochemical industry in recent yeara
has been characterized by concentration of production and enlargement
of the unit capacity of individual installationa (a,ggregate units) for
the production Qf ethylene (300,000-450,000 tons a year), buCylalcohol .
(60,000 tons a year), buCadiene (100,000-120,000 tona a year), and
isoprene (60,000-90,000 tons a year). Consolidating installations im-
proves the economic characteristics of production of theae producCa and
createa favorable conditions for comprehensiva uae of raw materials,
including by-products and waste. At the same time, when petrochemical
- production faci?ities are concentrated problems arise with supplying
their raw materials. Thus, to operate domes*ic EP-300 i3nd EP-450
ethylene installations it is necessary to have 1.5-2 miI.lion tons of
directly dietilled gasoline fractions a year. It is difficult to pro-
duce such a quantity of gasoline for pyrolysis at many of the existing
fuel petroleum refineries. Only large refineries can pr~~vide a stable
~ source of raw material. The fact that no such large ref:Lneries exist
in numerous regions, however, makes it necessary to establish autono-
mous raw material bases and build specia3. installations nf the AP-6
type or plants for primary petrolzum refining in order ta produce raw
material for petrochemistry.
'1"he foreign literature [1-3] contains many reports on the promise of
fuel petroleum refineries that produce engine fuels and raw material
for petrochemist-y as well as chemical petroleum refir~eries that spe-
cial~ze in the production of monomers. The principal difference be-
Cween the plan of the "chemical" petroleum refinery and the widely
knoc~m (classical) plans is that the chemical refinery sub~ects the
gasoline fractions to pyrolysis, with the exception of the hydrocarbon
fractions C6-Cg , which are sent to catalytic reforming for aromatization.
In additiot~, the medium (kerosene and gas oil) distillates are sent
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for pyrolyai;~. The targeC products here are ethylene, propylene,
burylene, butadiene, ~he aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, Coulene, and
ehe xylenea), Ae we~.1 ~s coke and liquefied gas~
The quesCiona of combined petroleum refining for the purpose of ex-
' panding Ch~ rgw material base of ~he chemical industry have also been
ereared in domestic research~ Works from the Tnseitute of Petrochemical
5ynthesis imeni A. V~ Topchiyev of Che Academy of Sciences USSR (4, 5]
consider petrochemical complexes with different variationa of pyrolysis
of liqu~.d crude petroleum.and secondnry proces~es of refining petroleum
and impraving gasolines and dieael fuels. Processing petroleum accord-
in~ to the scheme which provides producCion of aboue 45 percent light
petroleum products and 14 percent chemical output (variation I) can
reduce calculated expenditures for gasoline production 30 percent,
ethylene and propylene production 10 percent, and aceCylene prod~iction
six percenti in comparison with expenditures at a typical unit of a fuel
refinery. 4~hen the production of petrochemicul output at a refinery is
increased Co 2G percent (variation II) and 34 percenC (variation III),
Che overall efficiency of production is improved: profit, return on
capital, and profitability rise (see Table 1 below).
Cert~in economic regions have a practical inCerest in building petro-
chemical complexes that combine traditional petroleum refining processea
(catalytic cracking, coking, hydrocracking, hydraulic cleanin~, and
others) with simultaneous production of engine fuels and monomers for
petrochemistry. This affords a significant savinga of capital and oper-
ating expenditures. However, the construction of such complexea today
is held b~ck by a slight drop in the separation of light oil products that
occurs wiCh growth in the production of petrochemical products. For
ttiis reason, it is advisable in regions with high engine fuel consumption
to build petroleum ref.ineries with complete and comprehensive processing
of refinery hydrocarbon gases and production of raw material for chemical
processing. Chemical processing should involve noC just the hydrocarbons ~
C3-C , but also C wiCh separation and utilization of the ethane, ethylene,
and ~ydrogen frac~ions.
Comprehensive and efficient us~: of refinery hydrocarbon gases today takes
many form.s. They can be proceased for fuel and chemicals. The competi-
tion between these two areas determines the current state of the produc-
' tion and use of light hydrocarbon raw material in petrochemistry. The
problem is made more difficult by the fact that there are many types of
hydrocarbon raw materials that are partially or completely interchange-
able for the product~on of both petrochemical products and gasoline com-
, ponents. For example, alkylate is mostly obtained from butylenes, but ~
also comes from propylene. In the production of ~ommodity gasoline, how-
ever, it can be partially replaced by butane, isopentane, or an iso-
merizate. The propylene and butylenes separated from refinery hydrocarbon
gases may be used to synthesize many very different petrochemical prod-
ucts. Because of the great diversity of inethods of producing the very
same products from different raw materials, it is impossible with
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Table 1~ ~conomic Indexes nf Petiroleum Refining at Petrochemical and
Fuel Refineriea [2, 3J.
PnpHeNr TnnonoR
. (b) dnoK HiT3
~g~ IloKn~ntenb ronnHn
1 tl tlt nP~Hn
~~G70UN~A MOtql~OCTb IpOd~
IIC~ITN~ T61C. T/roA ~ G000 6000 6000 G000
B~rpa6or?ca ~anono~ npo�
Ju'Kl1NH~ �~(e) 118 169 21? l00 :
, R~INUCACH~~?~IC 38Tp8T6{~}Jq
I T IIpOAYKUNN, ~~1~L~
tS~113I111A UBTOMOQHlIb�
~ioro (g) 70 65 74 100
~ srNnef~a, nponNneNa(h 90 66 66 100 '
~ucTi~neNa ~ 94 73 73 100
fipn6wnb, 232 345 446 100 ~
Q~ou,yooT~ava, py6./p 6~k) 0,T4 0,86 0,92 0,54
PPHTBGCJIbHOCTb, ~ifl ~ 58 72 79 23
Cpo?c oxynacMOCrN eanp� 1,7 1,4 1~3 4,b. ,
Ta.noeno~ex~~A~ roltw`~~
Key: (a) Indexea;
(b) Variation;
(c) Typical Fuel Petroleum Refinery Unit;
(d) Conditional Capacity for Petroleum, thousands of tons a year;
(e) Production of Grosa Output, percentage;
(f) Calculated Expenditures per Ton of Output, percentage;
(g) Gasoline for MoCor Vehicles; ~
(h) Ethylene and Propylene;
(i) Acetylene;
Profit, percentage;
(k) Return on Capital, rubles/rubles;
(1) �Profitability, percentage;
(m) Payback Period of Capital Investment, years.
traditional methods to determine the optimal ways to use propylene and
the butylenes.
Moreover, the high requirements made by transportation for the quality
and quantity of motor vehicle gasolines create a large demand for high-
octane components. The existing State All-Union Standards for commodity
~ gasolines, which limit the pressure of saturated vapors, the boiling
point, and the content of aromatic hydrocarbons, restrict the use of
particular components.
For example, gasolines must not contain more than 4.5-5.5 percent butanes
because this is necessary to maintain the proper pressure of saturated r-
vapors. The aromatic hydrocarbon content must not be greater than 40-45
percent or scale formation intensifies. Thus, commodity motor vehicle
gasolines are produced by combining different components in differenC
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~ox or~icza~ us~ orrLY ~
ways. The optimal ratiio of theae componen~g can be detiermined by linear
pro~ramming tuchniquea. ~
We give below a solution Co L�he optimal problem for the uae o� the hydro-
carbons C and C4 eo produce peCrochemical productis~ This solu~ion 3n-
sures max~mum profie while maineining appropriate quality characeeriatice
in moCor vehicle gasolines and the neceasary production i~~ei [6, 7].
In maChemaCical form the problem looks as follows:
n ~
f~~~alXi! ~ Q! ~ ;
,
Xt~ ~ } Bt (2) '
t~�~
~ Xt~~n~ ~ } ~Rt . (3)
t~t
rn r
F~~ u~ Xtt Rtl ~ MaKC (4) '
Is~l I~.l
X~~ ~ 0; X!t ~ 0 (5)
where a is the number of installations for industrial process Xi~
- is the amount of component i necessary for optimal loading of industrial
process n is the number of processes that use component i as raw ma-
terial; m is the number of types of raw material considered in calcu-
lating material balances; r is the number of types of commodity products
(gasolines and petrochemical products); Qi is stocks of component i;
Xil is the amount of component i used in commodity product 1; B1 is the
planned volume of production of commodity product 1; sRi ia quality
~.haracteristic R of component i; ~R7, is quality characteristic R of
commodity product 1(according to State All-Union Standard); IIil is the
~.rofit received per ton of component i used in commodity product 1.
The problem was solved for a hypoChetical fuel petroleum refinery which
had installations of the following capacities: two AVT's [atmospheric
vacuum pipe-stills] - 6 million tons a year apiece; two catalytic
cracking units - 1.37 million tons apiec~; a catalytic reforming unit -
1.2 million tons; two thermal contact cracking units - 1.8 million tons
apiece; two isomerization units - 68,000 tor.s apiece; two alkylating
units - 68,340 tons apiece a year. These installations produce the
basic amount of components of gasolines and initial gases for the pro-
duction of propane-propylene, butane-butylene, butane, and isobutane
fractior.s of hydrocarbons which can be put into gasolines eiCher through
an alkylate or directly (with the exception of unsaturated hydrocarbons
which can be used in gasolines only through an alkylate or polymer-
distillate).
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The problem wae solved in three varigtiions.
- In the f irat variation g~soline production equal~ a given vo].ume; Che use
of Che hydrocarbone Cg and C4 is envieioned to produce petrochemical nuti-
puC at standard instai~.at~.ons.
The aecond variation limita rhe production of gasolines and petrochemical
products at inatallationa of standard capaciCy and uaea the hydrocarbone
C3 and C4 from a pyrolytic installation, tihat is, where the refinery has
added an EP-300 inatal~aeion.
The third variation is Che eame as the second, buC without tying the
volume o� production of petrochemical producCa to sta~ndard capacity.
The resulta of solving the problema (aee Tables 2 and 3 below) ahow that
proceasing unsaturated hydrocarbona C and C into petrochemical products
ia posaible with virtually no losa inaproduc~ion of motor vehicle gaso-
lines. In the first variaCion with a precisely set volume of gasoline
production thia is posaible only by sub~tituCing a propylene alkylate for
the butylane alkylate. In this case 92,000 tans of butadiene and 60,000
Cons of isoprene can be obtained from the butaue-butylene fraction. In
the second variation the asaortment of petrochemical producta obtained at
standard installations is greatly broadened. With the third variation
large-scale production of butylalcohol (about 110,Q00 tona), poly-
propylene (.140,000 tons), butadiene (more than 150,000 tona), isoprene _
(60,000 tons), and polyisobutylene (74,400 tons) can be organized. When
necessary the production of polyisobutylene can be significantly cut in `
order to produce more than 90,000 tone of isopropene (without dehydro-
genation of the isobutane) or 130,000 tons (with dehydrogenation). In
the second and third variations the production of petrochemical products
on the basis of refinery and secondary pyrolyti~ hydrocarbons C3 and C4
is possible with a certain decrease in the production of motor vehicle
gasolines.
Table 3. Figures on Production and Ratio of Grades of Gasoline.
Key: (a) Indexes�
~b~ Production and Iluh.� ~ ~rn?t~a~ ~pJ~' _ " 1""",
Ratio of Grades, _ . _ - ~ I~ ~ iit t :
percentage; 1~~i ,iC~~iha ruuapiu,ix Cxn:+ut~oe `
(c) Production of Com- `~yurrro 100,0 R9,7 87,0
modity Gasolines, `~R ~ru.~npuua~uioro~d~ 100,U I:~G,I lUA,3
total � ~�~3 3Tnnnp~~naunoro e 1(1Q,0 lU(1,0 100,0
~ ,V1~3 ne~ninupoH;inuuru( ~ 100,0 A9,3 A0,8
(d) AI-98 Ethylated; G~~~nnmi,�u~~c r~~~~roe Tot~~puwx Gcu-
:ninno
(e) AI-93 Ethylated; g~~~~N~~oaHHOro d 11,6 17,6 14,9
(f) AI-93 Nonethylated; ,111�93 ~ncmpunautioro~~~ 59,8 G6,7 71,2
(g) Ratio of Grades of �~1~�93 i~c3T?+.7Nf1UD31111UI' ) 28,6 15,7~ 13,9
Commodity Gasolines.
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Table 2. Re~ulta of So].ving the Problem of Opeimal Use of Unsaturated
Hydrocarbons C3 and C4 [6]~
Key: (a) Products;
(b) Production, ~h~u-
s~nds of tona;
(c) From Propylene; I
(b)npo~�aoA~Tao, T~~c. .
(d) Phenol [numerator] (a) nrokvKra ~ tI ii~
and Acetone ~
,
[denominaCor]; Efy nponun~~?ta (C~
(e) $utylalcohol; ~eFion i+ nucroe(d~ ~JG/GO� GO/37,b�
( f) Nitrile Of ACYy1j.C HHThNlI"'AK NnoooA KH ~0 110 _
Acid; cnoTd - 25 -
(g) Polypropylene (�rom nonHnponNneH (Na nN- (g~
ponHSeoro n~on~ineHaT - 140 140
PYrolyCic propyl- An~~naT C~. ~h~ ~ 93 ~
ene) ; q3 6ymaK-6ymuncHOeod
(h) Alkylate C~; �paxyuu(~~
(i) From BuCane- Yt3onpe� ( 60 41,3 ,
- Butylene Fraction; Mer?ein3rHn
~crox(1) 92 13,6 ~
) Isoprene; ROANH30GYTH11lH ~Ip~ - 9,G/ 7/.,
(k) Butadiene; Anxt~nar C~ (n) - 95,6 -
(1) Methylethylketone; H3 nupo~u~rwd (p)
(m) Polyisobutylene; 6ymaBueHOaorI ~,paKquu
(n) Alk laCe C ~ Nsonpee ( ) - - ^6,9
y 8~ EYTBJ~NCH ~N3011C4GIH2~~p~ - 42~~ ~:.s
(o) From PyrolyCic SysaAHeH (Aer?f,qpiipoea-
Butadiene Frac- HNBM H�6YTHACIIOB~ - - 16.6
tion � byrt+nKay4yx ~r~ 27,6 -
~
(p) Butadiene (extrac- Ns u3oGymnH~{s)
tion) ; Naonpex ) - 18,7 :~S
(q) Butadiene (dehydro- ~
genation of
n-butylenes);
(r) Butyl Rubber;
(s) From Isobutane.
Because none of the three variations has mandatory complete use of all
gasoline components, there are residues, primr~rily from catalytic crack-
ing gasoline. It is obvious Chat to increase hydrocarbon resources
both catalytic cracking units should be switched to a high-temperature
regime for a slight reduction in gasoline production and an increase
in its octane number. When the catalytic cracking regime is made more
severe the production of petrochemical products can be significantly
increased. The efficiency of using propylene and the butylenes for
this piirpose is apparent: the profit is 154, 222.3, and 275.7 million
rubles respectively for the three variations (see Table 4 below).
Solving an analogous problem to optimize the use of the hydrocarbons
C3 and C4 for large industrial centers (the Ufa petroleum refinery
group was taken as an example) showed that in this case too the stocks
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Table 4. Reaults of a Ca~.culgCion n� Profit.
Key: (a) Profit, milliona ~ ~B~~PNbdnb, w�N, pya.
I111~N811T or ue~re�
~f rubles; (~$~~a~~Qn ucer xNA1N4CCNNX 0! aC11~NH0�
(b ) 'rotal � � ~~b~ npoAyKtoe d
~
(c) From Petrochem- I~ t53,99 89,75 G4,24
ical Products; II. 222,22 166,41 56,81
(d) From Gasaline. III. 27b,72 221,87 b3,86 ~
of the propane-propylene and buCane-butylene fractions can be turned over
eo petrochemistry withouC detriment to the production of moCor vehicle
gasolines. The production of high-octane commodity gasoli.nes can be ac-
compl3ahed by using the components of catalytic cracking and reforming
and by more extensive utilization of isomerizates and gaseous gasoline.
Combined processing of refinery hydrocarbons C3-C4 and the butylene-
butadiene fraction from pyrolysis wi11 a].low a significant increase in
the production of peCrochemical products (at least 50,000 tons of buta-
diene, 30,000-35,000 tons of isoprene, 44,000 tona of butyl rubber,
250,000 tons of phenol, and 30,000-40,000 tons apiece of butylalcohol
and polypropylene). Table S below shows the production and ratio of
commodity gasolines for the Ufa industrial center; the profit for the
respective variations is 150 and 220 million rubles.
Table 5. Figures on the Production and Ratio of Grades of Gasoline for
the Ufa Industrial Center.
Key: (a) Indexes; ~
(b) Production and r._ _ - - - - -
R8t~0 of Grades DLI(f~60TKe N COOftlOl~lruH~
tUP fl ~~i) (10 Iu1r11tl11i~M
(in percentage) ; ~ '~'D~
floKaanrenN ~g
for two varia- unrnMnne�
6a UUUN
tions; ~C~ y ~d~~uMy
(c) Base; - �
(d) Optimal; 13i.ipaGutica ronapm~ix 6eH-
:~~~tioe e '
(e,l Production of Com-� ncero~ ~ 100,0 106,3
modity Gaso- AN�9S 9THANp003HNOf0(f~ 100,0 101,0
lines, total ~ AN-93 3TNANp088NNOf0~8' IOO,O 102,2
AH�93 HC3T{tANp0II8HNOf(~h 100,0 102,8
(f) AI-98 Ethylated~ COOTHOItlCHHQ COp q roeap-
(g) AI-93 Ethylated; Nb1X GfH3HHOB
(h) AI-93 Non-Eth 1- Bcero 100,0 100,0
y I~N�9S 3TNIINpODeHHOtOsf~ l2,1 11,6
ated; AN�93 srNnHpoeaHNOro~B 64,7 59,8
(i) Ratio of Grades Aj~�93 HC97i111NPOB8NHOf0, 23,2 28,6 ~
of Commodity ~
Gasolines,
total.
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Thus, the calculations made and solutions to the problem of op~~.mizing
gasoline production show the possibility in principal and economic ad-
visabiliCy of ueing refinery hydrocarbon gasea 3n chemical procesaing~
FOOTNOTES
1. ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING REVIEW, 197~., Vol 3, No 1, p 22.
2. HYDROCARBON PROCEEDINGS, 1970, voi 49, No 2, p 67; 1972, Vo1 51~
No 3, p 73.
3. ERDOL UND KOHLE, 1976, No 6, p 244.
4. Rabkina, A. L. et al, KHIMIYA I TEKHNOLOGIYA TOPLZV I MASEL, 1977,
No 6, p 23.
5. Borisov, P. A., eC al, in "Voprosy Ekonomiki Neftelchimicheskoy
Promyshlennosti" [Questions of the Economics of the Petrochemical
Industry], Moscow, INKhS AN SSSR, 1977, p 55.
6. Rusanovich, D. A., et al, "Tezisy Dokladov Vaesoyuznogo S'impoziuma
Molodykh Uchenykh i Spetsialistov v g. Minake 29-30 Marta 1972 g."
[Summaries of Reports at the All-Union Symposium of Yonng Scientiats
and Specialists in Che City of Minsk on 29-30 March 1972], Moscow,
NIITEkhim, 1972, p 58.
7. Amirov, Ya. S., et al., "Ekonomicheskaya Effektivnost'
~ Neftepererabatyvayushchey i Neftekhimicheskoy Promyshlennoati" [The
Economic Efficiency of the Oil Refining and Petrochemical Industry],
Ufa, UNI, 1977, p 149.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Khimiya", "Khimiya i tekhnologiya topliv i
masel", 1979
11,176
CSO: 1821 .
~
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FOIt OFFI~IAL U3E ONLY ~
CH~tICA.L ZNUUSTRY ANn tt~LAT~D EQUIPM~NT
UDC 66(6?1.5~571.6)
D~VELOPMENT OF CH~MICAL tNbUSTRY iN SIBERIA AND ~AR EAST
Mosrow KHIMICHESKAYA pItOMYSHLENNOST' in Russian No 5~ 1979 pp 3-?
CArtlele by M. V. Kuznetsov)
(Text1 Our p~rty~ in followtng Lenin's preeept~ always turns to the nbundant
n~tional experienre [n solv{ng romplex problams, eonsults with the people and
absorbs its wisdom. In his baok "Small World", L, I. Brezhnev h~s wrttten:
"...egain and ag~in you ~re eonvineed how right V. I. Lentn was when he
suggested the tremendous value of rommunleation with the masses~ relating with
workers, peasants, soldiers..." Il). At a meeting of the first secret~ries of
kraykoms and obkoms of the Far Eastern CPSU, L. I. Brezhnev again recalled
this m~jor feature of Lenin's work style. He noted that it is an important metter
to eonverse with workers~ listen to them end examine what they say.
An importan event in the ltve of the CPSU and the entire eountry was the trlp
of L. i. Brexhnev, general secrety of the CPSU Central Committee and chairman
of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet, to the regions of Siberia and the
Far East that he completed in April~ 1978. L. I. 8rezhnev's meetings and
conversations with workers of enterprises, builders of the BAM~ other workers~
with party menagement, troops of the Soviet Army and N~vy were cest into a
brilliant demonstration of the monolIthie solidarity of the Soviet people around
Lenin's party ~nd gave a convincing demonstration of the party's eoncern about -
strengthening the potency of our Homeland~ raising the national welfare end
reinforeing peaee on Enrth. These conversations and meetings turned into a
thorough discussion of the present and future of Siberia and the Far East~ the
outlook and problems of economie development of the eountry, fuctP~er
enhancement of th~ welfnre of the Soviet people and problems in fulfilling the
historie decisions of the 25th CPSU Congcess.
As we know~ at the 25th CPSU Congress the party edopted a broad program of
thorough development of all economic regions of the country. In accordance with
this program, further development will be derived by comprehensive assimilation
of natural wealths and development of productive forees of Siberia and the Fer
East.
Since the first days of its existence~ the Soviet state has shown eonstant coneern
for the stud,y and utilization of the mineral resources of Siberia and the Far
East. V. i. Lenin supported the first scientific research expeditions with the
partieipation of gre~t sclentists. On his initiative was aceelereted the
prospeeting of coal reserves and iron ore in the Kuzbtisss. In the years of Soviet
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_
~uthnrity, theye formerly wild seetions thnt ~erved ~s a pl~ee of exlle for
revolution~~ies, beeame unr~eognizable. Here grew new elttes and vtllages,
large industry ~nd soei~list f~rmin~ developed. ~
A new stage in the development of this regton beg~n in the 1980s with the
asslmilation of `I'yumen pgtroleum ~nd gas ~nd the reeent ereution of large
rcgional Complexes and industrial funetions sueh as the Western Siberian,
S~y~n~kty, Br~tsko~Ust'~Ilimsk ~~nd oth~r~. Th~ W~~tern Sib~ri~ h~~ ~1r~~dy .
t~eeome the primary base of development of the petroleum and gas industry; oil
fields of Tyumen' now produce ~lmost half of the entire petroleum yield and a
l~zrger sh~re o� g~s. A powerful boost for eomprehensive dsvelopment of this
region will be given by the H~ykal-Amur Mainline.
But interests in dev~loping the eountry require still fester turnover of the rieh
nuturul resources of this region. In his speech before the 28th Komsomol
Cangress, L. I. Brezhnev stressed the importance for the eot~ntry's economy of
u more repid development of these region~, in e~ch of whieh is being mastered
Innd of up to ~ million squ~re kilometer~, whlch is equ~l in are~ to several
~uropean eountries put together [2). In fulfillin~ this important tesk~ it ls very
tmpnrtant to develop the ehemieal and petrochemicel industry in the regions of
Siberla ~nd the ~ar East.
~v~n tad~y suCh powerful, multi-sector chemicel junetions and eomplexes as the
Omsk, Barnaul', Kemerovo, Angaro-Usol', Krasnoyarsk and others are opecating
in this enormous region.
In the current and previous five-year plans, large growth of chemical and
petrochemieal production has been planned mainly for polymer materials--
polyethylene~ polystyrene, PVC~ synthetic fibers~ etc. 8ased on the development
of petroelum and gas deposits of Western Siberia, in the lOth five�year plan
construction has opened up an the Tobol'sk Petroehemical Complex. In Tomsk,
Omsk, Zima and some other industrial eenters of Siberia, fndustrIel complexes
closely coupled with other allied sectors of the national economy are being btoilt.
The scales of production noted in these complexes are so great that~ for
exr~mple, ~t the Tomsk Chemical Plant, first produetion of whieh will start up
in this current five~year plan, the annual production of polyolefins (polyethyelen
rnd polypropylene) will be much greater than was produced in the entire country
in 1970. WIth the manufacture of these polymers, it will occupy one of the
leading places in the Soviet Union. The plan developed by the Okhtinsk
Scientific Industrial Association Plastpolimer envisages the manufacture of
polypropylene, methanol, carbamide~ formaldehyde, polyfarmaldehyde~ ethylene
and polyethylene. ~
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~Ort dH'I~'[CIAL U~E ONLY ' ~
C'rdductfon ~f the 'rnmsk Gh~mi~al Plant wlll be used in all s~~tors of th~
n~tion~l ~~onomy, ti~1C a blilion rubl~~ of r~p{t~1 fnve~tment i~ earm~kred for
Cr~~tion df Just dn~ phus~ of the enterprtse (and there will be three of ther~).
t3ut thes~ expenditur~s wiil b~ p~id o~f r~pidly. A11 the equipped it~eillties ~nd
prnduetion, equipment ~nd units huv~ Increas~d unit r~p~eity, maximum
~utor~~ti~n nnd mechnnizat{on nnd provide better working ~ondittons than other
ent~rpri~es. A~cording to p1an, l~bor produCtivity ~t the pl~nt w[Il be th~
high~~t fn the seetdr. Iteliable environmentnl prot~etton t~ ~s~ured as w~ll C31.
`Che `Lim~ ~h~mi~~l plant is u grent Ch~mistry fa~ility. ~y using the opulent
deposits of cdmmbn sa1t, it will manufn~ture chinrin~, C~usti~ sod~, vinylehloride
und [~VC. This f~Ct impnses on th~ rolle~tiv~ an even gre~ter responsibility for
thE tim~ly ~ssimilation of thc industrial cnpaCities now under eonstru~tior?.
ConstruCtion of scveral other nc~mic~l ~nd petrorhemie~l enterprises, re-
- Con~trurN~n and techniG~1 r~-equipment of currently oper~ting enterprises, shops
cind prddurtion is envisn~;ed.
~~r the working rlnss~s af the rhemiC~l ~nd petroChemir~l lndustry, L. i.
E3r~zhnev's trip to th~ regions af Siberi~ ~nd the ~er East h~d ~n espeeially
import~nt signifiCnnce. Meetings und g~th~rings were held gt enterprises at
whiCh warkers, technirnl engineering workers and elerks wnrmly und un-
animously approd~d the r~sults of L. ~rezhnev's trip~ noted the tremendous
value of tNis trip for the ~u~~essful d~velopment of produetive forces of Siberia
~nd the ~ar ~t~st und for rnising the welfare of Siberi~ns end ~~r Easterners.
propds~is wer~ put forth to re-exemine previously adopted high soei~list
obligutions and to udopt higher ones, eounter pinns, ~rceler~tion of introduction
of srientifir und pinnning developments into pructice~ etc. On June 6, 1978 an
expc~nded meeting of the Presidium of tlie Gentr,~l Gommittee of the profsoyuz
of workers of the ~hernic~l und petraChemirui industry wes held to dis~uss the
issue "On orgenizationul me~sures of republir~n, kr~y~ obl~st and urban
committecs of the profsoyuz of chemic~l end petrochemical industry to
implement tASks emerging from the results of the trip of comrede L. i.
grezhnev, gener~l secretary of the CPSU Centr~l Committee, chairmen of the
E'residium of the US5[t 5upreme Snvict to the regions of Siberia and the ~ar
~r~st". Expunded meetings of the Presidin of republican, krny, oblest ~nd urbnn
committees of the profsoyur, I'lene and purty mnnugement ~nd profsoyur active
membership were ~tso held. betniled measures nimed nt fulfillment of tasks
udvnnced by L. I. f3rezhnev during tl~is trip were developed an the spot. Workers
of the profsoyuL epparatus und ministries went out ta enterprises with reports
und convers~tions. (n chernic~l and petroehemicul enterprises~ organizutions~
shifts and tet~ms of the Khnbarovskiy Krny nlone there werc 102 meetings held at
which 6~456 persons attended. Cive hundred twelve speeches were given. E'arty,
profsoyuz ~nd komsomol org~nizr~tions took cr~re to see that nt ull clubs, houses
of culture, reCreation centers und on the grounds of enterprises there were
displuys~ photomontages~ exhibitions ~nd movics on L. i. Brezhnev's sojourn in the
Khab~tirovskiy Kr~yy, I~iS mect~ngs with the working classes--prime builder~ of
the city of Komsomolsk on the Amur. The indicntions and recommendetions of
L. L Bre�r.hnev becam~e the theme for profound study in the network of poiiticnl
educ~tion ~nd in schools of rommunist inbor. A great deal of work wns done
to impicment propos~ls nnd r~dvice of L. t. f3rezhnev by the
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FOK U!~'~'l(:IAL U~J~ UN LY
Commtttee o~ the profsoyu~ of workers of the ehemf~al ~nd petroehemie~l
{ndustry. On April 27, ~978 ~n exp~nded session of the Presidium of the Kray
~ommitt~e of the prdfsoyuz w~s held to ~fftrm measures to fulfill the
fndi~ations snd recommend~tions of L. t. 6re~hnev.
Simllar me~sures were developed by profsoyuz org~nizat{ons loeally.
tn fuifilling the indie~tion~ of L. I. Brexhnev on the need to improve the
organi~~tion of soci~list eompetition, the kray committee of the profsoyuz
organi~ed a Cherk of futfillment of adopted soaialtst oblig~itons, their ~u-
stifiC~tton ~nd int~r~sity. At kr~y seetor enterprises g0 pereent of the workers,
some 3,432 workers or 398 erews out of 450~ are eurrently engaged in individu~l
~ocigltst oblig~tions. All shops h~ve conelu~ed mutual agreement~ to eompete.
'fhe overwhelming mejority of technical engineers have personal ereative plans.
'The init(~tive "~ive-ye~r pl~n of quality�a working guarantee" has become
populr~r ~t enterprises. 'Chis is the slogan of eompetition for 3,597 workers, 29
sl~ops ~nd 294 rrew~. All labor eolleCtives ere in moti~on following the example
of the Rost~vite~ "Work without f~llin~ beh[nd, effiriently and with quality".
Other undertakings are elso being supported. ~
'Che kr~y committee of the profsoyuz and the profsoyuz eommittees of en-
t~rprises ~nd tn~negers attribute purticul~r meaning to the elaboratlon of
me~sur~s to fulfill the recommend~tions df L. I. grezhnev ebout the timely '
st~rt-up of industrial faeilities, coneentr~t{on of efforts of collectives at major
start-up f~cilities and enterprise reeonstructton. At leading seetor enterprises
in the kruy~ operational groups have been set up to mon{tor the flow of eapital
construction.
Greut work is being done to inerease produetive capaeities at the Komsomolsk
5ulfuric ACid Plent. The st~rt-up of a new sulfuric acid shop in 1980 will
elmost triple the eurrent level of sulfurie acid manufacture.
To fulfili assignments of the five-year plan~ collectives of enterprises of the
chemicai industry ofthe Kemerovsk~ya oblast have to increese produetion output
by t~ factor of 1.6, incl~ding emmonia by a factor of 2.3, mineral fertilizers by
~ factor of 2.2, synthetic resins and plastics by a factor of 1.4~ chemical fibers
by, a factor of 2.5 and consumer goods by a factor of 1.5. There are twiee as
meny funds e~rmarked for these purposes es in the last five-year plan. in
solving this problem, primery meaning will be placed in popularization of the
experience of the Rostovites "Work without falling behind". Work in this
direction being done by profsoyuz and managerial organs under the stq~ervlsion
of p~rty org~nixations yielded positive results: among ehemicel enter~rises of '
the Kuzbass there are no laggard enterprises. The industrial association Azot
leads the vanguard of chemists in the Kemerovskaya oblast. This collective is
successfully handling established plans and socialist obligations. On May 31 ~
19?8 a meeting of the working classes was held about the early fulfillment of
soci~list obligations of the third year of the lOth Five-Year Plan; the letter to
L. I. grezhnev, general seeretary of CPSU Central Committee and chairman of
the Presfdium of the USSR Supreme Soviet, was adopted. in it, the working
cla~ses of the assoeiation promised to produce ?0~000 additional tons of mineral
fertilizers~ 10,000 additional tons of ammonie, 2~000 additional tons of
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Cnproluctam, and td nv~r-ful~fll produCtinn output with the St~te 5~~1 of Quality
by 42 p~reent. ~h~mt~ts k~pt their promis~. In the years of the Current five-
ye~~r p1an, the volum~ c~f industri~l produrtion has grown 8.7 pereent; the entire
growth of productidn wus assur~d b~cuuse of tt~e growth of l~bor produetivity.
r 'Clt~ output t~f pre~duCtidn with the 5tnte SeHI of Quality w~s ten times as gre~t;
by th~ end of the first qu~rt~r of 197g, its r~l~tive sig~~ifir~nre w~s over 60
p~rrent. More th~n 2,500 work~rs di th~ ~sso~{utivn are work{ng with person~l
~CCOUnts of eeonomy: this let th~ nolleCtiv~ as a whole produ~e goods ~bove thP
quota in lg??, saving rnw m~teriais und other mut~ri~ls ~mounting to 700,000
rubl~s ~nd a signifir~nt ~mount ~f energy.
~r~t~rpr{ses of Chemistry ~nd petrocti~mistry h~v~ made a ponderous contribution
to th~ e~annmy of the primnrskiy kruy. Mining chemistry is being thoroughly
d~veloped in the kray. '1'he industri~l ussociation Bor repre~ents a large
enterprise of the mining ch~miC~l industry united in the T~~r Et~st; it hAS modern
terhnatogy~ le~ds in yield of rew m~teri~l, its enrichment, rhemical re-
prdr~ssing df ore nnd cdnc:~ntrutes intd highly cdncentrated, high-qu~lity boron
prnducts. 7'he enterpris~ is a prime supplier of boron products to both the
int~rnnl m~rket ~nd ~broad. '1'he quAlity of the muin ~cinds of produCtion af the
association are ~?nong tt~e best in th~ world and even exceed them in terms of
som~ indicators. 'I'h~ comprehensive upprau~h to the solution nf org~nixationul
f~nd policitul tasks of development of lubnr c~nd cr~utiv~ uctivities muke it
possible for the ~ssociution's collective to incre~sc the rates of production und
improve its quelity more rupidly th~n was envis~ged by the contrnl ~sslgnments
of ttie five-ye~r pl~n. gy firming up suCCesses utt~ined in 1g77, when khe eol-
lectiv~ wus nwurded the Red g~nner of the CpSU Centr~l Committee, USSl2
Council of Ministers, AUCC7'U ~nd Komsomol Centr~l Committ~e, and by
guiding themselves by proposuls ~xpressed b,y L. i. Brc~hnev during his trip
through cities in Siberiu und the N~r C~st nnd decisions of the July, 1g78 nnd
November, 1978 plena of the CPSU Centr~l Committee, the chemists of the Far
~ast have unfurled socialist competition to fulfiil and over-fulfill the industrial
ussignm~nts and sociulist obligations, taking up urms with the slogan "Work
wittiout fulling behind, efficiently find with yunlity". Leading workers and
collectives, by supporting the developing the initintive of I.M. Koziov, crew chief
of excevr~tors und winner of two Urdcrs of Lenin, ~t the start of 1978 took on
increASed obligations--to fuifill the ~~ssignment of threc yenrs of the five-yenr
plnn by ihe day of the first nnniversf~ry of the USSit Constitutic?n. I. M. Kozlov's
crew, consisting df nine men, took ori the oblig~tion to remove one men from
its ranks for the entire period of ngricultural work with~~ut reducing production
and guernnteeing the assi~ned growth of labor productiv,~ty. This initintive wns
support~d in 20 crews of the m~~in shops.
. in fulfilling the advice and recommendAtions of L. I. 8rezhnev, the Primorskiy
kruykom of the profsoyuz attentively studied the organization of socialist
cornpetition ut scveral enterprises And made substunti~l chenges to its
organization. During L. i. Brezhnev's s;uy in the city of KrASnoyarsk~ he called
uttention to the need to orgc~ni~e socinlist competition br~sed on ngreements and
rreutive cooperation. The grent experience of organizing this competition was
necumulnted by profsoyuz orgunizutions of the Krgsnoyarskiy Kray. 'che
profsoyuz's kruy committee constc~ntly utilizes its self-recommended form of
pubiic monitoring of fulfillment of contr~ctual obligations of cooperating
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.
.
pc~rtic:ip~nts, sueh ~s the ere~tion of operationnl grnups in pl~nt ~ommittees of
th~+ ~rofsoyuz. Every dey th~y analyze the statc of affairs ~t start-up faetlities,
muintnin Const~nt nommunication with regul~r org~nizations~ contribute their
pronos~ls und comments on aecelerat{on of rates of eonstruction. Efficieney of
this t'orm i~ suppo; ted by p~~acti~al business. Th~ op~ratt~nal group of the
ehernlenl ~iber pl~nt obtuined complete work for~es for construction faeilities.
Previously they h~d been 50 pere~nt short of workers. The profsoyuz's kray
Committee {g working to see th~t the positive ~xpertenee nf ereative cooperation
af ~oll~etives united in ~ single technologie~l chain is sp: ead. 8y suggestion of,
the profsoyu7 Icraykom, work-through team~ have been set up ~t the ehemieal
fiber ~nd tire plunts; this improved the qu~lity of tires m~nufertured by 8
~ercent. Cre~tive c:ooperation of prim~ry org~nizations of pluns of synthetic
rubber, chemtcul fiber and prim~ry organizations of their head institutes and
ottier org~niz~tions has been org~nized to improve systems of production control
and introduction of new t~ ehnology.
Guide~ by indiCations of L. 1, ~rezhnev given in his ~peeehes, profsoyuz
organizAtlons of Kragnoy~rgkiy Kruy, acti~~eted work to rgise the level of
org~niz~tion, further improve forms ~.nd methods of management by primary
profession~l organizutions. This is greatly f~cilitated by e plenum of the
profsoyuz kraykom of workers of the chemirel and petroehemical industry held
in July, t978 to disCUSS the question "On the f~irther improvement of work of
professionnl organizntions in selection, pi~cement ~nd trnining of profsoyuL
pertionnel and active members". The kr~y committee ~f the profsoyuz drew up
fi work plen to improve the style and work methods wlth the professionel uctive
members which envsiages continuous, purposeful organiz~tional~ methods and
aurrent work with the profsoyuz active members. Collectives of chemical And
petrnchemicAl enterprises of Kr~snnyarskiy KrUy, sueh as the Kvant chemieal
fiber plnnt, synthetie rubber and industriel rubber goods plunts and others,
together with All working classes of the kray, have opened up socialist
_ competitifln under the slogan "Let us give the Motherland more products because
of early start-up r~nd assimilation of industriul capacities of the lOth Five-Year
E'lan". This initiAtive of workers of the kray, ~pproved back in January, 197?
by tlie CPSU Centr~l Committee, poses a concrete task-to assure the output of
~~dditional products by kr~y enterprises Amount to one billion rubles; including
thc chemical and petrochemical industry, this comes to ?0~000,000 rubles.
~conomicAlly justified contribution-oblig~tions nre constantly at the center of
rittention of the profsoyuz's kray committee. On its initiative, personnel and co-
ordinuting councils have been set up at enterprises to monitor the timely start-
up and ~ssimilation of industriul capncities. These measures promoted the
att~inment of high results. In two years of the lOth Five-Year Plan alone,
chemists put out 8,600,000 rubles of additionAl produets because of the
Krasnoyc~rsk billion.
In indications nnd rerommendutions of L. i. ~BreLhnev, a great deal of space
is given to educational work in the e~stern regions. L. i. Brezhnev called
attention of ineeting p~rticipants--representatives of working classes of the
rity of Komsomolsk--to the comprehensive strengthening of Inbor discipline,
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iritensific~~tfon ~t' the struggl~ with rantf-sori~l m~nifestuttons. These in-
dicHtions of L. I. ~reLhnev form the found~tfon of edueatton~t : measures
implement~d now by pr~fsoyuz org~nizati~ns ~t seetor enterprtses. Ciuided by
de~i~ions of th~ ~5th purty Congress~ profsoyuz org~~nix~tions Intensified
cc~mnrehCnsiv~ CdUClllldtl in l~ibor colleetives, mhe tth~b~rnv~kty Kr.~,y cammi.CC~~
oC tl~~ profsoyu~ of workers of the ehemi~~l and petroehemi~~l industry, plant
~r1d lncttl committees develop~d measures to intensify the struggle ag~inst
viol~tion ~f soeial behuvior st~ndurds. A serious diseussion on these topies was
h~ld ~t tlle plenum of the profsoyuz's kray committee whieh disrussed the work
~f profsoyu~ Committees and m~nagers in strengthening l~bor disetpline,
int~nsifying the struggle wfth luw-b~~efikers, ~tc.
'Che sc~me work is being ~one by pl~nt committees of the profsoyuz. Questions
nf strengthening labor und soCial displin~ ~re systemutieally brought to the floor
nf working meetings. Now ut kr~y seetor enterprises there is not ~ single ease
of violation of displine tl~nt goes unpunished by ~dministr~tive ~nd soci~l
rn~~sures.
lmportunt conclusions from the trip of L, t. Brezhnev through the regions of
5iberia ~nd the Far L~st were druwn by m~nagement, p~rty end profsoyuz
orgc~nizetions of the zime Chemirul plant naw under eonstrurtfnn. Meetings
were held ~t the plant with the summons "Inerease the role of the lubor
coll~ctive in th~ light of speeches of L. I. grezhnev to workers and the national
mUni~gement ~ctive membership during his trip through the regions of Siberia and
thc ~f~r ~r~st". Measures of mc~ss orgenizAtional work were drewn up t~nd are
being implemented by the profsoyuz to bring to life the adviee gnd re-
eommendations mude by L. i. Brezhnev. So-celled Lenin Fridays enjoy great
popul~rity in the collertive: on those d~ys, mnnngement, party ~nd profsoyuz
m~nAgers h~ve conversations und give reports in plent subdivisions. This lively
communicetion with the working classes promotes better understanding of their ~
interests, mood and needs. This is all aimed at shaping the collective, at ereeting
a propitious moral and psyehological atmosphere and is an important reserve for
r~ising production efficiency. Profsoyuz organizations are actively utilizing
v~rious forms of edurationul work with youth. At chemical and petroehemical
enterprises of omskaya oblasr ~nd primorskiy Kruy, the prlmary thrust is being
placed on the work of the prafsoyuz group. In May, 1978, the profsoyux obkom
held an oblast meeting of professional group orgc~nizers at which the question of
improved eduration of profsoyuz members und strengthening of labor displine
was thoroughly discussed. 'I'tiey properly assumed th~t the fin~l result depends
on the work of earh section~ ench csrew, where the struggle to fulfill the plan
goes on.
The presidium of the Primorskiy kraykom of the profsoyuz of workers of the
~ chemic~l end petrochemicAl industry jointly with the kraysovprof i~eld a seminar
and meeting with professional group orgunizers to improve the forms and
methods of organizati~~~el ~nd educationol work of professional groups in the
light of requirements of the Uecember, 1977 Plenum of the CPSU Centrel
Committee and fulfillment of indications And suggestions given by L. I. E3rezhnev
during his trip through cities of Siberin and the ~ar E~st. Questions of edu-
cationai work and lubor discipline were discussed in detuil at the fifth plenum
of the profsayuz kruykom with the ~gendn: "On the work of profsoyuz and
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m~nageri~l oru~niz~tions of the ehemic~l and petroch~mteal industry of the kr~y
to strengthen soet~ltst labor diselpline bused on suggestions of L. I. Brexhnev
giv~n during his trip throu~h the Citie~ of Siberiu ~nd the ~ar E~st".
By understanding the enormous role of l~bor diseipline in the matter of raising
effteiency of produetfon, profsoyu~ eommittees of enterprises of the chemie~l
~ind p~troCh~miCal {ndustry of the Alt~ysk kray ~ointly with m~nagers begnn to
more f~rtively implement work on introducing the experienre of the Rostov
~ssoCi~tion L~kokraska under the slogan "Not u single laggard beside us!". The
Altuysk kraykom of the profsoyux orgnnized ~ eompetition ~mong shop
org~nizutions ~nd professional groups for better formulation of work to introduee
u comprehensive work system without lagg~rds. Lebor reports eame into
prartice at enterprises on fulfillment of soei~list obligations, More attention
was gtven to individunl ~ompetitfon. 'I'he number of pieceworkers p~rticipating
in the rompetition to r~ise l~bor productivity in terms of personal quotas
inCre~sed 7 perrent in 1978 versus 15??, re~Ching 97 pereent; 88 pereent of the
terhnic~l engineering workers worked in 19?8 on personal creative quotas. This
~11 cert~inly has great edue~tional value and at the same time has n direct
effeet on the results of enterprlse work. In the past year, 600 le~ders of
E~roduction reported on fulfillment of three years' quot~ of the five-year plan by Chemi-
cnl Workerg' Day. Seven leading workers had completed five-year guoCas by the
sume time. But the main point is not in the individu~l reeords. The essence
_ is th~t the number of workers not fulfilling production norms dropped to a third ~
of its previous level in 1978 (versus 1977), coming to only 2.3 pereent. In
renli7ing the e.cperience of the Rostovites, all committees of the profsoyuz
defended their soeialist obligations~ m~king them more conerete and intense.
individual workers and collectives that did not fulfill produetion norms and quota
i~ssignments were taken into consideration and were given speciftc assistanee.
An importunt educutional value is expressed in mass verification of the state of
work to reve~l internal reserves of production at enterprises and in organizations
th~t wus done by the Alt~ysk kr~ykom of the profsoyuz of workers of the
- ~hemical and petrochemical industry, as well as work on dissemination of
experience of the collective of the Monino Worsted Combine gained in organizing
socialist competition based on erew aecounts of eeonomy. The experience of the
Monininns has been introdueed in collectives of the Qarnaul Plant of Industriel
Rubber Articles, Barnaul Professionnl Society Khimvolokno and other en-
terprises. Competition bASed on necounts of efficiency, to a considerable
degree, promoted the discovery of internal reserves of production and had a
dirert effect on strengthening lnbor discipline. In 19??, at enterprises of the
rhemicnl nnd petrochemical industry of the krny, the number of no-show workers
was shurply reduced, though overall losses of work time are still great.
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At rneetings with workers in eities of Slberia and the F~r East, L. I. Brezhnev
rerornended peying more ~ttention to the est~blishment ~f better labor
conditions ~nd life-style for those working in Siberia and the ~~r East. this
emerges direetly from decis{ons of the 26th p~rty eongress on the advantageous
development of produCtive forces of the Fer East ~nd i~ linked with the struggle
to reduee personn~l turnover ~nd strengthen it in this region. "We heve to give
serious consideration to how to strengthen personnel In the Far East", stated L.
I. I3rezhnev ~t ~ meeting of first seeretaries of kraykoms and obkoms of the Far
Eestern CpSU. "T~phor turnover seems to be due to the insuffieient amount of
qu~rters and the lag in nultur~l and person~l eonstruetion. Neither can we
ignnre thE elim~te".
gy implementing the egrarian pollcies of the party, workers of Sibert~ and the
~~r E~st h~ve aehieved eertain sueeesses in develop{ng agriculture, despite the
severe n~tural And climatlc conditions. But this Is not enough. L. I. Brezhnev
posed the task of cre~ting a strong agricultural base in the eastern regions of
the Cnuntry to provide the population of these regions with meat, milk ~nd
vegetables.
M~nageri~l end profsoyuz organizntions of chemical and petrochemical industrial
enterprises, in fulfilling the indications of L. I. Bre2hnev and deeisions of the
July 1978 Plenum of the CPSU CentrAl Committee, have facilitAted the
development of ancill~ry farms, personal farming seetions and are obteining
additional agricultural products for public dining. The collective Omsknefte-
orgsintez showed good initiative when it set up its own complex (hothouse where
inexpensive cucumbers, onions, other vegetables are grown, a pigsty and fowl
processing factory). It has its own dining sections, and all questions assoeiated
with feeding the workers of the ussociation are virtually resolved. But not all
man~gerial and profsoyuz organizations show genuine concern about this
important ~natter. They try to wave away some of these issues and feel that
they are unimportant or secondary.
HeAlth care of workers has a great effect on the problem of strengthening
working personnel and technicul and engineering staff in regions of Siberia and
the ~ar Eust. In recent years not much hus been done about this. In the Ninth
~ive-Year Plan alone, more than 100,000,000 rubles have been spent here to
build sanitorium and resort institutions. By the end of the current five-year pl~n
the regions of Siberia und the Far Eust should have twice a~ many or more
sanitorium and resort institutinns as in the last five-year plan [4~.
Much attention has been given to fulfillment of the socio-economic program at
enterprises of the sector united by the profsoyuz of workers of the chemical and .
petrochemical industry. For additional reinforcement of personnel at enterprises
of chemistry and petrochemistry of Siberia and the Far East~ party, managerial
orgAns and profsoyuz committees have taken steps to see that large quarters,
children's pre-schoo~ institutions and personal and cultural facilities are
constructed, and conditions of Iabor heAltl~ are improved. Profsoyuz organi-
zations of Altayskiy Kray are trying to comprehensively solve questions of
creating good conditions of labor, family life and relaxation of workers and
clerks. In 1977 alone~ over 1,300,000 rubles were utilized here to improve labor
conditions. tn Murch of last year a kray profsoyuz and management meeting was
1.7
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i v.. ?v,~?,~ uwu V1~L1
held; it noted means of further improvem~nt of w~rking conditions and labor
protec;tion; in the summer of 1978, upon the inittative of the kray committee of
the profsoyuz, enterprises held ~ monthly meeting on labor proteetton whleh h~d
positive re5ults in reducing traumatie injuries. Profsoyuz committees of the
i:ruy intensifted monitoring of fulfillment of comprehenslve plans to improve
labor cnnditions ~nd medieal service to workers, as well as to assure dletary
nutrition to those requiring it. In comp~rison to 19??, provision of areas with _
dietary dining rooms for public dining rose 26 pereent; in 1978 {t was 8? pereent
of the norm. In t}~e current ye~r, all those needing dietary nutrltion will get it.
hrofsnyuL ~r~~inir~ations of chernists and petrorhemists of the Omskaya Oblast are _
assisting in introducing ~bout 5U,000 square meters of domiciles, several
kindergartens, stores and other personal and cultural services. A great gift for
chemists ~nd petrochemists of Omsk is the con~truction of an enormous complex
housing ~ whole series of vurious service organizations.
Solution of c~uestions of culturt~l ~nd personal and domestic life require the fixed
attention af m~n~gerial and profsoyuz organizations. At many enterprises of
chemistry and petrochemistry in Siberia ~nd the Far East, there ure still not
enougti day-c~re centers, schools, pioneer camps, polyclinics, clubs; their
construction is lagging behind industrial construction. In Novosibirsk~ fo.r
example, a usual chemical plant was constructed. Its collective works
rhythrnically, produces high quality products ~nd generously shares its experience
with other enterprises. But the plant does not have its own pioneer camp; there
~re no kindergartens or day-eare centers, although funds have been released for
construction of a children's complex. Despite the presence of funds and
teci~nical pAperwork, Glavkrasnoyarskstroy has for several years unjustifiably
held up the start of construction of dispensaries at the Krasnoyarsk Chemical
Fiber Plant and the Kr~snoyarsk Tire Plant plunned to open in 1980. Or take
this example. Some enterprises and organizations of Minkhinnprom situated in
, Novosibirsk have from 150 to 500 employees. This situation is also noted in
some other places. Naturally it is not obligatory to h~ve your own pioneer
camp, polyclinic or kindergarten with such a small number of employees. At
the same time, this problem must be resolved. Minkhimp~rom should apparent-
ly come to the aid of these enterprises in constructing cultural and personal
service institutions.
COPYRIGHT: Izdr~tel'stvo "Khimiya", "Khimicheska~a promyshlennost"', 1979
8617
CSO: 1821
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CHEMICAL INDUSTRY AND RELATED EQUIPMENT
~
REPORT ON PROPOSALS FOR FURTHER AUTOMATION
Moscow KHIMIYA Y TEKHNOLOGIYA TOPLIV I MASEL in Russian No 6, 1979 p
61
(Article by D. M. Lepskiy: "On the Meeting of the Seetion of Automation of the ~
Scientific and Teehnical Couneil of USSR Minneftekhimprom On the Use of
Computer Technology in ASUP ~nd ASUPO"]
(Text~ The creation and utilization of automated enterprise and industrial
association management systems on the basis of economic and mathematical
methods and modern computer technology is an important factor in raising the
efficiency of production in the sector.
Further development of automated industrial association and enterprise ma-
nagement systems was the sub~ect of an expanded meeting of the automation
section of the Scientific Technical Council of USSR Minneftekhimprom held in
the city of Angarsk (association Angarsknefteorgsintez); issues of raising
efficiency of computer technology in ASUP and ASUPO of oil processing and
petrochemical industry were discussed. Over ?0 specialists connected with the
development and operation of ASUPO and ASUP from 45 industrial associations
and enterprises, scientific research and planning organizations of USSR Min-
neftekhimprom, Azerbai~an Minneftekhimprom, Minpribor, Minvuz and USSR
Academy of Sciences participated in the work of the section.
V. A. Panfilov, manager of this group and chief designer of the Technical
Administration of Minneftekhimprom gave an overview and proposals prepared by
a group of specialists and experts. Rapt attention was given to reports and
communicAtions of I. Ya. Shapiro (All-U;~ion Scientifie Research and Planning
Institute of Petroleum), Ye. G. Syvorotkin (Moscow Special Design Bureau of
NPO Neftekhimavtomatika), V. V. Aranovich (State Planning and Scientific
Research Institute of the Synthetie Rubber Industry), and P. P. Koptev (All-
Union Petroleum Institute Soyuznefteorgsintez)-on the results of familiarization
with the work of ASUP and ASUPO of VPOs Soyuznefteorgsintez~ Soyuz- .
kauchuk,Soyuzshina and Soyu:~.rezinoobuv', a~ well as the report by B. L
Koval'skiy (association Angarsknefteorgsintez)--on the experience of introducing
and operating ASUPO in that association.
~g ~
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r~ux ur~r'IUTAL U~~ UNLY
~r
To date, certain experienee has been aecumulated in ereating ASUP and ASUPO
in the o{1 pr~cessing and petroehemteal industry. By the efforts of seetor
organi~ations and enterprises and attraetion of organizations of Minpribor,
Minkhimprom and institutes of USSR Academy of Sciences and Minvuz, 29
autom~ted m~nagement systems heve been developed and put into operation by
industrial associations and enterprises. In addition, 15 eomputer information
centers (IVTs), whieh are the teehnieal base of the ASUs developed, have been
put into operation. In ASUP, ASUPO and IVTs which have been put into
operation, up to 150 problems on planning, aceounting and analysis of
c~dministration and m~nagement activities of enterprises and industrial as-
sociations are solved. The percentage of industrial products manufaetured by
industrial associations and enterprises at which ASU have been introdueed comes
to about 40 percent of the total volume of production in the sector.
It has been noted that the ASUs created in Lhe seetor are still lagging behind ~
the scientific And technical level planned and actually attainable economic
indicators. The main portion of ACUs introduced do not handle problems of ~
optimum pl~nning and control of primary production yielding the greatest
economic effect, but on-line accounting of management activities of enterprises,~
bookkeeping calculations, etc.
Participants of the meeting of the automation section of the Scientific and
Technical Council of USSR Minneftekhimprom developed concrete measures to
eliminate these deficiencies and raise the efficiency of ASUP and ASUPO being
created or operating. In particular, the section meeting recommended
concentrating efforts of specialists and developers at a limited number of
facilities to accelerate development, test and introduce ASUP and ASUPO
problems und standard planning solutions. It was recommended to improve
methods and scientific and technical superivision and planning of work in the
creation of ASUP and ASUPO, development and utilization of standard planning
solutions and applied program packages. To accelerate the development of
ASUP and ASUPO, their assimilation and reproduction, it is advisable to set up
sector laboratories at base enterprises of VPOs to develop and introduce ASU.
Within the associr~tion Orgneftekhimzavody it was recommended to set up a
subdivision for introduction of developed complexes of ASUP and ASUPO
problems.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Khimiya", "Khimiya i tekhnologiya topliv i masel",
1979
8617
CSO: 1821
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, r
' ~oR o~ricrnL us~ orrr,Y
CONSTItUCTION ~ CONST[tUCTION MACHINE1tY AND BUILDING MATERYALS
INFLU~NCE OF INVESTMENT STRUCTURE ON CAPITAL INTENSITY OF CAPITAL CON5TRUCTION
Moscow VOPROSY EKONOMIKI in Russian No 6, Jun 79 pp 129-133
_ (Artic.le by V. Dan-Chin-Yu, Yaroslavl': "Influence of tha 5tructure of
Investments on Che Capital Intensity of CapiCal ConaCruction"j .
(Text], The increased influence of branch improvemenCs in the aCructure of
capital investments upon the capital intensity of conetructior~ has come
about owing to the growing importance of invesCmenC flowa aimed at creating
new producCion efforts and branches and also the high proportion of
investments for expanding, rebuilding and modernizing the tradiCior~al
branchea. Thus the capital intensity for tha construction of hydroelectric
power plants ia more than two times higher than the capital intensity for
the construction.of a ma~oriCy of the industxial projecta and the
installation of drainage syatems calls for a capital intenaity for
construction that is 1.76 times greater than that for the construction of
hydroelectric power aCations and 3.5 timas greater than the capital intensity
for complex industrial construction.
The coefficient for capital intensity of conatruction is presented in
Table 12.
Such differences in the coefficients for capital intensiCy are reaponaible
to a considerable degree for the inability to compare the capital intensity
levels for construction in different branches and thus they should be taken
into account when planning and forecasting the availability of capital for
construction organizations.
The existing control structure for construction at the preaent time reflects
to a definite degree branch specialization in khe reproduction of fixed
capital. Thus the structure of the inventory of construction machinea in
each of the construction ministries or depaxtmenCs is affected by the branch
structure for construction projecta. For example, compared to USSR
Minsel'stroy [Ministry of Rural Conatruction], high powered excavators are
concentrated in Mintyazhstroy [Ministry of Construction of Heavy Industry
Establishments~ and USSR Minpromstroy [Miniatry of Industrial Construction].
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At thn same time, USSR Minsel'stroy is characterized by a considerable
concenCraCion of low power and mainly mobile cranes. The capital intensiry
of tha bxanch ia atrongly i.nfluQnced by orgeni~arional factors~ technology
and rhe progras~ive nature o� materials and atructuree end yet aG Che same ~
Cime the data ciC~d underecores the tremen@oua imporrance of Che branch
atructure for invearment progra~mg in connection crith the formation of the ~
capiCal intenaiCy level for construcCion.
TABi.E 1
Residential housing 1.00 ~
Tunnels 1.03
Railroads 1.05
Ferroua met~llurgy 1.09
Agricultural elecCric power 1.10
Crans;nissions
Chemical industry 1.13
Other branchea o� indusCry 1.1~
Petroleum chemical industry 1.23 ~
Construction at snvkhozes 1.32
Non-ferrous meCallurgy 1.50
Industrial electric power 1.52
tranamissions
Mines 1.58
Thermal electric power stations 1.66
Flooding pro~ects 1.67
Pipelines 1.90 ~
Bridges 1.94
Highways 1.97
Agricultural water aupply 2.03
Hydroelectric power stationa 2.35 -
Irrigation sysCems 2.79
Drainage systems 4.15
One feaCure of modern regional investment policy is the creation of large
industrial complexes and Che channeling of considerable capital investments
towards the development of slightly tamed or untamed regions in Siberia and
the Far ~ast. Notwithstanding the fact that production complexes are being
creaCed i~ the European portion of the USSR (for example, an industrial
complex based upon the natural resources of the Kursk magnetic anomaly),
tmprovements in disposition are obvious.
As a result, a new question has arisen: to what degree will the level of
utilization of fixed production capital in conseruction be affected by
differences in natural-geographic condiCiona?
The raised requirements for enclosing and supporting atructures, the
peculiarities involved in the erection of bases and foundations and, finally,
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th~ ~~~1~~ of con~eruceion for mod~rn and reintiv~ly nueonomous, from boeh
a~~rrieorinl gnd ~oeio-~conomic ~~andpoint~ induetrigi compl~x~e ar~
br~n~ing about �ubseantiel chang~e in con~eruction organiza~ion and
technology gnd increaein~ ~h~ r~quir~meneg aith r~ga~d eo ~h~ m~an~ of 1aMor~
Aceording ro a n~mb~r of economie~s~ a Hi~h capitai ine~nei~y for produnri~n
i~ b~ing oba~rv~d in the e8starn part of ~h~ country owing to "9~arn
candieione and a ahorta~~ of Work4ng hande in thie ragion, a ahoreage uhich
muet b~ compeneAt~d for by m~ans of a raiged capiegi-18bor raeio." A~ ~he
a~me tlme, in the European part of ~h~ U99R, ~rh~r~ "son~idergbl~ gr~a~~r
- oppor~uniti~� ar~ availabl~ for recruitin~ naw rtwnpow~r,"3 there mus~ be
higher ratea of aconomic grow~h couplad aith a slouer increaa~ in tha
aapitgl-labor raCio. The exieting view concarning ehe inevieabi~iey of a
cepitgl-int~nsiv~ typ~ of development for inv~etmant branchaa, vi~h ~he
ma~t~rtng of neW r~gions in Siberia and the Far Bae~~ has ex~rted a defini~a
inftuanco on ths formation of ~ capital-intensiv~ concept and rhi� hae b~an
reflected in rhe for~caating variante for fund availgbiliCy for conetrucCion
organi~ation8~
Meanwhii~, ehe actual cost fer production construcrion wotik in regione of
Siberia and the Far 8ast ie quit~ ofren loaer than the coet Eor buildin~
gimilar projects in ragiong located in the Buropean part of ~he USSR. This
rasults from the low expeneas involved in procuring and tran~porting the
rongtrucCion materials and raa materials. For example, production expen8~e
for ~lectric pouer and fuel in irkutekaya 4b1aeC are more than 50 p@rcant
loWer then that for [h~ centrel r~giong and in Omekaya and Tyumenakaya
nblagt~ 30-40 percent loaer; the production coat for cement at the
_ Krasnoyarsk Cement Plant ie 20-25 percent lover than at the Podo1'ek Camant
Ptant.
The actuel and potential hydrological and power engineering resourcog of
Sib~rian, Far fiaetern and Cen~ral Asian rivars (euch ae the Angsra, Yanis~y~
xeya, Nurek and ot4ers) are considerable higher than thoee found in the
plain regione of the 8uropean pgrt of the USSR. MoreoveY, ths erection of
the Bratsk CES, for example, along the Padunakiy Rapids range~ has a~ade it
possible to reduce sharply the construction coets and acheduleg and to eave
many thousande of tons of bulk dirt, conatruction material8 and etructures.
The data furnished on epecific inv@etmenta4 (ses Table 2)~ undarecorea tha
~fEectivenes~ of building a CES in the eastetcn ragiona.
The dynamics of capital intenaity for construction carriad out in various
territorial regions of the ceuntry also points out that inetead of the
anticipat~d high gro~+th in capital intenaity, caused by complicated climatic
condition~~ at the beginning of the Ninth Five-Year Plan the capital
intensity for construction in regions of Nestern 5ib@ria was only O.lg of a
point loWer than the index for the RSF51t as a whole; the capital inteneity
for conetrucrion in regions o~ ~astern 5iberia aae 0.294, or saaewhat higher
than the average for the RSPSIt. At the same time~ the capital i~tensity for
construction in Krasnoyarskiy Kray (0.30~e)~ Irkutekaya Oblast (0.345)~
~3
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Chitinskgya Oblaet ~0~163) end ehe ~ury~~~k~ya A~~3 CO.~~y) be~ti~? ~o ~he f'~et
ehae a"~e~~n" elimae~ al~n+~ is noe ~he dacieive faceor in ~he ~ormaCion of
�api~al ine~n~iey e~nd~neiee, Thia ie ai~o borne oue by th~ capieal ~ne~naity
~~rueeur~ for coh~tru~~ion in a ma~ori~y of the large adminietratiive r~gione
in elt~ Sovi~ee Unio~. Por ~xampla~ ar the b~ginnin~ of th~ Nl,nth Piva-Year
Plan ~h~ ~apitei ineeneiey for cona~ruc~ion in K~ybyahevekaya Oblase was
~.~~3, in Mo~eo~ Oblagt 0.302 ~nd in Sverdl~ovokeya Oblaee 0.179. ~
'~h~ dlff~r~nsa in th~ cap~ta~ in~en~iti~~ for conetr~c~ion in th~ union
r~apubiie~ uaa ~v~n grege~r: ah~r~ae in rh~ Seloru8eian and Arnenian SSR'e
thi~ indux ua~ d.15~ and 0.140 reepeceively~ eh~ fl.gurae for th~ Turkmen~
and tiithuan~an 3~R'g W~r~ 0.390 aad 0.440 re~p~ceively, compar~d to an
av~ra~~ eapitai ine~asity for con8eruetion in rh~ RUBB~at1 Fedaretion o� 0.220.
H~nc~ ~h~ ~ff~et of ~he ~ona1 inv~etment 8~ructure on the capiCa~ intensi~y
foc eonecruction i~ d~termin~d not ao much by Ch~a action of Che naturnl-
g~o~raphi~ ~ondition8, 8ithough a~r~aC emount of aeeenrion mu8e be focueed
en thi~ ~actor ~fl fllAtly ~fl9CBflC~9 (for exgmpie, ah~n carrying ouC invAStment
pto~rams ~f eh~ pion~~r typ~), but rather by eh~ branch Btrucrur8 of
inv~stm~n~~ and ehe ~~v~1 of operaEional ~xpen8~8, conditioned by ~he
capaeity of th~ fu~1-~nergy and raW roat~riai poten~ia~.
Tha mod~rn g~i~ntific�e~chnical r~volution i~ inrroducing subatantial
eorrectiong in~o rr~ eapit8l inveetment gtructura. NeW eourca8 of rav
m~~erial~ and ~nec~y are being in~tuded in national eaonomi~ Curnover,
impYOV~m~nt~ ar~ being realiz~d in the technological proceaaes~ production
op~rationg ar~ b@coming mo~ce apecializad in natuYe and tha branch eCructure
Eer capital investments and tha~r territorial dietribution ara bacoming more
rynamic. Und~r th~s~ condi~ion~ ~ha formation of naw brench~e and production
~�fort~ and aleo th@ d~velopment of remota geo~raphic regions of tha
country ar~ inevitably aesociatad with raiaing ths proporeion of naw
co~~truction. At the eame time~ thete ts a predominance of inveetments for
expending and mod~rni~ing pxisting enterprises in regiona having a developed
economic gtructure.
;lotwith~tanding the r8ther convincing advantages of expanelon and
ti~wdernisation over n~w construction in the plan for raducing capital
intensiveness'~ the cgpital int~nsity for conatruction preduction during a
period of exp8nsion and a~odernization witl not undergo any eubstential
redu~tion. Accually, a~odernization conetruction is extremely limited in
Fgrmg of both available production areas and the absence of specially
adaptsd machineg, mechanisms and a vell developed organization for the
3xpan~ion production ~ork. Thf.s ia obviously the reault of failing to take
+nto account, in previous plans~ the developmental prospects for equipment
and production technotogy Which~ at the moment of expansion, takss the form
of a tremendous votume of additional capital inveatmenta for carrying out
the expangiac?~ro~k. Thns ~xtrem~ importance is a[tached to converting over
to the creation of long term standard int~grated modular e~stecos both in
caachine-building and construction the leading and concluding branchea for
the investment process.
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Mod~rniaation differ~ from n~w coneeruceion in eat~as of eh~ tanhnological
atruct~re of rhe capital inv~atm~nta~ For exemple, Cha proporeion of
coneeruction-iaetallatioa work f.n naa conee~ucrion is 52.~ percent and for
moderniza~ion and expansion 44.9 percen~ . On ehe average for the R8F3R~
con~~ruceion-ineeallaEion work congtf,tut~a approximaeely 60 parcenr ot the
eapital inveeemen~ eeructure. Thie indox Se coneidarably highar in alnwet
e11 of rha t~rritoriai ragiong of Siberta, �or exampia~ in tCrasnoYerak~y
Kray 6b.0 percant, in tha Buryat A33R 69.5 percent and in the Tuvinskaya
ASSR 70.2 perc~nt.
Under modarn conditions, new conerruceion inakee ir poegib~a eo enBUre a
broad Eront of work for a11 enterprieea, otigani~ations and farme engaged ~n
cerrying out consrruction and inetailation proceeaee, to combine ~o a
maximum degree ~he work of ~ general contrgctor and the aub-contractors gnd
to nmploy aa r~ modarn forms for organi~ing construction production baaed
upon the u8a of flow line daily and hoUrly 8ch0dulee, neeWOrk nadelg and .
autacatic control systems. Thus a loWer capital inteneiCy for constYUCtion
in regiona of 3lberia ia the consequence, to a certain degrea, of the
p~culiarities in ehe atructure for tha reproduction of fixed capilgl.
An important aspact and one Which defines the trend in capital inteneity
for conetruction carri~d out in zonga of pioneer development ie the fa~t
rhat construction production in theee zonea is aupplied with roaeeive
amoun~~ of equipm@nt. In addiCion, relative uniformity prevail~ ~n Che
formation of inechanized complexes. Theae factore malce it poeeible to
eneure aynchronoug eervice8 and compeneation and to create a roore rationgi
etructure for the pool of construction machinee and mechanizad compiexea.
In the traditional regione of conetruction~ the vear and tear of a portion
of ~ha conetruction machines often exceede the normative level. For
~xample, on 1 January 1973 at the Spet~etroymekhanizataiya Truat of
Glavverkhnevolzhetroy, 1,000 leading machinea of inechanized complexes
included labor means vhich should have been declared obaolete, ineluding
29 excavators, SS bulldozers, 17 crartee, 9 tractora and ao forth, or
approximately 15 percent of all unite in the pool. Under conditions
inwolving the combining of nea machinee with meana of lebor that are
obsolete or Worn out, it ie practically imposaible to achieve a truly
harmonious mechanized complex.
The ratio of the "active" and "pasaive" portions of fixed capital occupiea
an important place in the formation of the level of capital intenaiCy for
c~natruction. Thus, during the Ninth Pive-Year Plan the proportion oE
buildin~s and inatallations in th~ structure of fixed production c8pital for
construction in the USSR amounted ta 20 percent, in Krasnoyarskiy ~rgy 38,
in Irkutakaya Oblast 50, in Kemerovskaya Oblast 35~ in Bastern
Siberia on the ahnle 40 and in Western Siberia 26 percent. A~ the
same time, one of the leading groups of fixed capital "working ~chines
end equipment" accounted for 51 percent of the overall volume of fixed
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.
~o~ o~~~c~ni. us~ oN~Y
produeeion capital, in Tyum~nskayg Oblast 40 p~rc~n~, in IrkuCakaya
Obi~ne 32 p~rcene, in ~aeeer~i 3iberia 40 p~rcan~ and in West~rn
Sib~ri~ 46 perc~ne. H~nc~, wher~as naturai-g~o$raphic conditiion~ play~d
~ d~eisiv~ ro1~ in ehe formation of the "production buildings and
l,nstalletion~" group~ th~ ~roup of 1~adin~ machin~s wae affscted to th~
gr~ategt de~ree by s~ructural changes taking piac~ in tha zones of pioneer
ahd ~r~ditianal d~v~lopment~
Tha foruca~ting variants prepar~d by th~ Saientific Res~arch Inseitute of
Cdnatruerion ~conomica of USSR Go~stroy for dietributing inveetments amon~ .
th~ principal tr~nda in indu~trial conetruction (excluding power engineering, -
thu ga~ indu~ery and th~ transporting of petroleum) aseume that during th~
period from 1975 ro 1990 the proportion of modernization and technical
ra-oquipping, with regard ro rhe overall volume of capital invesCmanta~ wiil
incrsase from 22 to 36 parcent and, accordingly, that the proporrion of new
eonatruc~ion will decreasg from 42 to 28 percent. MoYeover, tha propoYCion
of cdn~truction-installaCion work in the case of modernization and technical
re-aquipping will increa~e from 17 to 31 percent and new consCruction wi11
decrease from 45 to 32 percent.
Similar sharp changes in the atructure of capital investmentg will
in~vitaoly affect the proportions in associated branchea and the trenda in
conetruction capital intenaity. Thus, when planning the availability of
funds for inveatment branches and capital investments in the construction
industry, the changes taking place in the atrucCure of capital investmenta
should be Caken into acnount.
F00'TNOTES
l. 'The capital intensity for consCruction, in the narrow aense (in
conformity with branch methodology), is defined as the ratio of the
value of the fixed pr~duction capital remaining on the balance of
construction organizations to the volume 1rJ1~NV~VCV~V~~ work carried
out.
We cannot a~ree with this approach, first of all becauae construction-
installation subunits do not always mainCain construction equipment on
their balances, but rather they lease it; secondly, the product of
construction should be not the volume of construction-installation work
carried out, but rather a plant, complex, house and so forth that hae
been prepared for public use (productive or non-productive).
It is our opinion that capital intensity of conatruction should be
understood to mean the ratio of the value of all fixed capital used in
construction-installation procesaes to the estimated cost of construction
for a project or complex.
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~ ,
2~ Tha capitai intonaiey for raeidAntial houAing Qonatruct~on waa uead ae
a uni,e.
3~ 9ee A.I. Anohiahkin and Yu~V~ Yaxemenko~ "Tempy i proporr8i~,
ekonomicheskogo ra~vitiya (Ratae and Proporeions of Sconomia Devaiopmene~,
"~konomika" Izdat~l'~tvo, 1967, p 102.
4. S~~ "Vopro~y razmashch~niya aoteialiAeichaekoy promyehlennoeti"
(Qu~atione on the Diepoeitian of Socl.aliet Induaery~, "Neuka"
IzdaCel'etvo, 1971, p 287.
S. S~e L.M~,9my~hlyay~va. Rationaiiaarion of tha 9eructure of Capital
Znvastmenee (in rhe Coliection "Sconomice and OrganSzation of
ConsCrucrion ProducCion." Novoeibirek, 1971, No. 3, p 45)~ ~
6~ Sae L.M. Smyehlyayeva. Rationalization of the Structure of Capitai
InveaCmenCe (Bconomica and Organization of Construction Production.
Novosibirsk, 1971, No. 3, p 48). '
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Pravda", "Voproey ekonomiki", 1919
7026
C30: 1821
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~ SNl\ V!?~VlLW NN1~ V?WL ,y~,
i
MTTALLURQY
GRCAT~1t CONC~RN FOR CON3ERVINQ 1~TAL
Moecow 3TAL' in Rueeian No 5, May 79 pp 322-325
(Article by Academician A. Yu. Iehlinekiy, Hero of 3ocialiat I.abor, chair-
man of the A11-Union Council of the Sc3aneific and Technical 3ociety~
(Taxt~ The growth of ~he ecoaomy of our counrry ia coetinuously conneceed
with tha eatiefaction of the damande of the naCional economy foY metal.
Ie accordance with the raeolutione of the 25th Congrese of rhe CP3t1~ the
Tenth Five Year PiBn calis for increasing the pro~uction of effective typae .
of inetal producta by 1.5-2 Cimee: cold-rolled eheet met~l, 8heet rolied
producte with coatings, bent prnfiles, rolled products with heat-trea bnenL
harden~ng, rolled producte n~ade of ~oa-giloy atael, etainless eheet eteel
and cold-roiled ~rana�ormer ateal~ high-etrength pipes, high-quality metal-
wares, powdered iron~ and so on.
In implementing the reaolutiona of the party, the metallurgiste have achieved
significant results aith respect to increasing prodnction capacity, improving
the etructure and raieing the technical level of production, improvement of
the technicgl-economic indexes and raieing tha quality of the produced matal.
~or further increase in efficiency of the steel production, growth of the
productivity of labor and improvement of the conditions of labor and also
.or efficient uee of cast iron and scrap resources, it ie becaming motie and
more significant to expand the converter and electric steel making production
with pouring of the steel by a predominantly continuous method.
A characteristic feature of the development of the ateel-making production
is broader and broader use of the methods of treating the metal outside the
furance ~blowing with inert gaees, evacuation, treatmenC With eyntheCic
slags, and inoculation). ~
In recent years converter processea With bottom oxygen-fuel blowing have
been further developed in the refining of phoaphorus and ordinary converaion
cast iron. The studies of the deve~opment of bottom-blowing proceesea have
made it poesible to develop the design by Which the converter ehop ia being
built at the metallurgical plant 3meni Dzerzhinskiy.
2$
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9i~~i�~,eanr prog~@se h~~ be@n mad~ i.a~ rh~ �i~~d of electr~c at~e~ mak~ng,
A~~ri~~ proaeea for produc3ng alloyed ~e~ei, ine].ud~ng Bear~ng ~eeei, ha~
be~n ma~rergd on the 200-toa a~rc furnaeee~ A reduce~.on in ehe M~at ~~m~
and improv~nene of eh~ eeehnicAl-~eonemic prodUCtion indmcee have been aehieved
on eh~ ].DO-ton �urnaees equipped a~th high-power ,craneformere.
Th~ use of pl~sma ae a~ource of heat Eor m~lting Che charge in plasma erc
fura~e~~ 3~ h~ghly ~ffiei~nt. Th~ proc~sg for making a number of comp~exly
ai~oy~d seee].~ ~nd a~ioys for raeponaible purpoa2e hQS been euceesefuily
- m~st~r~d on rhes~ furn~ces. Procasee~ h~v~ been eucc~ssfu~iy developed for
epe~i~1 e~,eceri.cal meCallurgy: electroelag, vecuum-atic, elacCron-arc re-
meleing ~nd vacuam iaduetion hearing.
3ignific~ne capacitie~ ar~ pi~c~ned with respace to conCinuous pouring
primarily in the converter and electric steei-making shopa.
In ~pite of the progress made in the eteel-making production area, an ene~re
s~ri~s of inea~ureg are elow i,n being introduced, and the acCuaily achieved
ef�~ceivenese of them ~till remains below the possi~le effectiveness.
The consCruct~on of ep~eialized shops for producing effective elag-forming
tiegting mixes (w~hich ar~ required for pouring in ingot molde and for con-
tinuous pouring of steel) and heat ineulating lininge of effective compoaitiona
is lagging significantly behind the established deadlines. The method of
mechanical capping of rimming eteel using t~ottle-top ingo~ molda hae not
found application to the preaent tfine; the cost benefit from ueing slide
gates characterized, in particu~ar, by the etrength and coat of the refractory
tiles ia still inadequate. The strength of the ingot molds and aleo the
ladles with monolithic lining is stgnificantly below the posaible strength.
The applic~tion of the protective coatings of the ingot molds and stools
and also the levitation of the metal in the ladle hava not been organized.
T'he 1eve1 of inechanization of the labor-cons~aning operations in pouring steel
and preparing the composition of the mixtures also requires improvement.
These and other deficiencies and meana of eliminating them have been indicated
by the participanta in the All-Union Scientific and Technical Conference on
Improving the Effectiveness and Structure of Steel-Making Production held by
the Central Board of the Scientific and Technical Sociery of Ferrous Metal-
lurgy in Lipetsk in September 1978.
Specific problems were brought before the scientific and technical com-
munity: the creation and introduction of complex systems for automated
control of the steel-making processes, killing, alloying and finiahing of
the metal in the ladle, the development of a method for cutting off the '
furnace slag when removing the metal from the steel-making units~ slagging-
off machines and devices for protecting the metal from secondary exidation
between the steel pouring and intermediate ladles~ and so on.
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"How~v~r, ehe haeic ea~.ue~on ta the prob~.aa o~ the moeti comp~etie sa~ia�aceion -
n~ th~ groa~ng d~nands~ Af ehe nation~l ~conomy for meCal," comrade L~ Z~
gr~zhn~v nete8, "a~ong a~.th.increasing ~.te produce~.on, r~quires persieC~nt
controi of the expane~on of the aeeoxement, ~.mprovemenr of ehs qua~ity and
improvement of th~ affic~,~nt utiilixation of m~tial produce~. The etrictese
~conomy and thrift are a necaeeary aep~et oE tha socialiet economy, an
important cond~ti~,on o~ r,he further development of the economy of onr country
and improvemenC of ehe ~e~ndard c� l~vi.ng of the peopl~." ~
A~re~t degi of work is b~ing done in our country ~o reduce the matal con-
~umprion of product3on, obe~3n broad appli~~rion of advanced design solueione
and improv~nent of ehe t~chnologica~ proceesea. New high-efficiency metai-
~.urg~.cal un~.te and equipment have 6een builr �or the production of economical .
pro~iles of roii~d producta and a broad assortmenti of pipe, and so on.
A great deal of work in the e~ving of inetal is being done in the labor
Collective~ oE Che enterpr~sea end organ~zationa of Moecow, Leningrad and
~l~o ehe Yoigogr~d, Khar'kov, Novoeibirak and other oblasrs~ at the plants
�or power machin~ building, ~h~pbuilding, machi~e build3ng for animal
husb~ndry and feed production and certain other branches. ~
An effective syatem for saving metal hag been introduced aC the enterprises
of Ct~e Chelyabinsk Oblast, the experience with which hae been approved by the
Central Committee of Che CPSU. In recenC yeare the metallurgiets of the
Central Ura1s have masCered the production o� many new types of eteel; they
have significantly expanded the assortment of producte, they have doubled
rhe rolled product output with negative allowancea which has made it poesible ~
to save hundreda of thousands of Cons of ineCal.
Howe~~er, in spite of the measvres uaed, greater and greater loasea of inetal
are heing permitted. Last year they amounted to more than 35 percent of the
cost of all losses in the nationAl economy~ In ma:hine 6uilding and metal-
working alone, the annual waste and loss of inetal exceed 18 million tone,
of which 8.3 million tons are lost in chips. The wastied~metal chips can be
r.:duced significantly by decreasing the existing machining allowances by 50
percent. The calculations indicate that this measure alone can redu~e the
7~ta1 chip waste by 4 million tona, significantly decreaee the time apent on '
machining all parts in machine building and metalworking and relieve 27,000
workers.
It is possible to achieve large reaerves for saving mt:tal in taking broad
~easures to combaC corrosion~ It is considered that r3pproximately one and a
_ '~ulf percentof the total mass of inetal in use in the industrially developed
:ountries is deAtroyed annually as a result of corroaion.
One of the most metal-conswning branches of industry is construction. More
than 12 million tons of reinforcing steel, 8 million tons of section and sheet
rolled products, and 11 million tons of steel pipe axe consumed annually.
In recent years a great deal has been done to protect atructural elements
and equipment against corrosion. At the present time corrosion protection
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plane conetiCur~ ~ mandarory pare of the normat~.ve-esC3mating documents;
pain~ed and unp~3need �orm~d galvan~.zed ~heeC~ng ie ueed in coneeruction;
Che production o� se~e~ sHeets w~tii alin~n~.num and polymer coatinge hae been
masCared; th'e mod~.ficetion of the ~ndus~rial un3ti for produc~ng r~inforeing
se~e1 wiCh high corros~.on rem~aCance has~ Been completed at rhe Makeyevskiy
Metallurgical P1ant; experimental 1dCs of new polyfunctional chemical
additivee have been produced which increase tihe corroeion resistance, ~roat
regisCance and prdeeeeiv~ propertiea o� conarete with respect to re3n�orcing,
and so on~
In addition, up to th~ pregent eime specialized ~arge organizations have been
created in tihe branches in order t~ carry oue a set of operatione to pro~ect
meCa1 and reinforced concrere sCructural elemenCs againat corrosion (during
Ch~ cons~ruction and in rhe procese of maintaining buildinga and structurea),.
It is necessary ro increase rhe introduction of protecCive measures for
welded connections in pre�ABricated rein�orced concrete strucCures under
construction conditions. The quality of ~ha corrosion-protection work during
insCallc~Cioc~ is not being evaluated by the engineering monitoring services.
The construction indugCry hasically has ar its digposal only low-efficiency
means of protection against corrosion; the demand for chemically reaietant
maC~rials to protect meCa1 and reinforced concrete atructures i~ no more than
10 percent satisfied; new developments af effective, economical materials and
means to be used for protection are ~eing introduced slowly.
IC is necessary significanCly to accelerate the development of Che construction
technology considering metal protection against corrosion, mechanization and
automation of the protection processes and, above all, the cleaning and
preparation of the surfaces under the protecCive coatings and restoration of
the coatings.
Effective assiatance of the scientific and technical conmtunity of the All-
Union Chemical Society imeni D. I. Mendeleyev, the construction industry, �
and the social committees of the scientific and technical society is required
here.
It is known that the capaciCy of inetals to withstand the effects of corrosion-
active media is a highly significant factor determining the reliability and
surface life of any equipment or structure.
The efficient selection of the construction materials and means of pro-
tecting them frequently determines not only the economy expediency but also
the possibility of practical tmplementation of the existing proposals.
This problem is partially solved by using alloyed steels. Previously the
application of austenitic chromium-nickel steels played a large role in the
creation of anticorrosion equipment for an entire series of technological
- processes. Atthe present time when a sufficiently good study has been made
of the limits of corrosion resistance, the use of such steels in pure form
does not appear reasonable. This arises also from the ever-increasing
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short~ge o� n~.ckel wh~.ch ~,s creaCing eex~.ous~ proli.lems for all countiries
of ehe aro rld; Chere�or~ both in our counCry nnd a6road ~.neensive searches
are being conducred for means of saving nickel and nickel-contain~.ng a~eel.
One of tihese area~ is rhe use of sCeel t~ati ia econom~.cally alloyed with
nickel (up to 7 percene Ni), n~:ckel-free chrome seea~., titanium and itis
alloys and nonmetallic materials~
For the broad urilix~tion of economically alloyed chrome-nicke]. and nickel-
- free chrome steels it ia f~r~e of all nenessnry Co ~.ncrease ehe output of ~
these sCeels.
Among the oCher causea hold~.ng up the solution of the problem it is possible
to meneion the insufficient asaortrnent and nomenclature of equipment produced
by the machine building plants from economically alloyed and chrome sreels
nnd nlso bimeCals, the insufficient level of production of corroaion-
resistnnr cuse alloys, including cast iron and products made from iC, and
so on.
'~he salution of Che invesCigated problem would tie simplified to a great
exrettt by expanaion of the volwnes of production and Che asaortmenC of
economically alloyed and chrome steels (in particular, pKh22N5T, OKh18G8N2T),
mastery of Che series production of economically alloyed steels with low
carbon content (0.03 percenC~ and chrame steel with a total carbon and
nierogen cantent below 0.015 percent, and an increase in the production of b3.-
metal and high-chrome ca~t iron.
The MinisCry of Chemical Machine Building muat significantly increase the
production of standard equipment made of economically alloyed and chrome
steels (heat exchangers, columns and Cank equipment, reactors, centrifugea,
pumps, and so on). The standards for the margin~ of atrength of Che equipment
and structural elements must be re-examined considering the use of cor-
rosion-resistant alloys a;td steels Co manufacture them.
A process has still not been developed for welding chrome steel, economically
alloyed steel or bimetal ensuring that the level of the mechanical properties
a~d corrosion resistance in the weld-affected zone will be no leas than in
the basic metal.
The scientists and specialists of the BSNTO Committee on corrosion and pro- ,
tection of inetal are working on all of these problems; a great deal of work
has been done with regard to the development of proposals offering the
~ossibility of protecting metal and reinforced concreCe structural elements
from corrosion, the introduction of ineans and methods of protection against
~orrosion and scale formation on the surfaces of the cooling systems,
internal combustion engines, chemical equipment and so on.
The VSNTO Committee on problems of wear resistance and friction are also
working hard.
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Among Che moaG e~�ectiye meane o$ contiro~l~,ng wear and friction it is
poseible to ment~.an the phenomenon discovered by Sov~,eti ecienCisre and
called selecCive tranefer~
Se1.ec~ive eransfer ia a type of friction character3zed tiy almoeti complete
exclueion of wear and a low friceion coeggicient. It ariaee Erom epontaneous
formaCion of;~a thin, nono~cidizing platy metial film in the conCacC zone
capable of creating polymerizat~on products of the lu6ricant. The wear
producte in tihe presence of selecti3ve transfer can move from one fr3ction
aurface to the other as a result oF se3zure and be held in the conCact zone
by electricaJ. forces. The soft thin metal f ilm is maintained in the pre-
, sence of friction as a result o� the mcidizing-reducing reaceions occurring
during the working of rhe friction pair.
The application of selective trans�er in the �riction asaemblies of air-
craft, electric drills, pwnps, the~machinery on maritime ehips, and elecCric
contacts for Coola and ~.nsCrumenta provides significant coat bene�it.
The realization of aelecCive tranafer in Che friction assembliea is realized
by applying new meeal-cladding lubricants, a~ear-reaiaCant and~fricCian-
reaistant lnater3als. Fina1 finiah3ng of the par~~ and alao the uae of
a bronze-steel pair coated wirh a surface-active luTiricant.
The mission of the scientific and technical community conaists not only in
continuing the investigations~ with respect to the development of new meChoda
of improving the wear resistanGe of machine parts based on the phenomenon of
selecCive tranafer, hut also wide-spread popular3zation of the results
already achieved.
A prospective area with reapect to saving metal, reducing the mass of the
structural elements of machines and equipment, improvement of their reliability
and service'life is the developwent of powder metallurgy.
At the Tulachermet Scientific-Production Association, a proceas has been
developed for producing powder materials and plasma coatings based on them
permitting significant increase in the wear resistance of the parts and
assemblies of fast-wearing equipment. The application of coriosion-resistant
and wear-resistant coatings increases the service life, for example, of
the shafts of hydraulic pumps by two or three times and pump impellere by
1.5 times.
The production of iron and alloy powders has increased by 2.1 timea in the
last 10 years. The use of iron powder produced ~y the enterprises of the
USSR Miniatry of Ferrous Metallurgy in tfie national econom~+y in 1977 alone '
has made it.passible to save more tfian 35,000 tons of steel and release signi-
ficant capacity in the~machine tool fleet.
The primary organization of the scientific and tecfinical society uniting
more than 1,500 members has made a significant contribution to the aolution
of the problems facing the collective of the Tulachermet NPO jScientific-
Production Association].
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Z'he NTO j3cienrif~.c and Technical Societiy~ Council ~.e d~,ecu~s,~.ng tihe most
impurtant acien~ific and tecHnical probleme, and ~,e 3s developing recom- -
tn~ndat3one w3tli respect Co Ch,a ~as~3c areae o~ scien~if~;c research in the
assnni~tion.
The NTO council.e of Ghe aseociation are the initiators of agreementie on
craative cooperation between ~he scientific organizatione and enterpriees
for the sol.uCion oC t~chnical problems. ,
'~hus, a~cording to ehe agreement an the creative cooperation between~the
collectives of ehe Tulachermet AasociaCion and ehe 2~A~IK, a process ie be~.ng
introduced at tihe combine for rhe deposieion and coating of ehe parts of
meti~].luYgical equipmenti. The eurface hardening oi the various piecee of
equipment achieved in this way will permiti a3gn3f3cant increase in iCs
aervice life. The appl3cation of thie method in blast-furnace production
will double the strength of ehe air tuyerea of tihe 61ast furnaces.
The organizations o� the scienCific and technical eocieC3es are conatanCly
working on ehe problema of saving metal 3n Che national economy.
Thus, the aection on strength of machinea of the Chelyabinek Oblast board
of Che Mashprom Scientific and Technical Society, in dealing with the im-
provement of the evaluation of the stress on tractor frames, has achiaved
a 50 kg reduction in weight of the tractor frame with an overall increase ~
in the reserve of the tractor by tfiree times. The sectiona of the'Volgograd,
Leningrad, Sverdlovsk and a number of other boarda of the Mashprom Scientific
and Technical Society are also working actively.
By Che initiative of the primary organization of the acientific and technical
society of the Ural Automotiile Plant, the metal consumption of 1,000 of the
Ural AZ automobile parts hae ~aeen certified. Some atructural changee have
made it po~sible to reduce the weight of the parCs while ensuririg reliability
and service life. This has made it possible to save more than 3,000 tons
of ferraus and nonferrous meCals recalculated for the annual output program.
Certification has played a positive role in the creation of the program for
further improvement of the structural elements of the automobile and.the
process for production of it.
Scientists, and the entire acientific and technical community~muet give
sti11 more attention to the problema of saving metal, they must make basic
recommendations with respect to the all-around use of inetal from dbtaining
tt Co utilizaCion of tC.
"Che efficient use of inetal for agricultural needs remains an important
~cientific and engineering problem. These problems have ~ieen emphasized in
the resolutions of the July (.1978) P~lenum of the Central CommiCtee of the ~
CPSU.
Insufficiently corrosion-resistant carbon steels are sCill being used for
the manufacture of farm machinery and equipment and agricultural construction,
34 ~ ~
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at ehe e~me e~ans ~e the app~.iear~.on o~ low-a~~oy~ h~gh-strengtih and corrvs~.on-
res~etane sCeel w~.ll perm~.C a reduct3on in ttle m~~al consumpC~.on of the
machines and seructu~res~ wieh doubling or ~rip~.~.ng ot~ their eervice livee~
The exper~.ence of Che adv~nced entierpriaea ~ndicat8e that even eimple
execueion of ineaeures w~.th respecC ro proper organization and eCorage of
farm equipment (A11 Un3on State Standard 7851-71) offere the poesibility of
reducing the corrosion lossee on the farm by approximately 25 percenti.
~
The organizaCione of the ecientific and technical eociety t~ave developed
proposals w~rh respect to corros3on protection o� farm equipmenC, they have
proposed spec3fic recommenda~ions arl.th respece to tihe application of ef-
fecCiva protective coatings and corros~.on inli~.b3tore.
Thus, Che eociel, scientif~c-producCion and coordination councils of the
scientiftc and technical socteties o� agriculture and the build~ng induaCry
have daveloped recommendat3one for the application of No 444 ruet inhibitor
in farm construction and for coYrosion proeection of the process equipment
in the antmal husbandry facilities. When ueing this inhi~~.tor there is no
need for cleaning the surfaces of the parts Before painting, and the service
life of ehe paints has increased by two or three times.
However, the inh3bitor has atill not become wideapread. Unfortunately~
many other developments and proposals of Che scientific and Cechnical com-
muniCy are also being slowly introduced into production.
The problems of the societies with reapect to eff icient utilization of
material resources, the creation and introduction of waste-free technological
processes were discussed at the end of 1978 at the second plenary aesaion of
the VSNTO Society. A broad program has been planned for the long-range
activitiea of the NTO SocieCy in the future. The energy and creative search
of the 9 million memflers of the ecientific and technical societies constitute
a reliable guaranCee of the execution of this program.
COPYRIGHT; IzdaCel'stvo "Metallurgiya", "Stal 1979 ~
10845
CSO: 1821
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I~tETALLURdY
UDC 669.187~2
WAYS OF DECREA3ING THE ,MATERIALS 'USED IN ELEC'1'RIC STEEL MAKING
Moecow STAL' in Ruesian Nn 5, ~1ay 79. pp 349-352
[Article by A. F. Kablukovskiy~ D. I. Popov, and R.~M~ Khayrutdinov,
Central Scientific Research Institute of FerYOUe Metaliurgy] ,
[~ext~ On the modern 1eve1 0� davelopmenti of the economy of our country, '
~ reducing material outlays is one of the decisive condit3ons of impYOVing
the efficiency of soc3al production. In the electric eteel-making bueiness :
there are large reserves for eaving maeerials. Util3zation of these reservea
is especially urgent in. connection with the fast growth of electric ateel
making planned for the future.
The development of electric eteel production in our country wae determined in
the past piimarily 6y the demand for high quality metal, the making of
which in other units was either imposstble or uneconomical.
In recent yeara, a trend toward increasing the unit capacity and power of the .
ateel-making units has been clearly planned. Practiice has confirmed that
the construction of large axc furnaces and new power sfiops will permit a
significant reduction in tT~e apecific capital expenditures and production
overhead, an increase in tfie productivity of labor and aignificant improvement -
of the working conditions of the service personnel.
in spiCe of the significant progress in electric sCeel making with respect
to eacpanding the assortment o� ateel made, i~mproving tlie metal output per
unit inatalled capacity, saving electric power, reducing the time required
for the heat, improving the strengtfi of refractory lininga, a raduction in
hhe metal charge and ferrous alloy consumption, and so on, tfiere are signi-
ricant reserves for furtfier reduction of tfie material outlays in production ~
and improvement of the efff.ciency of making steel in the elect~ic furnaces.
At the present time favorable prerequisites have been dev~loped in the country
for accelerating the development of electric steel making. First of all this
is connected with the necessity for efficient use of all of tiie scrap and -
waste reserves of alloyed steels. According to the data of the VNIPIlbm
Institute, the reserves and volumes of Che procurement of this waste material
in the country constantly exceed the possibilities for remelting it in the
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~iectric furnac~s~ Accord~,ngly, up to now a eignificanC qua?It~ey of tho
a11oy wasC~ !;s ~eing ueed in ttle open-heareh furnaca chargee~ WhtcR ia ac-
companied ~y eign~ticant los~ees of chromiwn and manganeee conta3ned in
them and alatioat 811 of the vangdivm and eiiicon~
The concentration of the making of all alloyed eteels ~.n e~ecrr~c furnacea
is alao expedient in order to refluce the furnace losses of the metal charge.
The calculations of the scientific researct~ 3natitute of matal;turgy (NYIM
Institute~ indicatea that making ailoyed etie~l in ehe open-Aearth furnaces
instead o� the electric furnaces leads to significant over coneumption of
ferrochrrnne, ferromanganese, ferrosilicon, and other ferroue a13.oys.
7'he further development of electric stee~. making muet also be accompanied by
a reducrion in the thorough niegtnn3ng aith;~extraction of the ore and coal)
energy coneumption By 70 percent and the pr~ry materials by 90 percent~
a decreaee in rhe d3scharge 3nto the air by 88 percenC and water pollution
by 76 percent and a decreas~a in the production and conaumpt3on waste by
97 percent [1] by comparison with.maktng steel by the "bla~t furnace and
oxygen converter" syatiem. �
The changes in the raw material and the fuel and energy base of our country
are also giving rise to preference for-making sCeel in the electric furaacea
by comparison with other unite. The reliability of eupplying electr3c power
in the high-capacity integrated electric power eysteme is an important factor.
In the last eight years, the 3ncrease in electric steel production in ferroua
metallurgy has basically 6een ach~eved as a result of the construction and
introduction into operation of new electric steel-making furnacea with arc
furnacea at a capacity of lOQ and 20Q tons.
The large arc furnaces are equipped witfi ~modern systems for automation and
control of the~mo~vement of the electrodes, autamated oxygen tuyeres, unita
for mechanized repair of the r~fractory lining of the furances and the dis-
charge loadera, devices for removal and purificatiun of waste gase8 and
other new technological proceas equipment Which will improve the productivity
of labor and ensure high technical-economic indexes of the steel-~making
proceas.
The Gentral Scientific Research Institute of Ferrous Metallurgy ~ointly
with the plants has developed and introduced a procesa for~making construction,
bearing, electrotechnical and other alloy~d sCeela corresponding with reepect
to quality indexes to the requirements of tfie atandard and the technical
specificationa in the large arc furnaces.
The NIIM Institute has worked on intensifying the process of inelting the
charge in the electric furnaces by using gas burners at the Novolipetsk and
Cherepovetsic etallurgical lanta.
On some of the 100 ton and two of the 200 ton arc tv~rnacea the capacity has
been increased as a result of redesigning the exiating transformers from
25 and 45 megavolt-amperes to 38-60 megavolt-amperea respectively.
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~r i~ n~~~~~ary eo accele~r~e~ the ~ntroducri~n of euperpowarfui arc furnac~s
inro produceion w#th a ep~cific ~ran~formar pow~r of S00 ro 600 kiloWatte/ton.
'~h~ ~up~rpoaerful nr~ furnac~s~ p~t~ni~ ine~~eifie~tiot~ of eh~ p~~e~~~ o~
mpiting th~ ehar~~ and regtn#ng ~he~n~tai re remcnre phoep~oru~ end carbon.
Th~ maki~g of high-quaiity eCeel in varioue aaaortments in tAeee furnaces
wieh ~ubsequent re~tn~te~nt of tha metal outiside tt~e furnace ~by reduction
~lage ~orm~d 3n ehe ~etai pool of tihe large furngces before remov~ng the
m~lt, in vacuum chamber~, by iner~ g8~es and 8c~ive poWd~red reagente) will
mak~ ie po~sible si~nificanely eo reduc~ t1t~ furnace loeees of tAe metel
ch~rg~ and ehe alloying elements and to obeain metal of eh8 requlred quality
wirh e reduction in ite coet.
In r~cent y~ars the proporeion of caet iron and ecrap in the metal chatige of
eh~ ~l~crric furn~cee has B~en reduced, and rhe proportion of ferroalloys
h~g increased gignifi~~ntly.
On the basis of the data of the'YNIIOchermet Institute, the Inetitute of
~connmics of tha Central Scientific Resegrch Institute of Ferrous Metallurgy
has pur rogether rhe iron tialances With respect to all methods of ateel
making, the enterprises and the branch ae a ahole. The calculationa have
shown that, in apite of an increase tn the overall coneumption of the metal
charge, the efficiency af utilizing the iron when making electric stee~ in
1973-1978 increased by 0.42 percent.
In 1973 ro 1978, a 14.9 percene reduction in metal lossee with the pouring
gateg was achieved, 7.5 percent with incomplete pouring of the ingote and
1b.4 p~rcent with re~ecrion in the first conversion. Nowever, the loaees
with scrap and the furnace losses have increased noticeably. The increase
in furnace losses when making el~ectric steel has basically been caused by
an increase in the oxygen consumption ~or blowing the pool. An especially
high metal loss was observ~~ in 1973 to 1975 when the oxygen conaumption
was highest.
tnasmuch as the furnace losses represent the greatest part (about 60 percent)
o� all losaes when making electric steel, epecial attention has been given
to the improvement of the conditions of blowing the pool with oxygen.
The best indexea with respect to economical utilization of the metal charge
.~re found in Che case of the electric steel-making ahop at the Kuznetsk
:~ietallurgical Combine. The 40 ton arc furnaces of the combine have quite
high output capacity; predominately 6allbearing and corrosion-reaistant
steel is made in them. The specific oxygen consumption with respect to the
..hop is 18.7 m3/ton of steel. On achievement by the nther electric steel-
making shops af analogous indexes, about 200,000 tons of inetal charge would
be saved per year. The metal charge savings at the Kuznetsk Metallurgical
Combine (Kr4tJ are achieved as a result of a 30 percent reduction in the
metal lossea during pouring (with the scrap, the pouring gatea and the
incomplete pouring). The furnace losses during the process of making electric
steel are appreciably less than the average for the branch; the rejection
on the first conversion is 85 percent less. ~
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it tause b:~ n~t~d eh~t eh~ met~l 1o~9~e ~.n th~ are furnacee of tA~a eombine
on ehe average are no H~gher than in eha elecer3e steel,-mak~.ng stlope
operaeing attihout uaing o~cygen~ Th~s ~e ensured by conetant ~mprovement
of the procese of making corroeion-reeietant eteel witA tRe applicaCion of
oxygen and th~~ Av~ral~. high leve~ of producrion culturQ. Here ehey did away
ai.th ~arly b].owing a� th~a h~gh-chram~.um pool with oxygen earl~er than at
the o ther enterpr~.ses of eh~ tirancA. Tfie blowing ~e done intens~.vely, but
only afi~er complaee melting of the charge and gugficient heating of thR
met~l.
T'h~ h~avy-duty electric furnaces are characterixed on the whole by a rela-
tiveiy high gpecific consumption of inetal charge. This is especially
exhibited when analyzing the iron ~al8nces ahen the effect'of the charge
composition and the variety of electric eCeel is eliminated. Thus, the
consumption of ehe metal charge in the 100-ton arc furnaces of the Chere-
povetsk Metallurgicai Plant in 1973-1978 decreased by 10 kg/ton~ However,
in ~pite of the 1ow metal 1~saes during continuous pour~ng, the use coef-
ficient of rhe iron here is relaeively low ae a reeulC of increased furngce
lossea of the metal during tha~making of the steel.
In the 100-ton arc furnaces of the Novolipetek Metallurgical Plant, rhis
index at the present time has been decreased by almoat 2 percent. For rela-
tively small metal losaes when pouring at the IrQdLZ Plant, the furnece loss
. of the metal at thie plant increased.
The increaeed furnace loss of the~metal in the high-capacity electric furnaces,
in particular, ar the CherMZ Plant, t~e NLMZ Plant, the Krasnyy Oktyabr'
Plant and the Chelyabinsk ~letallurgical Plant (ChMZ) ia cauaed primarily
by the application of two large an amount of oxygen for acceleration of the
melting of the charge with insufficient specific power of the traneformers.
In addition, the metal scrap used fias low saturated mass, and in a number
of cases it does not correspond to the requirements of the etandard with re-
spect to oxidiza6ility and impurities j2]. The furnace losses of the metal
can be reduced when conducting the heat without intensification of the
melting of the charge by the ox~rgen, with an increase in the proportion of
the tranaformers and the-ma~cimum reduction of the increased period of inelting
with transition to the single-slag stee~ making process. The quality of the
electric steel (of a defined grade~ need not suffer from this. Here, a .
eignificant inerease in output capacity and improvement of the Cechnical-
economic indexes of the operation of the arc furnaces ie enaured. The
transition to making carbon steel, low-alloy steel and electrotechnical
steel by the single-slag process Will permit reduction of the metal loss
with a simultaneous increase in the productivity of the 100-ton arc furnace;
thus, a specific output capacity of 100-ton electric furnaces was 22.7
tona per 1,000 kilovolts-ampere per day at the CfierMZ Plant.
The single-slag process of making carbon and alloyed electric ateel is widely
used in the foreign plants with a specific oxygen consumption of 4-6 m3/ton
I3l �
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A furehe~ raduction in Che speci~ic consumptian of cast iron ahen making ,
sCael in the large electric gurnaces deeervee en effec~~ve value of reduction
of rhe Furnsce loases and rAe flow rate of ~he meCal charge~
't'h~ increased nonsumption of caet iron in a number of caees ie determined
by the low cnnCent in it of residua]. ~mpurities; ~herefore it ie necessery -
to tak~ measures to replace it a~hen producing electric steel by metaliized
pell~es carburized to 4-S percent aith a mtnimum conCene of eulfur, phos-
photue and oCher impuritiee and aiso for the creation of cheap and effective
carburizing agents. ,
Speeial atCention should be given to increasing the quality of the electric
furnace acrap. 'I'he scrap coming from the eide is often spoiled aith un-
desirable components; the car5on acrap is-mixed with alloyed ecrap, and
Che vgrious groupa of alloyed scrap often are-mixed in each other. The
remplting of this acrap leads to increased furnace loesea of 3t and also ,
creates significant difficuleies in the operation of the electric steel-
making furnaces .i4]. In tfle future with a sharp increase in elecrric stieel
making and an increase in the proportion of amorCization ecrap, the probleme
of improving the quality of the commercial scrap will become still more
urgenC.
The usual meChods of preparation (packaging, pressing, gas cutting) as applied
to the electric furnace scrap is insufficient; the proceases of grinding
nnd magnetic separation are also nec~ssary.
T'he crushing of scrap in special shredders [1) has become widespread abroad;
the appl.ication of the ground and purified scrap in the charge of the
electric furnaces has given good results j5].
The single-slag making of many types of electric steel is an effective area
for reducing the furnace losaes of ferrous alloys. Thus, at the Cherepovetak
Metallurgical Plant, the savings of deoxidizing agents in this case amount
r~ 3 ta 5 kg/ton. After alloying in a ladle, the required blending of the
metal is achieved by blowing it with argon .j6]. The application of exo-
tnermal ferroua alloys when alloying the~metal in the ladle will permit �
significant expansion of the assorCment of steel mad.e by the single-slag
process and reduction of the cost of the finished rolled product.
A very effective means of saving ferrous alloys and deoxidizing agents is
the treatment of the metal in a vacuwn outside the furnace; in this case the
assimilation of the alloying elements by the liquid steel increases signi-
� ficantly (to the left and right of the slash we have the assimilation
indexes in ordinary and vacuum steel, X~; ~
Carbon Manganese Silicon
85-90/100 7Q-75/95 65-70/95
Chromium Titaniwn Aluminum
75-85/98 45-50/90 30-40/80
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When m~k3ng eqmplucly alloyed e,teel~ end a~loye for responei6le purpoees,
e~.gn3ficanC reduction cf the ,~urnace losseo of expens~ve alloy3ng al~nentia
can be eneured by oxygen-frae remmelCing ef the alloyed waetie end f~rroue
alloys in induction or pl8ema t~urnacee~With ceramic cruc351e. In thie
esse rnmb3ngtions of n~w eourceg of h~gting with the applicarion of pro-
tective gaseoue media and a vacuum are poesi~le. At the 2latouetovekiy
Meta~lurg~cal Plant when making eteel for responsi6le purposes, the
method of remelring without oxidation 3n the furnace can be ueed Co increase
tha extraction of chromium,~manganese, e~l~.con, titanium~ vanaditim and
other elemenes.
The experiecice of Che ZlatousCovsk3y Matallurgical Plant in making corroeion-
reaistan~ ereel by the mix ing~method ie of interest~ ~
In.aemuch ae witih this process~"pure" remelGing of the waete alloyed aith
sllghtly oxidizing elements ie realized, their losees with the furnace losaes
are found to be minimal. S3multaneously a relatively 1ow carbon and phosphorus
content is ensured in the fin3shed steel. The mixing method is also used
for specially low-carbon corroeion-resistant eteel noC containing titanium,
but in this case it is expedient to mix the liquid low-carbon ferrochrome
with iron-nickal melt.
When making OSKh19N9F2S2 ateel by the mix3ng method, the conaumption of the
ferrous alloys ia reduced by atiout 10 percent (including the carbon-free
ferrochrome, Co 37 percent~ and the entire meCal charge, by 6 percenr.
In foreign practice the basic azea for saving ferroua alloys when making
carbon steel and low to medium alloy eteel ia the vacuum treatment outaide
the furnace; in thie case a noticeable narrowing of the limite of the~fluctua-
tions is acitieved with respect to the alloying elemenC content.
The Krasnyy.Oktyabr' Plant has assimilated the process for oxidizing evacua-
tion of the low-chromium corrosior~-resistant steels not containing titanium, .
which offers the possibility of obtaining metal in the~100-ton arc furance
with a carbon concentration to 0.03 percent using high-carbon ferrochrome
and increasing the chramium extraction to 95 percent.
Abroad, the so-called AOD process has become widespread in the corrosion-
resistant ateel production. In this procesa the decarburization of the high-
alloy melt is carried out in the converter type unita by blowing with an
argon-oxygen mixture of variable concentration; this procesa ensures in-
creased extraction of chromium. -
In 1978 the electric power consumption in electric steel-making production
was reduced by 1 percent, which was ensured by successful operation and
maintenance of the heavy-duty electric furnaces and intensification of the
metal-making process.
The best index (506 kilowatt-hours/ton) is achieved in the electric stee~-
making furnace of the NLMZ Metallurgical Plant basically as a reault of using
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ehe gag-oxygen burnera ~or acceleYation of tihe ma].e~ng of the eharge, I~ ie
known ehat the use of the mov3n$ b~urners~ ~nate~.led ~n the operaring opening
uf tha ~urance will partntt a reductiAn in eh~ elec~ric power cone~nnp~ion by
2~ kilow~~t-hour~/ton over the cours~ of 1.5-2 houra ~2]~
Among the ].ik~ uniCs, Ch~ loweet specific electr~.c pow~r consumpt~.on ~s
go~nd for rha arc furna~es epecialized in-making corroeion-tiesisCanC eteel.
Comparat3vely low specif3.c electric power coneumptions are observed in the arc
furnaces when obeerv3ng the powar chart~, reducing the idle ~imes between
I1p~CJ ~n8 eliminatin$ th~ id1~ t3~,a of th~ furnaces under current (delaying
rhe h~ats #or organizaCional reaeons). Very importent reserves for saving
~l~ctric power are the following: reduction of the duration of the heat by
eak3ng the refining processea into the ladle, increaeing the etrength of the
furnnc~ lining and increae3ng the active power intake~ It i8 natural that
ehe ~reatp~t ~avings o� eleceric power are achieved with effic~ent, a11-
ardund utilixation of the hi.gh installed capacity and the euf�ic~ent resie-
Cance of the furnace with treatmene o!~ th~ metal outaide th~ furance.
'Che combination of these and a number of other improvements at the Toein
5eyko p1anC (.Jnpan) has 1ed to a r~duction of the heat duration to 70
minutes, the electric power conaumption to 350 kilowatt-hour/ton on the�
50-ton arn f urnace wieh a 22 mv-amp,traneformer (7].
A gignificant item of consumption with reapect to conversion in the electric
steel making shops ia the graphited electrodes. fiherefore all-around rQ-
duction of the apecific electrode consumption and saving of Chem constitute
an urgent problem.
A number of factors influence Che electrode conaumption. The loading of
an unsized charge in the furnace can lead to breaking of the electrodes;
prolonged idle times betNeen heats cause cracking of the electrodes; if the
electrodes are insuffic4ently~tightly acrewed in and there ig poor seal of
the roof openings, the heating and oxidation of the contact and side surfacea
are intensif ied. The operating practice of the electric furnaces indicatea
that on the average 2.7 kg/ton of electrodes are lost with breakage, and
a!.out 1,5 kg/ton with burning; in order to lower these indexes it is neceseary
to organize the storage, transportation, and acrewing in of the electrodes
on mechanized devices in the corresponding way.
The best results with respect to electrode consumption are.syatematically
~~chieved by the electric steel-making shop of the NLMZ Plant. As a reault
of using protective coating of aluminum, the apecific electrode consumption
tn 1978 dropped to 5.3 kg/ton of steel at the plant. The work experience
~f one of the shops of the Krasnyy Oktyabr' Plant where the electrode con-
sumption was 6.4 kg/ton in 1978 deserves attention.
The most successful design of the electrode seals was developed for the .
5 to 20-ton arc furnaces at Che ZMZ Plant and for the 100-ton furnaces
at the NI.MZ Plant j8]. A necessary condition of the further reduction of
- the specific electrode consumption, in particular the large diameter
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el~ctrodes~i.~ improv~nant of thetr qual~,tat~ve charactaristice; in paxticular,
the Qttainable current dene~,tiy musr.~e increaeed a3gnificantly~
For euccc~sful. assim~l~Cion of the larg~ euperhigh-powered elentric furnacee
furrhar ~mprovement o~ the electrode quality ie needed,
Z~ i~ of interesC te make electirod�s �ram "acicular" coke in the long
filamenCary structure on a b~.nder ~nade of high-temperatiure pitch~ High-
quality aurfac~ machining and Chread cutting with rigid tolerances are needed
for nipples and collars; tihera ehould be no etresaes in the ~oinrs.
The refractotiy consumption for 1in~ng the furnace and pouring the metal is
an important item in the coet of electric ~teel. Among the etat3etical daCa
it ie obvioue thaC the epecif~c refractory coneumption~for the repair of
large electric furnaces is somaahat higher than that of the sma11 and mediim?
capar.ity �urnaces; therefore the reeerve~ for further economy of refractories
hgve fxr from been exhaustive. In 1978, i0.5 kg/ton were expended on r~pair
of the lar~e furnaces at rhe Krasnyy Oktyabr' P1anC~ whereas 12.1 kg/ton
were expended at the ChI~ Plant.
The increase ~.n sCrength of Che wall and roof lininge of arc furnacee ia
det~rmined primarily by reduc3ng the time the liquid metal spende in them.
Thus, at the CherMZ Plant, reducing the reduction period of the heat from
51 to 22 minutea on the average has made it poesible to increase the service
life of the walls and the roofs of the 100-ton electric furnaces by 53-54
peYCent.
The significant increase in strength of the hearth in banka of the arc
furances and the reduction in the powdered magneaite consumption have been
achieved as also rhe "pure" remelting of waste (excluding alteration of the
cycles of saturation of the lining oxides and reduction of them).
Posi*ive reaults can be achieved also wtien shielding the electric arce by
continuously charged crushed scrap or metallized pellets.
Abroad, even when using high-quality refractory ceramics in the sectione of
the lining of the high-powered furnace walls especially etreased with respect
to temperature, no noticeable increase in the run time of the units was noted,
and only the application of elements with water cooling and coolers alongaide
the furnaces in the plants in Japan and the Federal Republic of Germany hae
of f ered hopef ul results 7] .
For a further increase in strength of the lining, compuCer optimization of
such parameters as the power of each o� the ares, the temperature and degree
of wear of the inside surface of the furnace, lining, the duration of the
heat, and so on is needed.
Thus, the basic areas for reducing material outlays when making electric
steel are the following: the construction of high-output arc furnaces
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equi.pp~d with auperpowex~ul trans~ormer~~~ opt~.mizat~.on o~ ehe condit~.ons
- under which ttia pool is ~,lown ~~.th. mcygen, maximum reducCion of eTie ~ime
1~,quid meta~ ~.s in tlie furnace and tihe removal of the meta~. re~3ning op-
erations and also eorrecCion of ehe chemical compos~t~.on ~nd temperature
rd eh~ pduring l~dles or gp~c~~.el unies, ~ignificant ~mprovement of ~he
quality and the bulk maea~ of the scrap, the developmen~ of oacygen-free
processee of remelting alloyed was~te in etie plaema and induction furnaces~
i.mprovement og th~ strength of tlie refractory 1lning ~y using cooling
~lemenes.
BIBLTOGRAPHY
1. J~ A. Kotch, C, J, Labee, B. A. Palowitch, IRON AND STEEL ENGINEER,
Vol 54, No 2, 1976, pp 1-33.
2. G~ N. Sergeyev, N. A. Tulin, K. Pi. Bakanov, and ao on, EFFEKTIVNOST'
VYPLAVKI ~L~KTROSTALI ,(~ff3.ciency of Elecrric Steel Making), Moacow,
MeCallurgiya, 1977, 192 pagea.
3. CHE1tNAYA METALLURGIYA KAPITALISTICHESKIKH I RAZVIVAYUSHCHIKHSYA STRAN.
5YODNIY~ STATISTICEIESKIY~ MATERIALY _[Ferrous~Metallurgy of CapitalisC
and Developing Countries, Sunnnary StaCiatical Materials), Parta 1 and 2,
Moacow, Chermetinformatsiya, 1976, 282 pages with illustratione.
4. D. D. Kurakhtanov, R~~M. Khayrutdinov, and M. V. Poznyakov, STAL' (Steel),
No 7, 1965, pages 616-618.
5. D. R. Saks, MATERIALY MEZHDUNARODNOGO KONGRESSA PO DUGOVYM PECHAM V
KANNAKH (FRANTSIYA) 7-9 IYUNYA 1971 G. IMaterials of the Internatiunal
Congreas on Arc 'Furnaces in Cannes (France) 7-9 June 1971), Geneva,
Economic Coimnission of the United Nations for Europe, 1972.
6 V. A. Perepadin, V. A. Kostrov, 0. Ye. Molchanov, et al, EKSPRESS-
INFORMATSIYA IN-TA "CHERMETINFOKrWTSIYA" jExprese Information of the
ChermeCinformatsiya Institute), Series 24, Inf. 2., 1977, 9 pagea.
7. Yu. Fukumoto and S. Kitagava, KORYE KANETSU, Vol 14, No 1, 1977, pp 38-46.
8. R. M. KhayruCdinov, V. S. Galyan, M. V. Litvinov, POVYSHENIYE KACHESTVA
GRAFITIROVANNOY PRODUKTSII--OSNOyNAYA ZADACHA ELEKTRODNOY PRO-
MYSHLENNOSTI (Improvement of the Quality of Graphited Products--The
Basic Goal of the Electrode Industry), Chelyabinsk, Yuzhno-Ural'skoye kh.
izd-vo, 1166, pp 114-123.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Metallurgiya", ~~Stal'~~~ 1979
10845
CS0:1821
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METALLURGY
,
UDC 669.1:338
II~II'ROVEMENT 0~ INTRABRANCH ~RODUCTIpN RELATIONS IN FERROUS METALLURGY
Moscow STAL' in Rusaian No 5,'May 79 pp 386-389 ~
[Article by V. A. Minenko, V. S. KirsTi, and 0. V. Posylk~na,'VNIIOchermet
Instieute and Khar'kov Economic Engineering Inetitute1]
[TextJ The in~rabranch production relations are not only the target, but they
also play an active role in improying the control syaeem, having a direct
effect on it. These relations create the prerequisitea for the development
of vertical integraeion--the moat improved form of concentration character-
istic of of the complex branches of industry.
The signif icance of the intrabranch relations is intensified some more with ~
an increase in the unit capacity of Che basic metallurgical unita. Thus,
the introduction of Blast Furnace No 9 with a volume of 5,000 m3 into
operation at the Krivogrozhskiy Metallurgical P1anC presupposea the con-
tinuous flow of agglomerate from the NKGOK Mining and Enrichment Combine
and coke from the Bagleyskiy Coal-Tar Chemical Plant; in this case the
process relations of the three enterprises increased noticeably.
The verCical integration provides for the creation of production and indus-
trial associations as interrelated complexes, the advantage of which con-
sists in the close technological unity aimed at achievement of the final
goals of the complex as a whole.
' The effect on the production relations (.~ust as on the object of control)
is distributed over the hierarch ical levels, on each of which autonomous
adaptive aystems are formed.
The development of production concentration based on close production
relations is finding reflection in the creation of combined enterpriaes.
The combination of production as a form of vertical integration ia opening '
1. With respect to the corresponding article by S. S. Aptekar', Yu.
A. Dolgorukov and R. I. Abashina, STAL' (Steel), No 3, 1979, pp 222-
227 j 1] . '
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up L�he po~gib~.l~.ty of c~rxy~ng out a~uniCed tiechnical pollcy ~o achiave the
f.inal brgnch rasulra.
The intrabranch rela~iona provide for normal funct~:on~.ng of Che branch ae
~n inCegral econoni~c org~n~.sm based on Che inCergn~~.on of elie ~ubdivisiong
making it up in Che area of carrying out titie general 6rancli miseiona~
The coordinaeion o� ehe gctivity of Che various subbranches w3~h respect
to organizing the successive advancement of the raw material along the '
process chain under a un3.ted production engineer3ng management has importiant
aignificance in controlling Ch.e complex branch. If the control of the intra-
branch flows is reAlized from the outaide, the advantages of tlie complex
branch are reduced to a mini.mum, for tndepeudent regulation of a eingle
ineerconnected proceas becomes 3mpoesiBle.
The solution of these problems on ttie interbranch level unavoidably involvea
duplicaeion of Chem by the miniatry system; in accordance with the operation
of Che branch as a whele, it ia forced to intervene in Che proceas of co-
nrdination of rhe activity of the aubordinate subFiranches and enterprisea.
The organization of the interbranch relationa ia the primary goal of the
system of the USSR Gossnab; the regulation of the intrabranch circulation
with which it is charged d~stracts the~cnarketing and supply agenciea from
carrying ouC their characteris�tic functions.
Therefore the organization and plann~.ng of Che diatribution of Che intra-
branch circulation production !n ferrous metallurgy, in our opinion, muat .
b_ realfzed by the branch control agency--the USSR Ministry of Ferroua
Metallurgy. .
At the present time the organization of the intrabranch turnover ia carried
out by the corresponding ~nain marketing and supply union of the USSR Gossnab
and the USSR Ministry of Ferrous Metallurgy which is charged with providing
rhe branch enterprises with ore, fluxes and ferrous~metal scrap. The inCra-
branch deliveries of coke, ferrous~alloys, refractory materials and producCs
and also other types of products are regulated by the organizations of the
USSR Gossnab (~ust as the interb.ranch deliveries).
The cooperative deliveries of intermediate metal products are realized by
the USSR Gossnab ~ointly with the USSR Ministry of Ferro+~s Metallurgy
without sufficiently clear distribution of the functions among them.
One of the possible means of improving the control of ferroiis metallurgy in
the future is the creation of industrial associations in th~ form of large
territorial complexes by the principle of closure of the production relations
which can be regulated inside the complex without disturbing the upper levels
of control and especially the organizations external to the branch.
At the present time, along with the inyerplant deliveries, the area of
centralized distribution frequently includes the products made by tfie
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comh~.n~d ente~prigee eo eaC~~fy th~~.~ in-house neede. The a~yaneages of
the cnmplex br~nnh of the ~.ndus~try a~ra ~owered ~:n th3a case, ~ox tHe
ineeracCion of the sub.b.xanchea takes~place w3eh the participae~on af the
agencies outside the brancli; Che un~.ted ~nCerconnactied process of produc-
t3on, disrri6ution and conawnpC~:on for tlie 6rancti ie art~:ficially die-
rupCed. The comb~.narion of productiion tia~ no real meaning ahen ~he ex- ~
eernal agenciea intervene in the internal affa~:ra of tihe uni~ed complex.
Therefore Che correctness of the atatement by the authors of the diecussed
article jl] regarding the expediency of retiaining the functione of Yegulating
the ~.ntrabranch deliveries o~ refractory products for ehe organizat~one of
~ the U55R Goasnab is doubtful. About half of the commercial ouCput of these
produces is conaumed by other bxanclies of industry, ~iut tihe intrabranch
consumption of the refractories~ ~uat as otiher types of producre baeically
is for the products used by oCher branchea in ineigni�icant amounte.
The trans�er of the intrabranch Curnover to the supervision of the USSR
Ministry of Ferroua Metallurgy is comp~.icated by close intertwining of the
organiza eion of the inCratiranch.production relatione with the problema of
interbranch deliveriea, fox at the present time the nomenclature aCCribute
according to which the defined type of resources is attached to one ayatem
or department FredominaCea in the production distribution practice.
Therefore iC appeara appropriate to develop a model based, on the one hand,
on the assumption within defined lin~its of regulation of the interbranch
deliveries by the aystem of the USSR Ministry of Ferrous Metallurgy (.with
respect to the nomenclature attribute~, and~ on the other hand, the known
assumption of violaCion of the nomenclature attribute for purposes of non-
intervention of Che ministry in tne competence of the USSR Gosenab.
The relations of the intrabranch and interbranch deliveriea of inetallurgical
production, as analysis shows, are quite atable and do not undergo aigni-
ficant changes over a prolonged period of time. During the 1969-1976
period, the proportion of intrabranch deliveries in the overall volume of
the commercial output of the Eiranch enterprises increased from 31.4 to
33.1 percent; in the future obviously no noticeable shifta are proposed ~
in the complex structure of the delivery.
At the preaent time the proportion of the USSR Ministry of Ferrous Metallurgy
in the consumption of the commercial resources with respect to the nomen-
clature attached to them is 82.4 percent, and with respect to the nomencla-
- ture regulated by the organizations of the USSR Gossnati ~ointly with the
ministry, 79.4 percent: in thie case the proportion of the ministry in the
consumption of the production distributed by the Soyuzglavsnabsbyt [Main
Marketing and Supply UnionsJ is on the average equal to 13.3 percent, but
~,~it~in this production tnere are types with high proportion of intrabranch
consumption.
For example, the average proportion of the intrabranch consumption of
commercial refractories is 47.1 percent, and ~bout 73.2 percent of the
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commercial ourput nqnewnp~ion goes �or ~ndividual types of re~ractoxy pxo- ~
duc~a (refractoxies �or the repair of ~he.meea~lurgical unitie, the pouring
and 1ad1e provieion~~.
A11 �orms of branch production can he distributed in three groupe in de-
crege3ng order of the proporC~.on of intrabrancfi conevmpeion (to the 1.efti
of the slash i.a the proportion in Che comm~erciai outputi of each group, and
to r,he righ~, 3n the overall volume of ~.ntra~rancA and inter~ranch del3ver~.ee,
X);
Deliveries: I IT III ToCal,
Intrabranch 82,3/91.3 49..4/6.Q 1,5/2.7 33.5/100.0
Interbrgnch 17.7/9.4. 50.6/3.5 98.5/86,6 66.5/1Q0.0 ~
Total 100.0/37.2 lOQ,O/4.3 100.0/58.5 100.~/100.0
The firbt group included the product~.on, the proportion of the intrabranch
consumprion of which in the commercial output is 82.3 percent: ores, f luxes,
ferrous metal scrap, carbon charge, ingota, the b~llets for rolling, skelpa,
coke (without foundry), ferroua alloys, refractory raw material, refractory
- producte (for repair of the~metallurgical unit, the ladle and pouring
provisions), and so on. Only 9~9 percene of the intrabranch deliveriea of
metallurgical producta and 91.3 percent of the interbranch deliveries are
concentrated here.
The types of products in the first group can be tranaferred to the auper-
vision of the USSR Ministry of Ferrous Metallurgy with obaervation of the
nomenclnture attributes; here the diaturbance of the competence of the USSR
Cossnab touches on 9.9 percent of the interbranch deliveries.
The second group included the production w3th a proportion of the intrabranch
consumption on the average of 49.4 percent (the conversion cast iron, the
grinding balls and certain other producta). This group encompasaes 6.0 of
che intrabranch deliveries and 3.5 percentof the interbranch deliveries;
, considering its comparatively small proportion in both forms of deliveries ,
Pnd the undesirability of a further increase in the proportion of the inter-
branch deliveriea regulated by the ministry,:the provision with this pro-
duction must be regulatpd beginning with the competence of the syaCems of
the USSR Gosanab and the USSR Ministry of Ferrous Metallurgy.
Only 2.7 percent of the intrabranch deliveries ~nd 86.6 percent of the
interbranch were represented in the third group including the various forms
of rolled products and other resources involved in the inCra6ranch consump-
tion Co an insignificant degree; 3n practice the nomenclature of tTie intra-
branch turnover is exhaust~ad by the second group. There it i8 expedient to
leave the organization of the production relations for the products of the
third group under the aupervision of the tiSSR Gossnab system.
As a result 97.3 percent of the intrabranch and 9.9 percent of the interbranch
deliveries will be regulated by tfie-ministry, and the remaining 2.7 percent
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of the intrabr$nch deliveries, ~y rha ~U,SSR ~oesna~a. Here tihe no,mencl.ature
principle ~.s dieeur~ed only w~th respect eo G.3 percen~ out of all o� ehe '
deliver3ea~ of ~he brancti product~,on (~,ta have 3:n ~nind Cliae for th~s parC o�
the product~otii the delivery plane w~.ll be developed 6y efie �min~.stry and the
carr~~pond~ng main eupply and~marketing un~on within the framearork of its
competence). '
Ae the present time this method has 5een used to organize the deliveries of
, the intermediate products from Che coal-tar chemicai production~ The
Soyuzkokeokhimsnahebyt (Coal-Tar Chemical Supply and Delivery] Truat is
transmitring the limiCs on Che inCrabranch consumption to the 1JSSR Miniatry
of Ferrous Metallurgy, aithin tha limies of which the Administratton of the
Coal-Tar Chemical ProducCion of tl~e~min3etry ie organ3zing the deliveries
of the producta; here the poesibility appears for uncoord3nated acCions on
the part of the USSR Goeanab agencies and the ministry when d3.atributing the
orders ro the manufacturers.
This deficiency can be elitninaCed by changing the organizational atructure
,of the system (.E--effective, P--proposed~ of the intrabrgnch deliveries
(on the left of the slash with respect to natural indexes, and on the right
with reapect eo cost indexea, X~:
Administration Agency: E p
USSR Ministry of ~errous Metallurgy 69..7/28.0 99.4/97.3
Soyuzglavsnababyt 30.3/72.0 0.6/2.7
Including participation of the minisCry 14.0/44.2 .
Thus, the proporCion of the intrahranch deliveries plsnned by the USSR
Ministry of Ferrous Metallurgy is increasing significantly. At the present
time the ministry is regulating only certain forms of raw material resources; �
in the proposed system under its superviaion t~ere is also the intrabranch
turnover of expenaive intermed3ate products, as a result of which the volume
of intrabranch deliveries will increase by 3.5 times.
Here, the proportion of the intrahranch deliveries in the commercial output ,
by the nomenclature attached to the USSR kfinistry of Ferrous Metallurgy, and
in spite of significant expanaion of it, remains on the former level (82.4
percent for the existing system and 82.3 percent for the proposed syatem). ,
The transfer of the intrabranch turnover to the supervision of the USSR
Ministry of Ferrous Metallurgy is improving tfie mutual coordination of the
production plans on an improved procedural base. Concentrating the entire
complex of interrelated production facilities under their direction, the
ministry will obtain the possibility of subordinating the delivery plans to ~
a united economic strategy. In tfiis way it will be possible to have a higher
qualified solution to the problems of optimizing the intrabranch deliveries
within the framework of a united Firanch plan considering the reduction of
the hauling ~istances and also the production overhead of t6e manufacturers. -
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The moat ef,~eceively stated p~o~l~ma can.be aolved iiy leaving the functions
o� atCaching the consumexs to the lnanuf~cturers eo the indueerial aesociaeiona
considering th~ir economic interests~ The attaclmienti procedure must be co- ,
ordinated with the exis�ting system of financial settlementis,.beginning with
the fact thaC at tihe ~OB prices~of tlie ahipper~ the uaer of tTie product is
intereated in eff iciene attachment, and at the dearination gOB prices used
~ without parCicipation of the supply and~marketing organizations in the
calculations,the manu�acturer fis interested in reducing the hauling distance.
The attaclunent of consumers Co suppliers can be realized in two versiona.
When selling the products at the ahipper FOB princea the USSR Ministry of
~ Ferrous Metallurgy must ~ndicate in the delivery plans the distribuCion of
the production volumes of the~nacrufacturing enterpriaea wiCh respecC Co the
brAnch user assoc3at3ons approved iiy the inchistrial associations. In Chese
plans it is necessary to indicate tfie volumes of deliveries to other users
of other branches and also cucporCs� in accordance with the established demand.
On the basis of Che attachment plans, Cfie consumer associat3ons wi11 send
orders to the manufacturing enterprises wiChin Che limits of tfie provided
production and consumpCion volumes.
For deliveries of products sold at the destination'FOB prices, the USSR
MinisCry of Ferrous Metallurgy~must develop attachment plans indicaCing in � ~
them Che volumes of deliveries to tfie users from the supplier associatians
which will send orders to tfie manufacturers and the.users.
Wirhin the production allotted to the second group 85.2 percent is sold at
the destination FOB prices, of whicli 77.4 percent is conversion casC iron
which is predominantly exported.
Within the plan for tnterbranch delivertes of this~type of production sent
ta th~ industrial associations of the USSR Ministry of Ferrous Metallurgy,
the Soyuzglavmetall Union indicates the volumes of deliveries for each user
of the product which the industrial association then attaches to the manu-
f~cturers subordinate to it.
' ti'ith respect to the products sold at the shtpper FOB prices, the Soyuzglav-
metall Union must develop plans for interbranch deliveries for the manu- ,
facturing enterprises hy agreement with the supplier assoctations. The
industrial user associations will, on the basis of these plans, send orders
to the manufacturers and the subdepartmental users. .
One aspect of the organization of production relations in the branch is
improvement of the planning of the internal turnover of the production
associations and com~.ines which.Tias acquired great significance in connection
with the creation of large production associations with an individualized
administrative apparatus.
The proportion o� the internal circulation in such associations in the
a~gregate production volume does not exceed 6 to 8 percent, but individual
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pxoducC~on unita send 9Q ro 94 percent of ~Eie~.r productiion to eatie~y Che
intrafirm neede. Th~.~ ~n utig~nr pro~'il,em also f~r tha productinn un~,Cg
having a co~nparaeively low vo].wae o� intra$irm eurnover~
In ferrous matallurgy, ~use ae in certain oeher branches of i.ndueCry, there
ie no un~.eed procedura~ approach to estimating the ~.ntrafirm Curnover~ which
hne a ne~ative effect on rhe development ef tha production relat~one.
At the presenC t3me when planning and estimating the activity of the pro-
duction aesociat~ons (combine~~~ C~e internel tiurnover ~.s exaluded ~rrnn tihe
coet indexes, but deparCure from the estaBl~ehed procedure 3a permitCed by
agreement of the minietry wirh the super3or agencies~
Under the conditions of the production assoc3ations of ferroua metallurgy,
with reapect Co the scales and territiorial epread which have no pracedent
in economic practice. The movement of the intermediate products hae
acquired many aspects of cowmerce. Thus, the eame indexes as for the
independent enterprises (volume of eales and commercial production, profite~
profitabiliCy, and so on) are pianned in almo8t fuli volume for the pro-
duction units; thege indexes are characCerieCic of the legally independent
enterprisas, and under the condiCiona of Che production unite, they are of
a proviaional nature.
'The planning and accouneing for the volumetric indexes of the production
units are c~rried out wiChout internal turnover., which while ~gintaining
the nomenclature of the indexea invariant distorte the actual reaults of their
work and lowera their interest in production output with respect to internal
cooperaCion.
Therefore the internal rurnover must be considered when planning and esti-
mating the activity of the production units, extending it Co the production
associaeions of ferroua metallurgy with an individualized administrative
apparatue and combines having independent production units in their makeup~
When estimating the results of the activities of the association (combine)
~ as a whole, the intrafirm turnover must be excluded in accordance with the
establiahed procedure.
The estimation of the intrafirm turnover ia continuously connected with
taking the profits into account. At the present time thc product~on for ~
su6sequent refining in the aeaociaCion is tranaferred with reapect to frost
and the profit is taken into account only with respect to the commercial
part of the pxoduction.
When tranaferring the intermediate product in the effective wholesale or
balance prtces, redistribution of the prof it of the aesociation takes place,
which makes the intrafirm cost accounting~more consistent and effective.
This procedure for accaunting for the intrafirm turnover is used in the
AvtoZIL AssociaCion, and it deserves to become wideapread in the production
associations of ferrous metallurgy. .
5~
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Tt~e tr~n~fa~ o� th~ intr~~ti~nch turnover to rhe m~~~er~y ~~eYV~a~o~ w~ii
p~rmit ~on~enerae3an ~.n th~. ~.ndueer~ni as~oc~~eion appararue of th~ economie
funCeion~ p~rfoxm~d ~r eha pr~~~nt t~n~ by the eo~t accounti~ng or$anizat~.one
nf eh~ USS~ Co~gnab which do not hav~ ehe a~eual poseili~~3t3es for aetive
inf]u~nce on Che course o~ eh~ product~,on deliveries~ Among Cheee functione
i.~ the ~rg~nization of th~ ~cntr~ct rl~isn~ work ~nd the lin~nCi~1 ~ettl~ment~,
which followe from th~ "general rules on a11 union and repu6lic induetrial
as~nria r3on~."
'1't~~ creatinr~ of th~ indugtri~l ~~~oci~~ions u~~d Co bring about an increased
rol~ df ehe ~gre~+anentg on del3veriee a~ a r~sult of improving the balanc3ng
oE the product~.on and di,str~.Bution plans. Th~ as~ociatiions entar into
ggr~~mene~ among ~ach other and also with the ent~rprieee mnking them up
with the mAterial reaponsibility following from these relgtione.
7'tte Centralization of the financial eetrl~mente wieh respect Co intrebranch
deliv~ries in the appararus of the industrial as~ociations will cxegte the
pos~ibility of r~gulating Che results of economic acrivity using the mechaniem
oE intern~lly cglculated prices in~accordance winc ~he actual eontribution of
eanh enr~rprise and also the 8tated goais wit~ reapect to tHe production and
gal~ di the products in ehe given variety~
COF'YRIGHT: Izdgtel'Stvo "Metallurgiya"~ ~~SC81"~~ 1979
10845
CSU:1821
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METAL~,UR4Y
T~CHNICAL ACfIIE'~,'S OF THE ~RYAZTSYETMET~ PLANT
Moscow TSV~NYYE ME'~ALLY in Ruesian No 3~ 1979 pp 9-11
~Artiole by A.N, Polyakov and Yu. Ye. Shuvqyevt " eavy Non~Ferr~ue Metels:
Teahniaal Aahievements of the Ryaztsvetmet Plant"
~ex) The I~raztsvet et ~$}razan~ P~ant for the Produation and Proaeasing
of Nonferrous Metal~Plant 3s a large and modern enterpriae unlike ar~y
other in the Soviet..Unton or abroad; it ie unique in the raw material that
ie processes, the product that it turne out and the technologiaal proceesee
that it uees. The plant prooeases raw material~ of a compliaa~ed oompaai-
tion contafning tin, zina and lead~ low grade zinc-lead aonoentratea~ waete
slags and dusts from copper-smelting plants and varioue secondary tin waet~e
and others. The preeence in the raw materiala of aopper~ cadmium~ iron,
arsenic, chlorine~ fluorine, sultl~r arid other admixtureg complioatee the
technology for proceeeing it and requires that etepa be taken to proteat
the environment.
The plant produaea a wide range of productet lead and tin solders in the
form of ing~ots and articlea of various grades and profilee (approximately
300 cieaf~?a,tione); tin and aoldering po~wders~ soldering pastea~ babbitts~
zinc vitriols (including a vitriol of inoreased purity) and copper and
ca.dmium eemi-products. Mar~y of the plant's produate are exported to vari-
ous countrfes, inaluding capitalist countries.
The Was~e alag from the plant~e fliming unit fa used in building highwq}re
arid in manufaoturing building brick. :
The technological production l~y out is very speaific and differs signifi-
caritly from the lay auts of other tin enterprises. It inaludee the roast-
ing of tin concentrates in order to remove sulfl~r and arsenic ~rom them
with the recovery and disposal of the latter in the form of areenite of
calcium~ the flxmi.ng o~ slags and poor tin induetrial products with the
aublimation f`rom them of tin, lead, zinc and the recovery of eublimates
and the 2~rdrometallurgical processing of sublimatea, duets of copper-~smelt- :
ing plants~ cindere and aecondaty ratit materials.
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N~uK ur~r~tu1~ u5~ UNLY
The racovery o1' all valuab~e e~ement~ and ~the~,r u~e in ~ini~hed produo~
provide ~or a h3~ overall uae of raw ma~eriala (94.5 peroent in a aoe~ ex-
pression).
The teohnology and equipment for ex~raating t3n and other me~a~e from poor
tin-bearing mater3ala by the fuming me~hod uaing natural gae were developed
and aseimil~ted a~ ~he plan~ For ~he fir~t ~ime in ~he USSR and abroad.
Thi~ mado it posaible to extrao~ t3n in~o eublimatea with a hi~ profi~abil~
ity (half ae expenaive aa for ~he branch~. Beaidee ~hie~ the br3ng3ng in
o� new ktnde o� raw ma~eria~.e to be prooeseed has made it poegible ~o e3~-
ntf3aantly reduce ~he u~e of purohased me~al ~in.
The plan~ produoes f3rst and h3~eat aateg~ory of quall~y produat; ~hirty
kinds of i~s soldering ar~iales have earned the State Mark of Quality.
The use of soldera has made it possible to more eaonomiaally expend t3n
and lead. ~
The commit~ment to make thrifty use of nonferrou~ me~ale i.n the national
eoonon~y~ of whiah Minister of Nonferroue Metallurgy P. F. Loma.ko spoke 3n
his article requires produo~ion workere to systematically improve the
quality of produat.
plant speoialists 3n coopera~ion with workers from the Institute of Arc
Wolding imeni Ye. 0. Paton have created a technology for the production of
a new~ more progre~sive product - eolder3ng fluxea~ paetea, pawders~ multi-
plex tubes, microarticles~ aomposite self-fluxing aolders and oth'era~ the
uae of which on a broad scale will eign3ficantly reduoe the expenditure of
tin and will raise the produa~ quality of machine building plan~e and other
conaumers. ~
The expansion of the plant~s produetion capacities ie needed to inarease
the output of auch products.
A large-acale proceas for the scrubbing of fuming gasee has been adopted
a', the plant; this process has ensured the highly effiaient operation of
the duat-arid-gas purification units (efficiency = 99.64 percent); the
~rsnitary purification of gases is being accomplished.
The constant i.mproving of the operation of the gas purification installa-
tions has lorreyed,the pollution of the air by combinationa of lead, arsenic
and other harmflxl exhausts. The content of harmfl~l subatances in the pro-
tective zone of the enterpriae has been brou~t to within safe norms. The
rlant has fl~].ly switahed to a recycling water supply and has stopped dump-
.ng relative pure water into the Oka River and has reduced the uee of river
water 30-fold.
* "Pravda", 1978~ 11 Sept 78.
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,1
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Mor~y o~ the plan~~a fle~igns are ueed at other Sov~e~ en~erpr~,ee~ (~he ga~i-
fio~~ion o~ ~he ~'um~inQ proo~g~~ the oonaentra~ion of xino ~olutions in aom-
bu~~3on ohamber ovena, the thorough purifioa~ion of zina-aulpha~e ~olu~~.one
i~om adn~i.xtures~ ~he in~enei.fioa~ion of the conden~a~tion of elwcry and
o~her~).
Twenty importan~ opera~~,ons~ whioh have been adop~ed a~ ~he plan~~ are pro-
~eoted by pa~~nt~; several have been pa~ented abroad. and 13aeneee have
been ~old for several developmen~e.
The aohievemente of the enterprise~ have more than onae been demons~ra~ed
a~ the ]~ch~.bi~~.on of USSR National Eao~nomio Achievementa. In 1976 ~he
pl.ant was awarded a firs~ degree diploma at the Exhibition of USSR National
Eaonomio Aohievementa.
The planned 3.ndioators of the enterprise have been aseimi.lated and eignifi-
cantly exaeeded.
Governed by the deciaions of the party and gbvernmen~ conaerning the con-
stant growth and improvement of production and the ra3eing of it~ eff3ciency
and qualifiv of work, the plant~e aollective has aohieved significan~ eucaes-
ses in 3m1~roving a11 basio produotion i.ndiaators.
Labor productivity for the period 1965 through 1977 3.nareased 2.1-fold
with a reduat3on in personnel. The plant is a highly profitable enterpriae.
The growth of produation volumes and it~ hi~ economic efficiency are the
reau].ts of intense creative work by the plant collective that ie directed
by Party arid public orgar~izations. Primary attention in eolving these ~
mattera has been devoted to improving production, the acientific organizar-
tion of labor~ inventiveness and rationalization, the training of person-
nel, stuc'~y, raieing technical lrnowledge and improving produation maaag~ement.
Socialist competition ha.s done much to promote the achievemen~ of hi~ in-
dicators. The g+ood work of the plant has more than once been noted by
Party, state and trade union organizatione.
Durin~ the period of 19?1 throu~ 1978 the plant was among the top winners
in the competition between enterprises of the ministry. The plant was
awarded the Jubilee honorary document in commemoration of the 100th anni-
versary of V. I. Lenin~s birthda4Y and the Jubilee honorary emblem 3.n com-
memoration of the 50th anniversary of the USSR. More than 100 workere
of the plant have been a?arded USSR orders and medala. ~
~ In 1976 the work "Development and Adoption of Hi~ly Efficient Technolog3cal
Processes and Equipment for the Overall Processing of Tin-Bearing Raw Ma-
terial of Complex Composition with the Output of New Kinds of Product at
the ~razan' Plant for the Production and Processing of Nonferrous Metals" ~
was a~arded a USSR State Prize; eleven workers at the plant were given
the title of prize winner.
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The aooiali~~ oompe~ition ~ha~ hae unfolded be~wean ~he shops, ahifta and
individual workere~ ~he diaoloaure and uae o~ reaervee~ ~he a.dop~tion of naw
and ~he improv3.ng of exis~ing t~ahnology~ the oon~tan~ work with peraonnel~
~ho aombining of ma~erial and moral incentivea~ ~he display of 3ni~iative
and the o~ea~ivi~ty of worke~~ have made i~ poaeible ~o obta,~.n eat~.efaotory
reaults of ao~iv3ty for ~hree years of the Ten~h Five-Year P1an.
~ Du~3n~ th~.a same ~~.me geveral mi113on rubles wor~h of produat were produoed
in exaeea of ~he asaignmen~s of the TBnth F3ve~Yeaar Pla,n; labor produotivity
inorQased by 11.5 pexaent before ~ 975 ~~d 3~ 500 tons of aonven~ioru~l t1~e1
~nd appxoximately 9.7 m~.ii~on ki~owa~t hours of eleatria power were ~aved.
Mar~y important ~teehniaa7. measuree were taken to flirther reoutfit the plant ~
to mechanize and au~omate produot3on and ~o raige the plant~e eaonomia ef-
ficienay.
~'he workers~ eng3.neers and teahniaians 3n the pas~ years of the five-yeax
plan have ~,dopted five important invent3ons~ 898 rationalizat3on proposale
and have obta3.ned an eaonomi.a savings of more thqn a mi.llion rubles.
I~'or the suaaesaea achieved in soaialist competition in the Tenth Five-Ye~r
Plan~ the plant collective has twice been awarded the Hannere of the CC
CPSU~ the USSR Council of Ministers, the A11~Jnion Central Trade Union Coun- -
cil and the Central Committee of the All-Union Leniniat Communist Youth
League and 10 times banners of the USSR Miniatry of Nonferrous Me~allurgy
~.nd the Central Committee of the Trade Union of Workers of the Metallurgical
Industry.
Rn important contribution to the fulfillment of aseignments and soaialist
pledges was made by le~ding production workers: smelters V. S. Amelin and
A. V. Konyshev; fitter A. T. Malikov; electrieian L. A. Yemshanov; in-
strument control operator Ye. A. Zaytsev; turner V. I. Yegorkin~ chief
of the refining shop S. F. Kirikov and others.
Inspired by the speech of CC CPSII General Secretary and Chairman of the Pre-
silium of the USSR Supreme~Soviet L. I. Brezhnev at the November (1978)
Plenum of the CC CPSU, the plant's workers are filled with resolve to suc-
ceasfully fl,il.fill the assigizmente of the Tenth Five?-Year Plan for the pro-
duction and sale of product.
COFYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Metallurgiya", Tsvetr~yye Metally", 1979
~,92?
S0: 8144/1572 END
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