JPRS ID: 9397 TRANSLATION USSR ECONOMY IN 1978: STATISTICAL YEARBOOK

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JPRS L/9397
17 November 1980
Translation
USSR ECONOMY IN 1978: STATISTICAL YEA,RBOOK
FBIS FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE
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JPRS L/9397
17 November 1980
USSR ECONOMY IN 1978; STATISTICAL YEARBOOK
Moscow NARODNOYE KHOZYAYSTVO SSSR V 1978: STATISTICHESKIY YEZHEGODNZK
in Russian 1979 signed to press 10 Jul 79 pp 1-632
_ [Book "NarodnAye Khozyaystvo SS~SR v 1978g: Statisticheskiy Yezhegodnik"
(The USSR National Economy in 1978: A Statistical Yearbook), USSR Cen-
tral Statistical Administration, Izdatel'stvo "Statistika", 55,000
copies, 632 pages]
CONTENTS
Anno ta tion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
Territory and the Population
Size of the Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
Number of Men and Women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
Class Composition of the Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
Size of the Population by Union Republics . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
Territory and Size of the Populatian of Republics, Okrugs, Krays,
Oblasts and Autonomous Okrugs on 17 January 1979.
7
Size of the Population of Cities With a Population of 100,000
and More . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
Birth Rate, Death Rate and the Natural Growth of the Population
20
Number of Births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
Birth Rate in Urban Settlements and Rural Areas
,
21
Birth Rate, Death Rate and Natural Growth of the Population by
Union Republics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
Number of Marriages and Divorces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
Number of Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts, Autonomous
Orkugs, Krays, Oblasts, Rayons, Cities, Urban-Type Settlements and
Rural Soviets in the Union Republics on 1 January 1979.
23
- a - [1"I - USSR - FOUO]
[III - USSR - 3 FOUO]
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Summary Section
I. Main Indicators of the Developme.zt of Che USSR National Economy
Main Indicaturs
of USSR Economic and
Sccial
Development in
1912-1978.
. 24
Main Indicators
of USSR Economic and
Social
Developmen.t in
1928-1978.
. 25
hiain Indicators
of USSR Economic and
Social
Development in
1940-1978.
. 26
Main Indicators
of USSR Economic and
Social
Development in
1970-1978.
. 27
Main Indicators
of USSR Economic and
Social
Development in
1975-1978.
. 28
Main Indicators
of USSR Economic and
Social
Development in
1951-1978.
. 30
Sl:are of the So
cialist Sector . . .
. . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . .
. 31
One Day of the
Country . . . . . . .
. . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . .
. 32
Gross National
Product by Sectors af
the National Economy

. 33
Fixed Capital b
y Sectors of the National Ecoiiomy. . . . .
. . . . . .
. 34
Growth Rate of
Fixed Capital. . .
. . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . .
. 34
Growth i2ate of
Fixed Production Capi
tal and
Physical Working Capital.
. 35
Fuel and Power
Balance . . . . . . .
. . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . .
. 36
Increase of the
Material Well-Being
and Cultural Level of
the People.
. 37
II. Development of the Economy and Culture of the USSR and the Other
Socialist Countries as Compared Wi.th the Economy and Culture of the
Capitalist Countries
Political Map of the World in 1919 and Mid-178. .
39
Increase of the Share of the Socialist Countries in the World Industrial
Produc t ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
Indicators of Economic De-velopment of the Socialists, Developed
Capitalist and Developir.Lg Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
Share of the Socialisr_ Countries in the World Production of Some Types
of Industrial and Agricultural Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
Growth Rate of Industrial Production in the Socialist Countries and
in Other Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
Ratio of the Main Indicators of USSR and U.S. Economic Development.
42
Average Annual Growth Rate of Main Tndicators of USSR and U.S Economic
Development in 1951-1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44
Growth Rate of National Income in Individual Countries.
44
Place Held by USSR Industry in the World and in Europe in Production
Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
Growth Rate of Industrial Production in Individual Countries.
46
Growth Rate of Per Capita Industrial Production in Individual Countries
46
Growth Rate of Production of Most Important Sectors of Industry in
the USSR and United States. . . . . . . . . . . o . . . . . . . . . . .
47
Growth Rate of Labor Productivity in Industry of Individual Countries .
48
Average Annual Growth Rate and Absolute Increase of Production of the
Most Important Types of Industrial Production in the USSR and United
States in 1951-1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
49
Production of Most Important Types of Industrial Production in In-
dividual Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
50
Per Capita Production of Most Important Types of Industrial Production
in Individual Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56
Ratio of Production of Most Important Types of Industrial Production
in the USSR and Some Capitalist Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
60
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Generation of Electric Power by Countries of the World.
65
World Production of Main Types of Industrial and Agricultural
Producta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
68
Lengtti of Railroad Track in Use in Individual Countriea
69
Length of ElecCrified Sectiona of Railroade in Individual Countries .
69
Freight Turnover of Railroads in Individual Countries
71
Growth Rate of Capital Investments in Individual Countries.
71
Number of Apartments Built in Individual Countries.
72
Indices of Physical Volume of Retail Commodity Turnover in Individual
Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
73
Number of Students in Individual Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
74
Eradication of Unemployment in the USSR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
75
IncrP,� of Number of Completely Unemployed in Some Developed
Capi, ist Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
75
Number of Physicians of All Specializations in Individual Countries .
76
Birth Rate in Individual Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
76
Death Rate in Individual Countries. . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . .
77
Natural Population Gra*ath in Tndividual Countries . . . . . . . . . .
78
Average Life Expectaracy in Individual Countries . . . . . . . . . . .
79
Science and Technology
Number of Scientists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
81
Women Among Scientists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
82
Number of Scientists by Union Republics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
82
USSR Academy of Sciences, Academies of Sciences of the Union
Republics and Sectorial Academies at the End of 1978.
83
Number of Graduate Students and Graduates . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
83
Nwnber of Graduate Students by linion Republics at the End of 1978
84
Development of Inventions and Rationalization in National Economy
85
Exgenditures on Adoption of Measures on New Technology in Industry
and Their Economic Effectiveness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
85
Number of Developed Models of New Types of Machines, Equipment,
- Apparatus and Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
86
Modernization of Production Equipment at Enterprises of Individual
Sectors of Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
87
- Number of Discontinued Descriptions of Obsolete Designs of Machines,
Equipment, Apparatus, Instruments and Items . . . . . . . . . . . . .
88
Number o� Descriptions of Items Which Are Awarded the State Seal of
Quality in the Corresponding Years. . . . . . . . . o . . . . . . . .
88
Development of Automated Control System8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
88
Presence of Installed Mechanized Flow and Automatic Lines at
Enterprises of Individual Sectors of Industry . . . . . . . . . . . .
89
Number of Completely Mechanized and Automated Sections, Shops, Works,
Enterprises in Individual Sectors of Industry . . . . . . . . . . . .
89
Growth Rate of Power-Worker and Electric Power-Worker Ratio in
Indus try . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
90
Introduction of New Equipment at General-Purposes Electric Power
Stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
90
Unit Maximum Capacity of Turbines Put Into Operation.
91
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Introduction of Advanced Technological Processes in the Oil Drilling
and Gas Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
91
Mechanization of Operations at Coal Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
91
Introduction of Advanced Technological Methods at Enterprises of
Ferrous Metallurgy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
92
Mechanization of Operations in Logging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
93
Power Capacities of Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
94
Power-Worker Ratio and Provision of Agriculture With Power Capacities
94
Power Capacities of Agriculture by Union Republics in 1978.
95
Power-Worker Ratio and Provision of Power Capacities to Kolkhozes,
Interfarm Agricultural Enterprises and Sovkho2es by Union Republics
in 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
96
Mechanization of Operations in Plant Grcwing of Kolkhozes, Interfarm
Agricultural Enterprises and Sovkhozes. . � .
97
Mechanization of Operations at Livestock Farms and Complexes of
Kolkhozes, Interfarm Agricultural Enterprises and Sovkhozes
98
Electrification of Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9$
Main Indicators of the ElActrification of Kolk.hozes and Sovkhozes
99
Main Indicators of the Modernization of the Rail Transport of the
Minlstry of Railways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100
Mechanization of Loading and Unloading Operations in Rail and Water
� Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100
L'se of PrecastReinforced ConcreteComponents and Parts, Large Wall
Pannels and Blocks in Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
101
Use of Construction Components and Parts Produced by the Industrial
Method in Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
102
- Increase of the Machine-Worker Ratio in Construction.
102
Mechanization of Individual Types of Operations in Construction
102
= Complete Mechsnization of Individual Types of Operations in
Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
103
Industry
Number of Production and Scientific Production Associations, Combines
and Enterprises Carried on an Independent Balance Sheet (Including
,
Enterprises Subordinate to Production and Scientific Production Asso-
ciations) by Industrial Sectora in 1978 . . . o . . . . . . . . . . .
104
Production and Scientific Production Associations in Industry
105
Growth Rate of Total Industrial Production Volume in 1940-1978.
105
Total Industrial Production Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
106
Total Industrial Production Volume by Forms of Subordination of
Enterprises in 1978 . . . . . . . . . .
106
Proportion of Productionof Means ofProduction and Production of
Consumer Goods in Total Industrial Production Volume.
107
Pattern and Growth Rate of Production of Means of Production (Group A)
107
Pattern of Production of Consumer Goods (Group B) . . . . . . . . . .
108
Growth Rate of Total Industrial Production Volume by Individual
Sectors in 1913-1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
109
Growth Rate of Total Industrial Production Volume by Sectors
in 1940-1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
109
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Growth Rate of Total Industrial Production Volume by Sectors
in 1970-1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
110
Proportion of Production of Individual Sectors in Total Industrial
~ Production Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
111
Growth Rate of Total Industrial Production Volume by Union Republics
in 1913-1918 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
111
Growth Rate of Total Induatrial Production Volume by Union Republics
in 1940-1978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
112
Growth Rate of Total Industrial Production Volume, Production cf
Means of Production (Group A), Production of Consumer Goods (Group B)
by Union Republics in 1970-1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
112
Average Annual Numbar of Industrial Personnel Direcrly Engaged in
Production in Industry by Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
114
Growth Rate of Labor Productivity by Sectors of Industry (Excluding
Industry of Kolkhozes) in 1940-1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
115
Growth Rate of Labor Productivity by Sectors of. Industry (Excluding
Industry of Kolkhoze&) in 1970-1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
115
Growth Rate of Labor Productivity in Industry (Excluding Industry of
Kolkhozes) by Union Republics in 1940-1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
116
Growth Rate of Labor Productivity in Industry (Excluding Industry of
Kolkhozes) by Union Republics in 1970-1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
117
, Growth Rate of Industrial Fixed Capital and Physical Working Capital
~ by Sectors of Industry in 1970-1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
117
~ Growth Rate of Industri.al Fixed Capital by Sectors of Industry
in 1970-1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
117
Industrial Fixed Capital by Types and Sectors of Industry on
1 January 1979. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
118
Growth Rate of Capital-Labor Ratio of Industrial Personnel Directly
Engaged in Production by Sectors of Industry in 1970-1978
120
Proportion of Industrial Fixed Capital of Individual Sectors in the
Total Value of Induatrial Fixed Capital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
120
Proportion of tndustrial rixed Capital Placed Into Qperation in
1965-1978 in Total Va1ue of Industrial Fixed Capital by 8ectors of
Indua try . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
121
Placement Into Operation and Retirement of Industrial Fixed Capital
by Sectors of Industry in 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
122
EZectric Power Balance of the National Economy. .
123
Change of Expenditures Per Ruble of Commodity Production of Industry
by Sectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
123
- Pattern of Expenditures on Production of Industrial Products by
Sectors of Industry in 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
125
Indices of Wholesale Prices of Enterprises (Excluding the Turnover
Tax) for the Main Sectors of Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
126
- Indices of Wholesale Prices of Industry (With the Turnover Tax) for
the Main Sectors of Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
127
Change of the Structure of Wholesale Prices of Induatry
129
- Electric Power
Capacity of Electric Power Stations and Generation of Electric Power.
130
Generation of Electric Power by Union Republics . . . . . . . . . . .
130
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- Technical and Econon,ic Indicators of Operation of Electric Power
Stat ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Length of Overhead Elecrric Networks of Powar Administrations With a
Voltage of 35 kV and More by Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Production of Fuel by Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Petroleum Production (Including Gas Condensate) . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Gas Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Coal Production by Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Production of Coal Briquets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Production of Fuel Peat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
' Ferrous Metallurgy
Production of
Pig Iron, Steel, Rolled Ferrous Metal and Steel
Pipe. .
135
,
Production of
Rolled Ferrous Metal Products and Steel Pipe by
Types .
135
Production of
Commercial Iron and Manganese Ore (in Physical
Terms) .
136
Production of
Commercial Iron and Manganese Ore (in Terms of
~
100-Percent Content of Metal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . .
137
Useful Volume
Utilization Factor and Idle Times of Blast Furnaces
137
Average Daily
Yield of Steel From 1 m2 of Area of Hearth and
Idle
Times of Open
Hearth Furnaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . .
137
Chemical and Petrochemical Industry
Growth Rate of Total Production Volume of Individual Secto rs
of the
Chemical and Petrochemical Industry in 1970-1978. . . . . . .
. . . .
138
- Production of
Mineral Fertilizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . .
138
Production of
Mineral Fertilizers by Types. . . . . . . . . .
. . . .
139
Production of
rllneral Fert{lizers by Union Republics.

139
Production of
Chemical Means of Pla,nt Protection. . . . . . .
. . . .
139
" Production of
Sulfuric Acid in Monohydrate. . . . . . . . . .
. . . .
140
Production of
Soda Asl: and Caustic Soda . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . .
140
Production of
Chemical Fibers and Filaments . . . . . . . . .
. . . .
140
Production of
Synthetic Resins and Plastics . . . . . . . . .
. . . .
141
Production of
Synthetic Detergents and Soap . . . . . . . . .
. . . .
141
- Production of
Lacquers and Paints . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . .
142
Production of
Motor Vehicle and Bicycle Tires . . . . . . .
. . . . .
142
Production of
Feed Microbiological Protein. . . . . . . . .
. . . . .
142
~ Machine Building and Metalworking
Growth Rate o
f Total Production Volume by Sectors of Machine
Building
and Metalwork
ing in 1970-1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . .
142
Production of
Power and Electr3c Equipment . . . . . . . . .
. . . . .
143
Production of
Instruments, Automation Equipment and Computer
Hardware
144
Production of
Metalworking Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . .
145
Production of
Equipment for Various Sectors of Industry

145
Productian of
Technological Equipment for Light, Food and Printing
Industry and
Enterprises of Trade and Public Dining

146
Production of
Materials-Handling Equipment. . . . . . . . .
. . . . .
147
Production of
Construction and Road Machinery . . . . . . .
. . . . .
148
- Production of
Locomotives and Ca:-s . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . .
148
Production of
Motor Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . .
148
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~ Production
of
Trolleybuses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 149
- Production
of
Truck Trailers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 149
Production
of
Rolier Bearii,gs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 149
Production
of
TracCOrs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 149
Production
of-
Tractor Trailers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 150
Production
of
Agricultural Iqachinery. , . , � , . . . . . , , .
. . . 150
Production
of
Electric Weldir.g Equipmen` andWelding Work
151
Ti.Aiber, Wood
Processing and Pulp and Paper Industry
Timber Loggin
g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 151
Timber Logging by Union Republics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 152
Production
of
Lumber and Plywood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 154
_ Production
of
Lumber by Union Republics . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 154
Production
of
Wood-Fiber and Splint-S;ab Boards . . . . . . . .
. . . 154
Production
of
Pulp, Pappr and Cardboard . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 155
~ Production
of
Paper by Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 155
Production
of
Paper bS� Unifln Rppublics . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 155
Construction Materials Industry
Production of Cement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
156
Production of Cement by Brands in 1978 . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
156
_ Use of Equipinent in Cement Industry . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
156
Production of i'recast Reinforced Concrete Components
and Parts and
Wall Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
157
Production of Roofing Materials . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
157
Production of Linoleum. . . e . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
158
Production of Ceramic Items . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
158
Production of Window Glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
158
Light Industry
Growth Rate of Total Production Volume by Sectors of
Light Industry
in 1970-1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
158
Production of Most Important Iteme of Light Ind~:stry.

159
Production of Fabrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
160
Production of Nonwoven Materials . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
161
Production of Cotton Fiber by Union Republics . . . .
. . . . . . . .
161
Production of Raw Silk by Union Republics . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
162
Production of Hosiery and Socks by Union Republics. .

162
Production of Knitted Underwear by Union Republics. .

162
Production of Knitted Outerwear by Union Republics. .

163
Production of Fur Items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
163
Production of Leather Shoes . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
164
Production of Leather Shoes by Union Republics. . . .
. . . . . . . .
164
Technical and Economic Indicators of the Operation of
Enterprises of
the Cotton Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . � . . .
164
Technical and Economic Indicators ofthe Operation of
Enterprises of
the Wool Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
165
Technical and Economic Indicators of the Operation of
Enterprises of
the Flax Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
166
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Technical and Economic Indicators of the Operation of Euterprises of
the Silk Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
167
Productivity of Equipment in the Knitted Wear Industry
167
Production of Goods for Cultural and Personal Purposes and Household
Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
167
Foor Industry
Growth Rate of Total Production Volume by Sectors of Food Industry
in 1970-1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
169
Production of Most Important Types of Pro~ucts of Food Industry.
169
Production of Granulated and Lump Sugar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
171
Production of Granulated Sugar by Union Republics.
171
Production of Meat by Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
171
Production of Meat by Union Republics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
172
Catch of Fish, Sea Animals, Whales and Sea Products.
172
Production of Animal Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
173
Production of Anir.mal Oil Uy Union Republics . . . . . . . . . . . . .
173
Production of Vegetable Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
174
Production of Vegetable Oil by Union Republics . . . . . . . . . . .
174
Yield of Vegetable Oil From Oil-Bearing Seeds. . . . . . . . . . . .
174
Production of Canned Goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
175
Production of Canned Goods by Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
175
Production of Canned Goods by Union Republics. . . . . . . . . . . .
175
Agriculture
Number of Ag.�icultural Enterprises and Farms . . . . . . . . . . . .
177
Productiori of Agricultural Produce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
178
Yield of Agricultural Crope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
179
Gross Harvest and Yield of Fodder Crops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
179
Proportion of Production of Main Agricultural Products by Public
Agriculture in Total Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
180
Growth Rate of Gross Production of Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . .
181
Growth Rate of Average Annual Gross Production Volume of Agriculture
181
Growth Rate of Gross Production of Agriculture by Categories of
Farms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
182
Growth Rate of Gross Production of Agriculture by Union Republics. .
182
Gross Production of Agriculture by Union Republics
183
Commodity Production of Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
185
Proportion of Commodity Production of Public Agriculture in Total
Commodity Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
185
State Purchases of Main Products ofAgriculture. . . . . . . . . . .
187
State Purchases of Individual Products of Plant Growing and Animal
Husbandry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
188
Proportion of State Purchases of Main Agricultural Products From
Kolkhozes, Sovkhozes and Other State Farms in Total Purchases.
188
Payments for Agricultural Produce Sold to the State and Trade
Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
189
Growth Rate of Fixed Capital, Capital Supply and Capital-Labor Ratio
at ICplkhozes, Interfarm Agricultural Enterprires, Sovkhozes and
Other State Farms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
190
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Structure of Agricultural Fixed Production CapitaZ of Kolkhozes,
' Interfarm Agricult.ural Enterprises, Sovkhozes and Other State Farms
at the End of 1978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
191
Fixed Production Capital and Physical Working Capital af Kolkhozes
(Excluding Fishing Kolkhozes) by Union Republics at the End of 1978 .
192
Fixed Production Capital ar.d Physical Working Capital of Interfarm
Agricultural Enterprises by Union Republics at the End of 1978.
193
Fixed Prcduction Capital and Physical Working Capital of Sovkhozes
by Union Republics at the End of 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
194
Fleet of Tractors, Combines and Trucks in Agriculture
195
Fleet of Tractors and Grain Harvesting Combines in Agriculture by
Union Republics at the End of 1978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
195
Pool of Basic Agricultural Machinery in Agriculture
196
Devliery of Tractors, Trucks and Agricultural Machinery to
Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
196
Land Area
Total Land Area of USSR and Distribution of Farming Land by Land
Users on 1 November 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
197
Timber Resources by Union Republics on 1 January 1978
199
Reforestation and Forestation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
199
Organization of Forests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
200
Forest Improvement Cutting and Selective Sanitary Felling
200
Total Land Area and Area of Farming Land by Union Republics on
1 November 1978 . . . . . . � . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
200
Distribution of Farming Landby Land Users by Union Republics on
1 November 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
201
Distribution of Plowland by Land Users by Union Republics on
1 November 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
202
Plant Growing
Sown Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
202
Sown Areas by Categories of Farms in 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
204
Sown Areas by Union Republics in 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
205
Varietal Plantings of Agricultural Crops at Kolkhozes and Sovkhozes .
207
Plantings of Agricultural Crops With Regionalized Varieties at
Kolkhozes and Sovkhozes by Union Republics in 1978.
207
Gross Harvest of Grain by Union Republics . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
208
Yield of Cereal Crops by Union Republics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
209
Gross Harvest of Individual Cereal. r-'rops by Union Republics
209
Yield of Individual Cereal Crops by Union Republics
210
- Gross Harvest (Pruchases) of Raw Cotton by tTnion Republics.
211
Yield of Cotton by Union Republics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
212
Gross Harvest of Sugar Beets (Factory) by Union Republics
212
_ Yield of Sugar F%eets (Factory) by Union Republics . . . . . . . . . .
213
Gross Harvest of Flax Fiber by Union Republics. . . . . . . . . . . .
213
Yield of Flax Fiber by Union Republics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
214
Gross Harvest of Sunflowers by Union Republics. . . . . . . . . . . .
214
Yield of Sunflowers by Union Republics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
214
Gross Harvest of Potatoes by Union Republics. . o . . . . . . . . . .
215
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Yield of Potatoes by Union Republics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.15
Gross Harvest of Vegetables by Union Republics. . . . . . . . . . . .
216
- Yield of Vegetables by Union Republics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
216
State Purchases of Grain by Crops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
217
State Purchases of Grain by Union Republics . . . . . . . . . . . . .
217
State Purchases of Sugar Beets by Union Republics
217
State Purchases of Flax Fiber by Union Republics. . . . . . . . . . .
218
State Purchases of Sunflowers by Union Republics. . . . . . . . . , .
218
State Purchases of Potatoes by Union Republics. . . . . . . . . . . .
219
Stat-e Purchases of Vegetables by Union Republics. . . . . . . . . . .
219
Horticulture and Viticulture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
220
Area of Fruit, Berry and Grage Plantings by Union Republics in 1978 .
220
Area of Tea Plantings by Union Republics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
221
Gross FiarvOs[. of Fruit and Berries (Including Grapes) by Union
Republics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
221
Gross Harvest of Grapes by Union Republics. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
221
; State Purchases of Fruit and Berries (Including Grapes) by Union
Republics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
222
State Purchases of Grapes by Union Rep ublics . . . . . . . . . . . . .
222
Gross Harvest (Purchases) of Basic (Varietal.) Tea Leaves by Union
Republics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
222
Delivery of Mineral Fertilizers to Agriculture by Types
223
Delivery of :Liiieral Fertilizers to Agriculture by Union Republics
(ln Terms of Conventional Units). . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . .
223
Delivery of riinerdl Fertilizers to Agric.ulture by Types Per Hectare
of Plowland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
224
Delivery of riineral Fertilizers to Agriculture by Union Republics
_ (in Terms of 100 Percent Nutrients) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
224
_ Delivery of Chemical Feed Additives to Agriculture by Types
225
Delivery of Chemical Feed Additives to Agriculture by Union
Republics (in Terms o.f Conventional Units). . . . . . . . . . . . . .
225
Delivery of Chemical Feed Additives to Agriculture by Union
Republics (in Terms of 100 Percent Nutrients) . . . . . . . . . . . .
226
Area of Irr.igated Land. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
226
Area of Irrigated Land at Kolkhozes, Interfarm Enterpris es, Sovkhozes
and Other State Farms by Union Republics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
227
Use of Irrigated Farming Lands at Kolknozea, Interfarm Enterprises,
Sovkhozes and Other State Farms by Union Republics in 1978.
228
Planted Areas of Agricultural Crops on Irrigated Land at Kolkhozea,
Interfarm Enterprises, Sovkhozes and Other State Farms by Union
- Republics in 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
229
Gross Iiarvest of Products of Plant Growing on Irrigated Lands at
Kolkhozes, Interfarm Enterprises, Sovkhozes and Other State Farmsn
by Union Republics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
230
Area of Relcaimed Lands by Union Republics. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
231
Use of Relaimed Farming Lands at Kolkhozes, Interfarm Enterprises,
Sovkhozes and Other State Farms by Union Republics in 1978.
232
Planted Areas of Agricultural Crops on Reclaimed Lands at Kolkhozes,
Interfarm Enterprises, Sovkhozes and Other State Farms by Union
Republics in 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
233
-j-
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Gross Harvest or Products af Plant Growing on Reclaimed Lands at
Kolkhozes, IntPrfarm Enterpriaes, Sovkhozes and Other State Farms
bi, Union Republics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
233
Animal Huabandry
Number o f Lives tock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
234
Number of Productive Livestock by Categories of Farms on
1 January 1979 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
234
Number of Cattle by Union Republics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
235
~ Number of Cows by Union Republics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
235
Number of Hogs by Union Republics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
236
Number of Sheep and Goats by Union Republics . . . . . . . . . . . . .
236
Number of Sheep by Union Republics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
237
Number of Poultry by Union Republice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
237
- Production of Ma.in Products of Animal Husbandry . . . . . . . . . . .
238
Production of Meat and Animal 011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
239
- Production of Meat by Union R.epublics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
240
Production of Milk by Union Republics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
240
Production of Eggs by Union Republics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
241
= Production of Wool by Union Republics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
241
State Purchases of 11ain ?ro3ucts of Animal Husbandry by Categories
of I'arms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
242
State Purchases of_ Livestock and Poultry by Union Republics (in
We-lght of Live Livestock and Poultry) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
243
State Purchases of Livestock and Poultry by Union Republics (in
Dressed Weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
244
, State Purchases of Milk and Dairy Products by Union Republics
244
State Purchases of Eggs by Union Republics . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
245
State Purchases of Wool by Union Republics . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
245
Productivity of Livestock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
245
- Productivity of Livestock at Kolkhozes, Interfarm Enterprises and
Sovkhozea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
246
Productivity of Livestock and Poultry at ?t.olkhozes, Interfarm
Enterpra.ses and Sovkhozes by Union Republics. . . . . . . . . . . .
247
Average Weight of One Head of Livestock Sold to the State
247
= Distribution of Fodders to Livestock and Poultry. . . . . . . . . . .
248
Consumption of All Fodders at Kolkhozes, Interfarm Enterprises and
Sovkhozes by Union Republics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
248
- Gross Harvest and State Purchases of Gcain in Main Regions of
Development of Virgin and Long-Fallow Lands . . . . . . . . . . . . .
249
State Purchases of Products of Animal Husbandry in Main Regions of
Development of Virgin and Long-Fallow Lands . . . . . . . . . . . . .
250
Kolkhozes
Main Indicators of the Development
of Kolkhozes . . . . . . . . . . .
251
Grouping
of
Kolkhozes
by
Amount
of
Gross Income Per 100 Hectares of
Plowland .
.
. . . . .
. .
. . .
. .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
254
Grouping
of
Kolkhozes
by
Number
of
Households . . . . . . . . . . . .
254
Grouping
of
Kolkhozes
by
Number
of
Cattle . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
254
Grouping
of
Kolkhozes
by
Number
of
Cows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
255
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Grouping of Kolkhozes by Number of Hogs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
255
255
Grnuping of Knikhozes by Number of Sheep and Goats
Production Cost of Main Agricultur.al Products at Kolkhozes by Union
Republics in 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
256
Maln Indicators of Development of Kolkhozes by Union Republics
_
. .
25~
in 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Interfarm Enterprises and Organizations
Number of Interfarm Enterprises and Organizations. . . . . . . . . .
258
Main Indicators of the Development of Interfarm Enterprises (Exclud-
ing Constructian Enterprises) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
258
Main Indicators of the Development of Interfarm Livestock
. . .
259
Enterprises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Main Indjcators of the Development of Interfarm Construction
. . .
259
Enterprises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Number of Iaterfarm Enterprises, Organizations and Associations by
Union Republics at the End of 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
260
Number of Industrial Enterprises and Works of Interfarm Organizations
and Output of Industrial Production. . . . . . . . . . � � � � � � �
264
Main Indicators of Development of Interfarm Construction Organiza-
tions by Union Republics in 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . � .
265
Availability of Basic Construction Machinery at Interfarm Construc-
.
265
tion Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sovkhozes
. .
266
Number of Sovkhozes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Number of Sovkhozes of Main Production Directions by Union
Republics at the End of 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26~
268
Main Indicators of Development of Sovkhozes. . � . � � ' ' ' ' . . .
'
269
Average Size of Sovkhozes. . � � � � � � ' � ' ' '
Main Indicators of Development of Sovkhozes by Union Republics
269
in 1978. . . . . . . . . . . �
270
- Grouping of Sovkhozes by Number of Cattle . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2~1
Grouping of Sovkhozes by Number of Cows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2~1
Grouping of Sovkhozes by Numbe?: of Hogs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Z~1
Grouping of Sovkhozes by Number of Sheep and Goats
_
Production Cost of Main Agricultural Products at Sovkhozes by Union
_
Republics in 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2~2
Labor Productivity in Agriculture
Growth Rate of Labor Productivity in Agriculture . . . . . . . . . .
(Social Production)
l
i
273
ture
cu
Growth Rate of Labor Productivity in Agr
2~4
on an Average Annual Basis (Percent of 1961.-1965). . . . . . . . . .
(Social Production)
l
i
ture
cu
Growth Rate of Labor Productivity in Agr
2~4
on an Average Annual Basis (Percent of 1966-1970). . . . . . . . . .
bor Productivity in Agriculture (Social Production)
f L
a
Growth Rate o
by Union Republics (Per Average Annual Worker) . . . . . � � � � � �
2~5
Growth Rate of Labor Productivity in Agriculture (Social Production)
_
by Union Republics (Pex Worked Man-Hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2~5
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- Direct Labor Inputs on Production of 1 Quintal of Basic Agricultural
' Products at Kolkhozes and Sovkhozes of the USSR Ministry of
Agricul ture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
276
Direct Labor Inputs on Production of 1 Quintal of Basic Agricultural
Products at Kolkhozes by Union Republics in 1978 . . . . . . . . . . .
277
Direct Labor Inputs on Production of 1 Quintal of Basic Agricultural
Products at Sovkhozes of USSR Ministry of Agriculture by Union
Republics in 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
278
Personnel in Agriculture
Average Annual Number of Workers Employed at Kolkhozes, Sovkhozes,
Interfarm Agricultural Enterpriaes, Subsidiary and Other Agricultural
Production Enterprises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
278
Number of Specialists With a Higher and Sec.ondary Specialized Educa-
tion, Who Are Employed at Kolkhozes, Sovkhozes, Interfarm Agricuitural
Enterprises, Subsidiary and Other Agricultural Production Enterprises.
279
Number of Managerial Workers of Kolkhozes (Excl:uding Fishing Kol-
khozes) by Held Positions by Union Republics on 1 April 1979
281
Composition of Mana.gerial Workers of Kolkhozes (Excluding Fishing
Kolkhozes) by Education by Union Republics on 1 April 1979
282
Number of Managerial Workers of Sovkhaxes by Held Positions by Union
Republics on 1 April 1979 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
283
Composition of Managerial Workers of Sovkhozes by Education by Union
Republics on 1 April 1979 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
284
Number of Managerial Workers of Interfarm Agricultural Enterpriaes by
Held Positions and Education on 1 April 1979 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
285
Number of Workers and Employees at Sovkhozes, Interfarm Agricultural
Enterprises, Subsidiary and Other Agricultural Production Enterprisea.
285
Number of Machine Operators at Kolkhozes, Sovkhozes and IrLterfarm
Agricultural Enterprises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
286
Number of Machine Operators at Kolkhozes, Sovkhozes snd Interfarm
Enterprises by Union Republics on 1 April 1979 . . . . . . . . . . . .
287
Transport and Communications
I'ceight Turnover of All Types of Coumon Carrier. . . . . . . . . . . .
288
Passenger Turnover of All Types of Common Carrier. . . . . . . . . . .
289
Rail Transport
Length of Railroad Track in Use of the Ministry of Railways.
289
Length of Railroad Track in Use of the Ministry of Railways by Union
Republics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
290
Freight Turnover ofRail Transport by Individual Types
291
Transportation of Individual Cargoes by Rail Transport
291
Passenger Turnover and Transportation of Passengers by Rai1 Transport.
291
Density of Railroads and Density of Freight and Passenger Traffic in
Rail Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
292
Indicators of Use of Rolling Stock in Rail Transport
292
Number of Workers Employsd in Transportation and Labor Productivity
in Rail Transport of the Ministry of Railways . . . . . . . . . . . . .
293
-m-
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FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Length, Freight Turnover and Freight Traffic on Railroad Sidings of
Industrial Enterprises and Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Maritime Transport
Main Indicators of the Development of Maritime Transport of the
Ministry of the Maritime Fleet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Freight Transportation by Mairtime Transport of the Ministry of the
Maritime ]?leet in All Types of Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Indicators of the Use of Sea-Going Ships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Number of Workers Employed in Transportation and Labor Productivity
in Maritime Transport of the Ministry of the Maritime Fleet
Freight TL:rnover and Freight Transportation of the Fishir,g Fleet.
River Transport
Main Indicators of the Development of Common Carrier River Transport.
Use of Towing and Nonpropelled Common Carrier River Fleet
IIse of the Fleet, Labor Productivity and Loading and Unloading
Operations in Common Carrier River Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Freight Turnover of Commott Carrier River Transport by Union Republics
Main Pipeline Transport
Petroleum and Petroleum-Product Pipelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gas Pipelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Motor Transport
Main Indicators of the Development of Motor Transport of the
National Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Length of Hard-Surface Roads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Length of Roads by Union Republics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Freight Turnover of Motor Transport of the National Economy by Union
Republics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Freight Transportation by Motor. Transport of the National Economy by
Union Republics . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Operation and Use ofCommon Carrier Truck Transport and the Number
of Workers Employed in Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Operation and Use of Common Ca.rrier Buses . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation of Passengers by Common Carrier Buses by Union
Republics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Passenger Turr~over of Common Carrier Buses by Union Republics
Intraurban Passenger Transportation by Common Carrier Buses
Suburban Transportation o~r Passengers by Common Carrier Buses
Interurban Transportation of Passengers by Common Carrier Buses
Use of Common Carrier Passenger Taxis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Urban Electric Passenger Transport
Development of Urban Electric Passenger Transport . . . . . . . . . .
Length of Operational Routes by Union Republics . . . . . . . . . . .
Rolling Stock of Urban Electric Passenger Transport by Union
Republics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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294
294
295
295
295
296
297
298
298
299
299
299
300
301
302
302
303
303
304
304
305
305
305
305
306
307
308
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FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Transportation of Passengers by Streetcars and Trolleybuses by Union
Republics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Transportation of Passengers by Subway by Union Republics. 309
Air Transport
Main Indicators of the Development of Air Traneport of the Ministry
of Civil Aviation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
Main Indicators of the Development of Air Transport in International
Traffic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Volwne of Aviation Chemical Work in Agriculture and Forestry by
Union Republica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Communications
Main Indicators of Development of Communications . . . . . . . . . .
311
Number of Postal, Telegraph and Telephone Enterprises by Union
Republics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
313
Number of Receiving Spots (Radio Receivers, Televisions and Radio
Relay Spots) by Union Republics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
314
Capital Construction
Placement of Fixed Capital Into Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
315
Placement of Fixed Capital Into Operation by Union Republics
316
Placement Into Operation of Most Important Production Capacities by
Means of Construction of New Enterprises, Expansion and Renovation
of Operating Enterprises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
317
- Placement of Irrigated and Reclaimed Land and Irrigated Pastures
Into Use at the Expense of the State and Kolkhozes by Union
Republics in 1978. . . . . . . . . o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
321
Placement of Poultry Factories and Livestock Facilities Into
Operation at the Expense of the State and Kolkhozes.
322
Capital Investinents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
322
Structure of Capital Inveatments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
324
Structure of Capital Investments of State and Cooperative Enter-
prises and Organizations (Excluding Kolkhozes) on Production
Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
325
Capital Investments by Sectors of the National Economy
327
Capital Investments of State and Cooperative Enterprises and
- Organizatians (Excluding Kolkhozes) by Individual Sectors of
Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
331
Proportion of Capital Investments in Renovation, Expansion and Re-
tooling of Operating Enterprise-.; in Total Amount of State Capital
Investments by Sectors of Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
332
Capital Investments in the Development of Agriculture for the
Entire Set of Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
332
Capital Investments of the State and Kolkhozes in Agriculture.
334
Capital Investments of the State and Kolkhozes in Agriculture by
Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
335
Total Amount of Capital Investments by Union Republics
335
Capital Investments by Union Republics in 1978 . . . . . . . . . . .
336
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Construction and Tnstallation Work of State and Cooperative Enter-
prises and Organizations (Exluding Kolkhozes) by Union Republics.
336
Unfinished Construction at State and Cooperative Enterprises and
Organizations (Excluding Kolkhozes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
337
Unfiniehed Construction at State and Cooperative Enterprises and
Organizations (Excluding Kolkhozes) by Individual Sectors of Industry
337
Amount of Construction and Installation Work Performed by the Con-
tract Method for State and Cooperative Enterprises and Organizations.
338
Total Amount of Work Performed by Contracting Conetruction and In-
stallation Organizations for the National Economy (Including Kol-
khozes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
339
Amount of Contract Work Performed by Interfarm Construction Organiza-
tions on Their Own by Union Republics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
340
Number of State, Cooperative and Iiiterfarm Primary Contracting Con-
struction and Installation Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
340
Number of State Primary Contracting Construction and Installation
Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
340
Number of State Primary Contracting Construction and Installation
Organizations on 1 January 1979 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
341
Number of State Contracting Construction and Installation Trusts.
341
Distribution of State Primary Contracting Construction and Installa-
tion Organizations by Types of Specialization . . . . . . . . . . . .
342
Grouping of State Primary Contracting Construction and Installation
Organizations by the Amount of Work Performed on Their Qum by Union
Republics in 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
343
Grouping of State Contracting Construction and Installation Trusts
by the Amount of Work Performed on Their Own by Union Republics
- in 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
343
Number of State Planning, Planning and Surveying and Surveying
Organizations Performing Work for Capital Construction.
344
Amount of Work Performed by State Planning, Planning and Surveying
and Surveying Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
344
Availability of Construction Machinery in Construction.
344
Average Annual Number of Workers at Construction Organizations.
345
Number of Workers Engaged in Construction and Installation Per
Diillion Rubles of Performed Construction and Installation Work.
345
Growth of Labor Productivity in Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . .
345
Structure of Expenditures on Construction and Installation Work
346
Indices of Actual Cost of Construction and Installation Work.
346
Labor
Breakdown of the Population Employed in the National Economy by
Sectors
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 347
Breakdown of the Population Employed
in the Nationa.l Economy by
Sectors
of Physical Production and the Nonproductive Sectors.
. 347
Average
Annual Number of Workers and
Employees in the National
Economy
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 348
Average
Annual Number of Workers and
Employees by Sectors of the
National
Economy . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 349
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FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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1 Growth Rate of Average Annual Number of Workers and Emnloyeea by
Sectors of the National Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
350
Average Annual Nwnber of Workers and Employees by Union Republics. .
351
Average Annual Number of Workers (Including Junior Service Personnel
and Security Workers) by Sectors of the National Economy
351
Average Annual Number of Workers (Including Junior Service Peraonnel
and Security Workers) by Union Republics . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
352
Average Annual Number of Female Workers and Employees in the
National Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
352
Average Annual Number of Female Workers and Employees by Union
Republics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
353
- Percentage of Women in Total Number of Workers and Employees by
Union Republics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
353
Average Wage of Workers and Employees With the Addition of Payments
and Benefits From Public Consumption Funds in 1978
354
Average Monthly Wage of Workers and Employees in the National
- Economy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
355
Average Monthly Monetary Wage of Worlcers and Employees by Sectors
of the National Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
355
Average Set Length of Work Week of Adult Industrial Workers.
357
Average Set Length af Work Week of Adult Workers by Individual
Sectors of Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
357
Distribution of the Ninnber of Workers and Employees in the National
Economy by the Set Length of Annual Leaves . . . . . . . . . . . . .
358
Number of Specialists With a Higher and Secondary Specialized Educa-
tion, Who Are Employed in the National Economy . . . . . . . . . . .
358
Number of Women Specialists With a Higher and Secondary Specialized
Education, Who Are Employed in the National Economy.
359
Number of Vocationa and Technical Educational Institutions and the
Number of Students at Them . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
359
Admission to Vocational and Technical Educational Institutions
360
. Training (Graduation) of Skilled Workers at Vocational and Technical
' Educational Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
361
Training (Graduation) of Skilled Workers at Vocational and Technical
� Educational Institutions by Union Republics . . . . . . . . . . . . .
361
Training of Machine Operators for Agriculture by Occupations
362
Training and Improvement of Skills of Workers and Employees at
Enterprises, Institutions and Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . .
362
Training and Improvement of Skills of Personnel. at Kolkhozes
363
Training and Improvement of Skills of Workers and Employees at
Enterprises, Inetitutions and OrganizattionR by Union Republica
in 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
363
Increase of the Well-Being of the People
Produced National Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
Growth of Produced National Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
Growth Rate of National Income by Union Republics. 365
National Income by Sectors of the National Economy 365
Use of the National Income for Consumption and Accumulation. 366
Increase of the Real Income of the Population. . . . . . . . . . . . 366
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FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Increase of the Real Income of the Population of the USSR as Compared
With Prerevolutionary Russia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
367
Payments and Benefits Received by Che Population From Public Con-
sumption Funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
368
Budget of the Family of the Industrial Worker and Kolkhoz Farmer.
370
Structure of the Income and Expenditures of the Family of an Indus-
trial Worker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
370
Structure of the Income and Expenditures of the Family of a Kolkhoz
Farmer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
371
Placement of Housing Into Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
372
Placement of Housing Into Operation in Urban Settlements and Rural
Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
373
Number of Built ApPrtments and Their Total (Useful) Area.
374
Number of Built Apartments by Uninn Republics . . . . . . . . . . . .
375
Capital Investments in Housing Construction by Union Republics.
376
Placement of Housing Into Operation by Union Republics.
376
Number of People Who Improved Their Housing Conditions.
377
Urban Housing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
378
Urban Housing by Union Republics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
378
Urban Socialized Housing by Union Republics . . . . . . . . . . . . .
379
Urban Housing Privately Owned by Citizens by Union Republics.
379
Sources of the Increase of Urban Housing by Union Republics
380
Housing of Capitals of Union Republics and Ma3or Cities of the USSR .
381
Number of Apartments Suppl:ied With Gas by Union Republics
382
Placement of General Educational Schools Into Operation
383
Placement of General Educational 5chools, Into Operation by Union
Republics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
'
~
384
Hospital Institutions Into Operation
Preschool and
Placement of
385
Placement of Preschool Institutions Into OpQration by Union Republics
386
Placement of Hospital Institutions Into Operation by Union Republics.
386
Placement of Enterprises of Retail Trade and Public Dining Into
Operation by State and Cooperative Enterprises and Organizations.
387
Growth of ReCail Commodity Turnover and Trade Network
388
Increase of the Sale of the Most Important Consumer Goods in State
and Cooperative Trade, Including Public Dining (1940 = 1).
388
Increase of the Sale of the Most Important Consumer Goods in State
and Cooperative Trade, Including Public Dining (1970 = 100).
389
Sale of Most Important Foodstuffs Through State and Cooperative Trade
390
Sale of Cultural and Personal Goods Through State and Cooperative
Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
390
Sale of Cultural andPersonal Goods in Rural Areas.
391
Conaumption of Main Foodstuffs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
391
Consumption of Most Important Nonfood Industrial Consumer Goods
392
Supply of the Urban and Rural Population With Durable Cultural and
Personal Goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
392
Supply of the Urban Population With Durable Cultural and Personal
Goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
393
Supply of the Rural Population With Durable Cultural and Personal
Goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
393
Deposits of the Population in Savinga Banks and the USSR State Bank .
393
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Deposits of the Population in Savings Banks by Union Republics at
the End of 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
394
Average Life Expectancy of Population of Prerevolutionary Russian
and USSR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
394
Average Life Expectancy of the Population for People Who Have
Reached a Certain Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
395
Preschool Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
395
Number of Children in Permanent Preschool Institutions by Union
Republics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
396
Number of Physicians and Number of Hospital Beds
397
Number of Mothers With Many Children, Who Receive a Monthly State
Grant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
397
Number of People Receiving Pensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
398
Number of People Receiving Pensions by Union Republics on
1 January 1979 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
399
Sanatoriums and Vacation Establiahments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
400
Sanatoriums and Vacation Establiahments by Union Republics
401
Number of Those Who Were Treated and Vacationed at Sanatoriums and
Vacation Establishments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
402
Number of Athletes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
402
Training of Rated Athletes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
403
Number of Sports Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
403
Number of Medals Won by Soviet Athletes at Olympic Games
403
State Capital Investments in Measures on Nature Conservation and
the Rational Use of Nature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
403
Expenditures on Labor Safety Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
404
Trade
Main Indicators of the Development of Tra.de. . . .
. . . . . . . . .
405
Growth Rate of Retail Commodity Turnover of State
and Cooperative
Trade, Including Public Dining . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
406
Increase of Retail Commodity 1turnover of Consumer
Cooperatives
407
Increase of Retail Commodity Turnover of State and
Cooperative
Trade, Including Public Dining, by Union Republics

407
Increase of Retail Commodity Turnover of State and
Cooperative
- Trade by Union Republics . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
408
Proportion of State, Cooperative and Kolkhoz Trade
in Total Volume
of Commodity Turnvoer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
408
Proportion of State, Cooperative and Kolkhoz Trade
in Sale of
Foodstuffs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
409
Proportion of State, Cooperative and Kolkhoz Trade
in Sale of
Foodstuffs for a Comparable Groups of Goods . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
409
Retail Commodity Turnover of State and Cooperative
Trade, Including
Public Dining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
410
Retail Commo3ity Turnover of State and Cooperative
Trade, Excluding
Public Dining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
410
_ Retail Commodity Turnover of Public Dining r:f Stat
e and Cooperative
Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
411
Retail Commodity Turnover of State and Cooperative
Trade, Including
Public Dining, by Union Republics . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
411
-s-
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Per Capita Retail Commodity Turnover of State and Cooperative Trade,
Including Public Dining, by Union Republics in 1978.
412
Per Capita Retail Commodity Turnover. ,f State and Cocperative Trade,
in Urban Settlements and in Rural Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
413
Ratio of Foodstuffs and Nonfood Consumer Items in Total Volume of
Commodity Turnover of State and Cooperative Trade, Including Public
~!1 Dining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
414
Sale of Goods to the Population on Credit in State and Cooperative
Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
414
Commodity Structure of Retail Commodity Turnover of State and
Cooperative Trade, Including Public Dining . . . . . . . . . . . . .
414
Sale by Consumer Cooperatives of Foodstuffs, Which Were Purchased
at Contract Prices and Accepted on Commission. . . . . . . . . . . .
416
Production and Household Goods Allocated for Sale to the Population.
417
Production and Household Goods Allocat.ed for Sale to the Population
in Rural Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
417
Breakdown of Conunodity Turnover of Public Dining Into Self-Produced
Products and Purchased Goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
418
~ Output of Dishes by Public Dzning Enterprises. . . . . . . . . . . .
418
Reserve Comnodity Stocks in Retail and Wholesale Trade and in
Indus try . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
419
Average Annual Number of Workers of Retail Trade and Public Dining .
419
Commodity Turnover Per Worker in Retail Trade and Public Dining of
the Ministry of Trade, Departments of Workers' Supply, Offices of
Food Supply for Workers and Employees and Consumer Cooperatives.
420
Marketing Costs in Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
420
Marketing Costs of Retail Trade and Public Dining Enterprises.
420
MarkPting Costs of Retail Trade and Public Dining Enterprises (in
1940 PYices) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
*
421
Retail Trade . . . . . . . . . . . .
Structure of Marketing Costs of
421
Structure of Costs of Public Dining Enterprises. . . . . . . . . . .
422
Profitability of Retail Trade and Public Dining of the Ministry of
Trade, Departments of Workers' Supply, Offices of Food Supply for
Workers and Employees and Consumer Cooperatives. . . . . . . . . . .
423
Indices of State Retail Prices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
424
Indices of State Retail Prices for Individual Consumer Goods
'
(Percent of Average Annual Prices of 1940) . . . . . . . . . . . . .
424
Indices of State Retail Prices for Individual Consumer Goods
(Percent of Average Annual Prices of 1970) . . . . . . . . . . . . .
425
Number of Retail Trade Enterprises of State and Cooperative Organ-
_ zations by Types of Enterprises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
426
Number of Public Dining Enterprises of State and Cooperative Organ-
izations by Types of Enterprises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
427
Number of Enterprises of Retail Trade and Public Dining of State
_ and Cooperative Organizations by Union Republics . . . . . . . .
427
Floor Space of Stores and the Number of Seats at Public Dining
Enterprises of State and Cooperative Organizations by Union Republics
428
Specialization of Stores of the Ministry of Tr.ade, Departments of
Workers' Supply, Offices of Food Supply for Workers and Employees
and the Firm Network of Ministries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
428
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Grouping of Public Dining Enterprises of State and Cooperative
' Trade by Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Number of Stores and Their Floor Space . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Number of Seats at Public Dining Enterprises . . . . . . . . . . . .
Number of Enterprises of Retail Trade and Public Dining of Consumer
Cooperatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Number of Enterprisea of Retail Trade and Public Dining Per 10,000
- People by Union Republics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Floor Space at Stores and the Number of Seats at Public Dining
Enterprises Per 10,000 People by Union Republica. . . . . . . . . .
Consumer Services
Main Indicators of Consumer Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Number of Consumer Service Enterprises by Types of Services.
Number of Consumer Service Enterprises by Union Republics.
Number of Consumer Service Enterptises in Rural Areas by Union
Republics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Volume of Consumer Services by Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Volume of Consumer Services by Types in Rural Areas.
Volume of C;onsumer Services by Union Republics . . . . . . . . . . .
Volume of Consumer Services in Rural Areas by Union Republics.
Public Education and Culture
Number of Students by Types of Instruction , . . . . . . . . . . .
Number of People Who Received a Secondary (General and Specialized)
Education During the Years of Soviet Power . . . . . . . . . . . . .
General Educational Schools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Day General Educational Schools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Number of Students of General Educational Schools by Groups of
Grades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Labor Training of Students of Day Secondary General Educational
Schools at the Beginning of the 1978/79 School Year.
Evening (Shift) General Educational Schools . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Graduation of Students From Gene.ral Educational Schools.
Secondary Vocational and Technical Schools of All Departments.
Number of Teachers of Day General Educational Scho ola by Level of
Education and Length of Teaching Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Number of Teachers of Upper Grades (Including School Administrators
Who Teach) of Day General Educational Schools by Specializations and
Level of Education at the Beginning of the 1978/79 School Year
Ntunber of Women Among Teachers of Day General Educational Schools. .
General Educational Schools by Union Republics . . . . . . . . . . .
Number of Children Served by Summer Pioneer Camps (Suburban, Urban,
Kolkhoz and School) by Union Republics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Number of Children's Extrascholastic Institutions. . . . . . . . . .
Higher and Secondary Specialized Educational Institutions.
Number of Students of Higher Educational Institutions by Groups of
Specialties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Number of Students of Secondary Specialized Educat ional Institutionb
by Groups of Specialties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
-u-
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
4 30
431
431
432
432
4 33
434
434
435
435
436
436
437
437
438
439
439
440
440
441
442
442
442
443
444
444
445
446
446
447
448
449
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Number of Students of Higher and Secondary Specialized Educational
Institutions by Sectorial Groups of Educational Institutions.
450
' Higher Educational Institutions by Union Republics. . . . . . . . . .
451
Secondary Specialized Educational Institutions by Union Republics
452
Number of Students of Higher Educational Institutione and Students
of Secondary Specialized Educational Institutions Per 10,000 People
Uy Union Republics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
453
Admission to Higher and Secondary Specialized Educational Institu-
tions by Types of Instruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
454
Admission to Higher and Secondary Specialized Educational Institu-
tions by Sectorial Groups of Educational Institutions
454
Graduation of Specialists by Higher and Secondary Specialized Educa-
tional Institutions by Types of Instruction . . . . . . . . . . . . .
455
Graduatian of Specialists by Higher Educational Institutions by
Groups ot Specialties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
456
Graduation of Specialized by Secondary Specialized Educational In-
stitutions by Gro ups of Specialties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
457
Graduation of Specialists by Higher and Secondary Specialized Educa-
tional Institutions by Sectorial Groups of Educational Institutions .
458
Graduation of Specialists by Higher and Secon3ary Specialized Educa-
tional Institutions Per 10,000 People by Union Republics.
458
Percent of Women Students of Higher and Secondary Specialized Educa-
tional Institutiona in the Total Number of Stiuder,ts
459
General Libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
460
General Libraries by Union Republica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
461
General Libraries by Types and Departmental Affiliation
462
Indicators of the Operation of Independent General Libraries of the
System of the USSR Ministry of Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
463
Number of Club Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . � . . . . .
464
Number of Club Institutions by Union Republics. . . . . . . . . . . .
465
Number of Club Institutions by Types and Departmental Affiliation
465
Amateur Croups of Club Institutions of *_ne US`;R Ministry of Culture
and Trade Union Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
466
Number of Museums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
466
Museums by Union Republics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
467
Number of Theaters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
467
Theaters by Union Republics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
467
Movie Projectors. . . * . . . . .
468
41 humber of Movie ProjectorsWith Showing for a Chargeby Union
Republics � � � . . . . . . . . . . . .
468
Attendanceof Movie Shows With Showing for a Charge by Union
Republics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
470
Number of Attendances of Movie 3,1,ows on the Average Per ResidenC by
Union Republics . . . . . . . � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � . . .
471
Release of Films . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
472
Publication of Books and Pamphlets, T~fagazines and Newspapers.
472
Publication of Books and Pamphlets in Indivi3ual Languages of the
Peoples of the USSR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
473
Publication of Books and Pamphlets by Union Republics
476
Purlicatian of Magazines and Other Periodicals by Union Republics
477
Publication of Newspapers by Union Republics . . . . . . . . . . . . .
478
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Public Health
Main Indicators of the Development of Public Healzh.
479
Number of Physicians of All Specializations and Provision of the
Population With Physicians by Union Republics. . . . . . . . . . . .
480
Number of Women Physicians of All Specializations.
480
Number of Intermediate Medical Peraonnel and Provieion of the
Population With Intermediate Medical Personnel by Union Republics. .
481
Number of Hoapital Institutions by Union Republics
482
Number of Medical Institutions Which Provide Out-Patient Assiatance
= to the Population by Union Republica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
482
Number of Hospital Beds and Provision of the Population With
Hospital Beds by Union Republica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
483
Sickness Rate of the Population With Individual Infectious Disesases
484
_ Number of Beds (Medical and Obstetric) for Pregnant Women and New
Mothers by Union Republics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
484
Number of Maternity Advice Bureaus, Children's Polyclinics and
Out-Patient Clinics (Independen.t and Belonging to Other Institutions)
by Union Republics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
485
F'inance and Credit
Monetary Accumulations of the National Economy (Excluding Kolkhozes) 486
Profit of Enterprises and Economic Organizations . . . . . . . . . .
486
Distribution of the Profit of State Enterprises and Economic
Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
487
Distribution of the Profit of Industrial Enterprises
487
Profitability of Industr~al Enterprises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
488
Profit of Industrial Enterprisea by SecCors of Indus*_ry.
488
Profitability of Industrial Enterprises by Sectors of Industry
489
Profit and Profitability of Enterprises of Transportation and
Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
490
Profit and Profitability of Contracting Construction Crganizations .
490
Profit and Prefitability of State and Cooperative Trade Enterprises
and Organizations. . . . . . � . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
491
Working Capital in Sectors ofthe National Economy
492
Structure of the Working Capital and Sources of Its Formation in
Individual Sectora of the National Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . .
493
Structure of Working Capital in Reserves of Commodity Stocks in the
National Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
495
Structure of Working Capital in Reserves of Commodity Stocks in
Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
496
Structure of Working Capital in Reserves of Commodity Stocks in
Agricul ture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
497
Structure of Working Capital in Reserves of Commodity Stocks in
Construction (Contracting Organizations) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
498
Structure of Working Capital in Reserves of Commodity Stocks in
Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
498
Assets of Economic Stimiilation Funds ofEnterprises and Economic
Organizations by Sectors of the National Economy . . . . . . . . . .
499
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Assets of Economic Stimulation Funds of State Enterprises and
Economic Organizations by Types of Funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
499
Assets of Economic Stimulation Funds of Industrial Enterprises.
500
Assets of Economic Stimulation Funds of Construction Organizatiflns. .
501
Amortization Deductions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
501
USSR State Budget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
502
Structure of Revenuea and Expenditures of the USSR State BudgeC
503
Structure of Expenditures of the USSR State Budget by Types uf Budgets
504
Expenditures on Sociocultural Measuxes and Science From the State
Budget and Other Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
505
Expenditures on Sociocultural Measures and Science for the USSR State
Budget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
506
Expenditures for the Budget of State Social Insurance
507
Extension of Credit by Banks to thc National Economy and the
Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
507
Extension of Credit by Banks to SecCors of the National Economy and
the Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
508
Extension of Short-Term Credit t,y Banks to the National Economy by
Types of Credits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
509
Extension of Credit by Banks to the National Econnmy and the
Population by Union Republics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
509
Extension of Long-Term Credit by USSR State Bank and All-Union Bank
for Financing Capital Investments for Exper.ditures on Retooling and
Renovation of Operating Enterprises in 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
510
Extension of Long-Term Credit to Kolkhozes for Production Measures. .
510
Extension of Long-Term Credit to Kolkhozes by Unian Republics
512
r.xtension of Credit by the All-Union Bank for Financing Capital
Investments to Housing Construction Cooperativeg by Union Republics .
513
USSR Foreign Economic Contacts
USSR Foreign Trade Turnover . . . . . . . � � � � � � � � � � . � � .
514
Development of USSR Foreign Trade Contacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
514
USSR Trade With Some Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
515
_ Increase of Foreign Trade Velume. . . . . . . . . � � � � � . . . . .
516
E:tport of Equipment and Materials for Projects Being Built Abroad
With USSR Technical Assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
516
Structure of USSR Exports and Imports (Includ3.ng Reexports)
517
Number of Enterprises, Structures and Other Projects, Which Were
Built in the Postwar Period, Are Being Built and Are Liable to Be
Built Abroad in Accordance With Interstate Agreements With USSR Tech-
. nical Assistance, on 1 January 1979 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
518
Number of Enterprises, Structurea and Other Projects, Which Were
Built in the Postwar Period, Are Being Built and Are Liable to Be
Buil.t Abroad With USSR Technical Assistsnce, by Sectors of the Economy
on 1 January 1979 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
519
Capacity of Enterprises, Which Were Built in the Postwar Period, Are
Being Built and Are Liable to Be Built Abroad With USSR Technical As-
sistance, on 1 January 1979 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . � � . . . . �
520
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Territory and Size of the Populatio�:i of the Countries of the World
Territory and Size of the Population of the World in Mid-1978. 522
Territory and Size of the Population of the Countries of the Wor1d 523
Size of the Urban Population of Some Countries of the World. 535
Brief riethodological Explanations of Individual Statistical Indicators
Cited in the Yearbook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536
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Annotation
,
The statistical yearbook contains the most important data on the economic
and social development of the USSR in 1978. Data, which characterize the
_ population, the development of the sectors of the national economy, science
_ and technology and the increase of the material well-being and cultural
level of the life of the Soviet people, are published in it. The indicators
of the development of the economy and culture of the union republics are
also cited.
Some data, which characterize the development of the other socialist coun-
tries, are published.
Comparisons with the indicators of the United States and other capitalist
countries are given in the yearbook with respect to the most important in-
dicators of the development of the economy and culture of the USSR.
The yearbook is designed for economists, statisticians, scientists, party
and management workers and propagandists.
Foreword
The statigtical yearbook contains the data on the economic and social de-
velopment of the USSR in 1978, as well as comparisons with 1913, 1928, 1940,
_ 1970 and several other years.
Some data, which characterize the development of the economy and culture
of the oCher socialist countries, are also published in it. A comparison
with capitalist countries is given for a number of indicators.
1
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For the years of Soviet power the data are cited for the territory within
the boundaries of the corresponding years, while for the prerevolutionary
years, except in specially stipulated cases, they are cited for the terri-
tory within the present boundaries of the USSR.
The data for 1977 in some tables have been revised as compared with the
previously published data, for 1978 the data in a number of instances are
preliminary.
USSR Central Statistical Administration
2
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i
THE TERRITORY AND THE POPULATION
Size of the Population*
Size of pop- Including Percent of total population
Years ulation, urban rural urban pop- rural pop-
millions ulation ulation
1913
1940
1951
1956
1959
1961
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
- ~ 1973
1974
- ~ 1975
1976
! 1977
1978
1979
159.2
28.5
130.7
18
82
194.1
63.1
131.0
33
67
181.6
73.0
108.6
40
60
197.9
88.2
109.7
45
55
208.8
100.0
108.8
48
52
216.3
107.9
108.4
50
50
232.2
123.7
108.5
53
47
234.8
126.9
107.9
54
46
237.2
129.8
107.4
55
45
239.5
132.9
106.6
55
45
241.7
136.0
105.7
56
44
243.9
138.8
105.1
57
43
246.3
142.0
104.3
58
42
248.7
145.4
103.3
58
42
250.9
148.6
102.3
59
41
253.3
151.9
101.4
60
40
255.6
155.1
100.5
61
39
257.9
157.9
100.0
61
39
260.1
160.6
99.5
62
38
on 17 January 262.4 163.6 5"�.8 62 38
on 1 July 263.4 164.4 99.0 62 38
In this and subsequent rables of the section the data are cited within the
present boundaries of the USSR, for 1913--at the end of the year; for 1959
and 1970--according to the census on 15 January; for 1979--according to the
census on 17 January; for the remaining years--at the beginning of the
year.
3
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Number of Men
and Women
Total
Including
Percent
of total
Years
population,
population
millions
men
women
men
women
1913
159.2
79.1
80.1
49.7
50.3
_ 1940
194.1
93.0
101.1
47.9
52.1
1951
181.6
79.9
101.7
44.0
56.0
1956
197.9
88.5
109.4
44.7
55.3
1959
208.8
94.0
114.8
45.0
55.0
1961
216.3
97.9
118.4
45.3
54.7
1966
232.2
106.3
125.9
45.8
54.2
1967
234.8
107.7
127.1
45.9
54.1
1968
237.2
108.9
128.3
45.9
54.1
1969
239.5
110.1
129.4
46.0
54.0
1970
241.7
111.4
130.3
46.1
53.9
1971
243.9
112.5
131.4
46.1
53.9
1972
246.3
113.8
132.5
46.2
53.8
1973
248.7
115.1
133.6
46.3
53.7
1974
250.9
116.2
134.7
46.3
53.7
1975
253.3
117.5
135.8
46.4
53.6
1976
255.6
118.8
136.8
46.5
53.5
1977
257.9
120.0
137.9
46.5
53.`
1978
260.1
121.2
138.9
46.6
53.4
1979
on 17 January
262.4
122.4
140.0
46.7
53.3
on 1 July
263.4
122.9
140.5
46.7
53.5
Class Composition of the Population
(percent)
1913 1924 1928 1939 1959 1970 1978
_ Total population (including non-
working family members). .....100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Including:
workera and employees. 17.0 14.8 17.6 50.2 68.3 79.5 84.9
of them workers. 14.6 10.4 12.4 33.5 49.5 56.8 61.8
kolkhoz 9 easantry and cooperative
artisans . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 2.9 47.2 31.4 20.5 15.1
individual peasant farmers and
noncooperative artisans. 66.7 75.4 74.9 2.6 0.3 0.0 0.0
bourgeoisie, landowners, merchants
and kulaks . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.3 8.5 4.6
*
The cooperative artisans, that is, the members o� the small producer coop-
eratives, along with the nonworking members o� their families in 1924 made
up 0.5 percent, in 1928--1.2 percent, in 1939--2.3 percent of the total pop-
ulation. Since 1959 they have been included among workers and employees in
connection with the transfer of former small producer cooperatives to the
system of state enterprises.
4
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Size of the Population
Size of population, thousands
1913
I 1940
I 1959
I 1D66
I 1970
I 1979
JSSR.
159153
199 077
208 827
232 243
241 720
262 442
ftSFSR
89902
110 098
117 534
127 189
130 079
137 552
;Jkrainian SSR
35 210
41340
41 869
45 598
47 126
49 757
Belorussian SSR
6899
9096
8056
8656
9002
9559
7zbek S SR
4 334
6 551
8] 19
10 399
I 1 799
15 391
~c o �v
v
�
r-i
u
0
>
.c v
4+ >
0 _H
010 "
N
0
010
0 x r-i
-H
60
~ ~ ~ ~
c~
D+ ~ 11 '-I fS. �u H
0
�ri
_H
rl
.~I -H
3�-i
r4 cu
H 0 v
o
U
o ,H co
z 44 4J
44 0
O-rl
1940 = 100
1940 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
1965 434 499 714 297 443 440 1306 363 294
The growth rate is calculated on the basis of data on the value of fixed
capital in comparable prices of 1973, without deduction of wear.
%Table continued on following page/
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-
Including
i
of it
~ a
agriculture
~ ~
i
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622
737
1087
408
672
620
2382
497
376
1975
908
1116
1639
642
1147
908
3907
681
491
1976
972
1204
1772
693
1252
966
4323
720
516
1977
1039
1293
1897
749
1366
1034
4772
762
542
1978
1113
1395
2041
811
1493
1111
5268
806
569
1970 =;.100
1970
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
1975
146
152
151
157
171
146
164
137
131
, 1976
156
163
163
170
186
156
181
145
137
1977
167
175
175
184
203
167
200
153
144
1978
179
189
188
199
222
179
221
162
151
At present the Soviet Union has enormous national wealth, which amounts to
more than 2.4 trillion rubles (not counting the value of land and forests).
And this is in spite of the enormous losses borne by the country, which
during World War II were about 30 percent of the national wealth.
- The most important part of the national wealth--fixed capital--at the end
of 1978 amounted to 1.54 triliion rubles, including fixed production capi-
- tal--1,006,000,000,000 rubles (in comparable prices of 1973).
As against 1913 the value of all the fixed capital has increased 31-fold,
the value of fixed production capital has increased 37-fold.
Growth Rate of Fixed Production Cap3tal and Physical Working Capital*
(at end of the year)
All fixed production Including
Years capital (including iridus- iagriculture transport con-
livestock) and try including without and com- struc-
physical working livestock livestock munica- tion
capital tions
1940 = 100
1940 100 100 100 100 100 100
- 19615 499 643 202 310 430 654
WThe growth rate is calculated on the basis of data on the value of the
fixed production capital and physical working capital in comparable prices
of 1973.
/Table continued on following page/
35
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All fixed production
Including
capital (including
indus-
agriculture
transport
con-
Years
livestock) and
try
including
without
and com-
struc-
physical working
livestock
livestock
munica-
tion
capital
tions
1970
734
955
265
448
606
1206
1975
1065
1412
372
687
885
1790
1976
11ZL6
1521
399
750
942
1992
1977
1229
1629
425
806
1008
2211
1978
1317
1746
455
871
1084
2390
1970 = 100
1970
100
100
100
100
100
100
1975
145
148
140
153
146
149
1916
156
159
150
167
156
165
1971
167
171
160
180
166
183
1978
180
183
171
194
179
198
Fuel and Power Balance
(in terms of conventional fuel; millions of tons)
1913 1940 1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978
Reaources, total. 64.4 283.8 1121.5 1399.8 1845.2 1938.0 1990.7 2062.1
Production (extrac-
tion) of fuel 48.2 237.9 966.6 1221.8 1571.3 1649.3 1726.5 1790.3
Generation af hydro-
electric power. 0.0 0.6 10.0 15.3 15.5 16.7 18.1 20.9
Imports 8.0 3.1 9.1 14.1 36.5 34.3 33.6 35.0
Other receipts. 2.4 10.2 35.5 36.5 42.8 43.6 44.8 46.9
Distribution, total . 64.4 283.8 1121.5 1399.8 1845.2 1938.0 1990.7 2062.1
Consuued. 57.6 249.7 897.8 1117.3 1412.2 1496.8 1523.0 1594.3
including:
, for generation of
electric power,
thermal energy and
compressed air. 2.0 44.7 339.8 458.2 613.5 642.8 651.2 674.4
for production tech-
nology and other
needs (including
losses during stor-
age and transpor-
tation) 55.6 205.0 558.0 659.1 798.7 854.0 871.8 919.9
Exports 1.2 1.1 116.7 167.6 238.9 273.5 298.7 306.3
~ SurpluseE at end of
the year. 5.6 33.0 107.0 114.9 194.1 167.7 169.0 161.5
36
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II. Development of the Economy and Culture of the
cialist Countries as Compared With the Economy and
ist Countries
Political Map of the World in 1919 and
USSR and the Other So-
Culture of the Capital-
Mid-1978
1919
1978
territory
population
territory
population
4-+
o
w
w
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4-+
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w
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a~
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a�
I.
Entire world*.
135.8
100.0
1777
100.0
135.8
100.0
4258
100.0
including:
socialist countries.
21.7
16.0
138
7.8
35.6
26.2
1410
33.1
-
other countries.
114.1
84.0
1639
92.2
100.2
73.8
2848
66.9
II.
Major imperialisfi
powers** and their
colonies
60.3
44.4
855
48.1
11.7
8.6
576
13.5
including:
major imperialist
powers
9.8
7.2
339
19.1
11.1
8.1
559
13.1
their colonies
50.5
37.2
516
29.0
0.6
0.5
17
0.4
III
. All colonies and
semicolonies
97.8
72.0
1235
69.4
1.4
1.1
19
0.4
IV.
Former colonial and
semicolonial coun-
tries which became
sovereign states
after 1919 (exclud-
ing the socialist
states). . . . . .

83.3
61.3
2077
48.8
*
In size of the population in 1978 was determined on the basis of the latest
UN estimates. The data on the territary of the world do not include the
territory of Antarctica--14.1 million km2.

The United States, Great Britain, the FRG (in 1919, Germany), France,
Italy and Japan.
The size of the population of the CEMA member countries in 197$ was
435 million, or 10.2 percent of the world population.
39
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Increase of the Share of the Socialist Countries in the World Industrial
Prcduction
1917 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . less than 3 percent
1928 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . approximately 5 percent
1931 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . less than 10 percent
1950. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . approximately 20 percent
1978. Al1 the socialist countries more than 40 percent
CEMA member countries--approximately one-third of the world
industrial production
USSR--one-fifth of the world industrial
production
In 1913 prerevolutiona-ry Russia accountzd for only a little more than 4 per-
cent of the world irdustrial production.
At present, of the total volume of industrial production of the world the
socialist countries account for more than 40 percent, the developing coun-
tries--approximately 7 percent and the developed capitalist countries--about
one-half. The industrial production of the socialist countries is more than
three-fourths of the industrial production of the economically developed
capitalist countries.
At present in our country more industrial production is being put out thaa
was produced in the entire world in 1950.
Tndicators of Economic Development of the Socialist, Developed
Capitalist and Developing Countriea
Average annual growth rate in
1951-1978, p
ercent
national
industrial
agricultural
income
production
production
Socialist countries. . . . . . . . .
7.5*
9.6
3.3~`
including CEMA member countries.
7.6
9.,2
3.3
of them the USSR
7.7
9.1
3.5
Developed capitalist countries
4.2
4.8
2.2
of them the United States.
3.5
4.3
1.7
Developing countries . . . . . . . .
5.2
7.6
3.0
*
; For 1951-1977.
In the 30 years since the formation of CEMA the national income of the CEMA
member countries has increased 10-fold, industrial production has risen more
than 17-fold.
. 40
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Share of the Socialist Countries in the World Production of Some
Types of Industrial and Agricultural Products
(percent)
1950
1965
1970
1978
Electric power (gross generation). . . . . . . .
. 15
23
22
25
Petroleum (including gas condensate)
. 8
18
17
24
Natural gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 5
21
22
32
Commercial coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 34
53
55
59
Steel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 19
30
30
35
Mineral fertilizers (in terms of 100 percent
nutrients) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 21
29
33
41
Lumber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 29
39
38
35
Cement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 16
28
28
33
Cotton fabri.cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 22
34
40
49
Wool fabrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 21
33
37
44
Cereal and leguminous crops. . . . . . . . . . .
. 35
36
39
38
Potatoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 60
65
67
67
Sugar beets (industrial) . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 44
55
52
51
Cotton (in terms of fiber) . . . . . . . . . .
. . 29
30
35
39
- Growth Rate
-
of Industrial Production in the Socialist Countries ;
and in Other Countries
(1950 = 100)
Entire
Socialist
Other
Including
Years
world
countries
countries
developed
developing
capitalist
countries
countries
1950
100
100
100
100
100
1955
147
191
135
132
156
1960
206
354
167
162
234
1965
285
501
227
218
329
1970
388
723
298
284
459
1978
596
13-fold
408
371
770
_ Average annual
growth rate
(percent):
for 1951-1978
6.6
9.6
5.1
4.8
7.6
of them, 1971-
1978
5.5
7~8
4.0
3.4
6.7
In 1978 the industrial production of the socialist countries was approxi-
mately 23-fold more than was produced on the same territory in 1937, with a
6.2-fold increase of the production of Che capitalist countries during this
period. If we compaxe the current production of all the socialist countries
with the production of the socialist countries in 1937 (that is, the USSR
and Mongolia), the industrial production of the socialiat countries during
this period increased 46-fold, while that of the capitalist countries in-
creased 5.6-fold.
41
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Ratio of the Main Indicatora of USSR and U.S.
Economic Development
.
USSR as a percent of
the United States
National income:
1950. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
~ 1970. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
over 65
1978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
67
Induatrial production:
- 1913* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.5
1950. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
less than 30
1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
over 75
1978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
over 80
Generation of electric power:
1913* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$
1950. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
1970. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43
1978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
50
Electric power consumption in industry:
1913* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
1950. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
3
1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
68
1978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
86
;a -
Petroleum production (including gas condensate):
1913* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
1950 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
- 1970. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
74
1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
136
Steel smelting:
1913* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
1950. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
1970. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95
1978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
120
Production of mineral fertilizers (in terms of
100 percent nutrients):
1913''` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
1950 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
88
~ 1978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
121
Produccion of cement:
1913* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
1950 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
141
1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
165
/Table continued on follouing page/
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USSR as a percent of
the United States
Production of cotton fabrics:
1913* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1950 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1978
F:gricultural production (average per year):
1909-1913 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
= 1971-1375 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 1976-10,78 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Grain production (average per year):
- 1909-1913 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1971-1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1976-1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cotton production (in terms of fiber; average per year)
1909-1913 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1971-1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1976-1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Freight turnover of all types of transport:
1913* . . . . I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1950 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
including freight turnover of rail transport:
1913* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1950 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Amount of capital investments:
1950 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Productivity of social labor in 1978.
Labor productivity in industry:
1913* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1950 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Labor productivity in agriculture in 1966-1978
(average per year) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
73
78
82
7
99.7
105
19
31
102
131
16
66
218
264
about 30
about 100
about 100
approximately 40
approximately 11
less than 30
approximately 53
over 55
approximately 20-25
The data for our country for 1913 are cited for the territory of the
former Ytussian Empire.
43
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41
32
98
174
65
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Average Annual Growth Rate of Main Indicatoraof
USSR and U.S. Economic Development in 1951-1978
(percent)
USSR United
States
National income. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.7 3.5
- Industrial production. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1 4.3
Agricultural production. . . . . . . e . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 1.7
Freight turnover of all types of transport 7.9 2.4
Capital investments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.7 3.1
Productivity of social labor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.7 2.2
Labor productivity in industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.9 3.3
Growth
Rate of National Income
in Individual
Countries
;
1950 = 100
1978 as a
'
percentage
-
1950
1965
1970
1978 of
1970
Total
amount of national income
-l USSR . . . . . . .
. . . . .
. . 100
364
528
808
153
Bulgaria. . . . .
. . . . .
. . 100
391
593
10-fold
174
Hungary . . . . .
. . . . .
. . 100
216
300
466
156
' German Democratic
Republic.
100
310
401
590
147
Poland . . . . . .
. . . . .
. . 100
2$0
374
687
184
Romania . . . . .
. . . . .
. . 100
413
599
13-fold
222
Czechoslovakia. .
. . . . .
. . 100
228
319
474
149
Yugoslavia. . . .
. . . . .
. . 100*
272
359
512
159
, Great Britain . .
. . . . .
. . 100
152
171
200
117
Italy . . . . . .
. . . . .
. . 100
225
300
311
124
United States . .
. . . . .
. . 100
174
202
260
129
Federal Republic
of Germany
100
273
341
420
123
France. . . . . .
. . . . .
. . 100
206
268
361
134
Japan . . . . . .
. . . . .
. . 100
368
638
976
153
Per
capita national income
USSR . . . . . . .
. . . . .
. . 100
284
392
557
142
Bulgaria. . . . .
. . . . .
. . 100
346
506
8.5-fold
167
Hungary . . . . .
. . . . .
. . 100
199
271
407
150
German Democratic
Republic.
100
335
432
647
150
Poland . . . . . .
. . . . .
. . 100
220
283
486
171
` Romania . . . . .
. . . . .
. . 100
354
482
9.9-fold
206
' Czechoslovakia. .
. . . . .
. . 100
200
275
387
141
- YugosZavia. . . .
. . . . .
. . 100*
235
296
437
148
Great Britain . .
. . . . .
. . 100
140
154
179
116
_ Italy . . . . . .
. . . . .
. . 100
202
261
306
117
*
1952
/Table continued
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1950 m 100 1978 as a
percentage
1950 1965 1970 1978 of 1970
United States.
100
135
149
181
122
Federal Republic of Germany. .
100
232
278
337
121
France . . . . . . . . . . . .
100
177
220
283
128
Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100
310
509
707
139
The national income of all the socialist countries in the world total is
one third, while that of the CEMA member countries is one-fourth.
Place Ileld by USSR Industry in the t,lorld and in Europe in Production Volume
1913
1978
World Europe
World
Europe
All industrial production.
. 5 4
2
1
Electric power . . . . . . . .
. 8 6
2
1
Petroleum (including gas con-
densate) . . . . . . . . . . .
. 2 1
1
1
Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. Prerevolutionary Rus-
2
1
sia produced a negli-
gible amount
Coal (commerical). . . . . . . .
6 5
1
1
Pig iron . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 4
1
1
Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 4
1
1
Iron ore . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 4
1
1
Coke . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4 3
1
1
Products of chemical industry.
2
~
Mineral fertilizers. . . . . . .
- -
1
1
Sulfuric acid in monohydrate
- -
2
1
Products of machine ruilding
4 3
2
1
Main line diesel and electric
Prerevolutionary Rus-
locomotives. . . . . . . . . . .
sia did not produce
1*
1
Tractors (by total engine
Prerevolutionary Rus-
horaepower). . . . . . . . . . .
sia did not produce
1*
1
Timber logging � � � � � � � � �
2 1
1*
1
Lumber . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 1
1
1
Cement . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 4
1
1
Precast reinforced concrete com-
Prerevolutionary Rus-
ponents and parts.
sia did not produce
1
1
Wool fabrics . . . . . . . . . .
- -
1
1
Leather shoes. . . . . . . . . .
- -
1
1
Household refrigerators.
Prerevolutionary Rus-
1*
1
sia did not produce
Granulated sugar (from domestic
raw materials) . . . . . . . . .
4 2
1
1
Animal oil . . . . . . . . . . .
- -
1
1
*
1977.
45
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Growth Rate of Industrial
Production in
Individual Countries
1950 = 100
1978 as a
percentage
1950
1965
1970
1978
of 1970
USSR. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100
458
689
11-fold
166
Bulgaria. . . . . . . . . . . .
100
691
12-fold
22-fold
188
Hungary . . . . . . . . . . . .
100
386
523
835
160
Vietnam . . . . . . . . . . . .
100*
9.2-fold

21-fold

_ Gernfan Democratic Republic.
100
392
536
856
160
Cuba . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100**
99
li4
195
171
Mongolian People's Republic
100
446
714
13-fold
184
Poland . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100
475
708
14-fold
201
- Romania . . . . . . . . . . . .
100
649
11-fold
29-fold
251
Czechoslovakia. . . . . . . . .
100
353
488
788
161
Albania . . . . . . . . . . . .
100
839
15-fold
27-fold
176
China . . . . . . . . . . . .
Data n
ot published in
China since 1960
Democratic People's Republic of
Korea . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100***
12-fold
21-fold
67-fold
318
Yugoslavia. . . . . . . . . . .
100
435
586
11-fold
181
= Great Britain . . . . . . . . .
100
160
181
206
114
= itaiy . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100
328
465
583
125
United States . . . . . . . . .
100
200
240
323
135
Federal Republic of Germany
100
319
426
499
117
France. . . . . . . . . . . . .
100
228
296
376
127
Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100
748
15-fold
21-fold
135
*
1955.
-
1960.

1949.
In the past 10 years the industrial production volume of the USSR has
doubled. At the same time Great Britain needed 26 year, the FRG--18 years,
France--17 years and the United States--16 years to double their industrial
production.
Growth Rate of Per Capita Industrial Production in Individual Countries
1950 =
100
1978 as a
percentage
1950
1965
1970
1978
of 1970
USSR . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 100
357
511
790
155
"t3ulgaria. . . . . . .
, . . . . 100
611
990
18-fold
180
Hungary . . . . . . .
. . . . . 100
355
472
730
155
Vietnam . . . . . . .
. . . . . 100*
7-fold

10-fold

*
1955.
/Table continued on following page/
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1950
1950 =
1965
100
1970
1978
1978 as a
percentage
of 1970
German Democratic Republic. .
100
422
578
944
163
Cuba . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100*
89
94
140
150
Mongolian People's Republic .
100
313
438
639
146
Poland. . . . . . . . . . . .
100
375
538
10-fold
188
Romania . . . . . . . . . . .
100
556
916
21-fold
232
Czechoslovakia.
100
309
422
645
153
Albania .
100
547
877
13-fold
147
- China . . . . . . . . . . . .
Data not published in
China since 1960
Democratic People's Republic
of Korea. . . . . . . . . . .
100**
10-fold
15-fold
39-fold
268
Yugoslavia. . . . . . . . . .
100
366
470
790
168
Great Britain
100
148
164
185
113
itaiy . . . . . . . . . . . .
100
295
405
481
119
United States
100
157
178
225
126
Federal Republic of Germany .
100
271
348
400
115
France. . . . . . . . . . . .
100
195
243
294
121
Japan . . . . . . . . . . . .
100
630
12-fold
15-fold
122
*
1960.
1949.
Growth Rate of Production of Most Impor
tant Sectors of Industry
in the
USSR and
United
States
1950 = 100
1978 as a
percentage
1950
1965
1970
1978
of 1970
All industry
USSR . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 100
458
689
11-fold
166
UniCed States
. 100
200
240
323
135
Electric power generation
USSR . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 100
555
812
13-fold
162
United States
. 100
299
424
588
139
Fuel industry
USSR . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 100
334
441
657
149
United States
. 100
145
173
202
117
Ferrous metallurgy
USSR. . . . . . . � . . . .
. 100
396
522
733
140
United States
. 100
132
131
141
107
Chemical and petrochemical industry
USSR . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 100
766
14-fold 27-fold
200
United States
. 100
312
450
768
171
/Table continued on following
page/
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1950 = 100 197$ as a
percentage
1950 1965 1970 1978 of 1970
- Machine building and metalworking
USSR . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 757 13-fold 30-fold 224
United States 100 228 268 384 144
Timber, wood processing, pulp
and pape: industry
USSR. . . . . . . . . . . . .
100
275
361
497
138
United States
ioO
176
205
274
134
Construction materials industry,
glass and porcelaiti industry
USSR . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100
773
12-fold
19-fold
159
United States
100
169
177
252
142
Light industry
USSR. . . . . . . . . . . . .
100
283
427
598
140
United States
100
145
149
180
121
Food, flour milling and groats
industry
USSR . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100
334
442
599
136
United States
100
157
188
242
129
Growth Rate of Labor Productivity in
Industry of
Individual
Countries
(ger worker)
1950 =
100
1978 as a
-
percentage
-
1950
1965
1970
1978
of 1970
USSR . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 100
256
338
503
149
Bulgaria. . . . . . . . . . .
. 100
264
367
614
167
Hungary . . . . . . . . . . .
. 100
205
243
389
160
' German Democratic Republi.c. .
. 100
287
388
578
150
Mongolian People's Republic .
. 100
154
216
318
147
Poland . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 100
265
337
588
175
Romania . , . . . . . . . . .
. 100
343
488
841
172
Czechoslovakia. . . . . . . .
. 100
237
308
477
154
Yugoslavia. . . . . . . .
. 100*
185
236
314
133
Great Britain . . . . . . . .
. 100
144
164
194
118
Italy . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 100
293
385
460
120
United States . . . . . . . .
. 100
173
194
249
128
Federal Republic of Germany .
. 100
192
251
343
136
France . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 100
193
255
338
133
Japan . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 100
433
756
11-fold
144
*
1952.
48
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Average Annual Growth Rate
and Absolute Increase of Production of the
Moat Important Types of
Industr
ial Production in the USSR
and United States
in 1951-1978
Average
annual
Average annual absolute increase
growth
rate,
percent
United
United
USSR
States
USSR
States*
Electric power (gross
generation).
9.6
6.5
39.7 billion kWh
71 billion kWh
Petroluem (including
gas condensate).
10.2
1.6
19.1 million tons
5.5 million tons
Natural gas.
16.1
4.6
12.2 billion m3
15.7 billion m3
Coal (commercial).
3.5
0.8
14.6 million tons
4.4 million tons
Pig iron
6.5
1.0
3.3 million tons
0.7 million tons
Steel.
6.3
1.2
4.4 million tons
1.3 million tons
Iron ore
6.7
-2.0**
7.3 million tons
-1.5** million tons
Mineral fertilizers
(in terms of lOC' percent
nutrients)
11.1
5.8
0.8 million tons
0.6 million tons
Sulfuric acid in mono-
hydrate.
8.8
3.9
0.7 million tons
0.8 million tons
Chemical fibers and
filaments.
14.7
6.8
39,500 tons
120,000 tons
Main line diesel and
electric locomotives .
7.7
-4.6**
57 units
-94** units
Tractors, excluding
small-power garden
tractors . . . . . . .
6.1
-2.9**
16,700 units
-11 000** units
~
Timber logging
1.1
0.8**
3.4 million
` million
2.5~`
solid m3
solid m3
including commercial
2.0
1.4**
4.4 million
3.9** million
solid 0
solid m3
Lumber (including ties)
2.5
0.1
2.0 million m3
0.1 million m3
Cement
9.4
2.5
4.2 million tons
1.4 million tons
Cotton fabrics
3.4
-2.7
151 million m2
-162 million m2
Wool fabrics
5.1
-4.6
21 million m2
-16 million m2
Silk fabrics
10.5
4.5
56.7 million m2
188 million m2
Leather shoes.
4.7
-0.5
19.2 million pair
-2.6 million pair
, Granulated sugar (from
domestic raw materials)
4.5
1.9
217,000 tons
74,000 tons
Animal oil (including
production in house-
holds) . . . . . . . .
4.1
-1.5
35,400 tons
-9,200 tons
*
A minus sign means
a decline in the production of the indicated
product.

For 1951-1977.
-
49
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FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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~ . . . . . . . .
. . 100
139
148
155
164
Construction materials industry
100
146
155
164
174
Light industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 100
140
145
155
161
Food industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 100
135
141
149
156
Milling, groats and mixed fodder industry
100
151
166
174
186
- Growth Rate of Industrial Fixed Capital by
Sectors of Industry in
1970-1978
(1970 = 100)
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
All industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 100
151
163
175
188
Electric power . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 100
142
151
159
169
Fuel industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 100
143
155
165
179
Ferrous metallurgy . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 100
143
152
162
173
/Table continued on following page/
117
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1970 1975 1976 1977 1978
Chemical and petrochemical industry.
100
158
172
183
200
Machine building and metalworking.
100
161
179
195
214
Timber, wood processing and pulp and paper
industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100
145
155
165
176
incl.uding :
_ logging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100
133
139
146
153
wood proceasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100
150
160
172
184
pulp and paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100
153
166
176
193
Construction materials industry.
100
154
165
177
189
Glass and porcelain industry
100
159
172
186
197
Light industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100
145
155
165
177
including:
textile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100
142
151
161
172
sewing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100
157
166
175
186
leather, fur and shoe. . . . . . . . . . . .
100
145
157
169
186
Food industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100
143
152
160
168
including:
sugar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100
124
129
136
143
meat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100
150
163
173
184
butter and cheese making and dairy
100
150
159
169
180
fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100
144
153
158
166
- Milling, groats and mixed fodder industry.
100
182
209
229
257
Industrial Fixed
Capital by
Types
and
Sectors of Induatry
on
1 January 1
979
(for enterprises carried
on an independen
t balance
sheet;
percent
of
total)
i
inr_luding
~
-W

,-I
v
U I
a
cc
b
o

-H a
>
~--I
u
i.+
q

a.~
O
N r
~ N
co
~
rl
u~
v
m~
~
44
c0a
m0
v
m
u
oa a
ao
GP
x

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0
p
0
p
al
cd ~
p al
0 r+
,a 0
q
,-i
o
~ .n
al
w
11
W e-I
�ri
'G
11
C1
>1
GI
~
1�1 Q+
" L7'
tq Ql
p
.'7
0 cd
14 rl
rl
U
N
0 cC
o "
ri
4-4
:j

>
0
Gl e-I
3 ~
l
H
w b
tn
co
.u +J
m b
rl

N
.a
H�
.c
m
c�~
a a�
i
o c~d
~

>
o
All ir.dustry.
100
29.3
19.1
11.3
7.6
27.5
1.3
2.1
1.8
Electric power.
100
13.6
17.2
33.4
32.0
1.6
1.1
0.4
0.7
Fuel industry
100
8.5
53.6
12.9
2.3
19.0
1.0
1.9
0.8
Ferrous metallurgy. .
100
29.9
18.4
7.0
3.7
36.0
0.7
3.3
1.0
- Chemical and petro-
_ chemical industry
100
33.2
14.9
12.1
2.8
31.6
2.1
1.8
1.5
- /Table continued on following
page/
118
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i
including
i
~
Cd
~
u
r~
a~
--1 U I
>
~ �
U
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cd
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ri
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K
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rl
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'U
cd
N
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U 41
00 P+
bo G p
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h-I
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p
cC 0
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p a
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cU ~
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p
:1 p ~I
f-I
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ti~-I
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R~
a~i T1
c~~ i C v C
q ~
~
H~
.O
V1
U
LL N
O Cd
~ rl RS
~ D
O
Machine building and
metalworking.
100
40.4
7.2
3.9
2.5
37.6
2.4
2.0
4.0
Timber, wood process-
ing and pulp and
paper industry.
100
32.2
19.9
4.5
4.5
31.8
0.4
5.4
1.3
including:
logging
100
18.4
32.7
1.9
4.1
28.8
0.0
12.7
1.4
wood processing
100
45.7
12.7
4.0
3.2
29.0
0.3
3.4
1.7
pulp and paper.
100
31.5
15.6
7.0
6.0
37.3
0.8
1.0
0.8
Construction mate-
rials industry.
100
38.8
19.0
4.7
2.6
30.6
0.6
2.6
1.1
Glass and porcelain
industry.
100
42.0
8.4
4.7
3.0
36.0
1.1
2.2
2.6
Light industry.
100
45.4
5.3
3.1
2.1
39.8
0.4
1.4
2.5
including:
textile
100
39.1
5.8
3.6'
2.2
46.0
0.4
1.1
1.8
sewing.
100
67.5
2.0
1.0
1.7
19.9
0.2
2.6
5.1
leather, fur and
shoe.
100
47.1
6.7
3.9
2.2
35.4
0.6
1.4
2.7
Food industry
100
36.3
11.5
3.3
3.1
40.1
0.7
3.9
1.1
including:
sugar
100
27.5
21.8
7.3
10.2
28.4
1.9
2.2
0.7
meat.
100
58.9
11.6
4.9
2.3
17.8
0.7
2.3
1.5
butter and cheese
_ making and dairy. .
100
52.0
10.0
4.2
3.9
24.7
0.7
2.8
1.7
fish.
100
7.0
9.9
0.6
0.6
72,2
0.2
8.7
0.8
Milling, groats and
mixed fodder industry .
100
53.8
19.1
3.5
2,1
18.4
1.4
1.0
0.7
119
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Growth Rate of Capital-Labor Ratio of Industrial Personnel
Directly Engaged in Production by Sectors of
Induatry
in
1970-1978
(industrial fixed capital per worker; 1970 =
100)
1970 1975
1976
1977
1978
All industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 100
142
152
161
171
Electric power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 100
135
142
148
154
Fuel industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 100
156
167
177
186
Ferrous metallurgy . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 100
140
150
158
169
Chemical and petrochemical industry
. 100
145
154
164
175
Machine building and metalworking
. 100
141
151
164
176
Timber, wood processing and pulp and paper
- industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 100
148
160
170
182
including:
logging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 100
143
153
162
172
wood proce:ssing . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 100
148
159
168
182
pulp and paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 100
146
157
168
178
Construction materials industry
. 100
148
158
168
179
~ Glass and porcelain industry.
. 100
142
153
161
172
Light induatry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 100
144
152
162
173
including:
textile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 100
142
150
160
171
sewing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 100
152
160
168
178
leather, fur and shoe . . . . . . . . . . .
. 100
149
161
173
186
Food industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. lOQ
142
152
159
168
including:
sugar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 100
129
136
138
147
meat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 100
137
153
162
171
butter and cheese making and dairy.
. 100
159
164
171
183
fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 100
142
154
163
168
Milling, groats and mixed fodder industry
. 100
175
193
208
220
Proportion of Industrial Fixed Capital
of Individual
Sectors in
the
Total
- Value of Industrial
Fixed
Capital
(for enterprises carried on an indep
endent
balance
sheet; per
cent)
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
All industry . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100.0
100.0 1
00.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
including:
electric power. . . . . . . . . . .
14.9
17.4
16.8
16.5
16.4
16.2
fuel industry . . . . . . . . . . .
13.9
13.1
12.6
12.8
12.8
12.9
chemical and petrochemical industry
8.3
8.9
9.4
9.4
9.3
9.3
machine building and metalworking .
19.0
20.0
21.5
22.0
22.5
23.0
timber, wood processing and pulp
and paper industry.
5.6
5.1
4.8
4.7
4.6
4.6
construction materials industry
6.1
5.7
5.8
5.8
5.7
5.6
light industry. . . . . . . . . . .
4.4
4.6
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.3
food industry . . . . . . . . . . .
8.2
7.5
7.5
7.4
7.3
7.1
milling, groats and mixed fodder
industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0.6
0.5
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
120
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Proportion of Industrial
Fixed Capital Placed Into Operation in 1966-1978
in Total Value of Industrial Fixed Capital by Sectors of
Industry
In 1966-1970 as
In 1971-1975 as
In 1976-1978 as
a percentage of
a percentage of
a percentage of
the available
the available
the available
capital on
capital on
capital on
1 January 1971
1 January 1976
1 January 1979
All industry.
43
40
24
Electric power.
35
28
15
I'uel industry
40
41
26
Ferrous metallurgy. .
39
35
20
Chemical and petro-
chemical industry
51
43
24
Machine building and
metalworking. . . . .
43
43
28
Timber, wood process-
ing and pulp and
paper industry.
48
43
24
including:
logging . . . . . .
56
48
27
wood nrocessing
46
41
22
pulp and paper.
49
38
23 i
Construction mate-
~
_ rials industry.
39
36
20
Glass and procelain
industry. . . . . . .
46
46
24
- Light industry.
43
39
23
including:
textile . . . . . .
44
39
24
sewing. . . . . . .
44
41
19
leather, fur and
shoe. . . . . . . .
40
38
26
Food industry
38
33
17
including:
sugar . . . . . . .
28
27
19
- meat. . . . . . . .
36
38
24
butter and cheese
making and dairy. .
52
47
24
fish. . . . . . . .
33
22
9
Milling, groats and
mixed fodder industry
40
48
32
121
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Placement Into Operation
and Retirement of
Industrial Fixed Capital
by
Sectors of
Ind
uatry in 1978
(for enterprises carried on an
independent
balance
sheet)
Placement
of new
fixed
Fixed capital retired
capita
l in
to oper
ation
due
to dilapidation,
(percent o
f fixed
capi-
wear
and natural
dis-
tal at
end
of the
year)
aste
rs (percent of
fixe
d capital at
be-
ginning of
the year)
includin
g
includin
g
v
v
44
o r+
v
v
w
o r+
0
00 i~~+
I-~i q
OA H
~ p
7+ co
~ 11
0 E~
1~ U

~ 1
a
1d U
r-+
u
v u
~
Y+ a
U
H b
~
~
v u
,H
U
p o
rl 3-+
~ m
:J
.L" m
~
i
1.
rl
~
0
4 ?C
H

-i
O v
F
m
.
a d
0 44
A11 industry.
8.0
7.1
9.2
7.6
1.4
0.6
2.4
1.6
Electric power.
5.4
6.7
4.7
4.8
0.5
0.2
0.4
0.8
- Fuel industry
9.9
8.9
11,5
11.6
2.4
1.4
5.4
1.9
Ferrous metallurgy.
7.2
6.6
7.6
8.2
0,9
0.4
1,3
1.3
Chemical and petrochemi-
cal industry.
9.0
8.1
10.5
7.8
1.0
0,2
2.0
0.9
Machine building and
metalworking.
9.8
7.5
12.2
10.0
1.2
0.3
2.0
2.1
Timber, wood processing
and pulp and paper
industry.
8.3
6.4
10.5
10.2
3.0
1.2
4.7
5.5
including:
logging
8.4
5.3
12.2
10.5
6.4
2.7
10.7
9.2
wood processing
7.2
5.4
9.6
9.5
2.0
0.9
3.6
3.7
pulp and paper.
9,5
8.7
10.1
10.4
0.8
0.2
1.4
0.9
Construction materials
industry.
5.9
4.8
7.3
7.1
2,4
0,8
4.7
3.4
Glass and porcelain
- industry.
7.2
5.0
9.6
8.7
1,5
0.2
2.8
2.6
Light industry.
8.2
6.0
10.3
11.2
1,9
0,4
3,4
3.4
including:
textile
.
8.2
6.1
9.9
10.9
2.0
0.3
3.5
3.1
.
sewing. . *
6.6
4.9
10.7
9.2
1.6
0.6
3.7
4.7
leather, fur and shoe
10.2
7.5
13.1
15.2
1.6
0.4
2.9
3.0
Food industry
5.6
5.2
5.8
7.2
1,8
0.7
2.6
3.5
- including:
sugar .
6.7
5.5
7.6
9.0
1.9
0.2
3.7
2.3
meat. .
6.8
5.3
11.4
8.3
1.5
0.4
4.5
2.7
butter andcheese
making and dairy.
8.6
6.0
13.1
11.3
2.5
0.6
5.8
4.5
�ish.
2.4
6.1
1.3
4.3
1.4
1.6
1.0
3.9
Milling, groats and
mixed fodder industry .
8.4
7.9
10.1
7.4
1.6
0.8
4.2
2.1
122
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Electric Power Balance
of the National Economy
(billions
of kWh)
Electric p
ower consumed by
~4
~
a
0
~
41
�
0
rl L

rI
O
~
U) cSS F119
+
N

~ N
u w
N
U
N
$4
w
Ol O
cn 0 3

0
~o
0 a
0
w
~

,4,
o
o aGi ai
r-+ bo q
~
w
+
o
n
H
cd
1913
2.04
1.57
0.001
0.02
0.38
0.07
1928
5.0
3.4
0.04
0.3
0.9
0.4
1932
13.5
9.4
0.1
0.8
2.2
1.0
1937
36.2
26.3
0.3
2.1
4.9
2.6
1940
48.6
34.8
0.5
2.6
7.2
3.5
1945
43.3
31.0
0.4
1.8
6.5
3.6
1946
48.6
33.2
0.5
2.1
8.6
4.2
1950
91.2
65.2
1.5
3.7
14.5
5.3
1955
170.2
123.6
4.0
7.1
25.2
10.3
1960
292.3
207.5
10.0
17.6
39.4
17.8
0.03 ~
1965
506.7
349.4
21.1
37.1
62.5
35.1
1.5
1970
740.9
488.4
38.6
54.4
96.0
58.3
5.2
1975
1038.6
656.8
73.8
74.2
140.3
82.2
11.3
1976
1111.4
692.8
83.0
82.7
150.6
90.7
11.6
1977
1150.1
712.9
88.4
86.8
157.1
93.3
11.6 -
1978
1201.9
737.3
95.6
92.6
166.4
97.8
12.2 -
Of the
total consumption
of electric
power by
agriculture its releas
e for _
the municipal and
household usea of
the rural
population in 1965 was
7.1 billion kWh,
in 1978--15.8 billi
on kWh.
Change o�
Expendi
tures Per Ruble of Commodity P
roduction
of Industry
by Sectors
(p
ercent of pr
eceding year)
1975
1976 1977
1978
Al1 industry
In prevailing prices of
corresponding years.
.+0.8
+0.9 +0.2
-0.1
In prices comparable wit
h preceding
year
. -0.7
+0.1 -0.3
-0.4
By sectors of ind
ustry
-
(in prices comparable with preceding year)
Electric power .
. . . .
. . . . . .
. . . .
. -0.6
+0.1 +0.2
-1.2
Fuel industry . .
. . . .
. . . . . .
. . . .
. +0.3
+1.2 +1.3
+1.8
Ferrous metallurgy . . .
. . . . . .
. . . .
. +0.9
+0.4 +1.0
+0.7 -
/Table
continued
on foll
owing page/
123
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_
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1975 1976 1977 1978
Chemical and petrochemical industry. . . . . .
-1.5
+0.2
-1.0
-0.5
Machine building and metalworking. . . . . . .
-2.0
-1.2
-1.6
-1.5
Timber, wood processing and pulp and paper
industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
+0.4
+1.2
+0.4
+0.9
including:
logging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
+0.8
+1.7
+1.6
+2.4
wood processing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
+0.2
+1.5
-0.2
+0.4
pulp and paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
-0.1
+0.2
+0.2
+0.2
Construction materials industry. . . . . . . .
-0.5
+1.0
+0.7
+0.9
including cement . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. -0.2
+0.9
+0.1
+1.8
Glass and porcelain industry . . . . . . . . .
-2.9
-1.8
-3.4
-2.1
Light industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. -0.04
+0.4
+0.1
-0.1
including:
textile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. +0.1
+0.5
+0.3
+0.03
of it:
ginning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. -1.0
-0.2
+2.2
+1,1
cotton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. +0.6
+1.0
+0.7
-0.3
wool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. +0. 5
+0 . 4
+0 . 2
+0.1
silk (including silk winding). . . . . .
. -1.0
-0.3
-0.3
+0.2
sewing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. -0.1
+0.6
-0.1
-0.2
Food industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. -0.6
+1.0
-0.1
-0.5
including:
sugar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. -3.9
+12.7
-1.7
-5.7
- meat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. -0.3
-0.1
-0.6
-0.6
butter and cheese making and dairy . . . .
. -0.6
-0.7
-0.4
-0.4
f i sh . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. -1. 6
+2 . 7
+3 . 0
+2 . 5
Milling, groats and mixed fodder i.ndustry. .
. -0.1
-0.02
-0.1
-0.2
A minus sign means a decrease of expenditures, a plus sign
means
an increase.
124
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Pattern of Expenditures on Production
of Industrial
Products
by Sectors of
Indus
try in 1978
(in prevailing prices; percent of
total
of all expenditures on
production)
-r
including
. ~
�
w

~
N
~ 0
�
,
~
ai o
s4 u
~
O
O ~
Q
G
c
0
�
~
vi
cn
17
N
0)
5C
N rN-1
N
cd
~ r~l
p,
X 7
~
4Jc~
r-I
cb
E~+
Cl
'-I
h-I
r-I

~
J.i
}1
cA cli
al ~
N tn
41 iJ 1J
o
3,-1
cd
m
:3
a~
Z
3
o
0
p
on u
w o
X m G
~-H v
H
~
cd
w
P.
ca
3 m
oId a
All ind ustry.
100
63.0
4.3
3.5
2.5
7.1
14.8
4.8
E.lectric power.
100

5.4
50.0
0.5
26.1
11.4
6.6
Fuel industry
100
40.4
6.1
1.0
5.4
16.2
16.8
14.1
Ferrous metallurgy.
100
54.7
6.4
9.1
4.3
10.0
10.7
4.8
Chemical and petro-
chemical industry
100
57.0
6.6
1.6
8.1
11.0
11.9
3.8
Machine building and
metalworking.
100
58.0
3.8
1.2
2.0
6.2
23.1
5.7
Timber, wood processing
and pulp and paper
industry.
100
43.3
5.2
3.9
2.4
9.9
27.0
8.3
including:
logging
100
19.1
6.9
5.0
1.3
14.0
38.1
15.6
wood processing
100
56.2
3.6
2.2
1.9
6.0
25.0
5.1
pulp and paper.
100
51.2
6.3
6.2
5.7
13.0
14.3
3.3
Construction materials
industry.
100
39.8
5.6
6.8
4.4
11.6
22.6
9.2
i.ncluding cement.
100
13.0
10.0
21.9
12.3
17.4
13.3
12.1
Glass and porcelain
industry.
100
26.0
11.6
7.6
3.6
9.9
33.9
7.4
Light industry.
100
85.6
2.6
0.3
0.7
1.5
8.5
0.8
including:
textile
100
$7.2
2.5
0.4
0.8
1.6
6.8
0.7
oi it:
ginning
100
94.7
2.0
0.1
0.4
0.9
1.6
0.3
cotton.
100
81.5
3.2
0.4
1.5
2.6
9.9
0.9
wool.
100
93.2
1.3
0.3
0.3
0.9
3.6
0.4
silk (including
silk winding)
100
84.4
2.8
0.6
1.0
2.3
8.1
0.8
- sewing.
100
85.8
0.9
0.1
0.2
0.7
11.5
0.8
/Table continued on follow
ing pa9e/
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includin
g
u
1+
o
,i
N
w
41
O 1
'
cC
.G
tA
cn
r.
q O
N
~
N ~
0
C1
co

~ Gl
v U
:3
+1
�rl
N
v
1
a a
'O c0
,1
�H A
G
co
E3
O
'U
010
N
k
�rl
N~
~
�r1
~
cn
~
apl, v
~
~
i
1-
~
c
U
l
~ r
cO
5S ~
Gl
r-1
R1
Q F+
r-I
H
vi
1~
~
U] 0
p p U)
co
+1
Cl
3+1
�rl
~e
r--I
a~
N
3
3-
0
G! -rl
00 u
CL) " "
.c (A 0
t�
p~
~
w
a
m
3~�n
c v~ ~
Food industry.
100
82.1
3.7
1.5
0.6
3.4
6.5
2.2
including:
sugar.
100
85.0
2.5
3.0
0.3
3.7
4.7
0.8
_ meat
100
91.7
1.2
0.5
0.5
1.1
3.5
1.5
butter and cheese
making and dairy
100
83.4
3.7
1.5
0.9
2.5
6.2
1.8
fish
100
24.1
13.4
5.8
0.5
20.0
23.6
12.6
Milling, groats and
mixed fodder industry.
100
94.8
0.4
0.2
0.6
1.2
2.1
0.7
Indices of Wholesale Prices of Enterprises (Excluding the Turnover Tax)
for the Main Sectors of Industry
(1949 = 100)
1949 1950 1955 1965 1967 1970 1975 1978
Overall index of wholesale prices
of enterprises of all industry, . 100 83 68 70 77 77 75 74
Overall index of wholesale prices
of enterprises of sectors of
heavy industry. 100 80 61 55 65 64 59 57
Sectorial indices of wholesale
prices of enterprises:
electric power. 100 92 74 62 83 83 83 79
fuel industry 100 95 77 76 132 132 131 131
ferrous metallurgy. 100 71 60 60 90 90 90 93
chemical and petrochemical
industry. . . . . . . . . . . . 100 84 67 66 66 66 63 62
machine building and metal-
working. . . . . . . . . . . . 100 76 52 41 40 39 33 31
timber, wood processing and
pulp and paper industry 100 84 80 95 114 114 113 114
constructian materials industry 100 82 57 57 68 68 67 67
- /Table continued on following page/
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-
1949
1950
1955
1965
1967
197�
1975
1978
Overall index of wholesale prices
of enterprises if sectors of
liKht and food industry
100
90
85
104
105
106
111
111
Sectorial indices of wholesale
- prices of enterprises:
-
light industry.
100
91
80
81
84
86
93
93
food industry
100
90
90
126
125
126
129
129
Indices of Wholesale
Prices
of
Industry (WiCh the Turnover Tax
)
for t
he Mai
n Se
ctors
of Industry
1949 = 100
1978 as a -
-
e
ercenta
g
p
1949
1950
1955
1965
1967
1970
1975
1978
of 1948
Overall index of whole-
sale prices of all
industry.
100
80
61
60
64
64
63
63
73
Over.^11 index of whole-
sale prices af sectors
of heavy industry
100
80
61
58
66
66
62
62
97 I
Sectirial indices of
'
wholesale prices of
industry:
electric power.
100
92
74
70
80
80
80
80
123
fuel industry
100
92
73
74
104
115
113
127
207
ferrous metallurgy. .
100
?1
60
60
88
88
88
91
252
chemical and petro-
chemical indusCry
100
84
67
66
62
62
59
59
102
machine building and
- metalworking.
100
76
52
43
42
40
35
33
43
timber, wood process-
ing and pulp and
paper industry.
100
84
80
95
113
113
112
113
409
- construction mate-
rials industry.
100
79
57
57
68
68
67
67
149
Overall index of whole-
sale prices of sectors
of light and the food
-
industry.
100
83
54
65
64
65
67
67
65
Sectorial indices of
wholesale prices of
- industry:
-
. light industry.
100
88
70
67
67
68
71
71
75
food industry
100
79
60
64
62
63
64
65
60
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The wholesale prices fur the products of the sectors of heavy industry in
the postwar period wez�e lower than their production cost, which has in-
creased considerably during the war. Therefore until 1949 heavy industry
used etate grants.
On 1 January 1949 a reform of the wholesale pricee for meanA of production
was carried out. The pricea were increased by 58 percent as against 1948
in crder to bring them graduL.ily in subsequent years to the 1948 level by
means of the increase of labor production and the decrease of the produc-
tion cost.
In 1952 the wholesale prices for the products of heavy industry had already
almost reached the 1948 level and exceeded them by only 7 percent. A later
overall reduction of the wholesale prices for the products of heavy indus-
try was made on 1 July 1955, and these prices with a few changes continued
in effect until 1 July 1967.
A systematic mass reduction of the wholesale prices of industry, especially
for the goods of the food industry, took place starting in 1949-1950 for
the sectors of light and the food industry.
The overall index of the wholesale prices of all industry in 1950 was al-
ready 6 percent lower than the 1948 level.
The increase of the wholesale prices of enterprises or the "_od industry
starting in 1958 was caused primarily by the increase of the purchase
prices for agricultural raw materials.
_ By the end of 1966 the wholesale prices of industry were 41 percent lower
than the 1949 level, while the wholesale prices of enterprises were 29 per-
_ cent lower.
New wholesale prices were introduced for the purpose of bringing the whole-
sale prices in line with the requirements of the new system of planning and
economic stimulation during the fourth quarter of 1966 and the first quarter
of 1967 in most sectors of light and the food industry and on 1 July 1967
in all the sectors of heavy industry.
The overa].l ir3ex of the wholesale prices of enterprises of all industry
during the second half of 1967 increased 9 percent as against 1966, in-
ctuding 17.5 percent in industry, and that of the wholesale prices of in-
dustry increased respectively by 7 and 15 percent. The indices of the
wholesale prices of the sectors of light and the food industry in 1967
virtuall.y did not change. The change of the wholesale prices in 1966-1967
was carried out without increasing the retail prices for consumer goods.
The prices for tractors, agricultural machinery and mineral fertilizers,
which were sold to kolkhozes and sovkhozes, were a15o kept unchanged.
On 1 January 1973 new wholesale prices, which reflected more completely the
" expenditures on the production of products with allowance made for the
128
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change of prices for individual types of agricultural snd industrial raw
materials, without a change of the retail prices were introdur_ed in most
sectors of light industry. The overall level of the wholesale prices of
enterprises of light industry increased as against 1972 by 8 percent and
that of the wholesale prices of industry increased by 5 percent. New
wholesale prices were also introduced in most of the sectors ot machine
building and metalworking, where as a result of the increase of the effi-
ciency of social production and the reduction of the production cost real
opportunities formed for the reduction of the wholesale prices. The level
of the wholesale prices of enterprises of machine building and metalworking
was reduced in 1973 as against the preceding year by 8 percent and that
of the wholesale prices of industry was reduced by 6 percent. The change
in the level of the wholesale prices of the fuel industry was caused by
the increase in 1978 of the prices for gasoline and the fuel mixture for
two-stroke engines.
The present wholesale prices of industry are 37 percent lower than the
1949 level, while the wholesale prices of enterprises are 26 percent lower.
Change of Structure of Wholesale Prices of Industry
- (percent)
1970 1975 1978
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ x ~
rq~
~ 4-4 w-H 41 w w-H 41 44 uH �H
v~ ~n ~ ~n o �o ~n ~ (n o �o m~ ~n o
G " w O G H" w O G p W 1+ O
.rj 0 ~ ~.0 w a
i 0 i ~ t 0 w ~
0 i ~ +0 w

t
~i u'd Cl "O r-I U1d u'O r,.--{I U1C7 u't7
cii ~ t%i 4 IMU c~C 6 cn ~ c~n 9
Wholesale prices of
industry. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
including:
outlays of indus-
trial enterprises
and sales organ-
- izations. 73.0 77.0 68.0 74.7 18.0 70.3 74.3 77.4 69.9
profit of indus-
trial enterprises
and sales organ-
izations . 14.2 18.1 9.3 12.5 15.7 8.3 11,8 14.6 7.9
turnover tax. 12.8 4.9 22.7 12.8 6.3 21.4 13.9 8.0 22.2
129
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Electric Power
- Capacity of Electric Power StaCions and Generation of Electric Power
including hydroelectric
-
All electric
power stations
power stations
Capacity of
Generation of
Capacity of
Generation of
electric po-
electric po-
electric po-
electric po-
Years
wer stations,
wer, millions
wer stations,
wer, millions
thousands of
of kWh
thousands of
of kWh
kW
kW
1913
in boundaries
of USSR before
17 September
1939.
. 1098
1945
16
35
in present
USSR boundaries 1141
2039
16
35 -
~ 1928. . . . . .
. 1905
5007
121
430 .
1932.
. 4677
13540
504
812
1937. . . . . .
. 8235
36173
1044
4184
1940.
. 11193
48562
1587
5260
1945.
. 11124
43257
1252
4841
1946. . . . . .
. 12338
48571
1427
6046
1950.
. 19614
91226
3218
12691
; 1955. . . . . .
. 37246
170225
5996
23165
1960.
. 66721
292274
14781
50913
' 1965. . . . . .
. 115033
506672
22244
81434
1970.
. 166150
740926
31368
124377
' 1975. . . . . .
. 217484
1038607
40515
125987
1976. . . . . .
. 228307
1111420
43131
135735 -
1977.
. 237805
1150074
45219
147014
1978.
. 245441
1201896
47549
169701
The proportion of the generation of electric power by general-purpose elec-
~ tric power stations and block stations in the total generation of electric
power by a1Z electric power stations (the coefficient of the centralization
of the generation of electric power) in 1978 was 97 percent.
Generation of Electric Power by Union Republics
(billions of kWh)
1913
1940
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
USSR.
2.0
49.0
507.0
741.0
1039.0
1111.0
1150.0
1202.0
RSFSR
1.3
30.8
333.0
470.0
640.0
686.0
708.0
745.0
Ukrainian SSR
0.5
12.4
94.6
138.0
195.0
209.0
216.0
222.0
Belorussian SSR
0.0
0.5
8.4
15.1
26.7
29.0
30.1
31.5
Uzbek SSR
0.0
0.5
11.5
18.3
33.6
35.1
34.9
33.8
/Table continued on following page/
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_
1913
1940
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
Kazakh SSR.
0.0
0.6
19.2
34.7
52.5
55.6
58.3
59.2
Georgi3n SSR.
0.0
0.7
6.0
9.0
11.6
12.1
12.0
12.6
AZerbaijan SSR.
0.1
1.8
10.4
12.0
14.7
15.3
15.8
15.9
Lithuanian SSR.
0.0
0.08
3.9
7.4
9.0
9.7
10.7
11.2
Moldavian SSR
0.0
0.02
3.1
7.6
13.7
13.7
13.6
13.6
Latvian SSR
0.0
0.25
1.5
2.7
2.9
2.5
3.3
4.7
Kirgiz SSR. . . . . . .
. . . .
0.05
2.3
3.5
4.4
4.8
4.9
6.9
Tadzhik SSR . . . . . .
. . . .
0.06
1.6
3.2
4.7
5.2
7.3
8.5
Armenian SSR.
0.0
0.4
2.9
6.1
9.2
9.7
10.9
11.5
Turkmen SSR
0.0
0.08
1.4
1.8
4.5
5.2
5.7
6.2
Estonian SSR.
0.0
0.2
7.1
11.6
16.7
18.6
19.0
19.1
Technical and Economic Indicators of Operation of Electric Power Stations
Years
Specific consumption of
Number of
ho
urs of use
o
f
average
annua.l
conventional fuel
at
installed
ca
pacity of
elec
tric
power
general-purpose e
lectric
stations
power stations
~
including
u
cn
m

~
_
�rJ
~
44 ~
o oo
u
,H
rl
o
a
H
3
O
u
Gl
.
p
�Ly
4) U
~
p
41
c~
a
r-I
0

v

u
t
0
m v m
co r-i
~ a
a)
u
,1
m
1
u m
�
~
3
m
a
-W
~
a) w oo a)
o
~
r-I
N

0
H
~-I 0
" �~-1
~
a
Q
_H
w
O
i-+ U~
Q) 4-I w Q)
O i4 F+
0
U
~
Cl
3
d
G
U 1~
w m
C7
41
(v
S-i
b
Gl G
3 0
O!
14 3
~
R!
oo a~
.-4
0
o
0,
d
oo
"1 41
w v,
~
1+
4+
u
cn

.a
oH
a v
o a~
a)
0.114 a a
_H c 00
oo 41 ,x
1940
4650
5481
5873
3812
645
207.7
1945
4240
5132
5171
4901
627
204.6
1950
5015
5994
6446
4537
590
194.9
1955
4955
5903
6238
4700
523
188.6
1960
4737
5377
6013
3855
468
181.2
1965
4734
5288
5803
3780
415
178.4
1970
4735
5136
5423
4146
367
175.7
1975
5013
5257
5741
3354
340
173.6
1976
5078
5315
5843
3311
337
173.4
1977
5010
5230
5727
3368
334
173.2
1978
5037
5253
5654
3746
331
173.1
Length of
Overhead
Electric
Networks of
Power
Admin
istrations
W
ith a Vol
tage of
35 kV and Mo
re by
Circui
ts
1940 1965
1970
1975
1976
1977 1978
Length
of electr
ic networks,
- thousands of km.

20.2 306.8
445.5
604.8
638.5
670.4 702.8
including with a
voltage,
kV:
35
. . . . .
. . . .
. . . .
8.0 122.3
175.7
241.8
255.0
268.1 280.0
110
. . . . .
. . . .
. . . .
10.6 128.1
185.8
244.0
257.3
269.6 281..9
/Table
continued
on following page/
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1940
1965
1970 1975 1976
1977
1978
154 . . . .
. . . .
. . . . . 0.5
5.1
5.8
7.7 8.4
9.1
9.4
220 . . . .
. . . .
. . . . . 1.1
35.2
50.2 7
0.3 73.8
77.7
83.0
330 . . . .
. . . .
. . . . .
7.3
14.2 1
9.4 20.7
21.8
22.3
400-500 . . .
. . . .
. . . . .
8.3
13.2 1
9.4 21.1
21.9
23.8
750 . . . .
. . . .
. . . . .

0.1
1.7 1.7
1.7
1.9
800 . . . .
. . . .
. . . . .
0.5
0.5
0.5 0.5
0.5
0.5
Fuel Industry
Production of F
uel by Types
(i
n terms
of conventional
fuel--7,
000 kilocalories
)
Years
Total
Petro:ieum
Gas
Coal
Peat Shales
Wood
(including
gas con-
densate)
Millions
of tons
1913
48.2
14.7

23.1
0.7

9�7
1940
237.9
44.5
4.4
140.5
13.6
0.7
34.2
1945
185.0
27.8
4.2
115.0
9.2
0.4
28.4
1946
202.7
31.0
4.5
127.3
11.2
0.7
28.0
1950
311.2
54.2
7.3
205.7
14.8
1.3
27.9
1955
479.9
101.2
11.4
310.8
20.8
3.3
32.4
- 1960
692.8
211.4
54.4
373.1
20.4
4.8
28.7
1965
966.6
345.4
149.8
412.5
17.0
7.4
33.5
1970
1221.8
502.5
233.5
432.7
17.7
8.8
26.6
1975
1571.3
701.9
342.9
471.8
18.5
10.8
25.4
1976
1649.3
743.1
380.3
479.0
11.3
11.0
24.6
1977
1726.5
780.5
410.0
486.0
14.0
11.4
24.6
1978
1790.3
817.3
441.1
487.0
9.2
11.6
24.1
Percent of Total
1913
100.0
30.5

48.0
1.4

20.1
1940
100.0
18.7
1.8
59.1
5.7
0.3
14.4
1445
100.0
15.0
2.3
62.2
4.9
0.2
15.4
1946
100.0
15.3
2.2
62.8
5.5
0.4
13.8
1950
100.0
17.4
2.3
66.1
4.8
0.4
9.0
1955
100.0
21.1
2.4
64.8
4.3
0.7
6.7
1960
100.0
30.5
7.9
53,9
2.9
0.7
4.1
1965
100.0
35.8
15.5
42.7
1.7
0.8
3.5
1970
100.0
41.1
19.1
35.4
1.5
0.7
2.2
1975
100.0
44.7
21.8
30.0
1.2
0.7
1.6
1976
100.0
45.0
23.1
29.0
0.7
0.7
1.5
1977
100.0
45.2
23.7
28.2
0.8
0.7
1.4
1978
100.0
45.7
24.6
27.2
0.5
0.6
1.4
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_ Petroleum
Production
(Including
Gas Condensate)
Years Thousands of tons Yeara
Thousands of tons
1913
1945
19436
within the bound-
1946
21746
aries of the USSR
1950
37878
prior to 17 Sep-
1955
70793
tember 1939.
9234
1960
147859
within the pres-
1965
242888
ent boundaries
1970
353039
of the USSR.
10281
1975
490801
1928 . . . . . . .
11625
1976
519677
1932 . . . . . . .
21414
1977
545799
1937 . . . . . . .
28501
1978
571531
1940 . . . . . . .
31121
-
Gas
Production
Years
Millions of
m Years
Millions of m
1913. . . . .
. . . .
1955. . . . .
. . . 8981
1928. . . . .
. . . . 304
1960. . . . .
. . . 45303
1932. . . . .
. . . . 1049
1965. . . . .
. . . 127666
1937 . . . . .
. . . . 2179
1970 . . . . .
. . . 197945
1940. . . . .
. . . . 3219
1975. . . . .
. . . 289268
1945. . . . .
. . . . 3278
1976 . . . . .
. . . 320953
1946. . . . .
. . . . 3902
1977. . . . .
. . . 346003 ,
1950. . . . .
~
. . . . 5761
1978. . . . .
. . . 372194
Coal Production by Types
(thousands of tons)
including Of total coal production
Years Total hard coal lignite that mined by open-cut
method
_ 1913
within the bound-
aries of the USSR
prior to 17 Sep-
tember 1939. . .
29117
27987
_ within the pres-
ent boundaries
of the USSR.
29153
27987
1928 . . . . . . .
35510
32453
1932 . . . . . . .
64360
57471
1937 . . . . . . .
127968
109878
' 1940 . . . . . . .
165923
139974
, 1945 . . . . . . .
149333
99428
1946 . . . . . . .
164063
114295
/Table continued on
following
page/
1130
1166
3057
6889
18090
25949
49905
49768
133
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185
300
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6309
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-
including
Of
total coal production
Years
Total
hard coal
lignite that mined by open-cut
method
- 1950.
. 261089
185225
75864
27141
1955.
. 389868
276615
113253
64466
1960.
. 509623
374925
134698
101977
1965.
. 577731
427881
149850
140517
1970.
. 624114
476406
147708
166627
1975.
. 701287
537654
163633
225751
- 1976.
. 711522
548018
163504
231603
1977.
722125
555100
167025
244067
1978. . . .
. 723624
557140
166484
253903
Production of Coal. Briquets
~ Years
Thousands of tor.s
Years
Thousands of tons
1940. . .
. . . .
470
1970. . . .
. . . 7213
1950. . .
. . . .
349
1975. . . .
. . . 8337
1955. . .
. . . .
2589
1976. . . .
. . . 8554
1960. . .
. . . .
5265
1977. . . .
. . . 8555
1965. . .
. . . .
6518
1978. . . .
. . . 8002
Production of Fuel Peat
(of conventional moisture content)
Years
Millions of tons
Years
Millions of tons
1913. . . . .
. . 1.3
1955. . . .
. . . 50.8
1928. . . . .
. . 5.3
1960. . . .
. . . 53.6
1932. . . . .
. . 13.5
1965. . . .
. . . 45.7
1937. . . . .
. . 24.0
1970. . . .
. . . 57.4
1940. . . . .
. . 33.2
1975. . . .
. . . 53.8
1945. . . .
. . . 22.4
1976. . . .
. . . 32.7
1946. . . .
. . . 27.3
1977. . . .
. . . 41.2
1950. . . .
. . . 36.0
1978. . . .
. . . 27.4
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Ferrous Metallurgy
Production of Pig
Iron, Steel,
Rolled
Ferrous Metal
and Steel
Pipe
(thousaads of
tons)
rinished
Steel
pipe
Years
Pig iron
Steel
rolled
thousdnds
millions
products
of tons
of m
1913
within the bound-
aries of the USSR
prior to 17 Sep-
tember 1939.
4216
4231
3287
77.7
within the pres-
ent boundaries
of the USSR.
4216
4307
3372
77.7
1928 . . . . . . .
3282
4251
3213
171
1932 . . . . . . .
6161
5927
4060
310
1937 . . . . . . .
14487
17730
11108
923
1940 . . . . . . .
14902
18317
11430
966
1945 . . . . . . .
8803
12252
7358
571
1946 . . . . . . .
9862
13346
8263
796
1950 . . . . . . .
19175
27329
17973
2001
1955 . . . . . . .
33310
45272
30556
3549
1960 . � .
46757
65294
43679
5805
883
1965 . . . �
66184
91021
61650
9014
1381
1970 . � � � .
85933
115889
80650
12434
1917
1975 . . �
102968
141344
98686
15967
2396
1976 . . �
105374
144825
101442
16806
2478
1977 . .
107368
146678
102141
17021
2527
1978
1L10702
151453
105433
17553
2591
- Production of Rolled Ferrous Metal Products and Steel Pipe by Types
(thousands of tons)
1940
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
Rolled ferrous metal prod-
ucts--total.
13113
70914
92501
115045
118198
118308
121768
Finished rolled products--
total. . . . . . . . . . .
11430
61650
80650
98686
101442
102141
105433
including:
merchant shapes.
8517
38085
49515
58553
59114
59508
60925
of it:
large-section.
10486
13202
16078
16338
16566
16962
medium-section
~ 4599
4229
5687
6771
6775
6928
7047

small-section.
5971
8526
10173
10090
10292
10342
beams and channels
531
2927
4208
4673
4861
4896
5461
- /Table continued on following page/
- 135
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1940
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
railroad and streetcar rails.
1360
2697
2967
3150
3272
3266
3449
wire rod.
680
5162
6950
8281
8352
8360
8233
sectional strips.
250
1283
1567
1822
1703
1657
1594
pipe skelp.
367
3930
4610
5625
5871
5844
6071
fastening bands
460
580
606
663
668
678
685
axle and forge blanks
220
341
398
405
439
390
410
including axle blanks
148
225
327
336
372
324
350
rolled sheet.
2640
23017
30537
39347
41512
41840
43734
of it:
sheet more than 5 mm thick. .
8147
10194
12924
13625
13826
14076
sheet 3-5 inm thick.
2461
3395
4047
6376
5714
6750
7700
sheet up to 3 mm thick.
7596
10286
11801
12277
12205
12440
sheet strips.
179
3879
6010
8246
8896
9059
9518
including cold-rolled
95
199
398
435
431
469
of the tota"L amount of rolled
sheet ;
cold-rolled sheet steel
3549
5178
6820
6965
7074
7037
electric generator steel. .
51
494
594
710
703
682
710
transformer steel
17
320
358
414
447
471
462
belting and rings
182
144
180
191
192
191
194
rolled rings.
91
404
418
595
624
602
580
Pipe from bars.
364
1145
1497
1655
1688
1811
1862
Fo rged pieces from bars
290
926
1040
1248
1286
1332
1310
Commercial blanks for rolling
- at other plants
1029
7193
9314
13456
13782
13024
13163
Steel pipe. . . . . . . . . . . .
966
9014
12434
15967
16806
17021
17553
seamless pipe
622
4275
5392
6468
6741
6901
7051
welded pipe
344
4739
7042
9499
10065
10120
10502
With a total increase in 1966-1978 of the production of finished rolled
products by 1.7-fold the production of rolled products from low-alloy steels
and of rolled products with strain-hardening heat treatment increased
threefolds the production of cold-rolled sheet steel increased twofold.
The production of bent shapea during this period increased seveafold.
-
Production of Commercial
Iron and
Manganese
Ore
(in physical terms;
thousands
of tor.s)
= Years
Iron ore
Manganese ore
Years
Iron ore
Manganese ore
1913
9214
1245
1955
71862
4743
1928
6133
702
1960
105857
5872
1932
12086
832
1965
153432
7576
1937
27770
2752
1970
195492
6841
1940
29866
2557
1975
232803
8459
1945
15864
1470
1976
239110
8636
1946
19327
1730
1977
239715
8595
- 1950
39651
3377
1978
244231
9057
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Production of Commercial Iron and Manganese Ore
(in terms of 100-percznt content of inetal; thousands of tons)
1965 1970 1915 1976 1977 1978
Iron ore. 80996 106058 127483 130890 131418 133894
Manganeee ore 2485 2446 2951 2992 2904 2945
Useful Volume Utilization Factor and Idle Times of Blast
Furnaces
(with respect to
nominal available time)
Useful
volume utilization
Current idle times
as a _
- Years
factor
of blast
furnaces,
percentage of the
nomi-
m3 er ton
nal available time
1940
1.19
4.6
1945
1.15
3.5
-
1940
1.19
3�Z
1950
0.977
1�8
1955
0.803
0.9
1960
0.741
1�2
1965
0.662
1.1
1970
0.597
1.0
j
1975
0.568
1.3
1976
0.563
1.3
1977
0.561
1.5
1978
0.549
1.3
Average Daily
Yield of
Steel From 1 m2
of Area of Hearth
and Idle Times
of Open Hearth
Furnaces
-
(with respect to
available calendar time)
Average daily y
ield of
Idle times as a
percentage
including
Years
steel from 1 m~
of
of available calendar time
cold
hot
area of hearth
tons
1940
4.24
24.2
11.8
12.4
1945
3.75
29.5
17.9
11.6
1946
3.84
35.5
18.9
16.6
1950
5.36
17.9
9�8
8�1
1955
6.55
14.5
7�2
7�3
1960
7.69
10.9
5.7
5.2
1965
8.55
9.0
5.8
3.2
1970
9.15
9.1
6.3
2.8
1975
9.74
9.2
6.6
2.6 -
1976
9.74
9.5
6.7
2.8
1977
9.68
9.8
7.1
2.7
1978
9.77
9.6
6.9
2.7
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Chemical and Petrochemical Industry
Growth Rate of Total Production Volume of
Individual
Sectors of
the Chemical and Petrochemical Industry in
1970-1978
(1970 = 100)
1910
1975
1976
1977
1978
Chemical and petrochemical industry.
100
165
178
190
200
Chemical industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100
169
182
195
206
Mining and chemical industry
100
174
190
202
212
Basic chemical industxy. . . . . . . . . . .
100
175
189
200
211
_ Chemical fibers and filaments industry.
100
167
182
200
213
Synthetic resins and plastics industry
100
162
175
186
193
Lacquer and paint industry
100
137
142
148
155
Synthetic dye3 industry. . . . . . . . . . .
100
184
198
208
218
Pharmaceutical chemicals industry.
100
173
192
210
229
Petrochemical industry , . . . , , , , . , . .
100
155
166
178
187
Production of products of basic organic
synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100
141
156
167
182
Tire industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100
153
165
177
184
Rubber-asbestos industry . . . . . . . . . .
100
151
158
164
171
Production of Mineral
Fertilizers
(thousands of
tons)
Years
In terms of 100
In conventional
v
ercent nutrients
units
1913
within the
boundaries of the USSR
prior to 17
September 1939.
13
69
within the
present boundaries of
the USSR . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
17
89
1928 . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
26
135
1932. . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
175
921
1937 . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
703
3240
1940. . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
756
3290
1945 . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
253
1121
1946. . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
383
1711
1950. . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
1236
5497
1955 . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
2299
9668
1960. . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
3281
13867
1965. . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
7389
31253
1970 . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
13099
55400
1975 . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
21998
90202
1976 . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
22590
92244
1977 . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
23493
96752
1978 . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
23653
97976
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Production of Mineral Fertilizers by Types
(thousands of tons)
1928 1940 1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978
In terms of 100 percent nutrients
Mineral �ertilizers--total
including:
nitrogen. . . . . . . .
phosphate . . . . . . .
potaesium . . . . . . .
phosphorite meal. . . .
25.6 756 7389 13099 21998 22590 23493 23653
2.3 199 2712 5423 8535 8609 9114 9299
20.9 263 1599 2500 4452 4833 5203 5347
221 2368 4087 7944 8310 8347 8193
2.4 73 701 1085 1059 831 821 806
In conventional units
Mineral fertilizers--total
135
3290
31253
55400
90202
92244
96752
97976
including:
nitrogen.
11
972
13217
26442
41628
41970
44450
45356
phosphate
111
1404
8550
13370
23816
25844
27822
28596
potassium

532
5691
9824
19097
19977
20063
19694
phosphorite meal.
13
382
3690
5709
5573
4372
4320
4240
Production
of Mineral rertilizers by Union Republics
(in
conventional
units;
thousande of tons)
1913
1940
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
USSR. . . . . . . .
. . . . 89.0
3290
31253
55400
90202
92244
96752
97976
including:
RSFSR . . . . . . .
. . . . 33.2
2164
16111
27277
42444
43225
45879
46490
Ukrainian 3SR
35.6
1012
7312
11541
18265
19426
20002
19781
Belorussian SSR

13
1850
6120
11033
11442
11668
11994
UZbek S5R

2
2146
4091
6132
5840
5879
6004
Kaiakh SSR. . . . .
. . . .

776
1957
5822
5835
6496
6589
Georgian SSR.

436
467
696
713
748
714
Azerba14an SSR.

448
580
896
940
979
955
Lithuanian SSR.

593
1168
2111
2207
2470
2924
Tadzhik SSR . . . .
. . . .

252
406
401
405
400
Arntenian SSR.
103
253
401
385
416
405
Turkman SSR . . . .
. . . .

257
368
431
430
428
403
Estonian SSR.
804
1326
1565
1400
1382
1317
Production of
Chemical Means of Plant Protection
(thousanda
of tons)
In terms of 100
In conven-
Yeara
In terms of 100
In conven-
Yeara
percenC nutrients
tional units
p
ercent nutrients
tioaal units
1950
5.1
13.0
1975"
264
448
1955
14.9
30.0
1976
276
466
1960
32.3
62.6
1977
290
487
1965
103.0
201.0
1978
296
491
1970
164.0
299.0
139
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Productian
of Sulfuric Acid in Monohydrate
Years
Thousands of tons
Years
Thousands of tons
1913
1945. . . . . . . .
781
within
the bound-
1946. . . . . . . .
725
ariea
of the USSR
1950. .
2125
- prior
to 17 Sep-
1955. . . . . . . .
3798
tember
1939. . .
121
1960. . . . . . . .
5398
wiChin
the pres-
1965, . . . . . . .
8518
ent bo
undaries
1970. . . . . . . .
12059
of the
USSR. . .
145
1975. . . . . . . .
18645
_ 1928 . .
. . . . .
211
1976. . . . . . . .
20015
- 1932 . .
. . . . .
552
1977. . . . . . . .
21104
- 1937 . .
. . . . .
1369
1978. . . . . . . .
22411
1940 . .
. . . . .
1587
Production
of Soda As
h and Cauatic Soda
(thousands
of tons)
Years
Soda
Caustic
v
ears
Soda
Caustic
ash
soda
=
ash
soda
1913
152
51
1955
1365
518
1928
206
54
1960
1793
704
1932
273
74
1965
2728
1199
1931
502
151
1970
3485
1783
1940
509
175
1975
4692
2395
1945
224
118
1976
4842
2604
1946
244
129
1977
4876
"558
1950
711
299
1978
4858
2763
Production of Chemical
Fibers and
Filaments
(thousands
of tons)
Cliemical
including
Years
fibers and
artificial
synthetic
filaments
fibers and
fibers and
filaments
filaments
1913.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . o

- 1928.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0.2
0.2

1932,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
3
1937.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
9
1940.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
11
1945.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
1

= 1946.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
3
1950. .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
74
23
1
_ 1955. .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
110
101
9
1960 . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
211
196
15
- iTable
continued on following page/
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including
Chemical
artificial synthetic
Years
fibers and
fibers and fibers and
-
filaments
filaments filaments
1965. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 407
330 77
1970 . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 623
456 167
1975. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 955
590 365 _
1976 . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 1.020
612 408 -
1977 . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 1088
629 459
_ 1978. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 1131
634 497
Production of Synthetic Resins and Plastics
Years Thousands of tons Years Thousands of tons
1913

1955
160
1928
0.3
1960
312
1932
2.4
1965
803
1937
8.0
1970
1670
1940
10.9
1975
2838
" 1945
21.3
1976
3058
1946
26.3
1977
3309 I
~
1950
67.1
1978
3516
Production of Synthetic Detergents and Soap
(thousands of tons)
Synthetic detergents and soap including synthetic
Years (in terms of 40-percent con- detergents
tent of fatty acids)
1913
within the bounc:-
aries of the USSR
prior to 17 Sep-
tember 1939. . . . 168
within the pres-
ent boundaries
- of the USSR_. . . . 192
1928 . . . . . . . . 311
1932 . . . . . . . . 357
1.937 . . . . . . . . 495 -
_ 1940 . . . . . . . . 705
1945 . . . . . . . . 229
1946 . . . . . . . . 233
1950 . . . . . . . . 816
1955 . . . . . . . . 1075 1.2
1960 . . . . . . . . 1473 22.9
/Table continued on following page/
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Synthetic detergents and aoap including synthetic
Years (in terms of 40-percent con- detergents
- tent of fatty acids)
1965. . . . . . . . . . 1925 144
1970. . . . . . . . . . 1907 471
1975. . . . . . . . . . 2336 769
1976. . . . . . . . . . 2370 828
_ 1977. . . . . . . . . . 2234 824
- 1978. . . . . . . . . . 2297 877
Production of Lacquers and Painta
(millions of tons)
1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978
1.6 2.4 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.1
Production of Motor Vehicle and Bicycle Tires
(millions)
1913 1940 1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978
Motor vehicle tires. 0.1 3.0 26.4 34,6 51.5 54.5 57.4 59.0
Bicycle tires. 0.2 0.8 12.9 13.5 15.2 16.1 16.7 17.9
Production of Feed Microbiological Protein
(thousands of tons of commodity product)
1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978
98 261 674 819 904 918
Machine Building and Metalworking
Growth Rate of Tota1 Production Volume
by Sectors
of
Machine
Building and Metalworking in
1970-1978
(1970 = 100)
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
Machine building and metalworking.
100
173
189
206
224
Machine building . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 100
177
195
213
233
- Power machine build:Lng . . . . . . . . .
. . 100
138
149
158
165
Metallurgical machine building
100
133
140
144
150
Mining machine building. . . . . . . . .
. . lOC
139
149
151
158
Materials-handling machine building.
100
143
151
159
167
Railroad machine building.
100
134
145
151
158
Electrical equipment industry.
100
152
164
174
184
Chemical and polymer machine building. .
100
156
168
180
192
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1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
- Production o� oil field and geological ex-
ploration drilling equipment.
. 100
160
168
181
196
Production of petroleum and gas refining
100
146
164
176
186
equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
Production of equipment for the pulp and
_
paper industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 100
183
203
221
235
Machine tool and tool building industry.
. 100
161
176
192
209
Instrument making . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 100
234
273
316
359
including comput-er hardware industry.
. 100
406
500
604
709
- Automotive industry . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 100
184
198
215
237
Tractor and agricultural machine building .
. 100
170
185
198
211 .
Construction and road machine building.
. 100
157
165
175
179
Production of equipment for construction
100
142
153
160
172
- materials industry . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
Production of technological equipment fox
184
light industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 100
151
161
173
Production of technologic.?t equipment for
food and mixed fodder industry.
. 100
156
168
178
185
Metal components and items industry
. 100
100
155
152
165
163
174
174
185
184 '
Repair of machinery and equipment
.
~
. Production of Power
and Electrical Equipment
-
1913 1940
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
Turbines:
thousands of: units.

0.1
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.5
- millions of kW.
0.01
1.2
14.6
16.2
18.9
19.6
19.0
18.3 -
- Steam boilers with a capacity of
more than 10 tons of steam per
hour, thousands of tons of steam

4
4
53.2
48.3
55,6
53.2
52.2
55.8
per hour. . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
Diesels (excluding truck and
f h
04
0
0.3
13.6
16.5
18.6
19.0
18.9
19.2
p.
tractor), millions o
.
Generators for turbines,

0
5
4
14
10.6
17.1
16.6
17.9
18.2
millions of kW.
.
.
Large-scale electrical machinery,

0
3
3
15
17.0
24.0
25.9
26.7
27.9
thousands of units.
.
.
AC electric motors witr a rating
of more than 100 kW:

1
3
2
25
28.0
35.5
37.8
38.5
39.3
thousands of units.

.
0
5
.
5
3
5.5
7.0
7.5
7.5
7.7
millions of kW.
.
.
AC electric motors with a rating
of 0.25 to 100 kW:
thousnnds of units.
40.1*
261
4688
5837
8026
8513
8864
9131
millions of kW.
0.3
1.3
21.6
27.8
34.7
35.4
36.0
37.6
Power transformers, millions
0
3
3.5
95.3
106
137
144
146
150
of kVA . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Electric light bulbs, millions. .
.
2.9
140
983
1627
2050
2032
2080
2097
*
Including explosion-proof.
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Production of Instruments, Automation Equipment and Computer Hardware*
(millions of rubles)
1073
Instruments, automation equipment and spare
parts for them (excluding instruments for
medicine, physiology and biology)--total. .
- including:
optical-mechanical instruments and
apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . � . . .
electrical measuring inatruments. . . . .
instruments for monitoring and regulating
technological processes . . . . . . . . .
instruments for physica research. . . . .
instruments for measuring mechanical
values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
time instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . .
instruments for the mechanization and
automation of managerial, engineering
and technical labor . . . . . . . . . . .
Computer hardware and spare parts for it. .
1218 2273 4 114 3530 3938 4414
3168
212
332
520
509
566
629
4
59
159
314
509
573
622
459
325
565
1823
907
1012
1113
77
121
145
145
160
139
116 197 352 335 373 414
304
164 281 393 442 503 598
64 238 198 206 224 247
138 710 2935 2266 2807 3400
1921
*Here and in other tables the data on thp production, which is taken into
in the numera-
account in value terms, for 1975 are cited in two prices:
tor--in r.he wholesale prices of enterprises on 1 July 1967, in which the
data on the productioTi for the preceding years are also cited; in the de-
nominator--in the wholesale prices of enterprisea on 1 January 1975, in
which Che production beginning in 1976 ia taken into account.
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Production of Metalworking
Equipment
Forge and press
~
Machine
tools
machiner
y
41 o0
"
~
a
~ ~ cn

u
~M ~
t11
N
4+ O
�

,4{
0 u O
r~l
r-~I
G) G QO
Years
w
~
O
44
tC p
p
o
~ U U
O
o 44
3

~
r O~
"L1
N
rl ~ c
tl
O
'
Ul
-
N

fd U
r..

L W.IJ
w�
~
0
I"i
r-i
0 Q)
O
0 Fi
Q
pi
41 0 b
~
~
~
Q ~

+
E3
~ -u G
�3
c
d
1913
within the boundaries
of the USSR prior to
17 January 1939. . . . . 1.5

within the present
boundaries of the USSR . 1.8

1928 . . . . . . . . . . . 2.0
0.1
1932 . . . . . . . . . . . 19.7

1.1

1937 . . . . . . . . . . . 48.5

3.1

1940 . . . . . . . . . . . 58.4
67.8

4.7
6.5
1
1945 . � . . . . . . . . 38.4
55.5

2.9
2.8

1950 . . . . . . . . . . 70.6
94.7

7.7
15.9
10
1955 . . . . . . . . . . . 117
230

17.1
67.4
115
1960 . . . . . . . . . . . 156
419
16
29.9
129
174
1965 . . . . . . . . . . . 186
638
49
34.6
161
228
1970 . . . . � . � � � � � 202
978
1588
41.3
246
579
1975*
' ' ' 231
1493
5545
50.5
398
379
736
. �
1359
1975 . . . . . . . . . . . 233
1463
6131
51.9
433
739
1977 . . . . . . . . . . . 238
1612
6552
54.4
464
833
1978 . . . � � � � � . . . 238
1758
7365
55.5
507
838
*See the footnote to the table on
page 144.
Production of Equipment
for Various Sectors of Industry
1913 1940
1965
1970 1975
1976 1977 1978
Metallurgical equipment, thou-
sands of tons:
blast furnaee equipment.
7.0
83.9
111 124
124
127 131
steel smelting equipment
6.5
37.2
50.7 63.4
67.2 7
1.7 70.7
rolling equipment (including
machinery and equipment for
continuous casting of blanks).
1.0 10.2
121
152 154
174
173 165
- /Table continued on following page/
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1913
1940
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
Coal w,)rking combines, units.
22
998
1130
1119
1197
1162
1209
_ Tunneling combines, units
141
327
510
517
526
544
Cutters, units.
1256
202
115
90
61
75
61
Mine loading machines, units.
194
2802
2459
2807
3064
3118
3113
Mine electric locomotives, units.
511
2411
2548
2605
2671
2694
2674
- Petroleum equipment, thousands
of tons . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.5
139
118
135
164
171
180
neep-welt pumps, thousands of
units . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31.9
92.8
77.0
85.1
86.1
83.2
95.0
Turbodrills, secticns
90
8439
6562
9780
9354
9700
9016
Electric drills, units.

220
115
97
108
96
81
~ Drilling rigs for production and
deep exploratory drilling, sets
129
520
480
544
511
503
505
Pumps (except deep-well), thou-
sands of units.
27.0
774
1160
1378
1419
1481
1438
Air and gas power compressors,
thousands of units.
4.8
66.0
89.5
112
120
126
129
Industrial refrigeration units,
thousands of sets
1.1
142
238
360
382
400
395
Oxygen aad rare gas plants, sets.

459
259
344
366
378
396
Paper-making equipment and spare
143
parts for it,* millions of rubles -

42
84
1
35
144
152
151
Industrial fittings, millions
of units . . . . . . . . . . . . .

54
75
86
90
92
91
*
See the footnote to the table on page
144.
Production of Technological Equipment for Lighti, Food and Printing Industry
and Enterprises of Trade and Public Lining
1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978
Techiiological equipment and spare parts
for it for light industry, millions of
rubles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 430 593 622 669 711
Technological equipment and spare parts
for it fur the textile industry, mil-476
lions of rubles . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 265 403 424 454 483
carding machines for cotton industry,
thousands of units. 3.8 5.2 2.5 2.3 2.0 1.9
spinning machines, thousands of units 3.2 4.0 5.4 5.0 5.2 5.0
winding machines (excluding silk
winding machines), units. 566 352 617 680 700 722
looms, thousands of units 24.3 19.8 31.3 30.9 25.4 21.2
*
See the footnote to the table on page 144.
/Table continued on following page/
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1965 1970
1975
1976 1977 1978
Technological equipment and spare parts
for it for the knitted wear industry,
43
7
millions of rubles. . . . . . . . . .
19.5 36.0
.
35.4
37�7 43.1 44.7
automatic round hosiery and sock
machines, thousands of units.
3.2 3.1
2.9
3.2 3.8 3.5
Technological equipment and spare parts
for it for the sewing industry,
~~.8
millions of rubles.
28�7 47�9
59.5
62�8 66.6 69.2
industrial sewing machines, thou-
sands of units.
105 129
148
154 157 158
Dyeing and trimming equipment and
spare parts for it, millions of
1
36
rubles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18.5 29.2
.
35.6
38.8 42.5 45.2
Technological equipment and spare parts
for it for the leather shoe, fur and
fancy leather goods i.ndustry, millions
29
0
of rubles . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.8 24.5
.
27.3
26.6 28.7 30.4
Technological equipment and spare parts
for it for the food industry, mil-
lions of rubles . . . . . . . . . . .
223 344
4~i
482 511 526
automated plate pasteurizing and
cooling units with a productivity
of 3,000 1/hr and more, sets.
871 2187
2661
2452 3367 3411
lines of equipment for washing
bottles, pouring milk and sour
milk into them and capping with
a productivity of 2,000-12,000
bottles an hour, sets
89 329
79
115 160 200
Frinting equipment and spare parts
f rubles
illi
f
i
35.3 50.4
60.7
62.7 66.7 71.6
.
ons o
t, m
or
58.8
linotype machines, units. 1314 1626 1019 1094 1023 1108
printing machines, units. 1512 2293 2017 1861 1951 1178
Technological equipment and spare parts
for it for enterprises of trade and
public dining, millions of rubles 127 265 338 350 357 359
*See the footnote to the table on page 144.
Production of Materials-Handling Equipment
(units)
1940 1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978
Electric overhead cranes (includ-
ing special cranes). 302 6764 5740 6523 6$65 6659 6670
Railroad cranes. 258 463 493 499 515 514 520
Truck cranes 139 11141 15397 19681 20162 21160 21402
Tower cranes 57 3455 3925 4641 4659 4117 4235
Pneumatic tire cranes. 1236 1963 2442 2504 2572 2575
Elevators. . . . . . . . . . . . 513 8639 18107 25218 27353 28859 30946
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Production
of Construction
and Road Machinery
(thousands of
units)
1940
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
Excavatore--total.
0.3
21.6
30.8
39.0
40.4
41.5
41.1
eingle-bucket.
0.2
19.9
28.0
35.5
36.6
38.0
37.7
multi-bucket
0.1
1.7
2.8
3.5
3.8
3,5
3.4
Bulldozers . . . . . . .
. . . . 0.1
20.1
33.5
51.1
49,1
52.3
45.3
Scrapers . . . . . . .
. . . . . 2.1
7.3
9.8
14.5
14.1
12.9
11.8
Road graders . . . . . .
. . . .
4.2
4.6
6.5
6.8
6.9
6.6
Production of Locomotives and Cars
1913 1940 1965 1970
1975 1976
1977 1978
Main line di
esel engines:
sectiozs.
. . . . . . .
. . . .
5 1485 1485
1375 1455
1344 1392
thousands
of hp

5 3287 3794
3867 4050
3705 3846
Main line el
ectric locomotives:
units . .
. . . . . . .
. . . .
9 641 323
395 410
423 438
thousands
of hp

29 3902 2428
2972 3163
3306 3475
Main line freight cars, thousands
of units . .
. . . . . . .
. . . .
12.9 30.9 39.6 58.2
69.9 71.9
71.2 68.3
Main line passenger cars,
units .
1507 1051 1991 1791
2090 2078
2110 2124
Streetcars,
units.

405 252 1245 783
1065 1113
1057 1100
- Subway cars,
units.

6 140 250
300 308
286 297
Production of Motor Vehicles
Total,
including
thousands
trucks
passenger
buses
Years
of units
thousands total carrying
cars
capacity, thou-
of units
sands of tons
1913
0.1
-

0.1

1928
0.84
0.74

0.05
0.05
1932
23.86
23.75

0.03
0.1
1937
199.9
180.3

18.3
1.3
1940
145.4
136.0
296
5.5
3.9
1945
74.7
68.6
170
5.0
1,1
1946
102.2
94.6

6.3
1.3
1950
362.9
294.4
857
64.6
3.9
1955
445.3
328.1
1066
107.8
9.4
1960
523.6
362.0
1247
138.8
22.8
1965
616.3
379.6
1377
201.2
35.5
1970
916.1
524.5
2266
344.2
47.4
1975
1964
696
2900
1201
67.0
1976
2025
716
3056
1239
70.1
1977
2088
734
3320
1280
74.6
1978
2151
762
3429
1312
77.4
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In prerevolutionary Russia the production of motor vehicles began in 1910
at the Russian Baltic Plant. In 1910 10 passenger cars were produced,
while in six years---from 1910 to 1915--451 passenger cars and 10 trucks
were manufactured.
Produc*_ion of Trolleybuses
Years
Units
Years
Units
1913

1965
1540
1940
74
1970
2238
1945

1975
1900
1946
16
1976
1993
1950
171
1977
1960
1955
360
1978
2256
1960
610
Production of
Truck Trailers
Xears
Thousands of units
Years
Thousands of units
1932
0.01
1960
64.5
1937
14.1
1965
92�9
1940
40.5
1970
124
= 1945
9.3
1975
156
1946
14.3
1976
157
1950
44.0
1977
162
1955
80.8
1978
165
Production of
Roller Bearings
Years
Millions of units
Years
Millions of units
1932
2.0
1960
370
1937
40.1
1965
525
1940
44.8
1970
673
1945
34.2
1975
907
1946
31.4
1976
953
1950
93.3
1977
987
1955
218
1978
1015
Production of Tractors
Thousands
Tota~ horsepower
Thousands
Total horsepower
Years
of units
o� engines, mil-
Years
of units
of engines, mil-
lions of hp
lions of hp
1928
1.3
0.03
1955
163
7.4
1932
48.9
1.4
1960
239
11.4
1937
51.0
2.0
1965
355
21.0
1940
31.6
1.5
1970
459
29.4
1945
7.7
0.4
1975
550
41.4
1946
13.3
0.7
1976
562
44.0
1950
117
5.5
1977
569
45.4
1978
576
47.0
149
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The production of tractors in the USSR began in 1923, during which two
tractora were produced.
Production of Tractor Trailers
Years Thousands of units Years Thousands of units
1955
4.6
1975
290
1960
56.7
1976
299
1965
132
1977
299
1970
296
1978
305
Production of Agricultural
Machinery
1913 1940
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
Agricultural machinery,* milli :s
of rubles.
1496
2121
3770
3658
3894
4088
4414
Main types of agricultural
machinery, thousands of units:
_ Tractor plows.
38.4
166
212
205
202
185
216
including mounted.

54.1
124
144
144
131
147
Tractor stubble breakers
12.8
44.0
38.3
32.6
30.5
33.3
31.8
Tractor disc harrows
3.8
18.4
22.8
32.1
32.1
33.3
29.6
Tractor seeding machines
21.4
262
163
180
191
197
199
including mounted.

28.3
39.6
56.8
59.4
58.8
48.6
Tractor potato planters.
3.6
16.1
18.0
9.1
10.5
11.0
11.5
Tractor cultivators.
32.3
206
219
188
190
187
193
including mounted.
1.3
83.6
114
122
126
120
125
Tractor sprayers and dusters
2.9
26.9
31.2
33.1
37.1
37.8
41.7
Windrow harvesters

97.8
47.7
92.1
93.6
92.7
95.9
Grain harveating combines.
12.8
85.8
99.2
97.5
102
106
113
- Potato harvesting combines

4.9
7.0
9.4
9.9
9.9
9.9
Sugar beet harvesting combines
17.5
9.1
17.1
14.4
14.6
14.9
Corn harvesting combines
6
units
5.1
10.3
11.2
11.3
10.0
- Cotton harvesting machines
5 units
7.7
5.9
7.6
8.0
8.7
8.8
Sprinkling machines.

14.3
12.3
27.1
28.4
27.5
26.0
Tractor mowers
3.3
122
144
83.9
89.4
97.2
109
including mounted.

53.9
99.2
73.8
73.9
81.8
96.4
Tractor rakes.
0.9
39.9
61.7
46.1
42.5
46.7
48.3
Pick-up balers . . . . . . . . .

7.0
15.8
28.1
30.2
28.7
28.7
Silage harvesting combines
20.0
34.3
70.9
56.0
56.7
48.0
General-purpose agricultural
- loaders . . . . . . . . . . . . .

68.7
78.2
90.1
94.7
96.2
93.2
Fodder mills . . . . . . . . . .

17,6
14.2
33,.2
35,1
36.6
32.2
Automatic waterbowls for cattle.

3531
5305
510'9
4960
4869
4880
Milking machines . . . . . . . .

6.7
39.2
53.3
53.1
54.9
53.4
* -
See the footnote to the table on
page 144.
150
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- Production of Electric Welding Equipment and Welding Work
1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978 r
Production of electric weJ.ding equip- _
ment, thousands of units. 198 253 303 305 303 317
Production of equipment and apparatus
for gas-flame treatment of inetal and 53.1
bonding of items,* millions of rubles 13.0 30.1 41.4 44.4 45.7 48.4
Performance and mechailization of
welding and fusing work:
production of welded components,
millions of tons. 36.3 50.5 67.0 69.0 70.0 72.4
performance of fusing work, thou-
sands of tons of fused metal. 44.4 48.7 62.0 65.0 67.0 70.0
Proportion of work performed using
automatic and semi-automatic welding
equipment and machines, percent:
welding work. . . . . . . . . . . . 46.0 54.4 54.3 53.8 54.2 53.8
fusing work . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.5 46.1 50.3 50.8 51.0 51.0
~ *See the footnote to the table on page 144. ~
Timber, Wood Processing and Pulp and Paper Industry
Timber Logging
(millions of solid
m3)
includin
g
Al1
commercial
fire- -
Years
timber
timber
wood
1913
within
the bouitdaries of the USSR
prior
to 17 September 1939.
60.6
27.2
33.4
within
the present boundaries of the USSR
67.0
30.5
36.5
1928 . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61.7
36.0
25.7
1932 . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
164.7
99.4
65.3
1937 . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
209.0
114.2
94.8
1940 . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
247.0
118.3
128.7
1945 . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
168.4
61.6
106.8
1946 . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
185.5
80.3
105.2
1950 . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
266.0
161.0
105.0
1955 . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
333.9
212.1
121.8
1960 . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
369.5
261.5
108.0
1965 . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
378.9
273.8
105.1
1970 . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
385.0
298.5
86.5
1975 . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
395.1
312.9
81.7
1976 . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
384.5
302.1
79.4
1977 . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
376.7
296.0
79.4
1978 . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
361.4
283.6
77.9
151
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Fleet of Tractors, Combi.nes and Trucks in Agriculture
(at end of the yea�r)
1928 1940 1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978
Tractors:*
thousands. . . . . . . . . . . . 27 531 1613 1977 2334 2400 2458 2515
total ho rsepower of engines,
millions of hp 0.5 18 78 112 152 163 171 179
Grain har�iesting combines, 2
thousands. . . . . . . . . . . . .units 182 520 623 680 685 693 700
Trucks:
thousands. . . . . . . . . . . . 0.7 228 945 1136 1396 1442 1501 1522
total carrying capacity, thou-
sands of tons. 1.4 479 2580 3327 4446 4737 5051 5229
~
In this and subsequent tables the data are cited without tractors on whic
reclamation and other machinery has been mounted. In 1978 there were
313,000 such tractors in agriculture, the total horsepower of their engines
was 22 million hp.
Fleet of Tractors and Grain Harvesting Combines in Agriculture
by Union Republics at the End of 1978
Tractors
Grain narvesLing
total horsepower
combines, thou-
thousands
of engines, mil-
sands
lions of hp
USSR. . . . . . . . .
. 2515.1
179.1
699.6
RSFSR . . . . . .
. 1303.7
96.3
428.6
Ukrainian SSR .
. 399.4
27.2
84.6
Belorussian SSR
. 112.3
6.7
28.4
Uzbek SSR . . . . . .
. 151.8
9.3
7�8
Kazakh SSR.
. 239.7
21.2
112.4
Georgian SSR.
. 24.5
1�4
1'7
Azerbaijan SSR.
. 33.1
2.0
4.3
Lithuanian SSR.
. 45.8
2.8
10.3
Moldavian SSR
49.3
2.8
3.6
Latvian SSR
32.2
2.0
6.5
Kirgiz SSR.
25.9
1.5
4.2
Tadzhik SSR
30.6
1.7
1.3
Armenian SSR.
12.4
0.7
1.5
Turkmen SSR
35.1
2.3
1.0
Estonian SSR.
19.3
1.2
3.4
195
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Pool of Basic Agricultural 14achinery in Agriculture
- (at end of the year ; thousanda)
19407' 1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978
Tractor plowa. . . . . . . . . . . . . 512 1108 1056 1137 1100 1085 1079
TracCor spreaders (excluding fertil.-
izer apreaders). . . . . . . . . . . . 306 1274 1278 1248 1267 1297 1327
Tractor cultivators. . 272 977 1144 1055 1085 1105 1101
Windrow harvesters 1.7 401 335 383 404 428 44;
Corn harveating combines . 65 34 47 52 54 54
Potato harveating combines 21 36 62 67 69 70
Sugar beet haxvesting combines 68 57 68 69 70 69
- Silage harvesting combines 205 139 252 266 281 281
Cotton harvesting machines 0.8 34 39 44 45 48 51
Tractor flax combines and flax pullers 11 27 30 33 34 33 32
" Complex grain cleaning machines. 8 129 15` 141 127 117 107
Sprinkling and irrigation machinery
and syatems. 31 57 103 117 130 137
*Kolkhozes and sovkhozes, excluding machine and tractor stations.
_ Delivery of Tractors, Trucks and Agricultural Machinery to Agriculture
(thousands)
1940 1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978
Tractors*--total. 20,3 239.5 309.3 370.4 368.6 364.6 370.6
including plowing tractors. . 14.3 76.7 124.0 166.8 172.9 170.7 175.6
Of the total number of tractors:
wheel tractors--total 6.0 153.9 177.3 222.2 216.5 216.i 217.9
of them:
YuMZ-6M, YuMZ-6L. 23.9 22.2 22.5 26.3
MTZ-50M, MTZ-SOL. 56.8 47.3 30.9 20.8 20.3 19.1
MTZ-52M, MTZ-52L. 4.8 14.1 16.9 17.4 17.9 4.8
MTZ-80, MTZ-SOL 13.9 21.5 19.1 20.6
T-25, T-25A, T-25A-1. 22.0 23.2 18.2 20.1 20.8
T-40, T-40M ~28.7 6.9 17.9 18.9 19.4 16.7
T-40A, T-40AM 24.3 22.2 20.4 19.3 21.8
. T-1.6, T-16M 9.3 14.4 19.7 20.2 20.5 19.9
K-700, K-700A 3.1 7.4 9.5 7.6 8.7 7.6
K-701 . 5.0 8.7 7.9 8.8
T-150K. 18.0 19.2 20.8 21.4
caterpillar tractors--total . 14,8 85.6 132.0 148.2 152.1 147.9 152.7
of them:
T-74. 29.0 29.0 31.2 27.5 28.6 27.3
DT-75, DT-75A, DT-75AM. 35.3 61.9 72.8 79.4 74.5 81.3
T-4, T-4A 0.9 12.0 9.0 9.6 9.9 9.9
T-70S 4.2 8.5 8.9 9.0
*Moreover, tracto rs were delivered fo r making up sets of earth-moving and
other equipment at the expense of the capital of agriculture: in 1970--
2,600, 1975--9,700, 1976--3,500, 1917 --8,300, 1978--500.
/Table continued cn following page/
196
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-
1940
1965 1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
Total horsepower of engines of
_ all tractors, millions of hp. .
0.9
12.8 19.0
27.3
28.5
28.3
29.4
Trucks, including apecialized
trucks and chassis--total
17.5
94.3 156.6
269.4
269.1
268.3
269.9
including trucks.
17.5
70.2 125.8
228.5
226.1
224.4
224.1
Tractor plows
38.4
158.5 207.2
191.1
184.6
176.2
200.3
Tractor stubble breakers.
12.8
44.2 38.2
31.3
28.7
31.7
28.5
Tractor spreaders
21.4
259.5 187.0
213.7
222.6
232.4
231.7
Tractor cultivators
32.3
208.3 204.6
181.7
186.6
181.6
188.4
Grain harvesting combines
12.8
79.4 97.1
92.0
97.5
100.8
111.2
Windrow harvesters.
97.7 47.7
91.5
92.1
92.3
94.9
Corn harvesting combines.

0.1 5.0
10.1
10.9
10.8
9.3
potato harvesting combines.

6.1 8.0
12.0
12.2
12.1
10.9
Sugar beet harvesting combines.
17.3 9.6
17.3
14.3
14.4
14.4
Silage harvesting combines.
22.9 32.9
70.1
53.6
57.3
49.3
Cotton harveating machines.
8.0 5.9
7.5
7.9
8.7
8.8
Tractor mowers.
. 3.3
120.9 142.6
82.7
87.2
96.3
106.6
_ Tractor rakes
. 0.9
39.8 61.0
46.6
41.1
47.4
48.1
Mineral fertilizer spreaders.
55.8
62.7
59.2
61.0
61.2 .
Pick-up bailers
6.0 13.9
33.4
33.1
31.5
32.0 I
Universal loaders
68.9 75.3
87.3
93.0
94.1
87.4 I
Milking machines.
6.1 50.0
54.5
54.5
56.0
53.8 '
Sprinkling machines and systems
13.5 12.7
27.9
28.3
27.6
24.1
Land Area
'
Total Land Area of USSR and
Distribution of Farming Land by
Land U
sers
on
1 November 1978
(mill
ions of hectares)
�
including
(n ~ i
3Nm�~
-
-
10 0 0 aa~
p
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~
~pu.' ~~y~
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cd 'b N
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d
~
~
tv
v
o .c v p
r-i
3

p'"
~
a
c
~
a
H
b
ox
~
.
Lands of kolkhozes--total. .
254.5
180.4
103
.7 11.8
62.8
including:
public lands (including
lands of long-term use
in state land reserve
and at lumber organiza-
tions) . . . . . . . . . .
250.0
176.1
100
.1 11.6
62.8
- /Table continued on following
page/
197
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including
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a
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a
private plots used by kolkhoz
farmers. . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1
3.9
3.3
0.2

lands of kolkhozes at the per-
sonal use of workers and em-
ployees. . . . . . . . . . . .
0.38
0.34
0.28
0.02

- Lands of sovkhozes and other
state farms (including lands
of long-term use in state land
reserve and at lumber organiza-
tions) . . . . . . . . . . . . .
789.0
367.1
119.3
23.4
221.8
Lands at the peraonal use of
workers and employees (except
plots on kolkhoz landa).
3.9
3.7
2.6
0.4

Total land at uae of agricultural
enterpr ises and farms.
1049.8
552.7
226.2
35.7
285.4
State land reserve and lumber
organizations (excluding lands
of long-term use of kolkhozes
and sovkhozes) . . . . . . . . .
1116.5
34.8
0.3
5.3
29.0
Other 1 and users
61.2
18.6
0.4
1.0
17.1
All land (territory)
2227.5*
606.1
226.9
42.0
331.5
*
With allowance made for the Sea
of Azov
and the White
Sea the
territory of
the USSR ie 2,240,200,000 hectare
s.
198
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Timber Resources
by Union Republics
on 1 January
1978
(according to
data of record of
timber
fund)
0
~
~
Gl U
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Gl O
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U 34
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USSR . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 791.6
772.2
35.6
84.15
82.40
RSFSR . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 749.5
734.3
43.9
80.65
79.21
Ukrainian SSR . . . . . . .
. . . . . 8.3
6.6
13.8
1.04
0.92
Belorussian SSR . . . . . .
. . . . . 7.2
6.4
34.5
0.74
0.70
- Uzbek SSR . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 2.4
2.4
5.3
0.02
0.02
Kazakh SSR. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 9.0
9.0
3.3
0.32
0.32
Georgian SSR . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 2.7
2.3
38.6
0.39
0.37
Azerbaijan SSR. . . . . . .
. . . . . 0.9
0.8
10.5
0.11
0.11 i
Lithuanian SSR. . . . . . .
. . . . . 1.8
1.4
27.6
0.23
0.20 i
Moldavian SSR . . . . . . .
. . . . . 0.3
0.3
8.0
0.03
0.02
Latvian SSR . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 2.6
2.1
40.7
0.34
0.28 '
Kirgiz SSR . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 0.7
0.7
3.5
0.02
0.02
Tadzhik SSR . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 0.4
0.4
3.6
0.01
0.01
Armenian SSR . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 0.3
0.3
9.9
0.03
0.03
Turkmen SSR . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 3.8
3.8
7.9
0.01
0.01
Estonian SSR . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 1.7
1.4
38.4
0.21
0.18
Reforestation and Forestation
(thousands of hectares)
= Reforestation and including
Years forestation-- sowing and plant- promotion of natural
total ing of forests reforestation
1950
1088
729
359
1955
1188
582
606
1960
1577
824
753
1965
2011
1223
788
1970
2354
1290
1064
1975
2363
1275
1088
1976
2329
1238
1091
1977
2354
1247
1107
_ 1978
2395
1291
1104
199
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Organization of Forests
Years
Millions of hectares
Years
Millions of hectares
1950
20.7
1975
46.0
1955
31.7
1976
46.4
1960
41.3
1977
47.1
1965
39.5
1978
47.0
1970
41.6
Forest Improvement
Cutting and Selective Sanitary Felling
Timber felled,
mil-
Years
Thousands of
hectares
lions of solid
m3
1950
2523
24.2
1955
2365
21.0
1960
2699
22.3
. 1965
3110
30.0
1970
3823
44.1
1975
3979
49.7
1976
4015
51.6
1977
3971
52.8
1978
3952
52.1
Total Land
Area and Area of Farming
Land by Union Republics
on 1 November
1978
(millions of hec
tares)
-
includin
g
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P.
USSR.
. 2227.5
1049.8
552.7
226.2 35.7
285.4
RSFSR
. 1707.5
658.7
219.3
133.9 24.9
59.2
Ukrainian SSR .
. 60.4
48.8
42.1
34,2 2.1
4.6
Belorussian SSR
. 20.7
12.7 '
9.8
6.2 1.6
1.8
Uzbek SSR
. 44.8
32.9
26.2
3.9 0.1
21.8
Kazakh SSR.
. 271a7
212.0
192.3
35.3 5.5
151.1
- Georgian SSR. .
. 7.0
4.6
3.1
0.8 0.2
1.8
= Azerbaijan SSR.
. 8.7
6.7
4.1
1.4 0.1
2.0
Lithuanian SSR.
. 6.5
4.7
3.6
2.5 0.4
0.7
Moldavian SSR .
. 3.4
2.9
2.6
1.8 0.0
0.3
Latvian SSR
. 6.4
3.9
2.5
1.7 0.2
0.6
Kirgiz SSR.
. 19.8
16.0
10.1
1.3 0.2
8.5
, Tadzhik SSR
. 14.3
9.4
4.2
0.8 0.0
3.3
Armenian SSR. .
. 3.0
2.3
1.3
0.5 0.1
0.6
_ Turkmen SSR
. 48.8
31.6
30.0
0.9 0.0
28.9
Estonian SSR. .
. 4.5
2.6
1.5
1.0 0.3
0.2
200
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Distribution
of Farming Lands by Land Users
on 1 November 1978
(millions of hectares)
by Union Republics
~
including
~
of them
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USSR.
. 552.7
180.4
176.1
3.92
367.1
3.66
RSFSR
. 219.3
90.0
88.6
1.30
121.0
1.98
Ukrainian SSR
. 42.1
31.3
29.5
1.71
10. 1
0.63
Belorussian SSR .
. 9.8
6.1
5.7
0.29
3.4
0.28
Uzbek SSR
. 26.2
3.4
3.3
0.08
22.7
0.07
Kazakh SSK.
. 192.3
15.1
15.1
v.03
177.0
0.17
Georgian SSR.
, 3.1
1.5
1.4
0.09
1.4
0.08
Azerbaijan SSR. .
. 4.1
1.8
1.8
0.03
2.1
0.06
Lithuanian SSR. .
. 3.6
2.4
2.2
0.14
1.1
0.13
Moldavian SSR
. 2.6
1.6
1.5
0.10
0.7
0.07
Latvian SSR
. 2.5
1.3
1.3
0.05
1.1
0.07
Kirgiz SSR.
. 10.1
5.1
5.1
0.03
4.8
0.04
Tadzhik SSR
. 4.2
1.4
1.3
0.02
2.4
0.02
Armenian SSR.
. 1.3
0.4
0.4
0.0 1
0.9
0.02
Turkmen SSR
30.0
18.3
18.2
0.02
11.7
0.00
Estonian SSR.
1.5
0.7
0.7
0.02
0.7
0.04
201
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Distribution of Plowland by Land Users by Union Republics
on 1 November 1978
(millions of hectares)
including
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,J
4-4 w
o (n
u
,J ~
u
a-+
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a
m,J
o o
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ao u
m4-j
USSR. . . . . . . . .
. . . 226.2
103.70
100.09
119.29
RSFSR . . . . . . . .
. . . 133.9
60.83
59.58
71.42
Ukrainian SSR .
34.2
25.78
24.17
7.95
Belorussian SSR
6.2
3.80
3.54
2.18
Uzbek SSR . . . . . .
. . . 3.9
1.71
1.65
2.16
Kazakh SSR. . . . . .
. . . 35.3
4.24
4.21
30.94
Georgian SSR.
0.8
0.36
0.31
0.34
Azerbaijan SSR.
1.4
0.79
0.77
0.53
Lithuanian SSR.
2.5
1.65
1.52
0.72
Moldavian SSR
1.8
1.20
1.13
0.43
Latvian SSR . . . . .
. . . 1.7
0.92
0.87
0.74
Kirgiz SSR. . . . . .
. . . 1.3
0.63
0.61
0.64
Tadzhik SSR . . . . .
. . . 0.8
0.45
0.43
0.32
Armenian SSR.
0.5
0.17
0.17
0.28
Turkmen SSR . . . . .
. . . 0.9
0.72
0.70
0.13
Estonian SSR.
1.0
0.45
0.43
0.51
Plant Growing
Sown Areas
� (at all categories of farms; millions of hectares)
1913 1940 1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978
Total sown area. 118.2 150.6 209.1 206.7 217.7 217.9 217.7 218.2
Sown area of all cereal
crops. 104.6 110.7 128.0 119.3 127.9 127.8 130.4 128.5
Winter cereal crops. 37.1 38.2 37.2 29.8 29.2 27.5 28.9 32.3
of them:
wheat. 8.3 14.3 19.8 18.5 19.6 17.3 20.7 23.1
rye. 28.2 23.1 16.0 10.0 8.0 9.0 6.7 7.7
/Table continued on following page/
202
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1913 1940 1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978
barley.
0.6
0.8
1.4
1.3
1.6
1.2
1.5
1.5
_ Spring cereal crops
67.5
72.5
90.8
89.5
98.7 100.3 1
01.5
96.2
of them:
wheat
24.7
26.0
50.4
46.7
42.4
42.2
41.3
39.8
grain corn .
2.2
3.7
3.2
3.4
2.6
3.3
3.4
2.5
barley.
12.7
10.5
18.3
20.0
30.9
33.1
33.0
31.2
oats.
19.1
20.2
6.6
9.2
12.1
11.3
13.0
12.1
millet.
3.5
6.0
3.3
2.7
2.8
3.0
3.1
2.9
buckwheat
2.2
2.0
1.8
1.9
1.5
1.4
1.8
1.8
rice.
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
legumes
1.6
3.2
6.8
5.1
5.7
5.2
5.2
5.1
Sown area of industrial
crops . . . . . . . . . . .
4.9
11.8
15.3
14.5
14.1
14.6
14.7
14.7
including:
- cotton.
0.69
2.08
2.44
2.75
2.92
2.95
2.99
3.04
sugar beets (factory)
0.68
1.23
3.88
3.37
3.67
3.75
3.76
3.76
fiber flax,
1.25
2.10
1.48
1.28
1.22
1.21
1.21
1.20
hemp.
0.68
0.60
0.27
0.20
0.15
0.14
0.14
0.13
oil-bearing crops
5.02
6.53
6.26
5.53
5.91
5.98
5.97 ;
including sunflowars. .
0.98
3.54
4.87
4.78
4.04
4.53
4.57
4.56 :
i
Sown area of potatoes,
vegetable and cucurbita-
ceous crops
5.1
10.0
10.6
10.1
10.1
9.2
9.2
9.3
including:
potatoes.
4.2
7.7
8.6
8.1
7.9
7.1
7.1
7.0
vegetables.
0.6
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.7
Sown area of fodder crops .
3.3
18.1
55.2
62.8
65.6
66.3
63.4
65.7
including:
perennial grasses (mowing
area of sowing of past
years and pure sowings of
current year)
2.5
12.1
13.4
21.7
25.4
25.1
26.1
25.3
annual grasses (including
sowings of winter grasses
for fodder)
0.8
4.2
16.6
18.0
16.7
16.6
16.0
17.8
corn for silage and green
fodder (milky-wax and up
to milky-wax ripeness).
20.2
18.0
17.3
18.1
15.5
16.7
- fodder root crops and
fields of fodder cucur-
bits. . . . . . . . . . .

1.0
1.7
1.8
1.8
1.9
1.8
1.8
Area of clean fallows

28.9
14.7
18.4
11.2
11.7
12.4
12.4
203
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Sown Areas by Categories of
Farms in 1978
(millions
of hectares)
Total
including
-
cereal
industrial
potatoes,
fodder
8O~
crops
crops
vegetable
crops
area
and cucur-
bitaceous
crops
All categories of farms
218.15
128.46
14.75
9.25
65.69
including:
kolkhozes, interfarm
enterprises, sov-
khozes and other
state farms.
212.10
127.53
14.68
5.00
64.89
private subsidiary
farms. . . . . . . . .
6.05
0.93
0.07
4.25
0.80
204
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Varietal Plantings of
Agricul.tural Crops
at Kolkhozes and Sovkhozes
(percent of
total
aren of
plant
ing of g
iven cr
op)
1965
1970
1975 1976
1977 1978
Cereal crops (excluding
corn).

89
95
97
98
98
99
Winter cereal crops. .

97
98
99.4
99.4
99.3
99.4
wheat . . . . . . . .
. . .
. . .
98
99
99.8
99.7
99.7
99.7
rye . . . . . . . . .
. . .
. . .
96
97
99
99.2
98
99
barley . . . . . . .
. . .
. . .
94
94
99
96
97
98
Spring cereal crops (excludi
ng
corn) . . . . . . . . .
. . .
. . .
86
95
97
97
98
98
wheat . . . . . . . .
. . .
. . .
90
97
99
99.2
99.4
99.6
barley . . . . . . .
. . .
. . .
89
95
97
97
98
99
oats . . . . . . . .
. . .
. . .
66
82
89
91
92
94
millet . . . . . .
. . . .
. . .
92
97
98
94
98
99
buckwheat. . . . . .
. . .
. . .
69
89
97
97
96
98
rice . . . . . . .
. . . .
. . .
87
96
99.4
99.6
99
99.6
Grain corn . . . . . .
. . . .
. . .
99.4 99.9
99.8
99.7
99.7
99.8
Soybeans . . . . . . .
. . . .
. . .
87
95
98
99
99
99
Sugar beets (factory).

99
100
99.9
99.9
100 100
Sunflowers . . . . . .
. . . .
. . .
99
99.4
99.9
99.8
99.6
99.9
Hemp . . . . . . . . .
. . . .
. . .
91
98
98
99
99.6
99
Fiber flax . . . . . .
. . . .
. . .
99
99.8
99
99.4
99
99
Crown flax . . . . . .
. . . .
. . .
60
78
86
81
81
86
Potatoes . . . . . . .
. . . .
. . .
50
73
76
77
70
74
Plantings of Agricultural Crops With Regionalized
Vari
eties
at Kolkhozes
and Sovkhozes
by Union Republics in 19
78
(percent o
f total area o
f planting of
given crop)
r,
Wheat
Barley
~
-
o
N t)
0 k
p
~
3 ~

~
~
N
~
.n P
~
~
i
a
~
I
N r-
~ U
N G
L~ �rl
N
1.~
p
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RS tJ

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ctl
H DC
~
G i-i
P.
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N
h
n
00 cU
~
~
~ a
n
~
1.i
a

U
3
3
3
C
c
o
c
n
c
f
USSR.
92
96 97
89
69 82
91 84
80
93 90
64
RSFSR
91
97 95
89
68 82
92 83
65
94 85
52
Ukrainian SSR
93
96 63
87
74 91
89 94
91
93 96
76
Belorussian SSR
96
96 98
98

98 98
69
97
93
Uzbek SSR
80
87 64

94 76
48 39

43
Kazakh SSR.
96
95 99
67
55 99.8
88 83
93
90
41
Georgian SSR.
86
98 90

78 91
96
83 100
77
Azerbaijan SSR.
83
89

89 73
82 44

14
71
/Table continued on following
page/
207
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Wheat
Barley
~
0
cn u
cn
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0
~s
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Lithuanian SSR.
. 97
99

93

99
99.8
54

96
85
Moldavian SSR
. 85
88

62
31
94
53
94
99
91

5
Latvian SSR
. 97
97
93
90

99.6
98
90

72
97
Kirgiz SSR.
. 88
89
50
68
56
94
88
100
97

81
Tadzhik SSR
. 55
60
64

96
40
26
96

91
Armenian SSR.
. 93
89
67
100
100
87
100
100
100

69
Turkmen SSR . . . .
. 89
93

84
86

37
Estonian SSR.
. 95
89
99.95
90

95
99

82
98
Gross Harvest of Grain by Union Republics
(at all categories of farms; thousands of tons)
AveraQe a vear
A
1940
1966-
1971-
1976-
1976
1977
1978
1970
1975
1978
USSR.
. 95638
167562
181554
218886
223755
195727
237176
RSFSR
. 55637
100461
102941
124030
127059
108717
136312
Ukrainian SSR
. 26420
33362
40012
47900
44567
48516
50616
Belorusaian SSR .
. 2727
3550
5542
7101
7404
6618
7281
Uzbek SSR
. 601
862
1053
2087
2001
1722
2538
Kazakh SSR.
. 2516
20668
21662
25142
29826
17727
27874
Georgian SSR.
. 538
642
714
718
766
716
671
Azerbaijan SSR. .
. 567
710
829
1142
1184
1074
1169
Lithuanian SSR. .
. 1536
1834
2251
2966
3220
2881
2798
Moldavian SSR
. 1810
2231
2600
2955
2258
3072
3536
Lavtian SSR
. 1372
1035
1345
1518
1889
1547
1119
Kirgiz SSR.
. 588
953
1087
1332
1360
1134
1502
Tadzhik SSR
. 324
220
203
293
305
238
336
Armenian SSR.
. 223
241
263
303
314
317
277
Turkmen SSR
. 124
88
151
241
258
205
259
Estonian SSR.
. 655
705
901
1158
1344
1- "43
888
208
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' Yield of Cereal Crops by Union Republics
(at all categories of farms; quintals per hectare)
1940
Avera
1966-
ge a }
1971-
Tear
1976-
1976
1977
1978
1970
1975
1978
8.6
13.7
14.7
17.0
17.5
15.0
18.5
. . . . . . . . .
USSR
. . . . .
9
7
13.5
13.7
16.0
16.5
13.9
17.7
RSFSR . . . . . . . .
.
. . . . .
4
12
21.4
24.7
28.7
27.9
27.9
30.3
Ukrainian SSR
.

0
8
13.1
21.3
25.1
26.8
23.2
25.4
Belorussian SSR
.

1
4
7.4
9.5
17.7
16�9
14�9
21�2
Uzbek SSR . . . . . .
.
. . . . .
3
4
8.8
9.0
9.9
11.7
7.0
11.0
Ka.zakh SSR.
.

6
6
14.6
18.5
20.3
20.9
19.8
20.1
Georgian SSR.
.

1
7
10.9
13.8
18.9
18.9
17.5
20.2
Azerbaijun SSR.
.

4
9
20.3
22.9
26.8
29.4
25.9
25.0
Lithuanian SSR.
.

8
10
25.7
32.0
33.6
28.8
33.7
38.4
Moldavian SSR
.

1
12
18.0
21.8
21.1
26.9
21.3
15.1
Latvian SSR
.

6
7
15.6
18.7
22.7
22.8
20.0
25.3
Kirgiz SSR.
.

7
5
6.6
8.3
12.3
lla4
12.4
13.0
Tadzhik SSR
.

6
6
12.0
15.6
18.5
19.0
19.1
17.4 ,
Armenian SSR.
.

7
5
8.6
14.0
19.7
21.0
17.2
20.8 ~
Turkmen SSR
.

11
5
21.5
24.0
26.5
31.0
28.4
20.0
Estonian SSR.
.

,
Gross Harvest of Individual Cereal Crops by Union Republics
(at all categories of farms)
- -

ro 3
~d ~
c~d p
`o
c
o
U
N
y~
~
m
~
-w G
a
i~.~ rCl
~

~ P
~
0
r~-I
V
0
U

bo
-
3~
3 N
14
C7
.
3~
~
pq
w
a
USSR, millions of
tons:
.
1913
. 26.3
23.2
2.1
12.1
17.0
2.53
1.10
0.32
1.09
.

1940
. 31.8
21.1
5.2
12.0
16.8
4.39
1.31
0.30
2.18
.
1965.
. 59.7
16.2
8.0
20.3
6.2
2.20
0.95
0.58
6.69
62
7
1y70.
. 99.7
13.0
9.4
38.2
8
35
14.2
12
5
2.10
13
1
1.08
0.49
1.28
2.01
.
5.32
1975.
. 66.2
9
96
9.1
0
14
7.3
10.1
.
69.5
.
18.1
.
3.20
0.90
2.00
8.65
1976.

2977
.
.
. 92.2
.
8.5
11.0
52.7
18.4
2.01
1.04
2.22
7.48 _
.
1978--total
.120.8
13.6
9.0
62.1
18.5
2.20
0.98
2.10
7.75
/Table conrinued
on following page/
209
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_ FOR UFFICIAL USE ONLY
.W
>N
c~
Q)
b ~
~ 3
ro~
~4
o
ro.a
41
a
~ ~
~ ~
u
~
~ .
m
a)
'
~
~

v G
a
i
3
~
~4
a
G
a
~
~ a
3 v,
c
o
H
Z
U)
o
~
a1
vG
~7
including by union
republics, thousands
of tons:
RSFSR. .
�
66499
8897
1583
36479
15046
1371
549
1043
4545
Ukrainian
SSR.
29180
1384
3820
10875
1661
444
325
118
2762
~ Belorussian SSR.
490
2299

3446
890
0.0
14

142
Uzbek SSR.
674
S
1053
375
1

413
5
Kazakh SSR
18832
294
459
6712
489
380
97
478
83
Georgian SSR
268
2
290
87
16

8
Azerbaijan SSR
824
1
24
304
5
0.0

1
10
Li.thuanian SSR
757
401

1321
184

117
Moldavian SSR.
1708
11
1380
357
16
1
0.1

61
_ Latvian SSR. . . . .
254
194

564
94

3
Kirgiz SSR
748
1
203
534
13

1
2
Tadzhik SSR.
191
1
47
63
5
0.0

22
6
Armenian SSR
171
0.2
1
97
3

2
Turlcmen SSR.
68
0.1
91
74

20
1
F.stonian SSR
156
117

519
84

1
Yield of Individual
Cereal Crops by Union Republics
(at all categories
of farms;
quintals
per hectare)
Wheat
0
Barlev
~ ~4
o
41
c~
}a ~
N q
ri
~4 U
~
~ 00
1~
~

tn
N
3 v~''
4-1
~ ~
~
~ u
o~a~o
,
-
~ c7
~ cn
o
w c~
a
USSR
_ 1913.
10.0
7.3
8.0
9.4
6.5
9.2
8.9
7.2
5.1
11.9
7.0
1940.
10.1
6.6
9.1
13.8
8.6
10.8
8.3
7.4
6.4
17.3
6.9
1965.
16.1
5.5
10.1
25.2
13.2
10.1
9.3
6.8
5.3
26.9
9.9
1570.
22.8
12.3
13.0
28.U
18.0
17.9
15.3
7.8
5.7
36.5
14.9
1975.
18.7
7.0
11.3
27.4
18.3
10.6
10.3
3.9
3.3
40.1
9.3
1976.
~
25.9
12.4
15.5
30.6
20.3
20,3
16.1
10.5
5.2
38.2
16.7
1977. . o.
25.1
9.7
12.7
32.5
20.5
15.0
14.1
6.5
5.9
40.6
14.3
1978. .
29.8
13.0
17.6
35.2
23.5
18.8
15.3
7.5
5.5
35.1
15.2
/Table continued on following page/
210
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Wheat
Barley
~4
U
~
N
tz
ya DO
Q)j q tf1
y
r~ .~L GJ
~

ti
~
0
,
m 0
3 a ~
.a~4
~ ~
.va
i
a
by union republics
�
in 1978:

RSFSR
28.3
15.0
16.0
28.4
33.3
18.5
14.6
7.9 4.8 33.5
13.4
. .
Ukrainian SSR. .
35.2
28.0
20.6
32.2
31.6
27.7
23.0
14.6 9.6 30.6
22.2
9
9
Belorussian SSR.
29.4
26.9
26.7

27�4
22�8
7.3 3.2
8
43
.
7
7
Uzbek SSR. . .
11.8
2
19
9.1
2
10
14.9
9.9
69.1
47.2
11.0
12.8
8.6
11.7
10.7
13.0
.

4.3 3.8 39.8
.
0
~
Kazakh SSR
Georgian SSR
.
21.8
.
15.7
15.3
21.6
22.7
14.5
9.4

6
10
~
Azerbaijan SSR .
21.1
6.7
15.0
27.5
18.2
8.2
17.4
_
0.7
i2:2
Lithuanian SSR .
33.3
40
5

24.5
3
22

41.9

31.3
25.0
27.0
19.9
24.1

13.4 12.0
1~
Moldavian SSR. .
Latvian SSR.
.
24.9
27.5
.
17.5

14.0
9.0

,0
Kirgiz SSR
25.8
17.2
11.7
52.1
16.6
21.2
21.3
21.3
38
$
13.7
5
7
Tadzhik SSR.
12.7
8.0
10.1
44.3
11.4
6.5
5.6
2�9
_
.
6
15
Armenian SSR
19.4
8.0
5.9
20.7
26.0
14.7
7�9
_ 23
5
-
.
8
24
Turkmen SSR.
:0.8
13.7
12.8
37.7
13.1
16.1

.

'
.
~
4
Estonian SSR
22.8
26.9
23.1

19.8
15.7
-
'
Gross Harvest
(Purchases)
of Raw Cotton by Union
Republics
(at all
categories
of farms;
thousands o.f
tons)
1940
Avera
1966-
ge a
1971-
year
1976-
1976
1977
1978
1970
1975
1978
2237
6099
7667
8512
8278
8758
8499
USSR. . . . . . . .
. . .
including:
1386
3982
4895
5504
5335
5676
5500
Uzbek SSR

93
241
305
298
310
324
260
1Cazakh SSR.

154
328
441
547
532
512
598
Azerbaijan SSR. .

95
173
205
209
208
215
205
Kirgiz SSR.

172
649
810
873
847
861
909
- Tadzh4k SSR

211
726
1011
1081
1046
1170
1027
Turkmen SSR

211
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Yield of Cotton by Union Republics
(at
all categories of
farms;
quintals per h
ectare)
Average a y
ear
1940
1966-
1971-
1976-
1976
1977
1978
1970
1975
1978
_ USSR. . . . . .
. . . . . . 10.8*
24.1
27.3
28.5
28.1
29.3
28.0
Uzbek SSR
15.0
25.1
28.5
30.6
30.0
31.6
30.2
Kazakh SSR.
9.2
20.9
26,6
26.3
28.1
28.4
22.3
p.zerbaijan SSR.
8.2
16.0
21.6
24.9
24.6
23.5
26.7
KLrgiz SSR.
14.8
23.5
27.6
28.9
28.7
29.6
28.4
Tadzhik SSR
16.2
27.1
30.7
30.3
30.0
30.0
30.8
Turkmen SSR
14.0
23.9
23.1
21.6
21.3
23.2
20.3
See the footnote on page 179.
_ Gross Harvest
of Sugar Beets (Factory)
by Union
Republics
(at all
categories of
f4rms;
thous
ands of
tons)
'
Average a
year
1540
1966-
1971-
1976-
1976
1977
1978
1970
1975
1978
USSR. . . . . . . .
. . . 18018
81118
75983
95485
99872
93099
93483
RSFSR . . . . . . .
. . . 3239
25520
20812
27784
27832
28360
27161
Ukrainian SSR
13052
46731
45957
57843
61840
55467
56221
Belorussian SSR
1039
1106
1248
1067
1352
1324
Kazakh SSR.
385
2276
2195
2150
2140
1687
2624
Georgian SSR.
72
138
132
130
132
137
119
Lithuanian SSR.
255
625
804
758
641
766
866
Moldavian SSR
119
2567
2836
3384
4090
2995
3067
Latvian SSR
251
331
253
274
194
335
293
Kirgiz SSR.
628
1781
1768
1746
1768
1803
15E8
Armenian SSR.
17
110
120
168
168
197
140
212
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Yield of
Sugar Beets
(Factory) by Union Republics
(at all
categories of
farms;
quintals per
hectare)
Average a
year
1940
1966-
1971-
1976-
1976
1977
1978 -
1970
1975
1978
USSR. . . . . . . .
. . . 146
228
217
254
266
248
248
- RSFSR . . , . . . .
. . . 96
172
142
172
173
174
168
Ukrainian SSR
159
267
268
322
345
310
310
Belorussian SSR

214
225
244
216
260
257
Kazakh SSR.
250
333
290
279
272
224
340
Georgian SSR.
130
345
380
371
380
393
339
. Lithuanian SSR.
203
222
235
217
186
220
245 -
Moldavian SSR
271
257
279
292
333
260
282
Latvian SSR
168
205
268
241
184
274
266
Kirgiz SSR.
408
342
374
381
366
367
409
Armenian SSR.
108
250
270
369
369
433
305
Gross Harvest of Flax Fiber by Union Republics
(at all categories of farms; thousands of tons)

Avera
ge a
year
1940
1966-
1971-
1976-
1976
1977
1978
1970
1975
1978
USSR. . . . . . . . .
. . 349
458
456
458
509
480
384
RSFSR . . . . . . . .
. . 239
247
207
176
192
216
121
Ukrainian SSR
19
87
120
148
159
137
147
Belorussian SSR
36
105
111
112
131
102
103
Lithuanian SSR.
30
12
13
16
20
19
10
Latvian SSR
18
6
4
4
5
4
2
- Estonian SSR.
7
1
1
2
2
2
1
213
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Yield of Flax Fiber by Union Republics
(at all cat e gories of farms; quintals per hectare)
Average a
year
1940
1966-
1971-
1976-
1976
1977
1978
1970
1975
1978
USSR. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 1.7
3.4
3.7
3.8
4.2
4.0
3.2
RSFSR . . . . . . . . .
. . . , 1.6
3.2
3.1
2.7
2.9
3.3
1.9
ttkrainian SSR .
1.6
3.8
5.1
6.3
6.7
5.7
6.3
Belorussian SSR .
1.3
4.0
4.4
4.5
5.2
4.1
4.1
Lithuanian SSR. .
3.1
3.0
2.9
3.9
4.6
4.5
2.6
Latvian SSR .
3.1
2.5
2.4
1.9
2.8
2.1
0.9
Estonian SSR. .
2.8
3.6
2.7
2.8
3.7
3.2
1.5
Gross Harvest of Sunflowers by Union Republics
(at all categories of farms; thousands of tons)
USSR.
including:
RSFSR . . . . . . . .
Ukrainian SSR . . . .
Kazakh SSR. . . . . .
Georgian SSR. . . . .
Moldavi3n SSR . . . .
Average a year
1940 1966- 1971- 1976- 1976 1977 1978
1970 1975 1978
2636 6389 5974 5505 5271 5904 5333
1430 3097 2811 2720 2831 2779 2549
946 2830 2712 2406 2111 2675 2430
23 81 72 96 87 99 103
11 16 18 13 17 12 11
162 361 357 265 226 334 234
Yield of Sunflowers by Union Republics
(at all cate gories of farms; quintals per hectare)
Average a
year
1940
1966-
1971-
1976-
1976
1977
1978
1970
1975
1978
USSR. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 7.4
13.2
13.2
12.0
11.6
12.8
11.7
RSFSR . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 5.8
11.2
11.4
10.6
11.2
10.7
9.8
Ukrainian SSR .
13.1
16.4
15.8
14.1
12.3
15.7
14.3
Kazakh SSR. .
1.4
8.1
7.1
10.0
8.9
11.0
10.1
Georgian SSR. .
7.2
8.0
10.7
9.6
11.6
9.0
8.0
Moldavian SSR .
9.1
16.4
17.6
15.7
12.0
18.5
16.5
214
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Gross Harvest of Potatoes by Union Republics
(at all categories of farms; thousands of fions)
Average a
year
1940
1966-
1971-
1976-
1976
1977
1978
1970
1975
1978
USSR . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 76130
94813
89782
84947
85102
83652
86087
RSFSR . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 36424
51521
47089
41288
38902
45106
39857
Ukrainian SSR
20664
20294
21019
22149
23724
18805
23918
Belorussian SSR
11879
13714
12996
13338
14126
11314
14575
Uzbek SSR . . . . . . .
. . . . 113
172
195
205
190
208
218
Kazakh SSR.
394
1741
1819
1888
1747
2189
1728
_ Georgian SSR.
139
227
237
319
276
321
359
Azerbaijan SSR.
82
123
114
151
161
177
115
Lithuanian SSR.
2726
2844
2516
2143
2251
1912
2267
Moldavian SSR
147
335
299
384
393
369
388
Latvian SSR
2093
1992
1648
1388
1554
1404
1206
Kirgiz SSR.
105
261
300
259
268
273
236
Tadzhik SSR
38
49
101
124
110
123
139
Armenian SSR.
97
195
199
231
207
282
205
Turkmen SSR
6
9
12
14
12
13
16
Estonian SSR.
1223
1336
1238
1066
1181
1156
860
Yield of Potatoes by Union Republic
(at all categories of farms; quintals per hectare)
Average a
year
1940
1966-
1971-
1976-
1976
1977
1978
1970
1975
1978
USSR . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 99
115
113
120
120
118
122
RSFSR . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 89
115
106
106
100
116
103
Llcrainian SSR
101
100
111
129
138
110
140
Belorussian SSR
128
140
142
161
167
138
179
Uzbek SSR . . . . . . . .
. . . 48
79
83
93
88
93
98
Kazakh SSR.
40
94
92
107
103
124
95
Georgian SSR.
54
93
89
110
105
115
111
P.zerbaijan SSR.
37
84
70
83
89
97
63
Lithuanian SSR.
129
147
148
148
155
132
157
Moldavian SSR
51
77
77
94
97
89
97
Latvian SSR
151
148
138
129
145
130
113
Kirgiz SSR.
76
100
112
126
132
135
112
Tadzhik SSR
41
80
109
139
136
142
140
Armenian SSR.
73
112
109
126
116
149
112
Turkmen SSR
16
69
72
70
65
74
72
Estonian SSR.
147
167
164
141
159
152
113
215
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= Gross Harvest of Vegetables by Union Republics
(at all categories of farms; thousands of tons)
Average a year
1940 1966- 1971- 1976- 1976 1977 1978
1970 1975 1978
USSR . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
RSFSR . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ukrainian SSR . . . . . . . . .
Belorussian SSR . . . . . . . .
Uzbek SSR . . . . . . . . . . .
Kazakh SSR. . . . . . . . . . .
Georgian SSR. . . . . . . . . .
_ Azerbaijan SSR. . . . . . . . .
Lithuanian SSR. . . . . . . . .
Moldavian SSR . . . . . . . . .
Latvian SSR . . . . . . . . . .
Kirgiz SSR. . . . . . . . . . .
- Tadzhik SSR . . . . . . . . . .
Armenian SSR. . . . . . . . . .
Turkmen SSR . . . . . . . . . .
Estonian SSR. . . . . . . . . .
13732 19472 22974 25680 24991 24149 27902
6391 9116 10134 9962 9329 9691 10867
5486 5585 6577 7831 8213 6944 8337
673 790 753 744 699 637 895
311 702 1127 1894 1710 1844 2127
172 693 894 950 885 893 1073
104 258 373 500 491 509 501
63 364 530 824 793 803 875
170 342 353 277 228 242 362
98 556 842 1133 1136 1008 1254
87 258 221 173 155 178 185
45 181 271 315 308 323 316
44 135 257 314 298 329 316
33 227 328 426 432 415 429
32 139 185 249 233 231 283
23 126 129 88 81 102 82
Yield of Vegetables by
Union
Republics
(at all
categories of farms;
quinta
ls per
hectare)
Average a
year
1940
1966-
1971-
1976-
1976
1977
1978
1970
1976
1978
USSR . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 91
132
138
153
152
146
161
RSFSR . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 77
139
136
142
138
142
147
Ukrainian SSR
113
119
129
152
160
134
161
- Belorussian SSR .
109
171
153
151
145
134
173
Uzbek SSR . . . .
. . . . . . . . 124
135
165
203
192
203
213
Kazakh SSR. . o.
76
141
151
161
155
154
174
Georgian 5SR.
71
82
99
118
119
120
115
Azerbaijan SSR. .
47
120
146
192
183
186
206
Lithuanian SSR. .
119
167
159
138
128
132
155
Moldavian SSR
91
106
129
159
158
140
179
Latvian SSR . . .
. . . . . . . . 96
174
166
134
133
149
120
Kirgiz SSR. . . .
. . . . . . . . 97
147
192
205
205
209
201
TadzYcik SSR . . .
. . . . . . . . 91
128
166
192
183
197
197
Armenian SSR.
65
180
210
242
243
240
242
Turkmen SSR . . .
. . . . . . . . 60
130
141
156
151
146
170
Estonian SSR.
96
207
211
166
159
191
147
216
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State Purchases of Grain by Crops
(at all categories of farms; thousands of tons)
1940 1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978
6rain--total. . . . . .
. . . . 36446
36331
73284
50213
92127
68027
95901
including:
wheat . . . . . . . .
. . . . 15645
21840
51046
29522
49309
42211
60622
rye . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 7992
5451
5399
2865
5078
2156
5660
corn . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 627
1295
1724
2366
2539
2272
2084
barley. . . . . . . .
. . . . 4318
4152
9130
9434
24338
13329
18320
oats . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 4903
265
1411
2175
2893
2791
3224
millet. . . . . . . .
. . . . 1615
842
972
460
1764
902
1189
buckwheat . . . . . .
. . . . 437
330
482
156
421
460
424
rice . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 133
337
869
1456
1412
1547
1489
legumes . . . . . . .
. . . . 451
1261
1514
607
1619
1034
1459
State Purchases of Grain by Union Republics
(at all categories of farms; thousands of tons)
Average a
year
1940
1966-
1971-
1976-
1976
1977
1978
1970
1976
1978
USSR . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 36446
66018
67623
85351
92127
68027
95901
RSFSR . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 24238
40219
37481
48412
52583
36441
56211
Ukrainian SSR
9368
11118
13970
17052
14924
18475
17758
Belorussian SSR
436
443
1088
1440
1301
1403
1616
Uzbek SSR . . . . . . .
. . . . 238
414
482
949
1024
810
1014
Kazakh SSR.
1282
12250
12265
14873
19620
8215
16784
Georgian SSR.
35
95
158
176
203
161
164
Azerbaijan SSR.
130
167
236
345
350
332
354
Lithuanian SSR.

186
302
323
344
315
310
Moldavian SSR
356
536
848
932
824
1064
907
Latvian SSR . . . . . .
. . . .
168
263
237
287
257
168
Kirgiz SSR.
208
221
263
283
315
239
296
Tadzhik SSR
75
53
54
68
74
55
74
Armenian SSR.
40
33
52
68
70
76
58
Turkmen SSR
40
30
42
56
55
56
57
Estonian SSR. . . . . .
. . . .
85
119
137
153
128
130
State Purchases of Sugar Beets by Union Republics
(at all categories of farms; thousands of tons)
Average a year
1940 1966- 1971- 1976- 1976 1977 1978
1970 1975 1978
USSR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17357 74426 67907 83363 85142 84869 80078
RSFSR . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3044 23298 18632 24617 24659 25825 23367
/Table continued on following page/
217
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Average a
year
1940
1966-
1971-
1976-
1976
1977
1978
1970
1975
1978
, Ukrainian SSR.
12669
42850
40785
49788
51211
50555
47600
Belorussian SSR.

949
1000
1118
959
1227
1167
Kazakh SSR . . . . . . .
. . . . 384
2169
2086
2034
2017
1593
2491
Georgian SSR
71
137
129
128
130
136
117
Lithuanian SSR
220
575
693
625
553
639
683
Moldavian SSR.
119
2380
2590
3070
3651
2782
2776
_ Latvian SSR. . . . . . .
. . . . 216
298
211
210
167
262
202
Kirgiz SSR . . . . . . .
. . . . 618
1663
1664
1612
1634
1662
1541
Armenian SSR
16
107
117
161
161
188
134
State Purchases of
Flax Fiber by Union Republics
(at all categories
of farms; thousands of tons)
Average a year
-
1940 1966- 1971- 1976- 1976
1977
1978
1970 1975 1978
USSR . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
245.2 421.4 432.6 417.4 482.7
440.4
329.1
J RSFSR . . . . . . . . . . . .
178.9 224.2 193.4 150.9 172.9
188.1
91.7
Ukrainian SSR
10.4 80.4 116.3 144.2 155.0
133.4
144.1
Belorussian SSR
21.6 100.4 106.3 102.7 128.4
96.9
82.8
Lithuanian SSR.
16.4 10.7 11.4 14.8 19.2
17.0
8.3
Latvian SSR
12.9 4.6 4.2 3.3 5.1
3.2
1.5
Estonian SSR.
5.0 1.2 1.0 1.5 2.1
1.8
0.7
State Purchases of
Sunflowers by Union Republics
(at all categories
of farms; thousands of tons)
-
Average a year
1940 1966- 1971- 1976- 1976
1977
1978
-
1970 1975 1978
USSR . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 1500 4672 4547 4080 3770
4447
4022
including:
RSFSR . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 911 2351 2149 2061 2102
2148
1934
Ukrainian SSR
. 486 1982 2078 1755 1436
1984
1845
Kazakh SSR. . . . . . . . . . .
. 12 59 53 72 62
75
79
Georgian SSR.
. 3 11 12 10 11
10
8
Moldavian SSR
. 86 269 255 182 159
230
156
_ 218
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State Purchases of
Potatoes by Union Republics
(at all categories of farms; thousands
of tons)
Avera e a
ear
1940
1966-
971-
1976-
1976
1977
1978
1970
1975
1978
8642 1
0921 1
2732 1
5209 1
3436 1
7122 1
5069
USSR . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
including:
5192
7037
7110
8483
6932 1
0561
7956
RSFSR . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ukrainian SSR
1823
1780
2425
3059
3044
2884
3249
Belorussian SSR
1296
1237
1883
2029
1944
1792
2351
Uzbek SSR . . . . . . . . . . .
21
58
82
115
107
117
122
-
Kazakh SSR.
37
153
257
422
311
568
387
Georgian SSTc.
19
48
73
128
102
137
146
31
Azerbaijan SSR.
26
10
14
161
23
241
34
273
33
258
37
270
290
Lithuanian SSR.
10
13
21
24
24
26
23
Moldavian SSR
146
184
242
219
249
259
149
Latvian SSR
12
49
68
76
75
79
73
Kirgiz SSR.
8
12
38
59
54
61
64
Tadzhik SSR
11
26
50
78
70
87
77
Armenian SSR.
30
148
215
204
228
239
145
Estonian SSR.
State Purchases of
Vegetables by Union Republics
(at all categories
of farms; th
ousands of tons)
Average a
ear
-
1940
1966-
1971-
_
1976-
1976
1977
1978
1970
1975
1978
2970
9416
13073
16881
16026
16175
18440
USSR . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
including:
1335
4002
5275
6583
5975
6523
7251
RSFSR . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ukrainian SSR
1329
3071
3935
5028
5139
4554
5392
Belorussian SSR
68
70
182
499
259
887
320
1302
266
1174
277
1315
416
1418
Uzbek SSR . . . . . . . . . . .
25
348
532
662
600
627
757
Kazakh SSR.
23
115
188
282
274
286
288
Georgian SSR.
25
238
390
605
586
594
634
Azerbaijan SSR.

49
77
95
77
92
115
Lithuanian SSR.
47
395
689
922
915
809
1040
- Moldavian SSR

66
94
97
86
107
98
Latvian SSR . . . . . . . . . .
8
lOQ
166
226
207
226
246
Kirgiz SSR.
5
64
128
192
170
207
200
Tadzhik SSR
9
151
250
313
317
305
316
Armenian SSR.
12
96
148
200
192
191
218
Turkmen SSR

40
55
54
48
62
51
Estonian SSR. . . . . . . . . .
219
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Horticulture and Viticulture in 1978
including
All cate- at kolkhozes, inter- on private
- gories of farm enterprises, subsidiary
farms sovkhozea and other p1otF
state farms
Area of fruit and berry
plantings (including cit-
rus), thousands of hectares
including at fruit bear-
ing age. . . . . . . . .
Area of grape plantings,
thousands of hectares.
including at fruit bear-
ing age. . . . . . . . .
Gross harvest of fruit and
berries, thousands of tons
including grapes
3530
2500
1254
845
14393
5500
1996
1368
1113
719
8007
4237
1534
1132
141
126
6386
1263
Area of Fruit, Berry and
Grape
Plantings
by Union Republic
s in
1978
(at all categories
of farms;
thousands
of hectares)
-
~
i ~
~ ~
-W �0�
a
z
p
~ w
�H
-H
p
c~
p
~ -rq
N
_
44
y, (A U
p oo
00 cd
G v
QO U7
ao
00 cC
a a~
w
0
$.4 G to
~
.n
w q
0
H
~
i
.n ~
i

~
u
N
p
'd c0 :J
r-I r-4
U:~ N
p 60
Gl t
G
ri
~
U~ N
F+ 00
6
w a u
�H w cv
a
-H w cu
USSR . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . .
.
3530
2500
1254
845
RSFSR . . . . . . . . . . .
. . .
.
1178
834
194
115
Ukrainian SSR . . . . . . .
. . .
.
1102
796
261
181
Belorussian 3SR . . . . . .
. , .
.
164
136

Uzbek SSR . . . . . . . . .
. . .
.
196
138
76
49
Kazakh SSR . . . . . . . . .
. . .
.
101
66
25
20
Georgian SSR. . . . . . . .
. . .
.
173
104
140
106
Azerbaijan SSR. . . . . . .
. . .
.
144
88
226
133
Lithuanian SSR. . . . . . .
. . .
.
57
39

MAldavian SSR . . . . . . .
. . .
.
164
118
251
179
Latvian SSR . . . . . . . .
. . .
.
40
30

Kirgiz SSR. . . . . . . . .
. . .
.
51
39
8
6
Tadzhik SSR . . . . . . . .
. . .
.
67
49
25
18
Armenian SSR. . . . . . . .
. . .
.
54
37
37
30
Turkmen SSR . . . . . . . .
. . .
.
20
12
11
8
Estonian SSR. . . . . . . .
. . .
.
19
14

220
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Area of Tea Plantings t,y Union Republics
(at all categories of farms; thousands of hectares)
- 1940 1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978
USSR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.3 71.0 74.4 76.0 76.8 76.8 77.4
RSPSR . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.6 2.0 1.7 1.1 1.7 1.7 1.7
Georgian SSR. 49.6 62.6 64.8 65.8 66.1 65.5 65.6 -
Azerbaijan SSR. 5.1 6.4 7.9 8.5 9.0 9.6 10.1 ~
Gross Harvest of Fruit and Berries (Including Grapes)
by Union 'Republics
(at all categories of farms; thousands of tons)
1940
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
USSR. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3873
8100
11690 1
4235 15260
15275
14393
- RSFSR . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1093
1857
3045
3293
3618
2907
3449
Ukrainian SSR
951
2818
3254
3697
3927
4599
2882
Belorussian SSR
70
125
439
693
541
429
596
Uzbek SSR . . . . . . . . . . .
266
423
696
1015
985
1095
1151
Kazakh SSR.
37
107
284
284
427
343
495
Georgian SSR.
293
593
1088
1085
971
1283
1402 i
Azerbaijan SSR.
196
240
509
858
965
1037
1171 !
Lithuanian SSR.
36
58
131
231
209
106
319
Moldavian SSR
580
1304
1321
1870
2314
2259
1563
Latvian SSR
19
19
101
45
178
21
165
Kirgiz SSR.
42
76
106
244
244
250
232
Tadzhik SSR
170
212
241
423
370
433
421
Armenian SSR.
95
221
375
367
346
408
376
Turkmen SSR
21
40
57
101
67
79
85
Estonian SSR.
4
7
43
29
98
26
86
Gross Harvesic of
Grapes
by Union Republics
(at all categor.ies
of farms; thousands
of tons)
1940
1965
1970
1975
1976
lyii
iyiu -
USSR . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 1131
3723
4011
5400
5442
4255
5500
RSFSR . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 73
712
724
748
834
417
685 ,
nian SSR
Ukrai
161
958
904
1187
810
613
824
.
Uzbek SSR . . . . . . .
. . . . . 130
215
290
373
390
344
466
- Kazakh SSR. . . . . . .
. . . . . 2
54
81
88
133
111
193 .
Georgian SSR.
150
385
579
563
448
585
775
Azerbaijan SSR.
81
158
352
706
765
817
933
Moldavian SSR
403
980
700
1263
1585
907
1100
Kirgiz SSR. . . . . . .
. . . . . 0.4
22
21
56
62
64
56
Tadzhik SSR . . . . . .
. . . . . 49
71
95
147
167
132
173
Armenian SSR.
66
142
229
206
201
223
238
Turkmen SSR . . . . . .
. . . . . 16
26
36
63
47
42
57 -
221
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State Purchases of Fruit and Berries (Including
by Union Republics
(at all categoriea of farms; thousands of
Grapes)
tons)
1940
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
USSR. . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 596
4477
6180
8541
9684
9439
9209
RSFSR . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 116
1108
1593
1990
2461
1869
2144
Ukrainian SSR . .
. . . . . . . . 140
1235
1446
2101
2148
2335
1632
Beiorussian SSR .
2
33
124
49
176
123
209
Lzbek SSR . . . .
. . . . . . . . 59
186
266
479
535
548
622
Kazakh SSR. . . .
. . . . . . . . 7
71
148
184
257
210
297
Georgian SSR.
71
354
658
778
719
965
1092
Azerbaijan SSR. .
59
166
370
757
817
882
1012
Lithuanian SSR. .
. . . . . . . .
29
59
98
109
65
160
Moldavian SSR
84
998
1004
1403
1762
1749
1245
Latvian SSR . . ,
. . . . . . . .
7
16
18
41
7
52
Kirgiz SSR. . . .
. . . . . . . . 2
38
55
124
127
126
135
_ Tadzhik SSR . . .
. . . . . . . . 12
82
130
189
179
177
210
Armenian SSR.
36
142
272
295
288
328
319
Turkmen SSR . . .
. . . . . . . . 8
25
30
66
41
47
55
Estonian SSR. . .
. . . . . . . .
3
9
10
24
8
25
State
Purchases
of Grapes by
Union
Republics
(at all
categories
of farms; thousands
of t
ons)
1940
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
USSR . . . . . . . . .
. . . . .
. 306
2875
3145
4329
4407
3422
4600
RSFSR . . . . . . . .
. . . . .
. 47
635
662
698
785
384
652
Ukrainian SSR

. 52
711
685
936
626
471
631
Uzbek SSR . . . . . .
. . . . .
. 42
137
173
246
295
270
358
Kazakh SSR. . . . . .
. . . . .
. 1
48
73
80
123
105
158
Georgian SSR.

. 36
245
392
409
291
407
575
Azerbaijan SSR.

. 40
133
307
668
709
771
883
Moldavian SSR

, 42
765
513
910
1187
638
891
Kirgiz SSR. . . . . .
. . . . .
.
18
21
32
39
40
44
Tadzhik SSR . . . . .
. . . . .
. 7
54
83
98
120
87
133
Armenian SSR.

. 31
111
213
200
195
217
228
Turkmen SSR . . . . .
. . . . .
. 8
18
23
52
37
32
47
_ Gross Harvest
(Purchases)
of Basic (Varietal
) Tea
Leaves
by Union Republics
(at all
categories
of farms; thousand
s of
tons)
1940
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
USSR. . . . . . . . .
. . . . .
51.6
197.0
272.7
352.3
375.4
434.2
453.8
RSFSR . . . . . . . .
. . . . .
0.01
2.7
4.0
4.6
5.0
5.6
5.8
Georgian SSk.
o.
51.3
186.1
258.8
334.6
356.3
412.1
430.3
Azerbaijan SSR.

0.24
8.2
9.9
13.1
14.1
16.5
17.7
222
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Delivery of Mineral Fertilizers to
Agriculture
by Types
(thousands of tons)
-
1940
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
In terms of conventional
units. 3159
26906
45379
73537
75010
76984
79002
including:
nitrogen. . . . . . .
. . . . 789
11132
22463
35798
35376
36694
37358
phosphate . . . . . .
. . . . 1371
7884
11551
20478
21751
22918
24334
phosphorite meal.
473
3246
5122
4731
4395
4307
4258
potassium . . . . . .
. . . . 526
4547
6187
12444
13407
12981
12967
In terms of 100 percent
nutri-
ents. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 727
6273
10317
17251
17739
18034
18420
including:
nitrogen. . . . . . .
. . . . 162
2282
4605
7339
7252
7522
7658
phosphate . . . . . .
. . . . 256
1474
2160
3829
4068
4286
4551
phosphorite meal.
90
617
973
899
835
818
809
potassium . . . . . .
. . . . 219
1891
2574
5176
5577
5400
5394
Delivery of Mineral Fertilizers
to Agriculture by Union Republics
(thousands
of tons)
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
USSR. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
26906
45379
73537
75010
76984
79002
including:
RSFSR . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
10771
18959
33500
34772
35753
37015
Ukrainian SSR . . . .
. . . . . . .
5429
9356
15713
15363
15656
15714
Belorussian SSR . . .
. . . . . . .
1934
3620
5571
5706
5648
5708
Uzbek SSR . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
2548
3479
4375
4508
4820
5055
Kazakh SSR. . . . . .
. . . . . . .
829
1283
2493
2513
2571
2733
Georgian SSR. . . . .
. . . . . . .
365
561
798
805
832
848
Azerbaijan SSR. . . .
. . . . . . .
285
434
1019
941
1062
1108
Lithuanian SSR. . . .
. . . . . . .
978
1420
1994
1990
2083
2131
Moldavian SSR . . . .
. . . . . . .
277
538
914
931
909
1082
Latvian SSR . . . . .
. . . . . . .
758
1205
1387
1456
1486
1427
Kirgiz SSR. . . . . .
. . . . . . .
398
645
905
949
1024
992
Tadzhik SSR . . . . .
. . . . . . .
479
674
864
866
889
919
Armenian SSR. . . . .
. . . . . . .
142
246
358
399
415
396
Turkmen SSR . . . . .
. . . . . . .
475
659
954
960
939
1079
Estonian SSR. . . . .
. . . . . . .
466
665
873
889
911
895
223
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FOR OFFICIAL USE ONI.:
Delivery of. Mineral Fertilizers to Agriculture by Types
- Per Hectare of Plowland
(kg)
_ 1940 1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978
In terms of conventional units--
total. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16.5
121.8
205.9
330.5
336.6
345.0
353.6
including:
nitrogen . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1
50.4
101.9
160.9
158.8
164.4
167.2
phosphate. . . . . . . . . . ,
7.1
35.7
52.4
92.0
97.6
102.7
108.9
phosphorite meal
2.5
14.7
23.2
21.3
19.7
19.3
19.1
potassium. . . . . . . . . . .
2.8
20.6
28.1
55.4
60.2
58.2
58.0
In terms of 100 percent nutri-
ents--total. . . . . . . . . . .
3.7
28.4
45.8
77.5
79.6
80.8
82.5
including:
nitrogen
0.8
10.3
20.9
33.0
32.5
33. 7
34.3
phosphate. . . . . . . . . . .
1.3
6.7
9.8
17.2
18.3
19.2
20.4
phosphorite meal
0.5
2.8
4.4
4.0
3.8
3.7
3.6
potassium. . . , . . . . , . ,
1.1
8.6
11.7
23.3
25.0
24.2
24.2
Delivery of Mineral Fertilizers to Agriculture by Union Republics
(in terms of 100 percent nutrients)
=.y
~
~
1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978
Total, thousands of
tons
USSR. . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 6273
10317
17251
17739
18034
18420
including:
RSFSR . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 2608
4317
7896
8336
8428
8674
Ukrainian SSR . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 1278
2149
3695
3623
3725
3702
Belorussian SSR .
. . . . . . . . . . . 455
925
1499
1523
1506
1528
Uzbek SSR . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 532
728
925
968
1020
1056
Kazakh SSR. . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 168
258
507
511
518
549
Georgian SSR. . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 81
121
176
177
181
182
Azerbaijan SSR. .
. . . . . . . . . . . 56
87
226
209
226
239
Lithuanian SSR. .
. . . . . . . . . . . 247
349
505
489
511
529
Moldavian SSR . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 61
118
205
209
198
241
Latvian SSR . . .
. . . . , . . . . . . 188
292
347
368
368
356
Ktrgiz SSR. . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 81
131
192
200
213
205
Tadzhik SSR . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 98
136
180
181
185
191
Ar.menian SSR. . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 29
51
76
84
86
82
Turkmen SSR . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 97
134
197
198
191
221
Estonian SSR. . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 114
164
219
227
226
221
Per hectare of plowland, kg
USSR. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . 28.4
46.8
77.5
79.6
80.8
82.5
RSFSR . . . . . .
, . . . . . , . . . 19.7
32.9
59.9
63.2
63.8
65.6
Ulcrainian SSR . . .
. . . . . . . . . . 38.5
65.1
111.8
109.6
112.7
112.1
/Table continued on following page/
224
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Belorussian SSR. . . . ,
::zbek SSR. . . . . . . .
Kazakh SSR . . . . . . .
- Georgian SSR . . . . . .
Azerbaijan SSR . . . . .
Lithuanian SSR
Moldavian SSR. . . . . .
Latvian SSR. . . . . . .
Kirgiz SSR . . . . . . .
Tadzhik SSR. . . . . . ,
Armenian SSR . . . . . .
Turkmen SSR. . . . . . ,
:'stonian SSR . . . . . .
1965 1970 1975
. . . . . . . 76.5 159.6 260.2
. . . . . . . 146.8 197.2 238.3
. . . . . . . 5.2 7.6 14.4
. . . . . . . 86.6 132.2 188.9
. . . . . . . 38.0 57.9 138.7
98.4 154.9 223.2
. . . . . . . 28.1 54.7 95.9
. . . . . . . 113.2 196.4 220.7
. . . . . . . 65.5 103.3 146.5
. . . . . . . 120.2 165.0 220.3
. . . . . . . 57.2 101.0 148.1
. . . . . . . 186.6 205.3 241.3
. . . . . . . 143.0 208.9 238.3
19/6
263.3
246.0
14.5
189.1
128.3
215.9
97.8
230.0
152.1
219.3
163.2
235.6
244.7
1977
259.8
254.7
14.7
192.4
137.4
225.4
92.6
226.9
161.4
221.6
166.0
219.6
242.5
1978
263.0
260.1
15.6
193.1
145.6
233.3
112.5
218.6
155.7
226.9
158.2
251.6
236.3
Delivery of Chemical Feed Additives to Agriculture by Types
(thousands of tons)
1965 1970 1975
1976
1977
1978
In terms of conventional
units. 160 270 2181
2722
2776
2217
including:
nitrogen. . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 334
382
435
385
phosphate . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 160 270 1847
2340
2341
1832
In terms of 100 percent
nutrients 30 51 414
516
527
421
including:
nitrogen. . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 68
78
89
79
phosphate . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 30 51 346
438
438
342
Delivery of Chemical
Feed Additives to Agriculture by
Union
Repub
lics
(in terms of
conventional units; thousands of
tons)
1965 1970 1975 1976
1977
1978
USSR . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 160.0 269.9 2180.7 27
21.7 2
775.6
2216.7
including:
RSFSR . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 73.0 95.4 1006.4 10
31.3 1
159.3
589.7
Ukrainian SSR
44.7 85.7 583.5 7
45.2
646.7
500.3
Belorussian SSR
6.8 18.3 112.1 1
53.9
121.7
92.9
Uzbek SSR . . . . . . .
. . . . 2.2 7.7 9.0
13.2
12.0
10.7
Kazakh SSR. . . . . . .
. . . . 9.0 18.9 89.4 1
22.6
165.1
70.4
Georgian SSR.
0.6 1.7 12.0
2.6
3.4
9.6
Azerbaijan SSR.
. 0.7 1.1 2.1

1.5
1.3
Lithuanian SSR.
4.5 8.8 68.0
76.8
66.2
42.5
Moldavian SSR
. 4.0 7.5 61.6
83.4
73.5
58.4
Latvian SSR . . . . . .
. . . . 3.1 9.9 48.5
77.1
64.0
42.9
- Kirgiz SSR. . . . . . .
. . . . 1.1 1.7 12.1
16.5
13.6
11.4
Tadzhik SSR
. 0.4 1.9 2.6
8.1
8.6
2.2
- Armenian SSR. . . . . .
. . . . 0.4 1.0 4.0
8.9
10.4
10.1
Turkmen SSR . . . . . .
. . . . 0.3
2.5
1.9
2.0
Estonian SSR.
2.6 7.0 35.2
43.8
46.7
33.4
225
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Dellvery of Chemical Feed Ad3itives to
Agriculture
by Union Republics
(in terma of 100
percent nutrients; thousands of
tons)
1965 I
1970
I 1975
19711 I
1077
1 191R
USSR. .
. I 29,9
50,5
413,8
515,8
520,8
421,4
including
Pi.SFSR
� 13,7
17,9
IrK),11
191,9
218,8
111,6
Ulcrainian SSR .
8,9
16,0
ill), i
140,3
121.7
95,9
Belorussian SSR
1,3
3,1
21,3
20,2
23,1
17,fi
Uzbek SSR
0,9
1,4
1,7
2,5
2,2
2.0
Kazakh SSR.
1,7
3,5
17,0
23,3
31,5
13,4
Geurgian SSR. .
0,1
0,3
2,2
0,5
O,G
1,8
Azerbaijan SSR.
0,1
0,2
0,4
-
0,3
0,3
Lithuanian SSR.
0,8
1,7
12,3
14,5
12,4
g,0
Moldavian SSR .
0,7
1,4
11,7
15,8
13,3
11,0
Latvian SSR
O,G
1,9
9,1
14,5
32,1
8,1
Kirgiz SSR.
0,2
0,3
2,3
3,1 '
2,6
2,2
Tadzhik SSR
0,1
0,4
0,5
1,5
1,6
U,4
Armenian SSR. .
U,1
0,2
0,8
1,7
2,0
1,91
Turkmen SSR
0,1
-
-
0,5
0,4
0,4
Estonian SSR. .
0,5
1,3
6,6
8,3
8,8
6,3
Area of Irri
gate
d Land
(milliuns of
hec
tares)
1965 1970 1975
1976 1977 1978
At all categories of farms.
.
9.9 11.1 14.5
15.3 16.0 16.6
- including at kolkhozes,
interfarm
enterprises, sovkhozes
and other
state farms . . . . . .
. . . . . .
.
9.8 10.9 14.2
15.1 15.8 16.3
The area of irrigated land at all categories of farms in 1940 was 8.1 r.il-
lion hectares.
226
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Area of Irrigated Land at Kolkhozes, Interfarm Enterprises,
Sovkhozes and Other State Farms by Union Republics
(thousands of hectares)
~
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
USSR. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 9812
10891
14241
15073
15776
16318 -
RSFSR . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 1510
1955
3684
4068
4417
4674
Ukrainian SSR . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 503
923
1483
1650
1767
1829 -
Belorussian SSR
139
170
156
175 =
Uzbek SSR . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 2639
2696
3006
3132
3227
3304
Kazakh SSR . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 1368
1451
1648
1707
1767
1827
Georgian SSR . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 348
347
368
380
392
389
Azerbaijan SSR . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 1278
1108
1141
1148
1159
1172
Lithuanian SSR . . . . . . .
. . . . . .

22
25
20
22
Moldavian SSR . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 74
115
156
165
179
197
Latvian SSR . . . . . . . .
. . . . . .

13
16
15
17
Kirgiz SSR . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 861
883
910
924
933
941
Tadzhik SSR . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 468
518
567
582
593
602 =
Armenian SSR . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 249
252
283
258
262
266
Turkmen SSR . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 514
643
819
846
878
892
Estonian SSR.
2
2
11
11
227
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The proportion of the gross production of plant growing at kolkhozes, inter-
farm enterprises, sovkhozes and other state farms on irrigated lands in the
- gross pro3uction o f plant growing on all lands in 1978 was 24 percent.
The production of rice and cotton is carried out only on irrigated lands.
Area of Reclaimed Lands by Union Republics
(at
a il categories of farms; thousands of hectares)
1978
including at
kolkhozes,
interfarm en-
terprises,
sovkhozes and
other state
farms
all re- of them
claimed with
lands closed
1970
1975
1976
1977
Total
drain- -
age
USSR.
. . 10214.1
13651.5
14413.1
15142.6
15731.5
12730.5 7596.9 _
RSFSR
. . 3013.8
4526.8
4811.0
5123.6
5386.7
3835.0 1595.2 '
Ukrainian SSR .
. . 1594.3
2034.6
2145.8
2250.7
2341.9
2184.0 970.3
Belorussian SSR
1751.7
2282.6
2380.9
2467.3
2552.5
2293.4 1223.4
Georgian SSR. .
. . 138.7
151.3
151.5
153.0
151.4
139.2
Lithuanian SSR.
1610.1
2174.1
2311.4
2418.4
2503.9
2211.4 2003.0
Moldavian SSR .
. . 32.6
37.1
38.0
41.9
44.4
40.6 4.0
Latvian SSR
. . 1126.0
1535.0
1626.8
1714.5
1758.5
1396.2 1280.6
Armenian SSR. .
. . 37.2
6.5
6.5
6.5
6.5
6.5
Estonian SSR. .
. . 849.7
903.5
941.2
966.7
985.7
624.2 520.4
231
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Planted Areas of Agricultural Crops on Reclaimed Lands at Kolkhozes,
Interfarm Enterprises, Sovkhozes and Other State Farms
by Union Republi:.s tn 1978
(thousands of hectares)
Tota1 planted
including
area under
cereal
indus-
gotatces,
fodder
crop of. 1978
crops
trial
vegetable
crops
crops
and cucur-
bitaceous
crops
USSR. . . . . . . .
. 6232.3
2772.6
360.2
318.4
2781.1
RSFSR . . . . . . .
. 1559.2
568.2
113.7
74.9
802.4
Ukrainian SSR
. 1077.7
485.3
113.6
65.9
412.9
Belorussian SSR
. 894.4
364.5
35.4
70.9
423.6
Georgian SSR.
. 54.9
26.3
6.0
2.6
20.0
Lithuanian SSR.
. 1299.2
667.5
67.8
34.0
529.9
Moldavian SSR
. 24.6
8.1
2.1
2.1
12.3
Latvian SSR
. 892.9
456.7
18.8
43.9
373.5
Armenian SSR.
. 1.9
0.6

1.3
Estonian SSR.
. 427.5
195.4
2.8
24.1
205.2
Gross Harvest of Products of Plant Growing on Reclaimed Lands
at Kolkhozes, Interfarm Enterprises, Sovkhozes and Other
State Farms by Union Republics
(thousands of tons)
including
41
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USSR
1966-1970 (average
- a year). . 2563.1 674.1 434.6 954.4 24.5 1501.0 2175.3
1971-1975 (average
a year). 4443.8 1221.9 577.5 1858.6 41.3 2016.9 2788.4
1976-1978 (average
a year). 6913.4 1907.6 854.3 3070.6 65.9 2888.2 3448.0
1976 7157.7 1839.9 944.5 3260.2 66.3 2540.3 3472.8
1977 6806.4 1763.9 714.2 3175.1 67.9 2948.4 3260.4
1978--total. 6776.0 2118.9 904.3 2776.6 63.4 3175.8 3610.9
- including by
union republics:
RSFSR. 1059.4 316.3 111.8 379.6 6.1 22.6 588.6
Ukrainian SSR. . 1433.8 717.8 125.9 361.5 37.5 1772.4 778.5
/Table continued on following pag~e,/
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Belorussian SSR.
. 1029.4
95.0
276.8
503.7
9.3
283.0
1255.0
Georgian SSR
. 61.5
11.6
0.1
1.3

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Lithuanian SSR .
. 1905.3
657.9
212.3
860.2
7.2
799.9
393.8
Moldavian SSR. .
. 31.0
17.7
0.2
2.4

17.8
0.5
Latvian SSR.
. 867.1
227.1
132.1
436.6
1.0
280.1
382.7
Armenian SSR . .
. 1.5

1.5

Estonian SSR
. 387.0
75.5
45.1
229.8
0.3

211.5
Animal Husbandry
Number of Livestock
(at all categories of farms; on 1 January; millions of head)
Years
Cattle
including cows
Hogs
Sheep
Goats
Horses
1916
58.4
28.8
23.0
89.7
6.6
38.2
1941
54.8
28.0
27.6
80.0
11.7
21.1
1951
57.1
24.3
24.4
82.6
16.4
13.8
1956
58.8
27.7
34.0
103.3
12.9
13.0
1961
75.8
34.5
58.71
133.0
7.3
9.9
1966
93.4
39.3
59.6
129.8
5.5
8.0
1971
99.2
39.8
67.5
138.0
5.4
7.4
1976
111.0
41.9
57.9
141.4
5.7
6.4
1977
110.3
42.0
63.1
139.8
5.5
6.0
1978
112.7
42.6
70.5
141.0
5.6
5.8
1979
114.1
43.0
73.5
142.6
5.5
5.7
Number of Productive Livestock by Categories of Farms
on 1 January 1979
(millions of head)
Cattle including cows Hogs Sheep Goats
All categories of farms. . 114.1 43.0 73.5 142.6 5.5
including:
kolkhozes, interfarm enter-
- prises, sovkhozes and
other state farms. 91.0 29.7 58.7 117,6 1.3
/Table continued on following page/
234
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Cattle
including cows
Hogs
Sheep
Goats_
of them:
kolkhozes and interfarm
enterprises.
49.2
16.0
32.3
48.7
0.4
including interfarm
enterpriaes.
1.8
0.03
3.8
0.8
0.03
sovkhozea and other state
farms*. . . . . . . . . .
41.8
13.7
26.4
68.9
0.9
private subsidiary sector. .
23.1
13.3
14.8
25.0
4.2
*
Including the l.ivestock at
livesr_ock
bases and stations for
preslaughter
housing.
Number
of Cattle by Union Republics
(at all categories
of farns; on 1 January;
thousands of
head)
-
1941
I I
19G6 I
1911
1976
I I
1977
I
1978 I
1979

US SR
.
54 773
93436 :
09 225
111034
110 346
112 890
1
14 088
;
.
RSFSR
.
27555
98207
51602
57615
56~J28
57'J5G
58509
;
Ukrainian SSR .
.
10'J97
21324
21352
24 180
24 196
2.1924
25379
;
Belorussian S SR
.
2844
4 704
5 383
6406
649,1
6705
6776
!
Uzbek SSR
1672
2494
2907
3213
3217
3227
3228
Kazakh S SR.
.
3356
6833
7 285
7 723
7645
7804
8017
Georgian SSR. .
1607
1514
1 975
4531
1493
1 531
1536
Azerbaijan SSR.
.
1 W)7
1460
1577
; 1667
1646
1 691
1721
Lithuanian SSR.
.
1054
1526
1814
~ 2121
2136
2178
2 191
Moldavian SSR .
.
514
914
903
1084
1()(''2
1042
1089
Latvian SSR
986
1108
1203
1380
1385
] 407
1389
Kirgiz SSR.
556
857
912
942
940
948
957
Tadzhik SSR . .
580
818
1008
109.5
1101
1115
1129
-
Armenian SSR. .
599
G62
666
704
721
759
573
755
583
Turkmen SSR
268
905
994
532
656
Estonian SSR. .
528 GIO 692
821
826
830
$21
Number of Cows by Unio
n Republics
(at all categories
of farms; on 1 J
anuary;
thous
ands of head)
1941 1966
1971
1976
1977
1978
1979
USSR. . . . . . . . . .
. 27993 39347
39762
41917
41987
42592
43016 _
RSFSR . . . . . . . . .
. 14250 20701
20595
21760
21795
22063
22248
Ukrainian SSR
. 5965 8484
8563
8978
9002
9143
9228
Belorussian SSR
. 1956 2331
2490
2680
2688
2742
2751
Uzbek SSR
. 622 1012
1140
1214
1230
1229
1246
Kazakh SSR.
. 1259 2526
2533
2624
2626
2716
2819
Georgian SSR.
. 575 602
595
596
585
593
598
/Table continued on following page/
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1941
1966
1971
1976 1977
1978
1979
Azerbaijan SSR.
489
576
605
622
514
631
646
Lithuanian SSR.
782
807
839
890
887
887
875
Moldavian SSR
181
342
342
388
386
396
420
Latvian SSR
797
580
571
586
584
580
567
Kirgiz SSR.
219
3+3
360
366
366
367
366
Tadzhik SSR
188
315
372
403
403
412
423
Armenian SSR.
212
260
262
272
279
290
291
Turkmen SSR
96
162
186
208
213
217
219
Estonian SSR.
402
306
309
330
329
326
319
Nuriber
of H
ogs by Union Re
publics
(at all categories
of farms; on 1
January; thousands of head)
.
1911 ( 1968
I 1971
l
1978 I 1977
I 1978 I
1919
USSR.
27 603 59 576
67483 57 890 61 055
70 511 73494
RSFSR

12 019 i 21) 497
33 22:;
27771 a0si t
3.1771
3ci 2�16
Ukrainian SSR .

9186 1892(1
20716
Ifi4l7 13195
19831
20 659
Belorussian S SR

2 520 3688
40k04
3999 4 158
4567
4 537
Uzbek SSR

103 230
296
305 317
3:-Q
3G3
Kazakh SSR� � �
.
451 1735
2 Lf~
1678 221()
26,18
2857
Georgian SSR. .

615 574
687
762 732
827
883
' Azerbaij an SSR.
~
121) 3r,
113
135 141
I69
167
Lithuanian SSR.
~
1063 1731
2297
21d1 2326
2546
25~53
Moldavian SSR .

339 1 18'
157.1
1 fi33 1570
1751
2011
Latvian SSR

583 913
1075
l 195 1275
1394
1413
Kirgiz SSR.

87 221
2-14
2I6 220
263
2St8
Tadzhik SSR

21 61
78
&f go
116
123
Armenian SSR. .

59 81
I21
174 173
207
221
Turkmen SSR
~
3r 53
69
122 129
135
148
Estonian SSR. .
f
319 592
Fw98
83''i 891
956
4175
Number of Sheep and Goats by Union Republics
(at all
categories of farms; on
1 January; thovsands
of head)
1941
1966
1971
1976
1977
1978
1979
USSR. . . . . .
. . . . . 91712
135316
143421
147091
145373
146611
148104
R5FSR . . . . .
. . . . . 51235
61416
66964
66109
65361
66701
67461
Ukrainian SSR .
7325
9342
8971
9115
8911
9172
9201
Belorussian SSR
2578
846
692
565
554
585
557
Uzbek SSR
5792
7956
7978
8235
7986
8093
8136
Kazakh SSR.
8132
30120
31776
34579
34438
33503
34166
/Table continued on following page%
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1941
1966
1971
1976
1977
1978
1979 _
Georgian SSR.
2194
2174
1955
2080
1984
2024
2030
Azerbaijan SSR.
2907
4035
4371
5128
5145
5255
5258
Lithuanian SSR.
627
198
161
96
78
74
66
Moldavian SSR
1464
1676
1419
1230
1158
1180
1252
Latvian SSR
613
386
328
280
251
241
217
Kirgiz SSR.
2529
8303
9455
9851
9906
10013
10037 -
Tadzhik SSR
2174
2431
2634
2896
2908
2986
2940
Armenian SSR.
1221
2222
2063
2331
2290
2346
2272
Turkmen SSR
2596
4036
4489
4423
4251
4287
4369 -
Estonian SSR.
325
175
165
173
152
151
142 _
Number of Sheep by
Union Republics
(at all
categories of farms; on
1 January; thou
sands
of head)
1941
1966
1971
1976
1977
1978
1979
USSR. . . . . .
. . . . . 80030
129764
138059
141436 1
39834
141025 1
42600
RSFSR .
46716
58695
64245
63218
62554
63888
64692
Ukrainian SSR .
6700
8646
8614
8863
8669
8920
8969
Be2orussian SSR
2539
789
663
541
531
559
536
Uzbek SSR
4245
7617
7541
7685
7428
7521
7541
Kazakh SSR.
6988
29632
31254
33955
33827
32908
33581 ,
Georgian SSR. .
1692
2011
1814
1973
1886
1922
1936
Azerbaijan SSR.
2269
3864
4192
4924
4943
5061
5067
Lithuar.ian SSR.
. 611
187
154
92
74
70
62
Moldavian SSR .
1450
1613
1380
1211
1142
1161
1236
Latvian SSR
602
368
318
272
244
234
211
Kirgiz SSR.
1844
8111
9240
9654
9712
9819
9837
Tadzhik SSR
1054
2065
2182
2369
2376
2416
2377
Armenian SSR. .
999
2151
1999
2281
2245
2301
2231
Turkmen SSR
1999
3844
4291
4226
4052
4095
4182
Estonian SSR. .
322
171
163
172
151
150
142
Number of Poultry by
Union
Republics
(at all
categories of fa
rms; on
1 January; millions
of head)
1941
1966
1971
1976
1977
1978
1979
USSR. . �
255.7
490.7
652.7
734.4
796.0
882.3
953.2
RSFSR . . . .
. . . . . 135.2
269.7
358.2
394.1
429.3
482.5
522.9 `
Ukrainian SSR .
69.6
120.5
155.2
168.3
134.4
201.7
215.5
Belorussian SSR
14.7
20.6
27.0
31.9
32.3
34.3
34.5 .
Uzbek SSR
2.4
8.1
13.8
16.9
17.4
20.1
23.1
Kazakh SSR.
6.7
19.9
29.5
36.7
39.0
42.2
45.3
Georgian SSR. .
7.1
8.3
11.7
14.9
15.3
15.6
18.1 ,
Azerbaijan SSR.
3.8
6.9
8.8
12.8
13.6
14.8
17.4
Lithuanian SSR.
3.8
7.3
9.6
10.8
11.5
12.8
13.3
- /Table continued on following page/
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1941
1966
1971
1976
1977
1978
1979
Moldavian SSR.
4.4
11.0
12,1
13.3
14.7
16.2
17.7
Latvian SSR. .
2.0
4.0
5.9
7.5
8.4
9.4
10.1
Kir.giz SSR
1.1
5.3
7.3
7.8
8.5
9.3
9.6
Tadzhik SSR. .
0.9
1.6
2.7
4.1
4.6
4.8
6.1
Armenian SSR .
1.7
3.1
4.5
7.0
7.9
8.5
8.9
Turkmen SSR. .
0.7
1.9
2.7
3.6
4.0
4.5
4.9
Esronian SSR .
1.6
2.5
3.7
4.7
5.1
5.6
5.8
Production of Main
ProdLCts
of
Animal Husbandry
Years Meat (in dressed Milk, mil- Eggs, Wool, thou-
weight), millions lions of tons billions sands of tons
of tons
Al.l
categories of farms
1913
5.0
29.4
11.9
192
1940
4.7
33.6
12.2
161
1945
2.6
26.4
4.9
111
1950
4.9
35.3
11.7
180
1955
6.3
43.0
18.5
256
1960
8.7
61.7
27.4
357
1965
10.0
72.6
29.1
357
1970
12.3
83.0
40.7
419
1975
15.0
90.8
57.4
467
1976
13.6
89.7
56.2
435
1977
14.7
94.9
61.2
45 ~
1978
15.3
94.5
64.5
463
Kolkhozes,
interfarm ente
rprises, sovkhozes and
other
state farms
1940
1.3
7.5
0.7
98
1945
1.0
4.7
0.5
75
1950
1.6
8.9
1.3
141
1955
3.0
17.0
2.3
207
1960
5.1
32.6
5.3
279
1965
6.0
43.9
9.5
284
1970
8.0
53.2
19.0
337
1975
10.3
62.5
34.8
373
1976
9.4
62.2
35.1
346
197'i
10.4
67.3
39.8
371
1978
10.8
67.2
42.2
374
Kolkhozes
and interfarm enterprises
1940
0.9
5.6
0.5
79
1945
0.8
3.6
0.4
62
1950
1.1
6.8
1.0
119
1955
2.2
13.6
1.7
170
1960
3.2
22.5
2.9
183
/Table continued on following page/
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Years
Meat (in dressed
Milk, mil-
Eggs,
Wool, thou-
weight), millions
lions of tons billions
sands of tons
_
of tons
1965
3.0
25.3
3.8
147
1970
4.1
30.2
5.5
163
1975
5.0
35.3
6.4
161
1976
4.6
34.7
4.9
150
1977
5.0
37.4
5.1
155
- 1978
5.2
37.2
5.1
154
Sovkhozes and
other state
farms
1940
0.4
1.9
0.2
19
1945
0.2
1.1
0.1
13
1950
0.5
2.1
0.3
22
1955
0.8
3.4
0.6
37
1960
1.9
10.1
2.4
96
- 1965
3.0
18.6
5.7
137
1970
3.9
23.0
13.5
174
1975
5.3
27.6
28.4
212
1976
4.8
27.5
30.2
196 ;
1977
5.4
29.9
34.7
216 :
1978
5.6
30.0
37.1
220 ~
Production of Meat and Animal Oil
(at
all categories
of farms)
Meat (in dressed
including
Animal oi1,
- Years
weight), millions
beef and
pork
mutton and
poultry
thousands
of tons
veal
goat meat
meat _
of tons
1913
5.0
1.9
1.8
0.9
0.4
366
1940
4.7
1.9
1.7
0.7
0.3
375
1945
2.6
1.3
0.6
0.6
0.1
248
1950
4.9
2.3
1.5
0.7
0.3
481
1955
6.3
2.2
2.5
0.8
0.5
575
1960
8.7
3.3
3.3
1.0
0.8
848
1965
10.0
3.9
4.2
1.0
0.7
1184
1970
12.3
5.4
4.5
1.0
1.1
1067
1975
15.0
6.4
5.6
1.1
1.5
1320
1976
13.6
6.6
4.3
0.9
1.4
1356
1977
14.7
6.9
5.0
0.9
1.7
1500
1978
15.3
7.0
5.2
0.9
1.9
1472
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Production of Meat by Union Republics
(at all categories of farms; in dressed weight; thousands of tons)
-
Average a
year
1940
1966-
1971-
1976-
1975
1977
1978
1970
1975
1978
USSR . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 4695
11583
14004
14552
13583
14722
15353
RSFSR . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 2373
5949
7108
7234
6745
7313
7642
Ilkrainian SSR
1127
2677
3280
3410
3137
3465
3627
~elorussian SSR
275
642
789
874
825
8$5
912
Uzbek SSR . . . . . . . .
. . . . 82
188
240
274
263
271
289
Kazakh SSR. . . . . . . .
. . . . 226
815
987
979
893
1004
1040
Georgian SSR.
75
100
123
134
141
129
133
- Azerbaijan SSR.
41
86
104
121
115
117
130
Lithuanian SSR.
134
357
429
460
439
465
477
Moldavian SSR
51
173
212
238
228
234
253
Latvian SSR . . . . . . .
. . . . 123
192
237
263
254
269
267
hirgiz SSR. . . . . . . .
. . . . 41
123
145
148
141
151
152
~ Tadzhik SSR . . . . . . .
. . . . 30
57
75
88
86
89
90
. Armenian SSR. . . . . . .
. . . . 23
48
62
76
70
76
83
Turkmen SSR . . . . . . .
. . . . 22
50
64
72
73
72
71
~ Cstonian SSR. . . . . . .
. . . . 72
126
149
181
173
182
187
(at
Production of Milk by Union Republics
all categories of farms; thousands of
tons)
Average a
year
_
1940
1966-
1971-
1976-
1976
1977
1978
1970
1975
1978
USSR . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .33640
80553
87446
93034
89675
94929
94498
_ RSFSR . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .17832
44541
46710
48529
46752
49702
49133
Ukrainian SSR
7114
17937
20360
22046
21157
22467
22516
- Belorussian SSR
2005
4907
5720
6314
6087
6435
6419
Uzbek SSR . . . . .
. . . . . . . 451
1169
1610
1901
1857
1844
2002
Kazakh SSR. . . . .
. . . . . . . 1099
3812
4059
4271
4055
4343
4415
Georgian SSR.
358
498
527
606
578
609
631
Azerbaijan SSR.
275
465
575
708
667
710
747
Lithuanian SSR.
1383
2385
2586
2803
2751
2852
2808
Mollavian SSR
182
752
913
1072
1042
1072
1103
Latvian SSR . . . .
. . . . . . . 1537
1745
1737
1812
1806
1886
1744
Kirgiz SSR. . . . .
. . . . . . . 210
522
591
630
615
634
640
Tadzhik SSR . . . .
. . . . . . . 135
270
346
423
408
425
437
Armenian SSR.
170
363
403
462
439
468
478
Turkmen SSR . . . .
. . . . . . . 107
178
218
265
259
265
269
Estonian SSR.
782
1009
1091
1192
1202
1217
1156
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Production ci Eggs by
(at all categories of
Union Republics
farms; millions)
Average a
year
1940
1966-
1971-
1976-
1976
1977
1978
1970
1975
1978
USSR. . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 12214
35840
51408
60617
56187
61194
64470
RSFSR . . . .
. . . . . . . 6577
20757
29936
35252
32524
35520
37711
Ukrainian SSR
3272
8293
11215
12973
12018
13154
13747
Belorussian SSR .
612
1437
2276
2709
2544
2742
2842
Uzbek SSR . . . .
. . . . . . . 133
704
1128
1262
1238
1231
1316
~ Kazakh SSR. . . .
. . . . . . . 313
1383
2430
3105
2913
3147
3254
Georgian SSR.
251
346
479
591
558
586
629
Azerbaijan SSR. .
158
362
496
626
574
642
665
Lithuanian SSR. .
187
641
795
900
838
919
943
Moldavian SSR
235
527
618
748
682
764
798
Latvian SSR
174
433
619
699
637
714
747
Kirgiz SSR.
47
230
326
400
393
408
398
Tadzhik SSR
38
110
192
277
261
279
292
Armenian SSR.
46
212
306
396
371
406
410
Turkmen SSR
37
105
160
217
192
224
235
Estonian SSR.
134
300
432
462
444
458
483
Production of Wool by Union Republics
(at
all categories of farms; thousands of tons)
Average a
year
1940
1966-
1971-
1976-
1976
1977
1978
1970
1975
1978
USSR. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 161.1
397.8
442.1
452.6
435.5
459.0
463.2
RSFSR . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 98.0
194.6
218.7
219.9
208.3
226.0
225.3
Ukrainian SSR
13.4
24.2
26.6
27.4
24.9
29.6
27.6
Belorussian SSR
3.3
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.1
1.1
Uzbek SSR . . . . . . .
. . . . 6.8
21.9
23.3
25.4
24.9
24.9
26.3
Kazakh SSR.
13.7
90.4
101.0
103.8
102.1
103.7
105.6
Georgian SSR.
3.5
5.0
5.1
5.3
5.3
5.2
5.5
- Azerbaijan SSR.
4.2
7.9
8.7
10.1
9.9
9.9
10.5
Lithuanian SSR.
1.6
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
Moldavian SSR
2.2
3.3
2.7
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
Latvian SSR
2.3
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.5
Kirgiz SSR.
3.3
25.1
30.2
31.4
31.4
31.4
31.5
Tadzhik SSR
1.6
4.9
5.0
5.5
5.4
5.5
5.6
Armenian SSR.
1.5
4.0
4.4
4.7
4.7
4.5
4.8
Turkmen SSR
4.9
13.6
13.8
14.4
14.0
13.6
15.9
Estonian SSR.
0.8
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
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State Purchases of N',ain Products of Animal Husbandry by Categories of Farms
Livestock and poultry
Milk and
dairy
Wool (in
Years (in weight of live
products
(in
S
g
re corded
*
livestock and poultry),
terms of
milk),
'
Eg
weight),
millions of tons
millions
of biions
thousands
tons
of tons
Al1 categories of farms
1918
0.1
0.2
0.09

1940
2.2
6.5
2.7
120
1945
1.3
2.9
1.1
67
1950
2.3
8.5
1.9
136
1955
4.2
13.5
2.9
230
1960
7.9
26.3
6.5
358
1965
9.3
38.7
10.5
368
1970
12.6
45.7
18.1
441
1975
16.8
56.3
33.1
511
1976
15.1
56.2
32.9
480
1977
16.3
60.8
36.8
512
- 1978
17.0
60.4
39.3
528
Kolkhozes,
sovkhozes and other state
farms
1940
1.4
4.3
0.2
91
1945
0.9
1.9
0.2
54
1950
1.6
4.8
0.8
116
1955
3.5
11.2
1.4
212
1960
6.8
24.4
4.1
307
1965
8.4
37.0
7.8
320
1970
11.3
44.2
16.1
380
1975
14.6
53.7
31.1
427
1976
13.5
53.4
31.7
400
1977
15.1
57.9
35.6
431
1978
15.8
57.6
38.0
445
Kolkhozes
- 1940
0.9
3.3
0.1
69
1945
0.8
1.6
0.2
45
1950
1.0
3.5
0.6
95
1955
2.5
8.7
0.9
171
1960
4.3
16.0
2.2
198
1965
4.2
21.1
3.0
164
1970
5.8
24.9
4.4
184
1975
7. 1
29.9
5.6
186
1976
6.5
29.6
4.1
175
1977
7.3
31.9
4.4
182
1978
7.5
31.5
4.4
184
*
See the footnote
on page 185.
/Table continued
on following page/
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Livestock and poultry
Milk and
dairy
Wool (in
(in weight of live
products
(in E s
recorded
Years livestock and poultry),
terms of
milk), billions
weight),
millions of tons
millions
of
thousands
tons
of tons
Sovkhozes and o
ther state farms
1940
0.5
1.0
0.1
22
1945
0.1
0.3

9
1950
0.6
1.3
0.2
21
1955
1.0
2.5
0.5
41
1960
2.5
8.4
1.9
109
1965
4.2
15.9
4.8
156
1970
5.5
19.3
11.7
196
1975
7.5
23.8
25.5
241
1976
7.0
23.8
27.6
225
1977
7.8
26.0
31.2
249
1978
8.3
26.1
33.6
261
State Purchases
of Livestock and
Poultry
by Union Republics
(at all categories of
farms; in weight
of live livestock
and poultry;
~
thousands of
tons)
i
i
Average a
year
i
1940
1966-
1971-
1976-
1976
1977
1978
1970
1975
1978
USSR . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 2217
11610 1
5365
16143
15108
16286 1
7034
- RSFSR . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 1194
6075
7852
8045
7579
8120
8435
Ukrainian SSR
516
2449
3307
3472
3196
3493
3727
Belorussian SSR
141
636
905
1052
964
1069
1122
Uzbek SSR . . . . . .
. . . . . . 38
144
172
216
207
218
222
Kazakh SSR. . . . . .
. . . . . . 162
1018
1340
1247
1149
1257
1336
Georgian SSR.
21
63
102
136
131
136
141
Azerbaijan SSR.
23
72
98
110
107
111
114
Lithuanian SSR.
18
377
518
590
557
596
617
Moldavian SSR . . . .
. . . . . . 12
162
222
266
250
263
286 '
Latvian SSR . . . . .
. . . . . . 15
202
286
334
324
339
339
Kirgiz SSR. . . . . .
. . . . . . 23
138
189
205
193
210
211
Tadzhik SSR . . . . .
. . . . . . 12
53
67
83
79
85
85
Armenian SSR.
13
45
71
91
85
92
96
- Turkmen SSR . . . . .
. . . . . . 10
34
48
57
56
57
58
Estonian SSR.
19
142
188
239
231
240
245
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State Purchases of Livestock and Poultry by Union Republics
(at all categories of farms; in dres9ed weight; thousands of tons)
.
Average a
year
1966-
1971-
1976-
1976
1977
1978
1970
1975
1978
USSR . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
7320
9914
10069
9307
10186
10713
RSFSR . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
3819
5056
4956
4618
5027
5224
Ukiai^ian SSR . . . . .
. . . , . . .
1572
2180
2260
2036
2284
2461
Belorussiar. SSR . . . .
. . . . . . .
414
594
660
597
665
717
Uzbek SSR . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
86
107
127
123
128
129
Kazakh SSR . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
583
784
705
643
715
756
, Georgian SSR . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
39
64
85
82
83
90
Azerbaijan ScR. . . . .
. . . . . . .
40
57
. 64
61
64
66
Lithuanian SSR. . . . .
. . . . . . .
262
362
400
373
403
423
Moldavian SSR . . . . .
. . . . . . .
111
156
177
164
173
194
Latvian SSR . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
137
200
228
219
231
235
Kirgiz SSR . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
79
109
110
105
113
113
Tadzhik SSR . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
32
41
49
47
51
48
Armenian SSR . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
25
43
55
52
56
58
Turkmen SSR . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
20
28
32
32
32
32
Estonian SSR . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
101
133
161
155
161
167
State Purchases
of Milk and Dairy Pro
ducts
by Uni
on Republics
(at all categories
of farms; in terms o
f inilk
; thousands
of ton
s)
Average a
year
1940
1966-
1971-
1976-
1476
1977
1978
1970
1975
1978
USSR . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 6453
43197
52113
59117
56220
60762
60368
RSFSR . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 4239
24174
28434
31678
30154
32521
32358
Ukrainian SSR
1006
9881
12360
13837
13184
14235
14092
Belorussian SSR
231
2304
3116
3901
3592
4066
4043
Uzbek SSR . . . . . . .
. . . . 31
326
443
588
534
593
636
Kazakh SSR.
271
1708
1906
2128
1988
2177
2219
Georgian SSR.
24
157
198
250
234
254
261
Azerbaijaa SSR.
39
165
224
284
259
289
306
Lithuanian SSR.
126
1318
1685
2081
2003
2139
2101
Moldavian SSR
3
453
584
721
675
725
764
Latvian SSR . . . . . .
. . . . 2'63
1274
1387
1543
1531
1616
1483
Kirgiz SSR.
27
290
355
395
384
400
403
Tadzhik SSR
6
100
144
199
177
203
216
Armenian SSR.
20
169
220
269
254
276
277
Turkmen SSR
8
73
99
126
118
123
132
_ Estonian SSR.
159
805
958
1117
1133
1140
1077
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~ State
Purchases of
Eggs by tinion
Republics
(at all categories
of fa
rms; mi
llions)
Average a y
ear
1940
1966-
1971-
1976-
1976
1977
1978
1970
1975
1978
USSR. .
2679 14404
27474
36339
32897
36831
39288
RSFSR . . . . . . . .
. . . 1454
8918
17048
22250
20142
22448
24158
Ukrainian SSR
1039
3203
5679
7302
6554
7479
7872
Belorussian SSR
112
376
854
1267
1167
1285
1349
- Uzbek SSR . . . . . .
. . .
227
456
700
620
725
755
Kazakh SSR.
38
509
1218
1740
1606
1770
1844
Georgian SSR.
14
122
240
364
327
359
405
Azerbaijan SSR.
10
107
183
235
220
238
248
Lithuanian"SSR.

152
315
450
406
463
482
Moldavian SSR
6
155
291
431
376
438
479
Latvian SSR

209
375
483
433
489
527
Kirgiz SSR.

101
182
242
232
245
249
Tadzhik SSR

65
133
208
195
210
220
Armenian SSR.
6
75
148
234
217
241
243
Turkmen SSR

44
94
128
113
133
139
Estonian SSR.

141
258
305
289
308
318 i
i
_ State
Purchases of
Wool by Union Repub
lics
(at all categor
ies of farms;
in recorded weight*
; thous
ands of
tons)
Average a
year
1940
1966-
1971-
1976-
1976
1977
1978
1970
1975
1978
USSR. . . . . . . .
. . .119.8
412.3
479.4
506.9
480.5
512.1
528.2
RSFSR
67.9
198.1
237.0
253.7
234.2
260.5
266.5
Ukrainian SSR
12.2
25.0
28.5
30.2
27.5
32.2
30.8
Belorussian SSR
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.2
- Uzbek SSR
7.9
21.3
22.8
24.9
24.5
24.3
25.9
Kazakh SSR.
13.8
98.6
112.5
114.4
112.2
112.2
118.8
Georgian SSR.
2.6
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.7
5.5
5.8
Azerbaijan SSR.
3.1
8.3
9.3
10.8
10.6
10.7
11.3
Moldavian SSR
0.6
1.8
1.9
2.0
1.9
2.0
2.1
Kirgiz SSR.
3.7
30.3
37.0
38.7
38.3
38.7
39.2
Tadzhik SSR
1.1
5.0
5.2
5.8
5.7
5.8
6.0 ,
Armenian SSR.
1.0
3.9
4.6
4.8
4.7
4.8
4.9
Turkmen SSR
4.7
13.4
13.8
14.7
14.1
14.2
15.7
- *See the footnote on
page 185.
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Productivity of Livestock
(kg )
1940 1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978
Average annual yield of
milk per cow:
at all categories of
farms. 1185 1853 2110 2204 2179 2294 2259
at kolkhozes, inter-
farm enterprises,
- sovkhozes and other
_ state fartas. 1190 2002 2312 2367 2301 2445 2392
at kolkhozes and
interfarm enterprises. 1017 1906 2266 2365 2296 2437 2384
at sovkhozes 1803 2121 2346 2330 2296 2443 2397
A;erage annual wool yield
- per sheep;
at all categories of
farms. . . . . . . . . . 2.2 2,8 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.3 3.3
at kolkhozes, inter-
farm enterprisesy
sovkhozes and other
state farms. 2.5 2.9 3.3 3.2 3.0 3.2 3.2
at kolkhozes and
interfarm enterprises. 2.5 2.8 3.2 3.1 2.9 3.2 3.2
at sovkhozes 2.4 3.0 3.4 3.3 3.0 3.3 3.3
Productivity of Livestock at Kolkhozes,
Interfarm
_
Enterprises and Sovkhozes
_
(kg)
Average annual yield
Average annual wool
, Years
of milk per cow
yield per sheep
1940
1124
2.5
1945
987
1.9
1950
1137
2.2
1955
1422
2.6
1960
1938
2.6
1965
1987
2.9
1970
2298
3.3
1975
2350
3.2
- 1976
2296
3.0
1977
2440
3.2
1978
2390
3.2
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Productivity of
Livestock and Poultry at Kolkhozes,
Interfarm
Enterprises and Sovkhozes
by Union Republics
Average
annual
Average annual
Average annual
yield of milk
wool yiel
d per
egg production
per cow
, kg
sheep, kg
of hens, units
1965
1978
1965
1978
1965
1978
USSR. . �
. 1987
2390
2.9
3.2
132
199
RSFSR . . . . . . .
. 2030
2310
3.2
3.6
138
204
Ukrainian SSR
. 2043
2522
2.7
3.1
120
189
Belorussian SSR
. 1884
2409
2.0
2.3
140
239
Uzbek SSR
. 982
2241
2.6
2.5
89
154
Kazakh SSR.
. 1693
2069
2.7
3.0
109
225
Georgian SSR.
. 1031
1629
1.9
2.2
109
148
Azerbaijan SSR.
. 690
1548
1.8
2.5
85
121
Lithuanian SSR.
. 2529
3316
2.1
2.1
159
236
Moldavian SSR
. 2008
3037
2.1
2.2
88
187
Latvian SSR
. 2665
2914
2.7
3.3
186
222
Kirgiz SSR.
. 1789
2559
3.0
3.1
92
180
Tadzhik SSR
. 849
2154
2.1
2.2
100
160
Armenian SSR.
. 1435
1917
2.0
2.3
90
136
Turkmen SSR
. 1185
2090
3.1
3.6
90
104
Estonian SSR.
. 2968
3475
2.3
3.2
177
237
Average Weight
of One Head
of Liv
estock Sold
to the
State
(kg)
1965 1970
1975
1976
1977 1978
Cattle
At all categories of
farms.

256 309
330
330
352 361
At kolkhozes, sovkhozes and other
state farms . . . .
. . . . . .
. . .
253 309
332
332
355 364
At kolkhozes. . .
. . . . .
. . . .
245 306
336
334
357 367
At sovkhozes and
otl?er state
farms.
265 314
328
328
352 360
Hogs
At all categories of farms.
85
107
97
97
104
105
At kolkhozes, sovkhozes and other
state farms . . . . . . . . . . . . .
84
104
91
95
102
103
At kolkhozes. . . . . . . . . . . .
84
104
93
94
102
102
At sovkhozes and other state farms.
83
104
89
95
104
104
Sheep and Goats
At all categories of farms.
38
39
36
37
37
38
At kolkhozes, sovkhozes and othPr
state farms . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38
39
36
36
37
38
At kolkhozes. . . . . . . . . . . .
37
38
35
36
36
37
At sovkhozes and other state farms.
39
40
36
37
37
38
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Distribution of Fodders
to Livestock
and Poultry
(at all categoriea of farms; millions of
tons)
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
Concentrated fodders.
65.3
103.2
118.9
117.4
143.0
145.9
Succulent fodders . . . . . . . . . .
416.6
447.1
501.6
529.5
600.1
610.8
including silage.
166.7
156.2
171.1
164.1
205.4
200.3
Coarse fodders. . . . . . . . . . . .
164.0
173.1
237.6
221.1
235.1
240.8
3 including hay . . . . . . . . . . .
78.2
84.8
78.8
74.6
72.6
74.7
Pasture fodders . . . . . . . . . . .
373.4
399.7
386.7
383.6
380.0
379.6
All fadders in terms of fodder units.
278.5
328.2
368.5
365.0
403.0
409.6
Consumption of fodders per conven-
tional head of cattle, quintals
22.5
24.8
25.1
25.5
27.3
26.9
Consumption
of All Fodders at Kolkhozes,
Interfarm Enterprises
and Sovkhozes by Union
Republ
ics
(in fodder units; mill
ions of
Cons)
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
USSR . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 193.0
234.7
277.9
280.4
313.1
317.4
RSFSR . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 98.5
120.0
143.1
142.3
160.3
162.6
Ukrainian SSR . .
. . . . . . . . 43.9
52.0
59.5
60.6
70.4
70.7
Belorussian SSR .
7.6
10.4
13.4
13.7
15.3
15.7
Uzbek SSR . . . .
. . . . . . . 3.2
.
4.9
5.6
5.9
6.:
6.4
Kazakh SSR. . . .
. . . . . . .
. 20.9
23.8
27.6
28.7
29.4
30.3
Georgian SSR. . .
. . . . . . . . 1.4
1.2
1.6
1.7
1.9
1.8
Azerbaijan SSR. .
1.4
1.3
2.0
1.9
2.2
2.2
Lithuanian SSR. .
3.2
4.3
5.0
5.3
6.0
6.0
Moldavian SSR . .
. . . . . . . . 2.6
3.0
4.0
3.7
4.0
4.3
Latvian SSR . . .
. . . . . . . . 2.5
3.0
3.5
3.6
4.1
4.0
Kirgiz SSR. . . .
. . . . . . . . 3.1
4.8
4.9
5.2
5.1
5.2
Tadzhik SSR . . .
. . . . . . . . 0.9
1.4
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.8
Armenian SSR. . .
. . . . . . . . 1.1
1.3
1.5
1.6
1.8
1.8
Turkmen SSR . . .
. . . . . . . . 1.2
1.5
2.1
2.1
2.2
2.1
Estonian SSR. . .
. . . . . . . . 1.5
1.8
2.4
2.4
2.6
2.5
248
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Gross Harvest and State Purchases of Grain in Main Regions
of Development of Virgin and Long-Fallow Lands
Before development
Average a
year
of virgin and
1966-
1971-
1976-
1976
1977
1978
long-fallow lands
1970
1975
1978
(1949-1953--aver-
age a year)
Gross harvest of
- grain, millions
of tons
_
USSR.
80.9
167.6
181.6
218.9
223.8
195.7
237.2
including in main
regions of devel-
opment of virgin
and long-fallow
lands
22.7
67.2
66.4
78.1
82.8
61.0
90.5
of them:
RSFSR
18.8
46.5
44.7
53.0
53.0
43.3
62.6
Kazakh SSR.
3.9
20.7
21.7
25.1
29.8
17.7
27.9 -
State purchases of
'
grain, millions of
~
tons
USSR.
32.8
66.0
67.6
85.4
92.1
68.0
95.9
including in main
regions of devel-
opment of virgin
and long-fallow
lands
9.9
33.8
30.4
37.4
43.9
22.9
45.3
of them:
RSFSR
8.1
21.6
18.1
22.5
24.3
14.7
28.5
Kazakh SSR.
1.8
12.2
12.3
14.9
19.6
8.2
16.8
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State Purchases of Products of Animal Husbandry in Main Regions
of DQvelopment o~ Virgin and Long-Fallow Lands
Before development
Average a
year
of virgin and long-
1966-
1971-
1976-
1976
1977
1978
fallow lands (1949-
1970
1975
1978
-
1953--average
a year)
Livestock and poul-
try (in weight of
live livestock and
poultry), millions
of tons
USSR.
2.7
11.6
15.4
16.1
15,1
16.3
17.0
including in main
regions of devel-
opment of virgin
and long-fallow
lands
0.8
3.2
4.0
4.0
3.7
4.0
4.2
of them:
, RSFSR
0.5
2.2
2.7
2.7
2.5
2.7
2.9
Kazakh SSR.
0.3
1.0
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.3
Milk and dairy prod-
_
ucts (in terms of
- milk), millions of
tons
USSR.
9.2
43.2
52.1
59.1
56.2
60.8
60.4
including in main
regions of devel-
opment of virgin
and long-fallow
lands
2.6
10.1
11.5
12.7
12.1
13.0
13.1
of them:
RSFSR
2.1
8.4
9.6
10.6
10.1
10.8
10.9
Kazakh SSR.
0.5
1.7
1.9
2.1
2.0
2.2
2.2
Eggs, billions
USSR.
2.1
14.4
27.5
36.3
32.9
36.8
39.3
including in main
regions of devel-
opment of virgin
_
and long-fallow
lands
0.3
3.0
6.2
8.6
7.8
8.7
9.4 _
of them:
RSFSR
0.3
2.5
5.0
6.9
6.2
6.9
7.5
- Kazakh SSR.
0.0
0.5
1.2
1.7
1.6
1.8
1.9
/Table continued on
following pag,e/
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Before development Average a year
of virgin and long- 1966- 1971- 1976- 1976 1977 1978
fallow lands (1949- 1970 1975 1978
1953--average
a year)
Wool (in recorded
weight), thousands
of tons
USSR. 158 412 479 507 480 512 528
including in main
regions of devel-
opment of virgin
and loLig-fallow
lands 54 180 214 224 214 224 234
of them:
RSFSR . 27 81 102 110 102 112 115
Kazakh SSR. 27 99 112 114 112 112 119
In 1954-1960 41.8 million hectares were plowed up in the main regions of
the development of the virgin and long-fallow lands, including 16.3 million
hectares in the RSFSR and 25.5 million hectares in the Kazakh SSR. Over
the past 25 years the virgin land regions have provided the state with
721.5 million tons of grain, 71.5 million tons of livestock and poultry (in
live weight), 216.9 million tons of milk, including the main regions of
- the development of virgin and long-fallow lands of the RSFSR--respectively
452.6 million tons, 48.6 million tons and 180.8 million tons, the Kazakh
SSR--268.9 million tons, 22.9 million tons and 36.1 million tons. During
- this period the average annual sale to the state increased as compared with
the average annual sale in 1949-1953 for grain by 2,9--fold, for livestock
and poultry in live weight by 3.7-fold, for milk by 3.4-fold, including in
the main regions of the development of virgin and long-fallow lands of the
RSFSR respectively by 2.2-, 3.7- and 3.4-fold, in the Kazakh SSR by 5.9-,
3.6- and 3.1-fold.
Kolkhozes
Main Indicators of the Development of Kolkhozes
1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978
Number of all kolkhozes (at end of 36.9 33.6 29.0 27.7 27.1 26.7
the year),* thousands. . . . . . . . .
excluding f ishing kolkhozes. 36.3 33.0 28.5 27.3 26.7 26.3
kolkhoz households present at them,
millions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.4 14.4 13.5 13.3 13.1 13.0
~
The decrease of the number of kolkhozes occurred due to their consoli a-
tion, as well as in connection with t'ne transformation of some kolkhozes
into sovkhozes on the decision of _&eneral meetings of kolkhoz farmers.
/Table conCinued on followinQ page/
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1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978
Average annual number of all kolkhoz
farmers who took part in the work of
kolkaozes (excluding fishing kol-
khoze;;), millions. . . . . . . . . .
including for a group of kol-
khozes comparable to 1978. . . . .
Gross production of agricultilre (in
- comparable prices of 1973), billions
of rubles. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
including for a group of kol-
khozes comparable to 1978. . . . .
Indivisible capital of kolkhozes
(excluding fishing kolkhozes) in
fixed and working capital (at end
of the year), billions of rubles
including for a group af kol-
khozes comparable to 1978. . . . .
Gr.oss income of k.olkhozes (exclud-
ing fishing kolkhozes)--in prices
" of corresponding years, billions
of rubles. . . . . . . . . . . . .
including for a group of kol-
- khozes comparable to 1978. . . .
Money and products issued as pay
to kolkhoz farmers, billions of
rubles. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
including for a group of kol-
khozes comparable to 1978. . , .
Money and products issued as pay
to kolkhoz f armers per worked
- man-day, r.ubles . . . . . . . . .
Area of all public plantings,
- millions of hectares . . . . . . .
incl,iding:
cereal crops . . . . . . . . . .
industrial crops . . . . . . . .
* potatoes, vegetable and cucurbi-
taceous crops. . . . . . . . . .
- fodder crops . . . . . . . . , ,
/Table continiied on following page/
18.6 16.7 15.2 14.8 14.4 14.1
16.4 15.6 14.8 14.6 14.4 14.1
35.5 42.3 42.0 45.4 46.5 46.5
31.3 39.4 40.9 44.8 ~.~~.3 46.5
42.3 60.0 91.7 95.4 99.7 103.7
37.3 55.9 89.7 94.2 99.3 103.7
17.9 22.8 22.3 23.1 24.3 23.9
15.8 21.2 21.8 22.8 24.2 23.9
11.5 15.0 16.7 17.5 18.2 18.6
10.1 14.0 16.4 17.3 18.2 18.6
2.68 3.90 4.54 4.77 5.09 5.22
105.1 99.1 98.2 98.2 96.7 96.4
62.6 55.8 56.6 56.2 57.1 56.0
11.7 10.6 10.1 10.5 10.5 10.4
3.2 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.5
27.6 25.9 28.8 28.9 26.5 27.5
252
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1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
Population of public productive live-
stock (at end of the year), millions
of head:
cattle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38.3
41.7
47.6
47.0
47.2
47.4
including cows. . . . . . . . . .
13.2
13.5
15.3
15.5
15.7
15.9
hogs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24.6
29.6
24.1
26.2
27.5
28.4
sheep and goats . . . . . . . . . .
54.6
54.1
51.8
50.3
48.8
48.2 =
including sheep
53.9
53.5
51.2
49.9
48.4
47.9
Tractors (at end of the ye3r):
thousands . . . . . . . . . . . . .
756
942
1064
1071
1085
1097
total horsepower of engines, mil-
lions of hp . . . . . . . . . . . .
35
50
66
69
72
75
Number of grain harvesting combines
(at end of the year), thousands
224
292
298
296
299
302
Trucks (a, end of the year);
thousands . . . . . . . . . . . . .
426
479
520
516
524
525
total carrying capacity, thousands
of tons . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1127
1279
1446
1465
1505
1543
Average Per Kolkhoz
'
Kolkhoz households (at end of the
year) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
426
435
473
486
491
495
Farming land, thousands of hectares .
6.
1 6.
1 6.
4 6.
6 6.
6 6.7
Plowland, thousands of hectares
3.
1 3.
2 3.
6 3.
7 3.
8 3.8
Public plantings, thousands of
hectares. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.
9 3.
0 3.
4 3.
6 3.
6 3.7
Public livestock (at end of the year),
head:
cattle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1056
1258
1664
1715
1755
1788
including cows.
363
409
535
566
588
605
hogs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
667
891
844
957
1030
1078
sheep and goats
1506
1633
1813
1837
1824
1832
Indivisible capital in fixed and
-
working capital, thousands of rubles.
1166
1815
3216
3491
3732
3948 _
Gross income, thousands of rubles
494
689
781
844
909
908
Tractors (at end of the year), units.
21
29
37
39
41
42
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Grouping of
Kolkhozes by Amount of Gross Income
Per
100 Hectares of
Plowland
(percent )
1965
1910
1975
1977
1978
All kolkhozes. . . . . .
. . . . . 100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
- of them those having a
gross
income per 100 hectares
of
plowland, thousands of
rubles :
up to 1. . . . . . .
. . . . . 1.1
0.7
1.0
1.5
~
f rom 1 to 5..
8.3
2.8
5.2
5.5
9.5
from 5 to 10
19.4
10.6
12.3
12.2
12.5
from 10 to 15.
17.7
15.0
12.4
11.5
11.0
from 15 to 20.
16.6
15.4
11.9
10.4
8.5
from 20 to 30.

23.8
19.4
18.1
17.5
from 30 to 40.
36.9
12.4
12.2
12.8
13.0
ovPr 40. . . . . . .
. . . . .
19.3
25.6
28,0
28.0
Grouping of Kolkhozes by Number of Households
(at end of the year; percent)
1940 1965 1970 1975 1977 1978
All kolkhozes. 100.0 10M 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
of them those having kolkhoz
households:
up to 100. . . . . . . . . . 73.7 4.3 3.0 2.3 2�0 j 13.5
101-200. . . . . . . . . . , 19.1 18.4 17.8 13.7 12.2
201-300. . . . . . . . . . . 4.9 19.5 19.8 19.7 19.2 19.1
- 301-500. . . . . . . . . . . 2.0 28.1 29.0 30.3 30.5 30.6
over 500 . . . . . . . . . . 0.3 29.7 30,4 34.0 36.1 36.8
Grouping of Kolkhozes by Ntimber uf Cattle
(at end of the year; percent)
1965
1970
1975
1977
1978
.Ail kolkhozes. . . . . . . . . . .
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
including those having cattle. .
99.8
99.9
99.7
99.6
99.6
of them those having cattle,
head:
up to 600.
34.2
20.0
10.4
9.5
9.6
600-999. . . . . . . . . . .
27.3
27.0
17.7
15.3
14.6
1,000-3,000. . . . . . . . .
35.1
48.2
61.8
63.0
63.0
over 3,000
3.2
4.7
9.8
11.8
12.4
The kolkhozes having more than 1,000 head of cattle in 1978 were distributed
as follows (percent of total number of kolkhozes): from 1,000 to 2,000--
42.7, from 2,001 to 3,000--20.3, from 3,001 to 5,000--10,0, from 5,001 to
7, 000--1. 8, over 7, 000--9.6.
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Grouping of Kolkhozes by Niimber of Cows
(at end of the year; percent)
1965
1970
1975
1977
1978
All kolknozes. . . . . . . . . .
. 100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
including those having cows. .
. 99.8
99.5
98.9
98.3
98.3
of them those having cows,
head:
up to 300.
. 47.9
36.9
23.1
19.3
18.6
300-499. . . . . . . . . .
. 28.4
31.6
28.3
24.8
23.5
500-1,000. . . . . . . . .
. 19.9
26.4
38.6
42.2
43.3
over 1,000 . . . . . . . .
. 3.6
4.6
8.9
12.0
12.9
The kolk:iozes having over 1,000 cows in 1978 were distributed as follows
(percent of the total number of kolkhozes): from 1,001 to 1,200--6.1, over
1,200--6.8.
Grouping of
Kolkhozes by
Number of
Hogs
(at end
of the year;
percent)
1965
1970
1975
1977
1978
911 kolkhozes. . .
. . . . . .
. . 100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0 i
including those
having hogs.
83.9
81.0
68.4
71.8
74.1 '
of them those
having hogs,
head:
up to 500. .

39.2
27.7
24.2
25.0
26.7
500-999. . .
. . . . . .
. . 23.1
22.5
16.7
13.2
13.2
1,000-3,000.
. . . . . .
. . 19.8
26.5
22.4
26.2
26.4
over 3,000 .
. . . . . .
. . 1.8
4.3
5.1
7.4
7.8
The kolkhozes having over 3,000 hogs in 1978 were distributed as follows
(percent of the total number of kolkhozes): from 3,001 to 6,000--5.2, from
6,001 to 12,000--2.0, from 12,001 to 32,000--0.6, over 32,000--0.05.
Grouping of Kolkhozes
by Number
of Sheep
and Goats
(at end of
the year;
percent)
_
1965
1970
1975
1977
1978
All kolkhozes. . . . . . . . . .
. 100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
including those having sheep
and goats. . . . . . . . . . .
73.8
65.4
57.9
51.2
49.8
of them those having sheep
and goats, head:
up to 500.
. 30.8
21.6
13.7
10.0
9.6
500-999. . . . . . . . . .
. 17.8
16.4
14.0
12.0
11.4 _
1,000--2,999. . . . . . . .
. 15.9
17.0
17.7
16.1
15.8
3,000-9,999. . . . . . . .
. 6.2
7.1
8.3
8.6
8.5
10,000-209000.
. 1.6
1.7
2.3
2.5
2.5
over 20,000.
. 1.5
1.6
1.9
2.0
2.0
255
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FOR OFFICIAL USE 0"t1LY
Number of Industrial EntErprises and Works of Interfarm
- Organizations and the Output of Industrial Production
1970 1975 1976 1977 1978
Number of industrial enterprises and
works, thousands. . . . . . . . . . . . 13.4 14.5 15.0 15.9 16.8
- All industrial production (1970 = 100) . 100 223 246 296 321
Most important types of industrial
products:
timber logging, millions of
solid m3. . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.8 11.9 11.6 11.8 10.8
lumber,.millions of m3. 4.9 5.8 5.7 5.6 5.4
cement, millions of tons. 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3
- construction bricks, billions 3.6 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.1
precast reinforced concrete compo-
nents and parts, millions of m3 of
items. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 5.3 5.9 6.5 6.9
flax fiber, thousands of tons 1.1 3.0 2.0 2.7 2�2
canned goods, millions of conven-
tional cans . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.7 32.2 45.1 59.8 59.7
Main Indicators of Development of Interfarm Enterprises
(Excluding Construction) by Union Republics in 1978
v m
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USSR. . . . . . . . . . . 5509.1 3883,2 515.6 254.3 3.1
RSFSR . . . . . . . . . . 1870.6 1203.0 196.4 54.9 z17.0
Ukrainian SSR 1669.9 968.9 141.9 65.0 245.0
Belorussian SSR 65.8 43.3 9.6 3.6 13.3
Uzbek SSR 82.9 74.6 9.4 9.1 19.2
Kazakh SSR. 16.2 10.6 1.1 0.1 0.4
Georgian SSR. 167.6 144.1 22.8 13.7 5.8
Azerbaijan SSR. 79.6 74.5 5.5 5.2 4.6
Lithuanian SSR. 81.8 59.3 3.0 2.1 2.6
Moldavian SSR 1247.6 1127.9 102.3 80.8 80.6
Latvian SSR 10.1 1.7 1.4 0.4 1.9
Kirgiz SSR. 98.2 85.7 10.0 8.5 18.0
Tadzhik SSR 47.9 33.6 7.4 6.7 6.0
1 Armenian SSR. 17.4 16.0 2.0 2.0 1.5
Turkmen SSR 33.6 29.1 2.2 2.1 5.5
Estonian SSR. 19.9 10.9 0.6 0.1 1.7
264
FOR OFFICTAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300050017-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-00850R040340050017-5
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Main Indicators of Development of Interfarm Construction
Organizations by Union Republics in 1978
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1175.3 520.4 4
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498.5
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2887.6
588.1 252.0 2392.7
275.5
Ukrainian SSR
1659.2
1144.3
282.7 114.6 1017.6
93.1
Belorussfan .
435.8
249.8
61.9 32.2
262.8
31.6 ~
Uzbek SSR
249.6
171.9
52.4 28.0
261.3
28.8 ~
Kazakh SSR. .
161.3
87.6
28.6 15.1
129.0
9.9 ,
Georgian SSR.
31.2
25.4
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41.8
2.5 _
Azerbaijan SSR. 42.5
37.1
14.0 7.5
58.4
5.4
- Lithuanian SSR. 203.0
119.4
25.6 11.6
101.4
11.5
Moldavian SSR
209.4
146.1
34.8 14.0
135.0
15.8
Latvian SSR .
120.0
49.0
14.4 6.6
59.7
4.6
Kirgiz SSR. .
90.1
58.0
16.1 8.3
61.1
1.9
Tadzhik SSR .
55.8
39.1
12.9 7.6
53.3
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Armenian SSR.
0.9
0.9
0.6 0.6
2.8
0.3 '
Turkmen SSR .
54.6
27.9
13.1 6.9
51.6
3.7
Estonian SSR.
143.7
37.9
18.2 8.4
97.0
14.5
~
A minus sign
means a loss.
Availability of Bas
ic Gonstruction Machinery
_
at Interfarm Cons
truction
Organizations
(at end of
the year; units)
1970 1975 1976
1977
1978
Single-bucket
and multibucket exc
avators
8968 12472 12719
14465
15022
Scrapers . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
. . .
1838 3718 4283
4849
4792 -
Sulldozers . .
. . . . . . . . . .
. . .
7952 13222 14143
16407
16298 =
Tower cranes .
. . . . . . . . . .
. . .
933 1626 1628
1890
1859
Truck cranes .
. . . . . . . . . .
. . .
7452 11935 12154
13234
13452
265
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FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Sovkhozes
Number of Sovkhozes
(at end of the year)
1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978
All sovkhozes. 11681 14994 1806A 19617 20066 20484
� includ ing:
grain (includ ing seed growing) 1261 1467 1510 1494 1493 1606
beet growing 320 283 314 313 314 319
cotton growing . . . . . . . . 156 212 309 322 338 396
special crops (essential oil,
- tobacco growing, tea growing). 119 128 152 147 158 175 -
fruit and grape growing,
fruit and vegetable growing
and potato and vegetable
- growing. . . . . . . . . . . . 1668 2368 2878 3094 3219 3357
~
dairy and meat and dairy 4633 6210 6815 6892 6932 6817
hog raising. 636 853 972 992 1026 1042
sheep raising (including kara-
kul raising) 1008 1189 1506 1542 1661 1701
- horse raising. . . . . . . . . 74 94 93 99 98 99 -
reindeer raising 61 95 123 129 111 111
fur raising. 102 139 125 128 127 133
poultry raising. 716 1006 1104 1145 1201 1238
~ 266
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261
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Main Indicators of
Development
of Sovkhozes
-
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
Number of sovkhozes (at end of
the year), thousands.
11.7
15.0
18.1
19.6
20.1
20.5
Average annual number of workers
employed in all sectors of econ-
omy of sovkhozes,* millions
8.2
8.9
10.3
11.0
11.2
11.4
including in agri,culture.
7.4
7.7
8.8
9.4
9.5
9.7
of them workers
6.9
7.0
8.0
8.5
8.6
8.7
Gross production of agriculture
_ (in comparable prices of 1973),
billions of rubles.
20.6
29.5
35.3
41.1
43.2
45.8
Wages of workers of sovkhozes,
rubles:
average monthly
74.6
101.1
127.3
135.1
139.5
143.8
per worked man-day.
3.21
4.43 5.51
5.83
6.05
6.23
Total planted area, millions of
hectares . . . . . . . . . . . . .
89.1
91.7
107.3
111.4
111.8
112.4
- including:
cereal crops.
53.7
57.4
67.4
69.5
70.7
69.9
industrial crops.
3.4
3.5
3.7
3.9
4.0
4.1
potatoes, vegetable and cucurbi-
taceous crops
1.9
1.8
2.2
2.3
2.3
2.4
fodder crops.
24.1
29.0
34.0
35.7
34.8
36.0
' Number of livestock (at end of
the year), millions of head:
cattle . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24.5
29.1
35.6
37.1
38.1
38.9
including cows.
8.9
10.0
12.1
12.8
13.2
13.4
- hogs . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.6
16.6
16.2
19..7
21.7
22.7
sheep and goats
46.4
53.5
63.1
64.5
66.1
67.8
including sheeg
46.2
53.1
62.4
63.7
65.2
66.9
Tractors (at end of the year):
thousands . . . . . . . . . . .
681
803
1038
1125
1164
1200
total horsepower of engines,
millions of horsepower.
34
47
71
79
84
88
Number of grain harvesting com-
bines (at end of the year),
- thousands . . . . . . . . . . . .
265
294
351
369
373
376
- Trucks (at end af the year):
thousands . . . . . . . . . . .
335
381
468
509
532
555
total carrying capacity, thou-
sands of tons
914
1069
1406
1562
1677
1789
. *
Including workers employed at subs
idiary
industrial en
terpria
es, in
con-
struction, in the capital repair of
buildings and structures,
in housing
management and cultural and personal institvtions. The
number
of workers
in agriculture is cited without the
workers employed in
the in
dicated
sec-
tors, but with the inclusion of all
the workers
of motor trans
port and
people employed in general economic
operations.
268
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Average Size of Sovkhozes
Per
sovkhoz

livestock,
head
-o
w
c~ w
rZ o
a) o
0
p
ri
0
v ~
b
no G c~
v A a~
~
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rl
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~
�
~
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a
~
u
u
,C
c
o
All sovkhozes
1965 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sovkhozes of USSR Ministry of
Agriculture--1978 . . . . . . .
of them:
grain . . . . . . . . . . . .
cotton growing. . . . . . . .
vegetable growing and vege-
table and dairy . . . . . . .
dairy and meat and dairy.
hog raising . . . . . . . . .
sheep raising . . . . . . .
- poultry raising*. . . . . . .
fattening . . . . . . . . . .
24.6
7.6
2098
782
1073
3975
17.8
5.6
1905
657
1084
3290
17.6
5.5
1905
657
1112
3318
'_9.0
5.9
2008
695
1179
3565
30.9
18.2
3349
1104
1231
4109
7.0
3.9
1036
315
232
1581
7.3
3.9
2153
895
512
690
11.0
5.2
2618
938
789
1087
10.4
7.2
2002
763
10847
349
98.7
8.6
1400
460
162
27304
1.9
1.3
434
162
35
119
11.3
5.2
1566
243
285
413
On the average there are 356,000 fowl per poultry raising sovkhoz.
Main Indicators of Development of Sovkhozes
by Union Republics in 1978
-
1+ -H
r,
a) o
v
v~

.a b r.
A $4
~
G
~u
o
~
i
oa
~
r-I
cd w
>
~ o
x
~
v
o
,J
w
a~ w

O
cd F+ O N
cd m
u d
�1
~
0.0
s~
~
a
a
a~
d
~
N
~
3
~
~

u
~
�
~
z
v
~oc
d

~
m
Number of
productive
live-
~
stock (at
end of the
year),
u
thousands
of head
~
N
~
U
U
G00
G
0
r
co
~
~
u
~ u
e
o
i
a
~
.C
11
(
USSR.
20484
11387
112363
69927
38885
13436
RSFSR
11687
5948
65737
40413
23418
8578
Ukrainian SSR
2093
1415
7148
3612
4733
1576
Belorussian SSR .
894
464
2157
1046
1892
612
/Table continued on .following page/
269
_ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
22732 67768 ,
13862 26362 _
3436 2032
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,
Number
of productive
live-

a
stock
(at end
of the
year),

~
v
o
N
a)
o
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head
0
U
N w
U
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au
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C+
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00
Uzbek SSR.
. 744
665
2003
835
646
166
263
4584
Kazakh SSR
. 2035
1326
31095
22173
5102
1481
1766
25276
Georgian SSR
. 457
269
307
115
321
93
157
490
Azerbaijan SSR .
. 631
272
443
210
370
103
78
1552
Lithuanian SSR .
. 327
124
657
316
457
160
462
12
Moldavian SSR. .
. 291
235
412
192
212
77
358
152
Latvian SSR.
. 243
109
696
320
477
178
569
28
Kirgiz SSR
. 214
185
564
263
262
85
89
4233
Tadzhik SSR.
. 198
137
305
99
261
71
75
973
Armenian SSR
. 434
130
243
85
323
107
86
931
Turkmen SSR.
. 78
41
106
19
35
9
21
1072
Estonian SSR
. 158
67
490
229
376
140
500
3
Grouping of Sovkhozes by Number of Cattle
(at end of the year; percent)
.
1965
1970
1975
1977
1978
All sovkhozes. . . . . . . . . .
. 100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
including those having cattle.
. 95.7
93.5
91.6
90.0
90.0
of them having cattle, head:
up to 600. . . . . . . . . .
. 11.7
11.6
10.3
11.9
12.4
600-999. . . . . . . . . . .
. 11.4
11.1
9.0
8.7
8.8
1,000-3,000. . . . . . . . .
. 48.5
50.3
49.3
48.4
47.8
over 3,000 . . . . . . . . .
. 24.1
20.6
23.0
21.0
21.0
The savkhozes having more than 1,000 cattle in 1978 were distributed in the
following manner (percent of total number of sovkhozes): from 1,000 to
2,000--27.1, from 2,001 to 3,000--20.7, from 3,001 to 5,000--16.1, from
5,001 to 7,000--3.6, over 7,000--1.3.
270
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Grouping of Sovkhozes by
Number of
Cows
(at end of
the year;
percent)
1965
1970
1975
1977
1978
A11 sovkhozes. . . . . . . . .
. . 100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
including those having cows.
94.9
92.7
89.8
87.2
87.1
of those having cows, head:
up to 300 .
16.8
17.5
16.5
17.5
17.7
300-499. . . . . . . . .
. . 13.7
16.2
13.7
13.1
13.0
500-1,000. . . . . . . .
. . 35.0
35.4
34~1
31.8
31.4
- over 1,000 . . . . . . .
. . 29.4
23.6
25.5
24.8
25.0
The sovkhozes having more than
1,100 cows
in 1978 we
re distributed
in the
followinb manner (percent of to
taT number
of sovkhoz
es): from 1,001
to
1,200--8.5, over 1,200--16.5.
Grouping of S
ovkhozes by Number of
Hogs
- (at end of
the year;
percent)
1965
1970
1975
1977
1978
All sovkhozes. . . . . . . . .
. . 100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0 ~
including thoae having hogs.
61.0
57.5
39.4
45.5
47.9 j
of those having hogs, head:
up to 500.
18.4
21.7
12.3
18.4
20.4
- 500-999. . . . . . . . .
. . 11.9
8.5
6.0
5.2
5.5
1,000-3,000. . . . . . .
. . 20.8
16.4
12.4
11.8
11.7
over 3,000 . . . . . . .
. . 9.9
10.9
8.7
10.1
10.3
_ The sovkhozes having more than 3,000 hogs in 1978 were distributed in the
following manner (percent of total number of sovkhozes): from 3,001 to
6,000--5.6, from 6,001 to 12,000--3.0, from 12,001 to 32,000--1.4, over
32,000--0.3
Grouping of Sovkhozes by
Number
of Sheep
and Goats
(at end of the
year;
percent)
1965
1970
1975
1977
1978
All sovkhozes. . . . . . . . . . .
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
including those having sheep
and goats. . . . . . . . . . . .
41.1
36.3
33.3
29.9
29.4
of those having sheep and
goats, head:
up to 500.
7.2
6.0
4.3
3.7
3.7
500-999. . . . . . . . . . .
5.6
5.5
4.6
3.7
3.4
1,000-2,999. . . . . . . . .
7.9
7.3
6.5
5.5
5.4
3,000-9,999. . . . . . . . .
9.1
6.7
6.4
6.1
5.9
10,000-20,000.
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.0
3.9
over 20,000.
7.2
6.7
7.4
6.9
7.1
271
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Number of Managerial Workers of Interfarm Agricultural Enterprises
by Held Positions and Education on 1 April 1979
Of total number those
including
having a complete
Total
women
higher and secondary
specialized education
(percent)
Managers of enterprises.
2944
259
96.8
Released deputy managers of
enterprises. . . . . . . . . . .
331
13
89.4
Chief specialists (chief agrono-
mists, chief livestock experts,
chief veterinarians, chief en-
gineers) . . . . . . . . . . . .
4510
545
96.5
Agononmists. . . . . . . . . . .
1388
491
92.6
Livestock experts. . . . . . . .
2761
1348
92.4
Veterinarians, assistant veteri-
narians, veterinary techniciaus.
3130
984
88.3
Engineers and technicians.
7387
799
65.2
Leaders of production brigades
in plant growinb . . . . . . . .
2639
77
49.7
Chiefs and brigade leaders of
livestock farms. . . . . . . . .
1760
323
66.5
Number of Workers and Employees
at Sovkhozes, Interfarm Agricultural
Enterprises, Subsidiary and Other Agricultural Production Enterprises
(thousands)
~
1940
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977 1978
Average annual number af workers
and employees in all sectors of
economy of sovkhozes, interfarm
agricultural enterprises, sub-
sidiary and other agricultural
production enterprises.
1835
9359
10037
11242
11563
11852 12159
including in agriculture.
1760
8473
8833
9787
9970
10180 10387
of them:
workers . . . . . . . . . .
1558
7914
8087
8861
9008
9179 9333
agronomic, animal husbandry,
veterinary, engineering and
technical personnel
66
287
380
495
516
539 580
employees
77
197
255
307
318
330 337
285
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Number of Machi.�: Operators at
Kolkhozes,
Sovkhozes
and Interfarm Agricultural
Enterprises
(thousands)
1940
On 1 A
pril
1965
1971 1976
1977
1978
1979
Number of tractor driver-mechanics,
tractor drivers, combine drivers
- and drivers at kolkhozes, sov-
khozes and interfarm agricultural
enterprises--total. . . . . . . . . . .
1401
3094
3503 4074
4222
4316
4429
including:
at kolkhozes* . . . . . . . . . . . .
1298
1876
2068 2181
2203
2229
2261
at sovkhozes . . . . . . . . . . . . .
103
1218
1435 1850
1959
2017
2090
- at interfarm agricultural enterprises

43
60
70
78
Of total number of machine operators:
tractor driver-mechanics, tractor
drivers, combine drivers at kol-
khozes, sovkhozes and interfarm
agricultural enterprises--total
1237
2245
2449 2810
2892
2943
3018
including:
at kolkhozes* . . . . . . . . . . .
1153
1383
1476 1541
1549
1563
1586
at sovkhozes. . . . . . . . . . . .
84
862
973 1242
1305
1337
1384
at interfarm agricultural enter-
prises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

27
38
43
48
drivers at kolkhozes, sovkhozes
and interfarm agricultural enter-
prises-total . . . . . . . . . . . .
164
849
1054 1264
1330
1373
1411
including: ,
at kolkhozes* . . . . . . . . . . .
145
493
592 640
654
666
675
at sovkhozes. . . . . . . . . . . .
19
356
462 608
654
680
706
at interfarm agricultural enter-
prises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16
22
27
30
*
For 1940 the data are cited with the inclusion of
machine op
erators who
worked at machine and tractor stations.
286
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339
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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Amount of Contract Work Performed by Interfarm Construction
Organizations on Their Own by Union Republics
(in comparable prices; milliona of rubles)
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
- USSR. . . . . . . . .
. . . 1325
2497
4166
4367
4545
4726
RSFSR . . . . . . . .
. . . 595.4
1182.9
2083.0
2206.6
2282.3
2392.7
IJkrainian SSR
350.0
666.5
973.1
972.5
987.3
1017.6
Belorussian SSR
63.1
112.1
213.9
228.5
246.4
262.8
Uzbek SSR
69.7
118.7
198.5
224.4
238.6
261.3
Kazakh SSR.
23.2
43.9
96.5
107.7
118.8
129.0
Georgian SSR.
22.9
26.8
32.8
36.5
41.1
41.8
Azerbaijan SSR.
16.0
23.5
44.6
46.1
52.6
58.4
Lithuanian SSR.
22.1
39.8
82.4
91.2
97.2
101.4
Moldavian SSR
54.8
84.2
131.4
135.4
149.7
135.0
Latvian SSR
20.1
36.0
62.5
61.6
62.3
59.7
- Kirgiz SSR.
30.9
44.9
59.3
60.8
62.4
61.1
Tadzhik SSR
19.6
42.3
52.5
54.1
56.1
53.3
Armenian SSR.
0.9
0.5
1.6
2.4
3.3
2.8
Turkmen SSR
19.5
32.1
47.6
48.2
49.9
51.6
Estonian SSR.
16.5
42.9
86.2
90.8
97.1
97.0
Number of State, Cooperative and Interfarm Primary
Contracting Construction and Installation Organizations
All
including
Years
organiza-
state and
co- of them state
interfarm
tions
operative
1965
14246
12110
11890
2136
1970
21620
18554
18246
3066
1975
26948
23333
22932
3615
1976
28632
24821
24436
3811
1977
29339
25389
24986
3950
1978
30514
26374
25968
4140
-
_ Years
Number of State Primary Contracting
Construction and Installation Organizations
(at end of the year)
including
All organizations general construction
pecialized
Number of organizations
1940
4000 2920
1080
1965
11890 5482
6408
1970
18246 8353
9893
1975
22932 9900
13032
1976
24436 10627
13809
1977
24986 10881
14105
1978
25968 11471
14497
/Table
continued on following page/
340
-
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including
Years All organizations general construction specialized
Percent of total
1940
100
73
27
1965
100
46
54
1970
100
46
54
1975
100
43
57
1976
100
43
57
1977
100
44
56
1978
100
44
56
Number of State Primary Contracting Construction
and Installation Organizations on 1 January 1979
All organ-
including
izations
general construction
specialized
Total for USSR.
25968
11471
14497
- including:
subordinate to USSR
ministries and depart-
ments . . . . . . . . .
19734
9573
10161
subordinate to councils
of ministers of union
republics . . . . . . .
6234
1898
4336
Number of State Contracting Constriiction and Installation Trusts
(at end of the year)
1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978
1438 2300 2858 2884 2921 3009
341
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u q d
o 0 -4 u u-H
4
w uw
m o M v
~
a~~ 3 3
oo m
~
342
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Grouping of State Primary Contractin
g Construction and
Installat
ion
Organizations by
the Amount of
Work Performed on
Their Own
by
Union Republ
ics in 1978
(percent of
total number
of organizations)
including with an
amount of
work by
Al1
Plan for the year,
millions
of rubles
organiza-
up to from 1.0
from 3.2
5.0 and
tions
1.0 to 3.2
to 5.0
over
ITSSR. . . . . . . . . . .
100
18 57
17
8
- RSFSR . . . . . . . . . .
100
19 54
18
9
Ukrainian SSR
100
16 55
20
9
Belorussian SSR
100
13 61
20
6
Uzbek SSR . . . . . . . .
100
24 64
9
3
Razakh SSR.
100
19 64
12
5
Georgian SSR.
100
21 68
7
4
Azerbaijan SSR.
100
26 62
8
4
Lithuanian SSR.
100
6 75
16
3
Moldavian SSR
100
8 80
9
3
Latvian SSR
100
7 57
24
12
Kirgiz SSR.
100
23 64
9
4
Tadzhik SSR
100
17 65
12
6
Armenian SSR.
100
11 67
19
3
Turkmen SSR
100
23 64
9
4
Estonian SSR.
100
7 66
15
12
Grouping of State Contracting Construction and Installation Trusts
by the Amount of Work Performed on Their Own by Union Republics in 1978
(percent of total number of trusts)
including wi,th an amount of work by
glan for the vear, millions of rubles
~ o 0.
~ o 00 ~o ~
~ tn o o% �
0 a rn 0 ~ ~ c o
W JOJ W LO.I 44 .L1 N O
USSR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 4 17 31 27 21
RSFSR . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 6 16 30 25 23
Ukrainian SSR 100 2 16 33 28 21
Belorussian SSR . . . . . . . . 100 8 26 46 20
Uzbek SSR . . . . . . . . . . . 100 2 16 35 36 11
Kazakh SSR. . . . . . . . . . . 100 4 19 27 31 19
Georgian SSR. 100 2 24 42 23 9
Azerbaijan SSR. 100 5 29 42 17 7
Lithuanian SSR. 100 4 11 21 43 21
Moldavian SSR . . . . . . . . . 100 21 21 48 10
_ /Table continued on following pag~e/
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including Grith
an amount of
work by
plan for
the year, millions
of rubles

a
o
o
0
0
q
~
N
~
Ln o
0 ,r, o
rn . �
0
41
0
JJ
Q
Q^4 6 N
O~+
44 tJ
W tJ w J-J
N O
- Latvian SSR . . . . . .
. . . . 100

8
62 13
17
Kirgiz SSR. . . . . . .
. . . . 100
6
25
44 19
6
Tadzhik SSR . . . . .
. . . . . 100
6
19
34 22
19
Armenian SSR. . . . . .
. . . . 100

29
39 25
7
Turkmen SSR . . . . .
. . . . . 100
15
22
31 15
17
Estonian SSR. . . . .
. . . . . 100

25
25 38
12
Number of State Planning, Planning and Surveying and Surveying
Organizations performing Work for Capital Construction
(at end of the year)
1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978
Total for USSR . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1322 1418 1703 1727 1753 1764
including:
~ subordinate to USSR ministries and
departments . . . . . . . . . . . . . 848 1005 1227 1237 1244 1247
subordinate to councils of ministers
of union republics. 474 413 476 490 509 517
Amount of Work Performed by State Planning, Planning and Surveying
and Surveying Organizations
(in comparable prices; millions of rubles)
1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978
882 1548 2389 2507 2661 2775
Availability of
Construction Machinery in Construction
(at
end of the year;
thousands)
-
Traveling
Years
Excavators Scrapers
Bulldozers
cranes
1940
2.1
1.1
0.8
1.1
1965
69.2
20.1
68.5
83.3
1970
103.3
29.2
101.7
118.8
1975
140.3
41.1
141.7
166.6
1976
145.8
42.5
154.5
184.0
1977
153.2
43.9
158.2
189.6
1978
156.9
43.3
161.2
196.6
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Average Annual Number of Workers at Construction Organizations*
(thousands)
1940 1965 1970 1975 1976 1971 19i6
All workers at construction
organizations. 2567 7286 9220 10769 10940 11123 11320
including:
workers. . . . . . . . . . . , 1988 6161 7613 8716 8818 8932 9044
engineering and technical
personnel. . . . . . � . . . . 198 650 1005 1327 1378 1435 1506
employees. . . . . . . . . . . 209 310 394 465 481 489 498
Of the total number of workers,
the personnel engaged in con-
struction. and installation
work--total. . . . . . . . . . . 1620 5685 6994 7930 7999 8052 8119
including:
workers. . . . . . . . . . . . 1335 4892 5824 6478 6500 6504 6506
engineering and technical
personnel. . . . . . . . . . . 109 540 819 1041 1080 1119 1173
employees. . . . . . . . . . . 82 175 251 308 315 324 331
*
The number of workers of state and cooperative contracting construction
and installation organizations, of enterprises and organizations, which
perform construction and installation work using their own resources, as
well as the number of workers of repair and construction offices and inter-
farm construction organizations are included in the cited data.
Number of Workers Engaged in Construction and Installation Work
Per Million Rubles of Performed Construction and Installation Work
Years People Years People
1965 136 1976 81
1970 110 1977 78
1975 83 1978 76
Growth
of Labor Productivity in Construction
(excluding
repair
and construction
offices and interfarm construction
organizations; per worker engaged
in construction
and installation
work and at sub
sidiary works)
Percent of
Percent
of
Years
1940
preced-
1970
Years
1940 1970
Preced--
_
ing year
ing year
1940
100
104
1970
448 100
106.4
1950
125
1.05
1975
576 129
105.4
1955
186
111.3
1976
594 133
103.1
1960
285
108.1
1977
612 137
103.0
1965
367
105.7
1978
625 140
102.2
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Structure of Expenditures on Construction and Installation Work
(according to actual cost; percent of total of all expenditures)
1940 1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978
All expenditures. 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
including:
materials . . . . . . . . . . 48.9 55.6 55.6 55.0 54.6 54.3 53.8
basic wages ot workers. 20.9 16.5 15.2 14.3 14.3 14.2 14.1
- expenditures on operation of
machinery and machines. 2.5 8.3 9.5 10.3 10.5 10.7 11.0
other expenditures. 6.1 3.8 3.5 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4
overhead. . . . . , . . . . . 21.6 15.8 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.7
of them administrative and
management expenditures 9.3 5.3 5.7 5.1 5.1 5.1 4.8
The structure of the actual expenditures on construction and installation
- work is cited in conformity with the procedure of compiling estimates for
construction, according to which the expenditures are established as a
whole according to the correponding complex item. This means that the
wages of the workers of a construction project, who are engaged in the
loading, transportation and unloading of construction materials, are in-
cluded in the cost of the materials; the wages of those working with machin-
ery are attributed to the expenditures on the operation of construction
machinery and machines, the wages of engineering and technical personnel
and employees are assigned to the overhead.
If we add up all the expenditures of construction organizations on wages,
the proportion of the wages of workers, engineering and technical personnel,
employees and service personnel of all the works and services, which are
carried on the balance sheet of the construction, in the total expenditures
on the construction and installation work would be (percent):
1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978
34 32 32 32 32 32
Indices of Actual Cost of Constructton and Installation Work
(in prices of corresponding years)
Percent of
Years
1940
1970
preceding year
1940
100
1950
160
1955
132
1960
127
1965
126
99.7
1970
124
100
98.8
1975
121
97.6
99.5
1976
121
97.8
100.2
1977
121
98.0
100.2
1978
122
98.4
100.4
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LABOR
Breakdow:i of the Population Employed in the National Economy by Sectors
(excluding students; percent)
1913 1940 1965 1970 1975 1978
Total employed in the national economy.
100
100
100
100
100
100
Zn industry and construction.
9
23
36
38
38
39
In agriculture and forestry (including
_ private subsidiary agriculture)
75
54
31
25
23
21
In transportation and comunications.
2
5
8
8
9
9
_ In trade, public dining, material and
technical supply and marketing, procurement
9
5
6
7
8
8
In health, physical culture and social
security; in public education, culture and
art; tn science and scientific service.
1
6
14
16
16
17
On the staff of organs of state administra-
_ tion, organs of the management of coopera-
tive and public organizations; in credit
extension and state insurance .
3
2
2
2
2
_ In other sectors of the national economy
4
(housing and municipal services and personal
services and others). . . . . . . . . . . .
4
3
4
4
4
Breakdown of the Population Employed in the National Economy by Sectors
of Physical Production and the Nonproductive Sectors
(excluding students; percent)
1940 1965 1970 1975 1978
Total employed in the national economy. 100 100 100 100 100
In sectors of physical production (includ-
ing freight transport, communications for
the service of production, trade and the
private subsidiary sector). 88.3 79.8 77.1 75.2 74.4
including:
workers and employees . . . . . . . . . . 30.4 55.9 59.0 60.6 61.5
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1940 1965 1970 1975 1978
kolkhoz farmers employed 'rn public sec-
tor of kolkhozes and in the private sub-
sidiary sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44.2 20.9 16.2 13.3 11.8
members of the families of workers and
- employees, who are employed in private
subsidiary agriculture. . . . . . . . . .
2.5 2.9 1.9 1.3 1.1
remaining population (individual peasant
farmers, handicraftsmen and others)
11.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
In nonproductive sectors.
11.7 20.2 22.9 24.8 25.6
including:
in health, physical culture and social
security; in public education, culture
and art; in science and scientific
- service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.9 13.8 15.4 16.3 16.7
in other nonproductive sectors (housing
and municipal services and personal
services; passenger transportation and
communications for serving the popula-
tion and the nonproductive sectors;
the staff of organs of state administra-
tion, organs of management of coopera-
tive and public organizations; credit
extension and state insurance).
5.8 6.4 7.5 8.5 8.9
In 1913 about 35 percent of the entire working population was employed in
the sectors of physical production. _
Average Annual Number of Workers and Employees in the National Economy
(millions)
All warkers including worlcers (includ- _
Years ing junior service person- -
_ and employees nel and security workers)
_ 1913
within the boundaries of the
USSR prior to 17 September 1939. . . . . . . . . . . . 11.4 9.8 ~
within the present bound-
aries of the USSR 12.9 11.0
1928 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.4 8.7
1932 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.2 17.8
1937 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.6 20.F -
1940 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.9 23.7
1945 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.6 20.5
1950 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.4 28.7
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including workers (includ-
- Years
All workers
ing junior service person-
and employees
nel and security workers)
1955. . . . . . .
. . . . . . 50.3
36.8
' 1960. . . . . . .
. . . . . . 62.0
45.9
1965. . . . . . .
. . . . . . 76.9
55.9
1970. . . . . . .
. . . . . . 90.2
54.3
1975. . . . . . .
. . . . . . '.02.2
7i.7
1976. . . . . . .
. . . . . . 104.7-
72.9
1977. . . . . . .
. . . . . . 106.4
74.5
1978. . . . . . .
. . . . . . 108.6
75.9 =
Average Annual Number of Workers and Employees
by Sectors
of the
National Ec
onomy
(tnousa
nds)
1940
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
Entire national economy.
33926
76915
90186
102160
104235
106393
108616
Industry (industrial per-
sonnel engagEd directly in
production).
13079
27447
31593
34054
34815
35417
36014
Agriculturc.
2703
8928
9419
10521
10767
10999
11258
including sovkhozes, in-
~ terfarm agricultural en-
'
terprises, subsidiary
and other agricultural
production enterprises .
1760
�3473
8833
9787
9970
10180
10387
Forestry
280
402
433
453
449
452
458
Tran sport.
3525
7252
7985
9215
9378
9609
9863
rail . . . . . . . . . .
1767
2319
2331
2459
2460
2478
2524
water.
206
348
370
404
411
411
422
- motor, urban electric
and other transport;
loading and unloading
- operations
1552
4585
5284
6352
6507
6720
6917
- Communications
484
1007
1330
1528
1555
1575
1599
Construr_tion
1993
7301
9052
10574
10716
10880
11034
_ including construction
" and installation work. .
1620
5685
6994
7930
7999
8052
8119
Trade, public dining, mate-
rial and technical supply
and mar.keting, procurement
3351
6009
7537
8857
9010
9204
9361
Other types of activity of
the sphere of physical
pro duction
166
775
998
1250
1290
1345
1391
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1940
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
Housing and municipal serv-
ices and personal service
1516
2386
3052
3805
3896
4046
4218
He::lth, physical culture
and social security.
1512
4277
5080
5769
5878
5962
6033
Public education
2482
6044
7246
8135
8295
8461
8706
Culture.
196
556
824
1056
1097
1161
1209
Art. . . . . . . . . . . .
173
370
412
446
448
449
451
Science and scientific
service.
362
2401
2999
3790
3860
3969
4069
Credit extension and state
_ insurance.
267
300
388
519
546
574
604
Staff of organs of state
administration, organs of
management of cooperative
and public organizations .
1537
1460
1838
2188
2235
2290
2348
- Growth Rate of Average Annual
Number
of Workers and Emp
loyees
by Sectors
of the National
Economy
(1940
= 100)
1940 1965 1970
1975
1976 1977
1978
All workers and employees in the
national ecanomy. . . . . . . . . . . .
100
227
266
301
307
314
320
including workers (including junior
servica perscnnel and security
workers) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100
236
271
302
308
314
320
WorkeY-; and employees by sectors of
the national economy: `
industry (industrial personnel en-
gaged directly in production)
100
210
242
260
266
271
275
agriculture. . . . . . . . . . . .
100
330
348
389
398
40i
417
sovktiozes, int2rfarm agricultural
= enterprises, subsidiary and other
agrir.ultural prcduction enter-
- prises . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100
481
502
556
566
578
590
foresery . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100
144
155
162
160
161
164
transPort , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
100
206
227
261
266
273
280
ra ii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100
131
132
139
139
140
143
_ water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100
169
180
196
199
200
205
motor, urban electric and other
transport; loading and unloadi_ng
operations. . . . . . . . . . . .
100
295
340
409
419
433
446
communicati.ot2s. , , . . . , , , , ,
100
208
275
316
321
325
330
conseruction. . , , , , , . , , , ,
100
366
454
530
538
546
553
- constructi.on anci installation
wor.k,
100
351
432
490
494
497
501
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1940
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
trade, put,lic dining, material and
technical supply and marketing,
procurement. . . , . . . . , . . .
100
179
225
264
269
275
279
housing and municipal services and
personal service
100
157
201
251
257
267
278
health, physical culture and so-
cial security. . . . . . . . . . .
100
283
336
1181
389
394
399
public education
100
244
292
328
334
341
351
_ culture. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100
283
420
538
559
591
616
art. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100
215
238
258
260
260
261
science and scientific service
100
663
828
1047
1066
1096
1124
credit extension and state insur-
ance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100
112
145
194
204
215
226
staff of organs of state admin:s-
tration, organs of management of
cooperative and public organiza-
tions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100
79
100.1 119
122
125
128
Average Annual Number of
Workers and Employees
by Union Republics
(thousands)
1940 1960 1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
USSR. . . . . . . . . . .
. 33926 76915 90186
102160 104235 106393
108616
RSFSR . . . . . . . , . . .
. 22173 47474 54376
60662 61663
62720
63828
Ukrainian SSR
. 6578 13397 16200
18356
18745
19134
19494
Belorussian SSR
. 1136 2437 3075
3577
3658
3756
3859
Uzbek SSR
. 756 2083 2642
3343
3470
3593
3744
Kazakh SSR.
. 917 4119 4692
5375
5501
5615
5758
Georg:Lan SSR.
. 494 1202 1490
1733
1798
1845
1898
Azerbaijan SSR.
. 486 1045 1273
1506
1566
1634
1692
Lithuanian SSR.
179 931 1166
1325
1352
1378
1407
Moldavian SSR
101 677 944
1251
1306
1357
1413
Latvian SSR .
262 916 1033
1127
1142
1158
1177
- Kirgiz SSR. .
175 617 780
936
963
1014
1046
' Tadzhik SSR
149 444 586
745
785
830
864
Armeni'an SSR.
156 631 838
991
1024
1069
1108
Turkmen SSR
188 390 478
574
596
617
646
Estonian SSR.
176 552 613
659
666
673
682
Average Annual Number of
Workers (Including Junior Ser
vice Personnel
and Security Workers) by Sectors of the
National
Economy
(thousands)
1940 1965 1970 1975
1976
1977
1978
Rntire national economy. .
23692 55933 642
69 71642
72909
74485
75869
Industry . . . . . . . .
. . . 11113 23495 266
31 28487
29055
29515
29928
_Agriculture and forestry
2491 8566 8866 9805
9998
10194
10403
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1940 1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978
Transportation and communica-
tions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2879 6398 7092 8078 8229 8466 8669
Construction 1704 6012 7174 8143 8207 8301 8375
Trade, public dining, material
and technical supply and mar-
keting, procurement. 2322 4554 5793 6921 7054 7292 7409
Housing and municipal services
and personal service 1095 1857 2524 3142 3205 3337 3472
Other sectors of the national
economy (health, public educa-
tion, culture, art, science
and scientific sexvice and
others). . . . . . . . . . . . 2088 5051 6189 7066 7161 7380 7613
Average Annual
Number of Workers (Including
Junior Service Personnel
and Security Workers)
by Unio
n Republics
(thousand
s)
1940
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
TJSSR . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 23692
55933
64269
71642
72909
74485
75869
- RSFSR . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 15771
34671
38796
42504
43048
43187
44443
Ukrainian SSR .
4578
9746
11602
12952
13216
13522
13737
Belorussian SSR
718
1798
2227
2547
2596
2670
2738
Uzbek SSR . . .
. . . . . . . . 492
1427
1815
2273
2348
2430
2540
Kazakh SSR.
634
3100
3410
3841
3932
4002
4111
Georgian SSR. .
298
811
1029
1189
1237
1265
1306
Azerbaijan SSR.
322
706
856
1011
1056
1111
1148
Lithuanian SSR.
114
685
843
942
959
983
990
Moldavian SSR .
57
483
675
910
953
995
1036
Latvian SSR
177
658
735
794
802
815
824
Kirgiz SSR.
112
439
551
655
673
715
733
Tadzhik SSR
84
296
397
503
532
573
596
Armenian SSR. .
92
451
588
692
713
752
775
Turkmen SSR
118
254
310
368
379
396
420
Estonian SSR. .
125
408
435
461
465
469
472
Average
Annual Number of Fema
le Work
ers and Emp
loyees
in the Nation
al Economy
Number of female
workers Percent
of women in
total
Years
and employees, thousand
s number
of workers and em-
ployePs
1928
2795
24
1940
13190
39
1945
15920
56
1950
19180
47
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Number of female workers
Percent of women in total
Years
and employees, thousands
number of workers and em-
ployees
1955
23040
46
1960
29250
47
1965
37680
49
1970
45800
51
1975
52539
51
1976
53631
51
1977
54686
51
19%8
55789
51
The hightst percentage of women in the total number of workers and em-
ployees in 1978 was in trade and public dining--84 percent, in health,
physical culture and social security--83 percent, in public education--
74 percent and in culture--72 percent.
Average Annual Number of Female Workers and EmployEes by Union kepublics
(thousands)
1940
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
USSR. . . . . . . . .
. . 13190
37680
45300
52539
53631
54686
55789
RSFSR . . . . . . . .
. . 9024
24214
28585
32027
32510
33018
33545
Ukrainian SSR
2412
6375
8113
9478
9725
9933
10135
Belorussian SSR
449
1240
1611
1907
1944
2000
2056
Uzbek SSR
232
833
1091
1417
1486
1531
1597
Kazakh SSR.
217
1740
2200
2593
2664
2718
2799
Georgian SSR.
171
503
634
781
819
848
863
Azerbaijan SSR.
165
414
518
640
664
696
726
Lithuanian SSR.
53
436
570
675
690
708
727
Moldavian SSR
36
322
477
644
673
696
723
Latvian SSR
95
475
550
611
623
627
641
Kirgiz SSR.
51
273
367
450
463
487
504
Tadzhik SSR
44
167
223
286
302
322
337
Armenian SSR.
52
248
346
445
469
491
509
Turkmen SSR
67
153
189
232
240
248
258
Estonian SSR.
62
287
326
353
359
363
369
Percentage of
Women in Total
IJumber
of Workers and
Employees
.
by Union
Republics
1940
1965
1970
1975
197,
1477
1978
USSR. . . . . . . .
. . . . 39
49
51
51
51
51
51
RSFSR . . . . . . .
. . . . 41
51
53
53
53
53
53
Ukrainiai, SSR
37
48
50
52
52
52
52
Belorussian SSR
40
51
52
53
53
53
53
Uzbek SSR
31
40
41
42
43
43
43
_ /Table continued on
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1940
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
Kazakh SSR.
30
42
47
48
48
48
49
Georgian SSR.
35
42
43
45
46
46
46
Azerbaijan SSR.
34
40
41
43
42
43
43
Lithuanian SSR.
30
47
49
51
51
51
52
Moldavian SSR
35
48
51
51
51
51
51
Latvian SSR
36
52
53
54
55
54
54
Kirgiz SSR.
29
44
47
48
48
48
48
Tadzhik SSR
29
38
38
38
38
39
39
Armenian SSR.
34
39
41
45
46
46
46
Turkmen SSR
36
39
39
40
40
40
40
Estonian SSR.
35
52
53
54
54
54
54
Average Wage of Workers and Employees With the Addition of Payments
and Benefits From Public Consumption Funds in 1978*
(rubles)
Average Average
a vear a month
All workers and employees in the national economy
Average wage of workers and employees with the addition
of payments and benefits from public consumption funds.
2628
219
Average monetary wage of workers and employees.
1919
160
including paid leave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
137
11
Payments and benefits received by workers and employees
from public consumption funds (excluding paid leave),
average per worker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
709
59
Industrial workers
Average wage of industrial workers with the addition of
payments and benefits from public consumption funds
2917
243
Average monetary wage of industrial workers
2113
176
including paid leave. . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . .
155
13
- Payments and benefits received by industrial workers
from public consumption funds (excluding paid leave),
average per worker. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
804
67
- *
See the content of public consumption funds on pages 36
8-369.
The cited data characterize the amount of the average wage with the addi-
tion of pa.yments and benefits per worker. If we take into account that not
just one person in the ramilies of workers and employees works, the average
monthly wage per family with the addition of paytnents and benefits in 1978
was 394 rubles.
Pioreover, the state spends about 300 rubles a year per family of workers
and employees on the construction of housing, schools, cultural, personal
and medical institutions.
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The workers of the Soviet Union have unquestionable advantages as compared
with the workers of the capitalist countries: the absence of unemployment
and certainty about tomorrow, the lowest rent in the world, free education,
including higher education, free medical assistance and a large number of
benefits and advantages, which are paid for at the expense of the state.
Average Monthly Wage of Workers and Employees in the National Economy
(rubles)
Average monthly wage with
Years the addition of payments Average monthly _
_ and benefits from public monetary wage
consumption funds
1940 40.6 33.1
1946 62.4 48.1 _
1950 82.4 64.2
1955 91.8 71.8
1960 107.7 80.6
1965 129.2 96.5 -
1970 164 . 5 122.
1975 198.9 145.8
1976 206.7 151.4
1977 212.2 155.2
1978 219 159.9
Average Monthly Monetary Wage of Workers and Employees
by Sectors of the National Economy _
(rubles)
1940 1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978
Entire national economy. 33.1 96.5 122.0 145.8 151.4 155.2 159.;
Industry (industrial personnel
engaged directly in production) 34.1 104.1 133.3 162.2 169.5 172.9 176.8
including :
workers. . . . . . . . . . . 32.4 101.7 130.6 160.9 168.2 171.8 176.1 =
engineering and technical
personnel. 69.6 148.4 178.0 199.2 205.8 207.3 208.4
employees. 36.0 85.8 111.6 131.3 139.2 141.5 142.7
Agri~ulture. 23.3 75.0 101.0 126.8 134.6 139.1 143.0
ot it sovkhozes, interfarm
agricultural enterprises,
subsidiary and other agricul-
tural production enterprises 22.0 74.6 100.9 126.7 134.7 139.1 143.1
_ including :
workers. . . . . . . . . . . 20.7 72.4 98.5 124.7 133.1 137.6 141.9
agronomic, animal husbandry,
veterinary, engineering and
technical personnel. 50.4 138.4 164.3 179.4 182.9 185.6 18".8 -
employees..,....... 31.1 82.3 95.6 114.0 119.1 120.8 121.9
/Table continued on following page/
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1940
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
Transport. . . . . . . , . . .
34.8
106.0
136.7
173.5
181.8
186.2
190.0
rail . . . . . . . . . . . .
34.2
98.7
123.4
158.1
159.9
168.4
171.9
water. . . . , . . . . . . .
41.2
135.1
169.5
212.8
220.0
223.6
227.5
motor, _rban electric and
other transport; loading and
unloading organizations.
34,5
107.5
140.3
177.1
187.7
190.5
194.4
Communications
28.2
74.2
96.8
123.6
133.7
136.4
139.4
Construction
36.3
111.9
149.9
176.8
181.0
185.4
191.1
of it construction and in-
stallation work.
34.0
112.4
153.0
181.1
185.2
189.2
195.0
_ including:
workers. . . . . . . . . . .
31.1
108.4
148.5
180.3
185.3
190.3
196.2
engineering and technical
personnel.
75.3
160.7
200.0
207.0
205.5
205.2
211.0
employees.
45.8
102.4
136.8
145.8
145.6
146.2
147.7
Trade, public dining, material
and technical supply and mar-
keting, procurement.
25.0
75.2
95.1
108.7
112.3
117.1
124.1
Housing and municipal services
and personal service
26.1
72.0
94.5
109.0
112.7
117.3
122.9
Health, physical culture and
social security.
25.5
79.0
92.0
102.3
104.0
108.7
116.2
Public education
33.1
96.1
108.1
126.6
127,7
129.7
132.4
Culture. . . . . . . . . . . .
22.3
67.3
84.8
92.2
93.2
97.7
103.8
Art . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39.1
78.2
94.8
103.1
103.3
109,8
120.8
- Science and scientific service
47.1
120.6
139.5
157.5
161.6
164.6
169.8
Credit extension and state
insurance. . . . . . . . . . .
33.4
86.3
111.4
133.8
134,2
140.5
148.4
Staff of organs of state and
economic management, organs of
management of cooperative and
public organizations
39.0
105.9
123,2
131.8
133.6
136.7
144.6
In conformity with the Directives of the 24th CPSU Congress major measures
were implemented during the Ninth Five-I,~ar Plan (1971-1975) on increasing
the wages of workers and employees. The amount of the wage of more than '
75 million workers and employees was increased due to these measures.
During the lOth Five-Year Plan the implementatior. of ineasures on increasing
wages is continuing in conformity with the program of social development and
the increase of the standard of living of the people, which was elaborated
by the 25th CPSU Congress. The increase of the minimum wage of workers and
employees in all sectors of the national economy to 70 rubles a month has
been carried out everywhere, the rates and salaries of the average pay
categories of workers of the nonproducti,e sectors have been increased in
the regions of the Far North and in areas equated with them, in tha European
North, in the regions of the Far East, Siberia, the Urals, Kazakhst:3n, Cen-
tral Asia, the Volga River ar.ea and the Volga-Vyatka region.
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- In 1979 the increase of the rates and salaries of workers of the nonpro-
ductive sectors will be completed in all regions of the country, as a re-
sult of which during the lOth Five-Year Plan the wage will be increased
for 31 million workers of these sectors.
During the past years of the five-year p.lan other measures on the increase
of pay were also implemented: for a number of categories of workers the
pay was increased or additional pay was introduced for work at night,
measures were implemented oi, improving the working conditions and pay of
workers of the coal and shale industry and shaft construction, the wage
was increased for some categories of workers employed in ferrous and non-
ferrous metallurgy, the textile industry, construction and agriculture.
AvPrage Set Length ;f Work Week of Adult Industrial Workers
(hours)
1913 1955 1978
- 58.5* 47.8 40.6
x The length of the work week in 1913 is citea for enterprises of large-
scale industry. In small-scale and cottage industry the length of the
workday and work week was not regulated by any laws and was much longer ;
than in large-scale industry.
Average Set Length of ZJork Week of Adult Workers
by Individual Sectors of Industry
(hours)
1955 1978
All industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.8 40.6
Electric power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.9 40.9
Oil-drilling industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.9 40.9
Coal industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.6 35.6 -
Ferrous metallurgy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.9 40.8
Chemical and petrochemical industry . . . . . . . . . . . 46.4 39.9 ~
Machine building and metalworking . . . . . . . . . . . . 47'.8 40.9
Pulp and paper industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.8 40.8
Light industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.9 40.9
Food induetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.0 41.0
At present the average set length of the work week of industrial workers
- is 40.6 hours. As compared with 1913 the length of the work week of in-
dustrial workers has been shortened by 18 haurs. Instead of a 10-12 hoL!r
workday, as was the case at most ir~dustrial enterprises of prerevolution-
ary Russia, now a 7-hour work day has been established, while for some
categories of workers 6 or less hours of work a day with a six-day work
week or a five-day work week with two days off and the shortening of the
set total length of working time a week have been established.
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- With allowance made for the shortening of the workday on holidays and
with allowance made for holidays in excess of days off the average length
of the work week of industrial workers is now 40 hours, while thP average
length of the work week of all workers and employees in the USSR nationsl
economy (with allowance made for the shortened workday of teachers, medi-
cal and other personnel) is 39.4 hours.
Distribution of the Number of Workers and Employees in the National
Economy by the Set Length of Annual Leaves
1958 1964 1968 1978
All adult workers and employees, percent. 100 100 100 100
including with a set length of leaves, workdays:
12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.3 36.6 -
15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.7 10.8 39.7 31.4
16-17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.9
18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 14.2 17.2 18.8
iy-LO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.5
21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0 4.8 5.0 4.9
22-23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.4
24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.2 20.1 23.2 27.8
over 24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.7 13.5 13.9 15.3
Average seL� length of leave of adult workers and
employees, workdays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.5 19.3 20.9 21.6
Workers and employees less than 18 years old are granted annual leave of
one calendar month.
Number of Specialists With a Higher and Secondary Specialized Education,
Who Are Employed in the National Economy*
(thousands)
All specialists
incl-sding
Years
employed in the
with a higher
with a secondary spe-
national econom
y education
cialized education
1913
190
136
54
1928
521
233
288
1941
2401
909
1492
1950
3254
1443
1811
1955
5133
2184
2949
1960
8724
3545
5239
1965
12066
4891
7175
1970
16841
6853
9988
1975
22796
9477
13319
1977
25178
10537
14641
1978 (estimate) 26400
11100
15300
*
The data on
the number and composition of special
ists are cited from the
materi.als of
annual reports: for
1941--on 1 Januar
y, for 1950 and 1955--on
1 July; for
1960--on 1 December,
for 1965-1977-in
mid-November, for 1978--
at the end o
f the year.
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Number of Women Specialists With a Higher and Secondary Specialized
Education, Who Are Employed in tr,e National Economy*
(thousands)
All women
including G ~ ~ P.
special- With a higher with a second- N~`~ o
ists em- education ary special- ~ 4-4
Years ployed in E o co 0
the na- ized education o 4 b u
3 C z
_ tional 4., p ~ ~
economy � 9 rn u�ui 10
4+ p -W C!
q fA 'C N
GJ r-I rl G +-I
p " 0 co c0
UJ O -H F+ -H
04 J-i U Ol U
1928 151 65 86 29
1941 864 312 552 36
1955 3115 1155 1960 61
- 1960 5189 1865 3324 59
1965 6941 2518 4423 58
1970 9900 3568 6332 59
1975 13411 4962 8449 59
1977 14836 5524 9312 59
1978 (estimate) 15545 5815 9730 59
*
- The data on the number and composition of specialists are cited from the
materials of annual reports: for 1941--on 1 January, for 1950 and 1955--on
1 July; for 1960--on 1 December; for 1965-1977--in mid-November, for 1978--
at the end of the year.
Number of Vocational and Technical Educational Institutions
and the Number of Students at Thein*
(on 1 January)
Number of educational Number of students,
institutions thousands
1941 . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 1551
602
1946 . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 2488
603
1951 . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 2593
520
::)56 . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 3145
755
1961 . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 3684
1064
1966 . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 4319
1599
1971 . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 5351
2380
1976 . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 6272
3081
1977 . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 6457
3234
1978 . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 6661
3359
1979--total . . . . . . .
. . . 6892
3503
*
In this table and the tab.les on pages 360-361 the data are cited for edu-
cational institutions of thE system of the USSR State Committee for Voca-
tional and Technical Education.
/Table continued on following page7
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Number of educational
Number of students,
institutions
thousands
including:
day vocational and technical
educational institutions . . .
6160
3198
of them:
technical schools. . . . . .
1097
652
urban vocational and tech-
nical schools. . . . . . . .
3292
1799
rural vocational and tech-
nical schools. . . . . . . .
1771
747
of the urban and rural voca-
tional and technical
schools, secondary voca-
tional and technical
schaols. . . . . . . . . . .
3676
1875
evening (shift) vocational and
technical educat-�_onal insti-
tutions. . . . . . . . . . . .
732
305
Admission to Vocational and Technical Educational Institutions
Total students admitted,
thousands
1940 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
602
1945 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
447
- 1950 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
385
1955 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
664
1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
864
1965 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1211
1970. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1837
1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2323
1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2383
1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2470
1978--total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2550
including:
to day vocational and technical educational in-
stitutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2075
of them:
to technical schools. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
595
ta urban vocational and technical schonls
795
to rural vocational and technical schoola
685
of the total number of those admitted to urban
and rural vocational and technical schools,
those admitted to secondary vocational and
technical schools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
745
to evening (shift) vocaCional and technical
educational institutions. . . . . . . . . . . .
475
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Training (Graduation) of Skilled Workers at Vocational
and Technical Educational Institutions
Total workers trained,
thousands
1941 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
439
1946 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
380
1950 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
493
1955 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
651
1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
741
1965 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1100
~ 1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1638
1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2094
1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2119
1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2217
1978-total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2271
including:
at day vocational and technical educational
ins titutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 1830
of them:
at technical schools . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 494
at urban vocational and technical schools
. 708
at rural vocational and technical schools
. 628
of the total number of those trained at urban
and rural vocational and technical schools,
those trained at secondary vocational and
technical schools . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 447
at evening (shift) vocational and technical
educational institutions . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 441
In all vocational and technical educational institutions from 1941 to 1978
inclusively have trained 39 million skilled workers.
Training (Graduation) of Skilled Workers at Vocational and Technical
Educational Institutions by Union.Republics
(thousands)
1950
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
USSR.
. 493.4
1100.4
1638.2
2094.3
2119.5
2217.2
2270.8
RSFSR
. 315.4
699.6
994.6
1230.1
1254.3
1297.9
1322.2
Ukrainian SSR
. 122.7
182.4
270.7
341.5
335.1
357.5
360.4
Belorussian SSR .
. 9.8
32.7
57.7
73.6
74.5
81.4
80.3
Uzbek SSR
. 5.5
21.1
41.8
74.7
85.7
95.8
101.1
Kazakh SSR.
. 18.4
88.7
117.8
160.9
156.9
156.2
161.5
Georgian SSR.
. 5.8
8.9
20.6
25.0
26.0
29.0
30.4
Azerbaijan SSR. .
. 7.6
9.4
29.0
42.9
44.6
49.2
52.7
Lithuanian SSR. .
. 3.4
8.0
17.1
20.8
19.5
21.3
2?.9
Moldavian SSR
. 1.3
9.7
19.1
27.7
23.5
23.7
26.2
/Table continued on following page/
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1950
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
Latvian SSR .
4.6
9.4
14.2
19.3
18.3
18.0
19.1
Kirgiz SSR. .
1.7
7.8
16.9
24.9
25.3
26.8
28.2
Tadzhik SSR .
1.2
5.9
12.2
13.9
14.3
14.5
15.7
Armenian SSR.
1.8
8.5
15.0
21.7
23.9
26.9
29.0
Turkmen SSR .
1.3
4.8
6.8
10.7
11.3
12.3
15.4
Eetonian SSR.
2.9
3.5
4.7
6.6
6.3
6.7
6.7
Training
of Machine
Operators
for Agri
culture
by Occup
ations*
(thousands)
1950
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
Total machine operators trained.
513
772
794
1197
1207
1271
1370
including:
tractor driver-mechanics and
tractor drivers.
329
550
559
718
703
729
796
combine operators, mechanic-
combine operators and assist-
ant combine operators.
70
84
63
118
118
146
152
truck drivers.
21
62
81
146
150
158
171
*
The citad data include the training of machine operators at vocational and
technical educational institutions, as well as directly at kolkYiozes, sov-
khozes and other agricultural enterprises.
Training and Improvement of Skills of Workers and Employees
at Enterprises, Institutions and Organizations
(millions)
1940 1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978
All workers and employees taught -
new occupations and specialties. 1.9 3.7 5.0 5.7 5.8 5.9 6.0
including workers. 1.6 3.4 4.8 5.5 5.o .7 5.8 =
All workers and employees who
underwent training to improve ,
skills. . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7 9.4 12.1 23.7 25.5 27.2 30.5
including workers. 1.5 7.2 9.0 16.5 17.7 19.9 21.6
Moreover, in 1978 242,000 skilled workers wer.e trained by sectorial (de-
partmental) vocational schools attached to industrial enterprises, as well
as by schools and institutions attached to other enterprises.
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_
Training and Improvement of Skills of Personnel
(thousands)
at Kolkhozes
Taught nec.� occupati
1965 1970 1975
ons.
1976 1977 1978
-
Underwent training
,
245 222 352
to improve skills
718
3~1 3~8 428
. .
1439 2227
2290 2404 2726 -
Training and
Improvement of Skills of FTorker
s and
at Enterprises, Institutions
d
Employees
an
Organizati
by Union Republics in 1978
ons
-
(thousands)
-
Total workers and
employees t
Total workers and
aught
employees who
new occupations
and
underwent training

USSR.
s ecialties
to im rove skills
RSFSR .
' ' ' ' ' � 5988
30477
Ukrainian SSR .
3517
~ ~ ~
18203
Belorussian SSR . .
~ ~ ' ' 1062
5922
_ Uzbek SSR
215
1120
Kazakh SSR.
�
214
727
~ Georgian SSR.
. . . .
' ' ' 398
'
~
'
1635
, Azerbaijan SSR. . . .
5
.
~ ~ ~
~
-
-
238
Lithuanian SSR, , , .
69
~ ~ ~ '
372
Moldavian SSR . .
.
~
~ ~ ~ ~ '
63
~
356
Latvian SSR
'
~ ~ ~ ' ' 88
' �
465
Kirgiz SSR. . , ,
. . . . 64
343
, Tadzhik SSR
68
312
Armenian SSR. . , ,
~
40
~ ~ ~
193
Turkmen SSR . . . ,
.
~ ' '
. 64
~
254
Estonian SSR. , , ,
�
~ ~ ' ' 29
. . .
113
. . . 32
224
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~
~
3 ' u 3 i. ' ~ ~ a- ' ~ -r
~ ~
+j
i N i - ' L S i
7 ~ ~ ~

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INCREASE OF THE WELL-BEING OF THE PEOPLE
Produced National Income
;in actual prevail.ing prices)
Years Billions of rubles Years
Billions of rubles
- 1965
193.5 1972
313.6
1966
207.4 1973
337.8
1967
225.5 1974
354.0
1968
244.1 1975
363.3
1969
261.9 1976
385.7
1970
289.9 1977
405.6
1971
305.0 1978
422.5
In 1978 the national
income produced in the national
economy was
422.5 billion rubles.
Of this amount 417.2 billion
rubles were used for
consumption and accum
ulation (minus the recovery of
losses and the foreign
- trade balance).
G
rowth of Produced National Income
(in comparable prices)
= Years
G�rowth rate Years
Growth rate
1940 = 100
1970
867
1940
100 1975
1142
1945
83 1976
1209
1946
78 1977
1264
- 1950
164 1978
1325
1955
281 19
70 = 100*
1960
435 1570
100
- 1965
597 1975
132
1966
645 1976
139
1967
701 1977
146
- 1968
759 1978
153
- 1969
795
See the growth rate
of the national income, which i
s used for consumption
and accumulation, on
pages 27, 28.
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Crowth Rate of National Income by Union Republics
(1970 = 100)
-
1970
1975
1975
1977
1978
U3SR . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 100
132
139
146
153
- RSFSR . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 100
133
140
147
154
Ukrainian SSR . . . . . .
. . . . . 100
125
133
139
143
Belorussian SSR . . . . .
. . . . . i00
149
157
165
176
Uzbek SSR . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 100
139
151
158
163
Kazakh SSR . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 100
122
132
129
137
Georgian SSR. . . . . . .
. . . . . 100
131
140
151
160
Azerbaij an SSR. . . . . .
. . . . . 100
139
152
162
173
Lithuanian SSR. . . . . .
. . . . . 100
131
135
138
145
Moldaviati SSR . . . . . .
. . . . . 100
127
139
143
144
Latvian SSR . . . . . . .
. . . . . 100
133
141
145
146
Kirgiz SSR . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 100
126
130
134
141
Tadzhik SSR . . . . . . .
. . . . . 100
133
136
141
148
Armenian SSR. . . . . . .
. . . . . 100
146
157
168
178
Turkmen SSR . . . . . . .
. . . . . 100
131
131
135
138
Estonian SSR. . . . . . .
. . . . . 100
131
140
145
147
Plational Income by Sectors of the National Economy*
(in actual prevailing prices; billiorr.s of rubles)
1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978
Total nation 31 income. 193.5 289.9 363.3 385.7 405.6 422.5
including that produced in sectors
of the national economy:
industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.1 148.3 191.2 199.7 207.0 216.2
agriculture. . . . . . . . . . . . 43.6 63.1 61.5 66.2 71.6 73.6
transportation and communicatiAns. 11.5 16.3 23.0 23.9 25.1 25.9
construction . . . . . . . . . . . 17.9 30.0 41.3 43.4 44.6 46.0
- trade, procurement, material and
technical supply and others. 20.4 32.2 46.3 52.5 57.3 60.8
*Here and in the table on page 33 the data on the national income and t?le .
gross national product by sectors of the national economy are cited in ac-
tual sale prices. In conformity with this the turnover tax as a portion of
the net income, which is realized in the prices of industrial production,
- is taken into account in industry. If the turnover tax is distributed
between agriculture and industry, the amoun: of the national income, which
_ is created in industry, will accordingly increase, while that created in
industry will decrease.
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Use of the National Income for Consumption and Accumulation
~ (in actual prevailing prices; billions of rubles)
- 1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978
National income used for consumption
and accumulation. . . . . . . . . . . 190.5 285.5 363.0 383.0 399.4 417.2 -
including:
consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . i40.3 201.3 266.4 279.7 292.5 307.4
accumulation and other expenditures 50.2 84.2 96.6 103.3 106.9 109.8 _
The consumption fund consists of about three-fourths of the total used na-
tional income, while with allowance made for housing, cultural and general
construction approximately four-fifths of the national income are allo-
cated directly for the well-being of the people.
Increase of the Real Income of the Population
(per capita; percenr)
1940 1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978
Real income of the entire popu-
lation:
1940 = 100. . . . . . . . . . . 100 298 398 493 511 529 545
- 1965 = 100. . . . . . . . . . . 100 133 165 172 178 183
1970 = 100. . . . . . . . . . . 100 124 129 133 137
The income in less well-to-do families has increased more rapidly as com-
pared with the income of the entire population. Whereas in 1965 only 4 per-
cent of the population had an income in excess of 100 rubles a month per
family member, in 1978 45 percent did, and by the end of the lOth Five-
Year Plan about half the population will have such an income.
The real income of workers and employees per working person in 1978 as
compared with 1940 increased 3.8-fold, the real income of kolkhoz farmers
increased 6.5-fold.
- The convergence of the levels of the real income of kolkhoz farmers with
the real income of workers and employees has been ensured as a result of
the implementation in recent years of important social measures. The intro- -
duction of a guaranteed wage at kolkhozes and of a uniform system of re-
tirement and social security was of great importance. The level of the
real income of kolkhoz farmers with respect to the real income of workers
and employees per family member increased from 75 percent in 1965 to
$8 percent in 1978.
366
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Increase of the Real Income of the Population of the USSR
as Compared With Prerevolutionary Russia
How many times greater
in 1978 than in 1913
Increase of the real income of workers
Wage of workers of industry aad construction
minus taxes, with the addition of pensions,
grants, with allowance made for free education,
- medical treatment and other payments and bene-
fits--per worker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1
The same with allowance macle for the elimination
of unemployment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.8
The same with allowance made for the shortening
of the length of the workday. . . . . . . . . . . 10.2
Increase of ttie real income of peasants*
Monetary income and income in kind of working
~ peasants from public and private agriculture less
taxes and levies--per worker. . . . . . . . . . . 10.1
Real income of working peasants from public and
private subsidiary agriculture with allowance
made for free education and medical treatment,
pensions, grants and other payments and bene-
- fits--per worker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.3
*
Prerevolutionary peasantry, excluding kulaks.
The increase of the real income of thE workers of the USSR as compared with
the prerevolutionary period was the result of a number of factors. The
monetary wage increased much more than did the prices for goods and the
payment for services. The proportion of the expenditures on rent and
municipal services in the budget of workers decreased to one-fifth to one-
sixth. In addition to the individual wage, the workers of the USSR re-
ceived considerable amounts from public consumption funds. In the pre-
revolutionary times the amounts, which were paid to workers in excess of
" the individual wage, and the assets, which were spent on free education and
medical assistance to the families of workers, were extremely negligible.
According to rough estimates all the payments and benPfits, which are re-
ceived by workers of industry and construction in excess of the individual
_ wage, increased in 1978 as compared with 1913 in comparable prices by more
than 30-fold.
_ When calculating the real income it was taken into account that unemploy-
ment has been completely eliminated in *.he USSR. It is also necessary to
bear in mind that in the USSR the workday is considerably shorter than in
prerevolutionary Russia, and, consequently, the worker receives a higher
wage per hour of labor.
367
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The standard of living of the working peasants in prerevolutionary Russia
was extremely low. All kinds of payments and levies (land and other taxes,
_ rent and insurance payments, varicus duties and so on), the total amount
of which came to about 20 percent of their income from agriculture, befell
them. At present the taxes and levies paid by kolkhoz farmers constitute
only about 3 percent of their income.
The length of the workday of peasants in prerevolutionary Russia on the
average during the year was about 11 hours, and in the summer was up to
16 hours a day. At present the agricultural operations at kolkhozes have
been extensively mechanized, two-shift work has been introduced in many
work processes, which has made it possible to shorten the length of the
workday of the kolkhoz farmer. Now the length of the workday of the kol-
khoz farmer in the public sector of kolkhozes, according to the data of an-
nual reports, is on the average during the year approximately 7 hours.
In the prerevolutionary countryside the cultural level of the population
was also extremely low. The overwhelming majority of peasants were illiter-
ate. Many peasants did not have an opportunity to educate their children
even in elementary school.
- Now the payments and benefits to the kolkhoz peasantry from public consump-
tion funds, including pensions, grants for temporary disability, grants to
- mothers with many children, expenditures on free education, free medical
aid and other types of sociocultural service, has increased per working
_ person as compared with 1913 in comparable prices by more than 50-fold.
The implementation during the Ninth Five-Year Plan of the most extensive
social program in the entire history of the country was of enormous impor-
tance in the matter of increasing the well-being of the people. As much
capital was allocated during the Ninth Five-Year Plan to implement new so-
cial measures as was allocated during the two preceding five-year plans
taken together.
New social measures, which were stipulated by the decisions of the 25th
CPSU Congress, are being implemented.
Payments and Benefits Received by the Population From Public
Consumption Funds
1940 1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978
Payments and benefits--total,
billions of rubles. 4.6 41.9 63.9 90.1 95.0 99.8 105.5
including:
education (free education, cul-
tural and educational work) 2.0 13.2 18.7 25.1 26.5 27.7 29.1
including stipends. 0.2 0.9 1.3 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.4
/Table continued on following page/
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1940 1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978
health and physical culture
(free medical aid, sanitary
and health resort service,
physical education and
others) . . . . . . . . . . .
social security and social
insurance . . . . . . . . . .
including:
pensions . . . . . . . . .
grants . . . . . . . . . .
state expenditures on hous-
ing maintenances (for t]Ze
portion not covered by low
rent) . . . . . . . . . . . .
Per capita payments and bene-
fits, rubles . . . . . . . . .
1.0 6.9 10.0 12.9 13.7 14.5 15.6
0.9 14.4 22.8 34.6 36.7 38.2 40.3
0.3 10.6 16.2 24.4 25.7 27.1 28.9
0.5 3.5 6.1 9.2 9.9 10.0 10.2
0.1 2.3 3.4 4.9 5.2 5.6 6.0
24 182 263 354 370 385 404
The population is provided with free education and the improvement of
skills, free medical aid, grants, pensions, stipends to students, annual
paid leaves, free and concessionary vacations at sanatoriums and holiday
homes, the support of children in preschool institutions and a number of
other payments and benefits from public consumption funds. In 1978 mone-
tary payments made up more than 50 percent of the total amount of payments
and benefits.
The state expenditures per student per year are: at general educational
schools--more than 180 rubles, at secondary specialized educational insti-
tutions--670 rubles, at higher educational institutions--more than 1,000
rubles. More than 550 rubles are spent a year to support a child at
nurseries, while more than 470 rubles are spent to support a child at
kindergartens, and 80 percent of the expenses are paid for by the state.
The state allocates more than 9 rubles a day to support a patient.
Two-thirds of the expenditures on housing management are covered by the
state.
In conformity with the Directives of the 24th CPSU Congress in 1971-1975
the pensions, grants, stipends and other payments from public consumption
funds were increased for approximately 40 million people. In conformity
with the decisions of the 25th CPSU Congress new measures are being imple-
mented. In 1976-1978 the further improvement of the pension security of
some categories of workers of individual sectors of the national economy
was carried out. The norms of the expendit+ires on food and the purchase
of inedicines have been increased at a number of health institutions and
homes for invalids and the elderly. Supplementary payments to the stipends
of some categories of students of vocational and technical schools have
been established. The free supply of textbooks to students of the first
grades of general educational schools was introduced on 1 September 1978.
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Budget of the Family of the Industrial Worker and Kolkhoz Farmer
The USSR Central Statistical Administration is systematically conducting
d sample survey of the budgets of 62,000 families for the purpose of study-
ing the material and cultural standard of living of the population.
llata, which characterize the change in the structure of the total income
and expenditures of the surveyed families, are cited below. The total in-
come of the family is the sum of the monetary income and income in kind
(in monetary valuation) from state and cooperative enterprises and organ-
izations, from kolkhozes, from the private subsidiary sector, as well as
the payments and benefits received from public consumption funds (includ-
ing free education and medical aid).
Structure of the Income and Expenditures
of the
Family
of an Industrial Wo
rker
(percent)
1940
1965
1970
1975
1978
_ Total income of the family.
100
100
100
100
100
including:
wages of family members
71.3
73.1
74.4
74.3
74.3
pensions, stipends, grants and other pay-
ments anc: benefits from public consump-
tion funds (including free education,
medical treatment and others)
14.5
22.8
22.1
22.5
22.7
income from the private subsidiary
sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.2
1.7
1.3
0.9
0.8
- income from other qources . . . . . . . .
5.0
2.4
2.2
2.3
2.2
- Use of total income . . . . . . . . . . .
100
100
100
100
100
including:
for food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
53.8
37.9
35.7
32.9
32.0
for the purchase of:
fabrics, clothing and shoes
11.1
13.9
15.5
15.4
15.7
furniture, cultural and everyday items
(including bicycles, motorcycles and
so forth) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.7
6.1
5.8
6.5
6.6
_ fuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.2
for sociocultural and personal services .
17.5
24.2
23.3
23.0
22.8
of Chem:
education, medical treatment and other
free services at the expense of public
consumption funds . . . . . . . . . . .
9.0
13.8
13.9
13.8
13.6
rent, payment for municipal services
and maintenance o{: private homes.
2.7
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
accumulation (increase of cash, savings
deposits and others). . . . . . . . . . .
4.8
3.4
4.6
6.8
7.2
taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1
7.1
7.9
8.4
8.7
other expenditures. . . . . . . . . . . .
5.8
7.0
6.9
6.8
6.8
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Structure of the Income and Expenditures
of the Family of a Kolkhoz
Farmer
(percent)
1940
1965
1970
1975
1978
Total income of the family.
100
100
100
100
100
including:
'
incom�a from the kolkhoz
39.7
40.0
40.3
44.0
44.5
wages of family members
5.8
7.4
8.4
8.1
8.7
pensions, stipends, grants and other pay-
ments and benefits from public consumption
funds (including free education, medical
treatment and others) . . . . . . . . . . .
4.9
14.2
17.7
21.1
20.4
income from the private subsidiary sector .
48.3
36.5
31.9
25.4
25.2
income from other sources
1.3
1.9
1.7
1.4
1.2
Use of total income . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100
100
100
100
100
including:
for food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
67.3
45.2
40.4
37.1
34.4
for the purchase of:
fabrics, clothing and shoes
10.9
13.7
15.7
15.7
15.6
furniture, cultural and everyday items
- (including bicycles, motorcycles and
so forth) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2
4.2
4.9
5.9
5.9
- fuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.8
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.8
for sociocultural and personal services
4.4
12.5
13.6
15.4
14.9
of them education, medical treatment and
other free services at the expense of
public consumption funds.
3.4
10.0
10.8
12.3
11.7
accumulation (increase of cash, savings
- deposits and others). . . . . . . . . . . .
6.9
12.1
10.6
10.1
13.1
taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.3
other expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1
8.9
11.7
13.0
13.0
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Placement of Housing`Into 0 eration
(millions of m2 of total /usefularea of housing)
including
v
>
m
v
i
Si
.
ro
~ p
~
N Ri
. C ~
(D
a
p �ri
o ~n
a
p
a
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b
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0
~
0
w i w >
a
~
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o
D
a!
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Gl
Y+ v
.C r1
rl
ca
-W
a o p
H-rl G)
p
O
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.C 'rl
~4 w -W
O N
f.'
i�
0
ii ~ 0
3
~ a ~
e
6o
-
Q
H
.o
V. N O
Cl rl U
.a
~1 1-+
cd 3 u
9+ cq -rl
a w i--t
- Total for 1918-1978. . . . . . . . .
3301.6
1
889.6
5
55.5
856.5
1918-1928 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
203.0
23.7
27.5
151.8
First Five-Year Plan (1929-1932)
56.9
32.6
7.6
16.7
Second Five-Year Plan (1933-1937). .
67.3
37.2
7.1
23.0
Three and a half years of Third
Five-Year Plan (1938-first half
of 1941) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
81.7
34.4
10.9
36.4
Four and a half years (from 1 July
1941 to 1 January 1946)*
102.5
41.3
13.6
47.6
Fourth Five-Year Plan (1946-1950). .
200.9
72.4
44.7
83.8
Fifth Five-Year Plan (1951-1955)
240.5
113.0
65.1
62.4
Sixth Five-Year Plan (1956-1960)
474.1
224.0
1
13.8
136.3
Seventh Five-Year Plan (1961-1965) .
490.6
300.4
94.0
96.2
including 1965 . . . . . . . . . .
97.6
63.2
16.1
18.3
Eighth Five-Year Plan (1966-1970). .
518.5
352.5
72.8
93.2
including 1970 . . . . . . . . . .
106.0
76.6
13.0
16.4
Ninth Five-Year Plan (1971-1975)
544.8
407.3
64.3
73.2
including 1975 . . . . . . . . .
. 109.9
83.3
12.6
14.0
- Three years of the lOth Five-Year
Plan (1976-1978) . . . . . . . . .
. 320.8
250.8
34.1
35.9 -
1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 106.2
82.7
11.4
12.1
1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 107.8
84.2
11.5
12.1
1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 106.8
83.9
11.2
11.7
*
Including restoration.
, 1
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Placement of Housing Into Operation in Urban Settlements and Rural Areas
~
including
-4 En
w
(n b
i
.
>
~
S ~
r
l
1
CJ t
C
Gl
aJ
G
a1
nt u
cd
cd 00
O al u
0 0
u~
p
00 0
rl m cU
,C 4-1
41
~
41
' r

~ o
a
o
i a 0
~
.
1-+
:3~
o
oca
44
"
v �
x ~
00 0
~
p
0
q'b
U)
m p
�f
N af
>
m OcU
N p
~
~
~
0 44 N
N
r
1 0
~
N i~+ GJ
~
'
.G O F+
W
14
M
SG -r-1 C
.y. tA W
ca
M
a o
P
~4 W 4J ~
r-I N
cn
4j
�rq
o)
o 4
o ~
~
N
W
P.
3 ~ ~ ~

~
;
o ~
~
o
o
O-rl 0
N
O
T-W 3-i
D, c0 �ri
HrA 44

41 �rl
U
O fC ~ U
C W r-I
Total in urban settlements and rural
areas
1950. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 40.4
17.8
10.1
12.5
Fifth Five-Year Plan. .
240.5
113.0
65.1
62.4
Sixth Five-Year Plan. .
474.1
224.0
113.8
136.3
Seventh Five-Year Plan.
490.6
300.4
94.0
96.2
including 1965. . . .
. . . . . . . 97.6
63.2
16.1
18.3
Eighth Five-Year Plan .
518.5
352.5
72.8
93.2
including 1970. . . .
. . . . . . . 106.0
76.6
13.0
16.4
Ninth Five-Year Plan. .
544.8
407.3
64.3
73.2
including 1975. . . .
. . . . . . . 109.9
83.3
12.6
14.0
Three years of the lOth
Five-Year Plan 320.8
250.8
34.1
35.9
1976. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 106.2
82.7
11.4
12.1
1977. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 107.8
84.2
11.5
12.1
1978 . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 106.8
83.9
11.2
11.7
In urban settlements
1950 . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 20.7
14.3
6.4

Fifth Five-Year Plan. .
. . . . . . . 129.8
91.0
38.8

Sixth Five-Year Plan. .
. . . . . . . 241.7
181.0
60.7

Seventh Five-Year Plan.
. . . . . . . 291.6
240.8
50.8

including 1965. . . .
. . . . . . . 60.7
52.7
8.0

EighCh Five-Year Plan .
. . . . . . . 335.5
299.1
36.4

including 1970. . . .
. . . . . . . 71.3
64.7
6.6

Ninth Five-Year Plan. .
. . . . . . . 377.4
345.0
32.4

including 1975. . . .
. . . . . . . 76.3
69.6
6.7

Three years of the lOth
Five-Year Plan 229.7
210.8
18.9
1976. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 75.9
69.5
6.4
1977. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 77.2
70.9
6.3

1978 . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 76.6
70.4
6.2

/Table continued on following page/
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~
including
>
a
c
~
v
�rl
I
~
CJ
c0
41

0
~
OC
~
~
O
0 1-J
O p

a
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�o
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00 O
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0
9 '0
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(A r
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N r
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c0
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~ O

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p, O F
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m 41 0.
O
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a~ O r-{
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.n
d,H u
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c0 3 u
,a w rl
In rural areas
1950 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19.7
3.5
3.7
12.5
Fifth Five-Year Plan. . . . . . . . . .
110.1
22.0
26.3
62.4
Sixth Five-:ear Plan. . . . . . . . . .
232.4
43.0
53.1
136.3
Seventh Five-Year Plan.
199.0
59.6
43.2
96.2
including 1965. . . . . . . . . . . .
36.9
10.5
8.1
18.3
Eighth Five-Year Plan . . . . . . . . .
183.0
53.4
36.4
93.2
including 1970. . . . . . . . . . . .
34.7
11.9
6.4
16.4
Ninth Five-Year Plan. . . . . . . . . .
167.4
62.3
31.9
73.2
_ including 1975. . . . . . . . . . . .
33.6
13.7
5.9
14.0
Three years of the lOth Five-Year Plan.
91.1
40.0
15.2
35.9
1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30.3
13.2
5.0
12.1
' 1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30.6
13.3
5.2
12.1
' 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
~
30.2
13.5
5.0
11.7
Number of Built
Apartments
and Their
Total (Useful) Area
including
Cd
a I v~
~
m tA
O 0 0 UJ
0 H O'd
tC 4-1
-W 'O
O t0 O~
rl ~ w aG p
r
'
pi
U I 00 .C
Tl Ol p O co
I
~
~
,
0
u~w I
r-~ 6~
v
~
i
'Ly N O'd
t
'0 +1 m tn rl
C
7+1
'
-W 0
0 -W ~ cC
41 -H rl N H r-1
w$+ w
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p O
R1 F: 'b 0 i-i
VJ W tA R1 'C N~ GJ
a1 R1 O
cv X
w a 0
p 0 0 v o~-W
m a
Cd
4+ w 0 o
x m a.c u xCa
~n
~ G
0 > cn o o
p v x r-I 44
�,j
H o
-4~i
" -H w �ri u
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m
~H �H
cd
y4J M 4J
3>,
n-w.x N ca
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ro sd ,-i
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q
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F+ N A
" 'a+ .C
D, r-1 3
r
W
O w -rl
~
H4
.c a~ a�~ �H
.~o a o
3 ~n a.~c p
oo
H o q
1950. . . . . . . . . . .
1073
412
306 355
40.4
Fifth Five-Year Plan.
6052
2598
1816 1638
240.5
, Sixth Five-Year Plan.
11292
5126
2806 3360
474.1
Seventh Five-Year Plan. .
11551
7319
2082 2150
490.6
including 1965.
2227
1511
336 380
97.6
, /Table continued on following page/
374
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includin
g
co
m v~
a
o
i y
6
a)

r+
o
b
~ vi
G
rv
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u
co o
�'c
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a
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0
.
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u~
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cC
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b
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1+ r-1
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Ca =
a,1
v a
m
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a
p
w
ca a
a) 4W
w

o
E u
m a
m
~
>~no
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a`~i~~
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w~
v~o
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~,--q
tJ
v~
-H N"4
,u m u
U
O
3
N 41
D, r~
N
4_1
O
.sL
r-1 N
N co .u
r-I rl rl
cv �1 1-1
u~
cv �H cc
$-i w N
o0
G
P,
0 4+
-q ~ rl
co
-w

op q
C :J N

O w
~
w a �H
-H
.n
a o 3
N
4
.~4 p oo
p o
Eighth Five-Year Plan.
11333
8141
1437
1755
518.5
includ;ng 1970
2266
1723
246
297
106.0
Ninth Five-Year Plan .
11224
8859
1116
1249
544.8
including 1976
2228
1778
215
235
109.9
Three years of the lOt
h
Five-Year Plan
6304
5149
558
597
320.8
1976 . . . . . . . .
. . 2113
1720
190
203
106.2
1977 , , , . , . . .
. . 2111
1726
187
198
107.8
1978 . . . � � � � �
. � 2080
1703
181
196
106.8
Number
of Built Apartments by
Union Repub
lics
i
'
(thousands)
1950 1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
USSR.
. 1073
2227
2266
2228
2113
2111
2080
RSFSR .
. 628.6
1298.6
1317.0
1327.9
1255.7
1256.1
1234.8
Ukrainian SSR
. 189.1
403.3
383.9
378.4
356.4
355.0
344.6
Belorussian SSR .
. 44,3
73.8
89.7
84.2
76.2
78�4
78�7
Uzbek SSR
. 43.0
77.6
94.2
87.0
91.0
88.2
95.4
Kazakh SSR.
. 59,1
139.8
124.9
122.8
113.0
115.1
111.5
Georgian SSR.
. 16.4
28.1
29.2
26.3
25.3
24.4
24.7
Azerbaijan SSR. .
. 20.2
41.4
32.4
30.5
28.5
25.0
25.1
Lithuanian SSR. .
. 4.1
25.3
34.7
36.3
34.7
35.7
33.3 ~
Moldavian SSR
. 7.7
24.1
29.4
28.7
27.3
27.2
24.8
Latvian SSR
. 3.5
16.0
21.2
21.0
20.2
21.0
18.5
Kirgiz SSR.
. 13.9
22.0
24.9
16.1
18.0
16.7
19.8 -
Tadzhik SSR
. 14.9
21,7
22.8
22.1
20.4
20.7
21.5
Armenian SSR.
. 9.9
26.8
24.3
19.0
17.8
18.4
16.7
Turkmen SSR
. 14.2
16.5
19.4
14.0
14.2
13.8
15.8
Estonian SSR.
. 4.1
12.0
15.3
13.2
12.8
13.8
13.0
375
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Capital Investments in Housing Construction by Union Republics
(in comparable prices; millions of rubles)
1950 1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978
USSR* 2291 9589 13364 16265 16504 17013 17522
RSFSR 1445 5957 8102 9971 10106 10399 10727
Ukrainian SSR 412 1443 1883 2394 2355 2458 2499
Belorussian SSR 70 267 450 557 559 582 617
Uzbek SSR 52 282 545 623 698 737 781
Kazakh SSR. 116 732 901 1069 1083 1088 1112
Georgian SSR. 44 131 192 210 218 220 236
Azerbaijan SSR. 36 123 160 162 170 163 174
Lithuanian SSR. 9 106 206 261 277 293 281
Moldavian SSR 11 83 142 185 186 210 203
Latvian SSR 11 81 136 166 166 168 165
Kirgiz SSR. 16 78 134 120 130 131 146
Tadzhik SSR 14 77 117 141 142 149 150
Armenian SSR. 20 111 157 157 155 156 161
Turkmen SSR 22 61 120 127 134 132 140
Estonian SSR. 13 57 105 113 114 117 118
*
Here and on page 375 the capital investments and the placen;tnt into opera-
tion of the total (useful) area of residences and apartments, which in part
are not broken down by republics, are included in the total for the USSR
for 1970-1978.
Placement of Housing Into Operation by Union Republics
1978
O 4J 'C
.u cd 0 !
~ -W > G Cd co
�~1 cti m d
~GJ .O c~U cA O O
_ U S-i Cl rl O
- N~ GO aJ VJ -W U
r--i o Z a �H co
a �H �H o N oa
-W voa�H G
r-i ro u s4 q-H M
~ N U'b twJ 60 :J D
~ 1950 1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 H P. ~ c~a ai o.�c ~
_ USSR,* millions
of m2 of total
(useful) area. . 40.4 97.6 106.0 109.9 106.2 107.8 106.8 83.9
including by
union republics,
thousands of m2:
RSFSR. 23041 54859 58585 61891 59747 60456 59941 52418
Ukrainian SSR. . 7688 18892 18764 19842 18449 18474 18354 12065
- See footnote above.
/Table continued on following page/
376
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1978
U)
-d a)
0 010
c1 -H q cn
cC Q)
H
p,
O
Ul
~
c0 GJ C
~
4-1 -W 0 N
N 11 N
b
0 P.
.0
U
7 rq O
U
r-I O
t".. -W cd
n. �r-+
�ri w co co
rl R1
0 G) 0 ~rl
~
~
u
i
a
o "v
1950 1965 1970 1975 1976 1977
�

~
�
E.
~ o
u
.
[
Belorussian SSR .
. 1688
3282
4328
4346
4032
4219
4220
3220
Uzbek SSR
. 1698
3574
5076
4891
5241
5349
5583
3123
Kazakh SSR.
. 2103
6333
5950
6066
6125
6185
6087
5362
Georgian SSR.
. 783
1559
1847
1709
1666
1584
1655
1104
Azerbaijan SSR. .
. 659
1646
1518
1503
1449
1280
1414
893
Lithuanian SSR. .
. 180
1143
1824
2051
1984
2100
1929
1190
Moldavian SSR
. 280
1062
1462
1507
1430
1601
1396
679
Latvian SSR
. 154
709
965
1114
1071
1125
999
769
Kirgiz SSR.
. 477
1022
1310
925
1011
972
1117
541
Tadzhik SSR
. 544
916
1133
1133
1102
1161
1167
551
Armenian SSR.
. 406
1295
1301
1195
1129
1183
1095
853
Turkmen SSR
. 560
808
1083
986
1037
991
1031
484
Estonian SSR.
. 175
529
765
722
730
780
745
588
Number of People Who Improved Their Housing Conditions
(millions)
Number of people
including
who received liv-
received living
received or ex-
ing space or
space or built
panded their liv-
built their own
own apartments
ing space in pre-
apartments
in new houses
viously built
houses
1950. . . . . . . . .
5.3
4.0
1.3
Fifth Five-Year Plan.
30.6
22.5
8.1
Sixth Five-Year Plan.
54.0
41.7
12.3
Seventh Five-Year Plan 54.6
42.7
11.9
including 1965.
10.8
8.2
2.6
Eighth Five-Year Plan
54.9
42.1
12.8
including 1970.
11.2
8.4
2.8
Ninth Five-Year Plan.
56.1
41.5
14.6
including 1975.
11.0
8.2
2.8
Three years of lOth
Five-Year Plan.
31.6
23.3
8.3
1976. . . . . . . .
10.5
7.8
2.7
1977. . . . . . . .
10.6
7.8
2.8
1978. . . . . . . .
10.5
7.7
2.8
377
rOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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Urban Housing
(at end of the year; millions of M2 of tor.al /useful/ area of houaing) -
1913 i940 1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978
All urban housing. 180 421 1238 1529 1867 1932 2001 2070
including:
- socialized . . . . . . 267 806 1072 1385 1446 1510 1574
private property of citizens in -
1913, including private capital-
ist property and houses of in- stitutions . . . . . . . . . . . 180 154 432 457 482 486 491 496 -
The use of new standard plans, which provide for the better layout of ~
apartments and their greater comfort, has been expanded in housing con- .
structi.on.
In the USSR rent
has remained unchanged since 1928
and does
not exceed on _
the average 3 percent of the 'ncome in the
families
of worke
rs. The
pay- -
ment of the populati.on for houaing
and municipal se
rvices is
less than
one-third of the
expenditures for
these purposes.
Urban Housing by Union
Republic
s
, (at end of the
year; millions of
m2 of total %uae
ful/ area
of hous
ing)
1960
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
- USSR. . . . . .
. . . . . . 1238
1529
1867
1932
2001
2070
RSFSR . . . . .
. . . . . . 736.6
911.2
1109.2
1146.0
1185.8
1225.2
Ukrainian SSR .
258.9
313.3
375.8
389.0
402.1
415.4
Belorussian SSR
32.4
43.5
57.6
60.3
63.3
66.4
Uzbek SSR
29.4
35.9
48.8
51.2
53.8
56.9
- Kazakh SSR.
51.5
65.3
80.7
83.8
86.9
90.0
Georgian SSR. .
22.8
27.7
33.3
34.4
35.4
36.5 _
- Azerbaijan SSR.
20.4
24.4
28.5
29.4
30.2
31.1
Lithuanian SSR.
13.8
18.4
23.9
25.0
26.1
27.3
- Moldavian SSR .
9.0
11.8
15.5
16.2
16.9
17.6
Latvian SSR
11.$
20.9
24.5
25.1
25.8
26.4
Kirgiz SSR.
7.8
9.9
12.2
12.6
13.0
13.5
Tadzhik SSR
7.5
9.8
11.9
12.0
12.2
12.6
� Armenian SSR. .
11.2
14.7
18.7
19.5
20.3
21.0
- Turkmen SSR
8.4
10.4
12.4
12.9
13.3
13.8
Estonian SSR. .
10.2
12.3
14.5
15.0
15.6
16.1
378
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Urban Socialized Housing by Union Republics
(at end of the year; millions of m2 of total %useful/ area of housing)
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
USSR. . , . . . � � � .
. . . 806
1072
1385
1446
1510
1574
R5FSR . . . . . . . .
. . . 526.7
694.0
889.4
926.5
966.4
1005.6
- Ukrainian SSR
138.5
181.7
231.6
242.1
252.8
263.3
Belorussian SSR
18.9
28.5
41.4
43.8
46.7
49.5
Uzbek SSR . . . . . . .
. . . 13.5
20.6
31.2
33.0
35.0
37.0
Kazakh SSR. . . . . . .
. . . 29.8
42.4
56.5
59.5
62.5
65.5 `
Georgian SSR.
11.2
14.E
19.0
19.9
20.8
21.7
Azerbaijan SSR.
13.5
16.8
20.1
20.9
21.5
22.3
Lithuanian SSR.
9.2
13.2
18.0
18.9
19.9
20.9
Moldavian SSR
4.6
6.9
9.9
10.5
11.1
11.7
Latvian SSR
13.5
16.3
19.5
20.1
20.7
21.3
Kir.giz SSR.
3.8
5.5
7.4
7.7
8.0
8.4
Tadzhik SSR
4.3
6.2
8.2
8.4
8.5
9.0
Armenian SSR.
6.0
9.3
13.0
13.8
14.6
15.3
Turkmen SSR
5.2
7.0
8.8
9.2
9.6
10.0
Estonian SSR. .
7.5
9.3
11.3
11.7
12.2
12.7
Urban Hausing Privately Owned by Citizens by Union Republics
(at end of the year; millions of m2 of total /useful7 area of housing)
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
191tt
USS R . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 432
457
482
486
491
496
RSFSR . . . . . . . . .
. . . 209.9
217.2
219.8
219.5
219.4
219.6
Ukrainian SSR
120.4
131.6
144.2
146.9
149.3
152.1
Belorussian 5SR
13.5
15.0
16.2
16.5
16.6
16.9
Uzbek SSR . . . . . . .
. . . 15.9
15.3
17.6
18.2
18.8
19.9
Kazakh SSR.
21.7
22.9
24.2
24.3
24.4
24.5
Georgian SSR.
11.6
13.1
14.3
14.5
14.6
14.8
Azerbaijan SSR.
6.9
7.6
8.4
8.5
8.7
8�8
Lithuanian SSR.
4.6
5.2
5.9
6.1
6.2
6.4
Moldavian SSR
4.4
4.9
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
Latvian SSR
4.3
4.6
5.0
5.0
5.1
5.1
Kirgiz SSR. .
4.0
4.4
4.8
4.9
5.0
5.1
Tadzhik SSR
3.2
3.6
3.7
3.6
3.7
3.6
Armenian SSR.
5.2
5.4
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.7
Turkmen SSR
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.7
3.7
3.8
Estonian SSR.
2.7
3.0
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.4
379
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- Sources of the Increase of Urban Housing by
Union
Republics
(thousands of m2
of total
/_useful/ area of housing)
_
Increase of
urban hous-
ing due
to
~n -
G
q 1+ o
c~o
a
o a.o
a~i
P 3 a~i -
~

r ,�H ~
p 41
~ o p
o
v
U
w 41 w
~
W
~
1-~ r-I ~
Gl C
y
t4
~ ~
O
r0 l
~'Cf O
~
~ 00 p
W
~
-I
~ h
U
fA rl N
41
9
~
l
ia r
H
U
d)
~
.C
C+
i-i
O+
.C c
d
- USSR*
�
1965. . . . . . . . . .
. 55689
60726
5919
10956
_ 1970. . . . . . . . . .
. 60025
71195
1579
12749
_ 1975. . . . . . . . . <
. 67119
76250
1903
11034
1976. . . . . . . . . .
. 64941
75920
2073
13052
1977. . . . . . . . . .
. 68258
77120
1659
10521
1978. . . . . . . . . .
. 69147
76583
2914
10350
1965-1978--total.
. 887797
1002606
38492
153301
including:
RSFSR . . . . . . . . .
. 521956
607224
16231
101499
Ukrainian SSR
. 167353
179292
8294
20233
Belorussian SSR
. 35592
37234
909
2551
- Uzbek SSR . . . . . . .
. 28791
30893
6245
8347
- Kazakh SSR. . . . . . .
. 40998
46723
2262
7987
Georgian SSR.
. 14523
14901
1021
1399 -
Azerbaijan. SSR.
. 11615
12368
482
1235
Lithuanian SSR.
. 14236
15425
220
1409 _
Moldavian SSR
. 9580
9587
1103
1110
Latvian SSR
. 9070
10237
224
1391
Kirgiz SSR.
. 5954
6466
255
767
- Tadzhik SSR . . . . . .
. 5571
6432
560
1471
Armenian SSR.
. 10580
11733
466
1619 -
Turkmen SSR
. 5815
6886
102
1173
F.stonian SSR.
. 6163
7155
118
1110
*
The placement into operation of the total (useful)
area
of ap
artment
houses, which in part is not broken
down by republi
cs, is
not
included
for the USSR for 1970-1978
with respect to new cons
truction.
380
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Housing of Capitals of Union Republics and Maa,jor Cities of tne USSR
(at end of the year; thousande of m2 of total %useful/ area of housing)
1940
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
rtoscow.
28165
78537
97713
117030
120679
124527
128090
Kiev.
6660
16390
21264
27200
28212
29380
30457
- Minsk
1804
6915
10051
14052
14748
15518
16308
Tashkent.
4025
9674
11350
15316
16022
16721
17467
- Alma-Ata.
1320
6010
7730
9770
10143
10605
11001
- Tbilisi.
4609
7891
9772
12242
12690
13180
13681
Baku.
5830
11020
13061
14970
15434
15815
16243
Vil'nyus.

3296
4467
5616
5844
6104
6343
Kishiriev.

2909
3936
5453
5715
6033
6260
' Riga. . . . . . . .

8494
9970
11676
11928
12202
12473
Frunze.
568
3032
3986
4935
5093
5257
5452
Dushanbe.
457
2703
3440
4351
4487
4617
4787
Yerevan
1350
5722
7368
9365
9771
10238
10587 -
Ashkhabad
806
2063
2495
2889
3019
3101
3231
Tallin.

4025
4966
6084
6304
6539
6755
Barnaul
657
3267
4437
5705
5914
6137
6399
Vladivostok
1126
3794
4784
6163
6410
6618
6838 -
~
�Volgograd
. 3033
7482
9386
11262
11566
11909
12242
Voronezh.
. 2014
6039
7286
8786
9134
9508
9785 j -
Gor'kiy
. 4275
10191
12712
15278
15804
16249
16751 I
Dnepropetrovsk. .
. 3860
8238
10122
12393
12918
13962
14530
Donetsk
. 3180
9815
11668
13546
13313
14151
14443
Zaporozh'ye
. 1832
5363
7498
9201
9565
9904
10208
Izhevsk
. 851
2784
3933
5210
5499
5796
6082
Irkutsk
. 1400
3883
4971
6171
6418
6668
6945
Kazan'.
. 2640
6603
8361
10143
10565
10976
11392
Karaganda
. 434
4396
5331
6163
6330
6490
6696
Krasnodar
. 1231
4170
5311
6490
6678
6946
7185
Krasnoyarsk
. 994
5129
6840
8626
8996
9393
9765
Krivoy Rog.
. 804
6044
7357
8851
9150
9469
9757
Kuybyshev
. 2435
8657
10999
13334
13810
14310
14784
Leriingrad
. 25700
39153
47976
57998
60166
62045
63765
L'vov
. 3027
5274
6413
7767
8020
8289
8521
Novokuznetsk.
. 865
5036
6154
6817
6930
7121
7297
Novosibirsk
. 2440
9903
12370
15243
15590
16145
16643
Odessa.
. 5450
8117
10066
11833
12124
12519
12829
Omsk.
. 1688
6645
8860
11105
11593
12054
12520
perm'
. 1650
7266
9087
10846
11204
11551
11868
Rostov-na-Donu. .
. 4265
6997
8623
10443
10687
11071
11376
Saratov
. 2647
6496
8103
9788
10029
10393
10714
Sverdlovsk.
. 2881
9271
11720
14148
14601
15141
15652
_ Tol'yatti
.
1228
2779
5178
5514
5918
6320
*
At the beginning of the year.
/Table continued on following page/
381
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1940
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
Tula.
. 1475
4424
5360
6346
6594
6801
6939
Ufa
. 1265
5800
7573
9446
9818
10089
11405
Khabarovsk.
. 972
3948
5082
6380
6507
6767
6953
Khar'kov.
. 6564
11381
14557
18155
18853
19550
20298 -
Chelyabinsk
. 1725
8257
10129
12229
12615
13057
13422
Yaroslavl'.
. 1664
4450
5631
6999
7252
7546
7791
*
At the beginning of the year.
In 1913 the housing of Moscow made up 16.8 million m2 of total (useful)
area, including 11.9 million m2 of living space. At the end of 1978 the
housing of Moscow made up 128.1 million m2 of total (useful) area, includ-
ing 85.1 million m2 of living space.
Number of Apartments Supplied With
Gas by
Union Republics
(at
end of the
year; thousands)
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
USSR--total.
. 10433.5
23381.5
41665.4
45254.8
48226.0
50924.1
including:
in urban settlements .
. 9733.1
18734.8
28877.1
30740.0
32387.8
33884.0
in rural areas
. 700.4
4646.7
12788.3
14514.8
15838.2
17040.1
Of the total number of
apartments supplied with
'
gas by union republics:
RSFSR. . . . . . . . . .
. 5482.1
11670.9
21449.3
23267.1
24870.4
26255.9
Ukrainian SSR.
. 2186.6
4882.7
8917.9
9809.4
10374.9
10886.5
Belorussian SSR.
. 313.3
808.2
1579.2
1738.3
1909.6
2061.1
Uzbek SSR.
. 409.6
1050.1
1735.3
1885.4
2030.0
2222.6
Kazakh SSR
. 490.2
1464.5
2363.2
2507.7
2658.9
2773.7
Georgi.an SSR
. 207.6
593.5
939.7
987.7
1030.4
1072.3
Azerbaijan SSR
. 377.6
521.0
789.6
842.9
898.0
954.1
Lithuanian SSR
. 145.6
375.1
614.8
664.5
712.8
753.4
Moldavian SSR.
. 165.4
351.5
634.8
736.0
821.2
880.9
Latvian SSR.
. 159.1
368.7
564.4
598.6
630.1
657.1
Kirgiz SSR
. 82.9
313.7
544.6
603.5
611.9
634.9
Tadzhik SSR.
. 68.2
189.6
362.2
388.4
410.9
447.2
_ Armenian SSR
. 146.6
319.1
486.4
512.7
535.3
546.4
' Turkmen SSR.
. 104.3
247.1
350.3
364.9
374.6
408.1
Estonian SSR
. 94.4
225.8
333.7
347.7
357.0
369.9
At the end of 1978 the level of supply of housing with gas in cities and
urban-type settlements was 74 percent, while in rural areas it was
69 percent.
- 382
_ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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USSR. . . . . . . .
47644
31865
11351
9903
RSFSR . . . . . . .
26865
18255
4342
3885
Ukrainian SSR
10150
6934
3622
3183
Iielorussian SSR
1851
1229
664
576
Uzbek SSR
1746
1065
737
593 '
Kazakh SSR.
1869
1069
254
221 'i
Georgian SSR.
880
523
280
227 I
Azerbaijan SSR.
722
416
226
184 :
Lithuanian SSR.
644
443
238
209
Moldavian SSR
608
422
290
248
Latvian SSR
543
383
114
105
Kirgiz SSR.
447
272
154
123
Tadzhik SSR
368
237
182
144
Armenian SSR.
348
219
82
71
Turkmen SSR
288
172
119
92
Estonian SSR.
315
226
47
42
Retirement security
in the USSR is
provided
completely
at the
expense of
the state and kolkh
ozes without any withhold
ings
from the income of workers. -
At present retirement age due to o
ld age has
been
estab
lished
for workers, -
employees and kolkh
oz f.armers: men--60 years
old,
women--55 years old. -
Workers and employe
es, who are emp
loyed in underg
round
jobs,
in hot shops,
as well as in jobs
with difficult
working co
nditi
ons, r
eceive
a pension
5-10 years earlier.
The reduction of retirement
age ha
s also
been extended
- to other groups of
the population.
The Soviet state shows constant concern for
the e
lderly
and d
isabled. A
network of homes for these groups
of the pop
ulati
on has
been
set up in
the country.
In most capitalist countries a higher age than in the USSR is envisaged
for the receipt of an old-age pension. Thus, for example, an age of 62-65
- 399
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has been set for men and women for receiving a normal pension in the United
States, the FRG, the Netherlanda and Sweden, the age of 67 in Norway. And
- in order to receive an old-age pension considerable amounts are withheld
in the form of insurance payments from the wages of the workers of capital-
ist countries.
Sanatoriums and-Vacation Establishments
1913 1939 1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978
Number of sanatoriums and
vacation establishments (ex-
cluding those for one- or
two-day stays).
60
3600
8080
9167
11697
12192
12415
12652
Beds at them, thousands
3
469
1028
1311
1795
1899
1963
2011
Number of sanatoriums with
a continuous stay and holi-
day hotels with medical
treatment (for adults and
children)
60
1838
2230
2318
2350
2345
2332
2329
Beda at them, thousands
3
240
409
461
504
510
517
523
Of the number of sanato-
riums with a continuous
stay and holiday hotels
with medical treatment--
children's sanatoriums.
14
957
1146
1183
1219
1211
1204
1204
Beda at them, thousands
0.3
95
135
154
162
163
164
165
Number of sanatorium-
dispensaries.

328
1398
1839
2201
2277
2349
2386
Beds at them, thousands
15
70
118
163
175
186
191
Number of holiday homes
and hotels.

1270
889
1073
1124
1170
1170
1192
Beds at them, thousands

195
229
287
339
354
364
372
Number of vacation cetnters.

3113
3345
5079
5446
5610
5802
Beds at them, thousankis
225
288
489
548
580
599
Number of tourist centers
164
450
592
943
954
954
943
Beds at them, thousands
19
95
157
300
312
316
326
- In 1978 2,600 vacation establishments for a stay of one or two days with
accommodations for 176,000 were in operation in the USSR.
400
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401
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Number of Those Who Were Treated and Vacationed
at Sanatoriume and Vacation Eatablishments
(thousands)
1950 1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978
Total of those who were treated
_ and vacationed at sanatoriuma
and vacation establishments (ex-
' cluding those for one- and two-
day stays). 3785 11316 16836 31532 32039 34716 35564
At sanatoriums with a continuous
stay and holiday hotels with
medical tre atment (for adults
and children) 1654 2979 3612 4391 4504 4670 4791
At sanatorium-dispensaries. 198 718 1196 1872 2086 2313 2482
At health resort polyclinics
on a board and treatment
authorization 69 625 788 965 1067 1086 1068
At holiday homes and hotels 1824 3988 4542 5116 5218 5304 5341
At vacation centers 1009 1657 2584 2573 2771 2853
- At tourist centers. 40 1997 5041 16604 16591 18572 19029
In 1978 52 million workers and members of their families were treated and
vacationed at sanatorims, vacation establishments, tourist routes and
centers, of them 36 million people took advantage of long-term treatment
and rest, 7 million--a one- or two-day vacation, 9 million--a vacation on
tourist routes on day off. Some 162 r-illion people took excursions
as against 40 million in 1970. About 23 million children and adolescents
during the summer vacationed at Pioneer and school camps, at tourist ex-
cursion centers or went during the summer to the country with children's
institutions.
Number of Athletes
1940 1950 1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978
Number of collectives of
physical culture, thousands 62 183 196 210
Number of athletes,* mil-
lions.. . . . . . . . . . 5.3 14.2 46.3 43.6
Total titles of expert of
sports of the USSR awarded,
thousands. . . . . . . . . 3.3 48.8 80.1
including in correspond-
ing year . . . . . . . . 0.6 4.9 5.1
*
Since 1970 only peopZe, who are regularly active in
physical culture, have been included among athletes.
219 219 220 222
50.1 52.4 55.4 57.8
116.8 126.0 135.8 146.9
8.7 9.2 9.8 11.1
the collectives of
In prerevo lutionary Russia physical culture organizations had in their
ranks only 45,000-50,000 people.
402
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
r
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Training of Rated Athletes
1950 1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978
5ports ratings awarded, thousands. 836 8263 11724 16431 17638 19561 21379
including:
candidates for expert of sports. 6 11 24 28 33 38
aports rating I . . . . . . . . 14 103 115 193 199 229 253
sports ratings II and III and
youth sports rating 822 8154 11598 16214 17411 19299 21088
Number of Sports Structures
1940 1950 1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978
Stadiums (with 1,500 and
- more seats for spectators). 378 788 2397 2918 3198 3204 3282 3356
Gymnasiums, thousands 19.8 29.0 44.6 61.0 63.4 66.4 68.5
Swimming pools. 820 905 1259 1344 1435 1461
Soccer fields, thousands. . 8.6 18.8 64.3 88.7 98.0 97.7 101.3 103.7
Vol.leyball, basketball and
tennis courts, thousands. . 54.0 139.A 365.2 368.8 382.9 370.9 379.5 386.4
In 1978 there were 20 mountain climbing camps with 2,900 places at them.
Number of Medals Won by Soviet Athletes aC Olympic Games
Years yumber of inedala won Years Number of inedals won gold silver bronze gold silver bronze
-
1952 22 30 19 1968 34 37 33
1956 44 32 38 1972 58 32 25
1960 50 34 40 1976 60 49 43
1964 41 39 41
In 1978 157 Soviet athletes were awarded the lofty title of world champion
and 171 athletes were awarded the title of European champion.
State Capital Investments in Measures on Nature Conservation
and the Rational Use of Natural Resources
(in comparable prices; millions of rubles)
1973-1975 1976-1978
Total Average Total Average
- a year a year
. Measures on nature conservation and
the rational use of natural re-
sources--total. . . . . . . . . . . . 4755 1585 5503 1834
including:
on the protection and rational use
of water resources. 3542 1181 4237 1412
on the protection of the air basin. 422 141 523 174
403
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Expenditurce on Labor Safety Measures
(millions of rubles)
1970 1971 1972 1913 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978
1292 1394 1494 1631 1795 1892 2026 2132 2244 In addition, the state allocates more than 1.6 billion rubles annually far
the production of special clothing, footwear and other means of individual
protection. -
In 1978 as compared with 1970 production in3uries in the sphere of physical
production were reduced by 29 percent. The Soviet Union is among the coun-
tries with a low level of production injuries.
404
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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TRADE
Main Indicators of the Development of Trade*
1940 1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978
Total volume of retail commodity
turnover of state, cooperative
and kolkhoz trade, billions of
rubles . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.9 108.4 159.4 215.6 225.9 236.4 247.5 _
Volume of retail commodity ~
turnover of state and coopera- ~
- tive trade, including public ~
dining, billions of rubles. 18.0 104.8 155.2 210.4 220.1 230.6 241.3 '
including turnover of con-
sumer cooperatives on the
sale of agricultural pro-
ducts, which are purchased
at contract prices and ac-
cepted on commission. 1.1 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.6
Turnover on the sale of agri-
- cultural products on the kol-
khoz extra-village market (ex-
cluding the sale to consumer
- cooperatives at contract
prices), billions of rubles 2.9 3.6 4.2 5.2 5.8 5.8 6.2
Reaerve commodity stocks in
retail network: ;
billions of rublea. 1.6 26.4 35.3 45.4 47.3 48.7 48.7
in days of commodity turn-
over . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 96 88 84 84 82 79
Average annual number of work-
ers of retail.trade and public
dining, thousands 2202 4451 5746 6750 6867 6988 7091
- *
In this and subsequenC tables the data in moneCary terms are cited in the -
- prices of the corresponding years, the growth rate of the commodity turn-
over is calculated in comparable prices.
/Table continued on following page/
405
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1940 1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978
Marketing costs of retail trade
as a percentage of the commodity
turnover. . . . . . . . . . . . 8.21 6.61 6.94 6.60 6,57 6.59 6.70
Costs of enterprises of public
dining as a percentage of the -
commodity turnover. 19,63 18.85 21.20 21.45 21,47 21.73 22.40
Number of retail trade enter-
prises (at end of the year),
thousands. . . . . . . . . . . 407.2 643.3 682.0 696.1 696.5 695.6 695.9
Floor space in stores, mil-
- lions of m2 12.2 24.8 31.5 39.3 40.7 42.2 43.6
Number of public dining enter-
prises (at end of the year),
thousands . . . . . . . . . . . 87.6 192.7 237.3 274.5 280.7 286.2 292.1
Number of seats at public din-
ing enterprises, millions 2.2 6.9 10.0 13.7 14.4 15. 1 15.9
Growth Rate of Retail Commodity Turnover of State and Cooperative
Trade, Including Public Dining
Total volume of including Commodity
- Years retail commod- foodstuffs nonfood con- turnover of
_ ity turnover sumer items publ ic dining
1940 = 100
1940 100 100 100 100
1945 43 47 30 63
1946 55 56 45 72
1950 107 91 136 104
1955 202 172 256 179
1960 317 257 423 208
1965 423 350 552 279
1970 628 497 871 414
1975 854 643 1258 535
1976 893 667 1326 560
1977 934 691 1399 583
1978 970 709 1471 602
1970 = 100
1970 100 100 100 100 ~
1975 136 129 144 129 -
1976 142 134 152 135
1977 149 139 160 141
1978 154 143 169 145
406
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Increase of Retail Commodity Turnover of Consumer Cooperatives
(1940 = 100)
Including commodity turnover Excluding commodity turnover
on sale of agricultural prod- on sale of agricultural prod-
Years ucts, which are purchased at ucts, which are purchased at
contract prices :ind accepted contract prices and accepted
on commission on com�nission _
1940
100
100
1950
101
101
1955
213
208
1960
357
347
1965
491
479
15 ; 0
736
723
1975
997
986
1976
1034
1025
1977
1079
1069
1978
1117
1108
Increase of Retail Commodity
Turnover
of State and
Cooperative
Trade,
Including Public
Dining, by Union Republics
(1940 = 100 )
1940
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
USSR . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 100
423
628
854
893
934
970
RSFSR . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 100
391
568
764
797
830
861
ITkrainian SSR
100
424
629
844
880
921
954
Belorussian SSR
100
447
755
1079
1126
1192
1244
Uzbek SSR A.....
100
469
729
1060
1123
1190
1257
Kazakh SSR. . . . . . . . . .
. . 100
890
1311
1837
1903
1985
2076
Georgian SSR.
100
351
532
738
778
817
852
Azerbaijan SSR.
100
340
523
705
750
783
809
Lithuanian SSR.
100
548
353
1319
1395
1459
1535
Moldavian SSR
100
735
1232
1810
1913
2017
2126
Latvian SSR . . . . . . . . .
. . 100
529
847
1106
1165
1204
1245
Kirgiz SSR. . . . . . . . . .
. . 100
678
1080
1552
1633
1700
1783
Tadzhik SSR . . . . . . . . .
. . 100
554
895
1290
1370
1450
1534
Armenian SSR.
100
539
904
1294
1376
1468
1543
Turkmen SSR . . . . . . . . .
. . 100
373
600
869
917
968
1021
Estonian SSR.
100
479
766
982
1046
1090
1127
407
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Increase of Retail Comnaodity Turnover of State and Cooperative Trade
by Union Republics
(1970� 100)
Retail commodity turn-
Counnodity
turnover of
over, including public
public
dining
dining
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978 _
USSR.
100
136
142
149
154
100
129
135
141
145
RSFSR
100
135
141
146
152
100
128
134
139
143 -
Ukrainian SSR
100
134
140
147
152
100
127
133
137
140
Belcrussian SSR
100
143
149
158
165
100
133
142
150
159
- Uzbek SSR
100
145
154
163
172
100
142
150
158
166
Kazakh SSR.
100
140
145
151
158
100
138
144
150
157
Georgian SSR.
100
139
146
154
160
100
129
137
144
150
Azsrbaijan SSR.
100
135
143
150
155
100
130
137
144
148
' Lithuanian SSR.
100
138
146
153
161
100
129
142
151
159
Moldavian SSR
100
147
155
164
173
100
136
146
153
161
' Latvian SSR
100
131
138
142
147
100
132
139
146
151
Kirgiz SSR.
100
144
151
157
165
100
135
141
146
152
Tadzhik SSR
100
144
153
162
171
100
142
151
160
172
Armenian SSR.
wmmm
100
143
152
162
171
100
133
140
146
154 _
Turkmen SSR
100
145
153
162
170
100
131
136
143
147
Estonian SSR.
100
128
137
142
147
100
128
134
140
143
Proportion of State, Cooperative and Kolkhoz Trade
in Total Volume of Commnodity Turnover
(percent of total)
1940 1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978
In actual prices of state, cooperative and kolkhoz trade
Total retail commodity turnover. 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
State trade. 62.7 68.1 68.6 69.0 69.3 69.6 69.7
Cooperative trade. 23.0 28.6 28.8 28.6 28.1 28.0 27.8
Kolkhoz trade. 14.3 3.3 2.6 2.4 2.6 2.4 2.5
In identical prices for all forms of trade
(in state retail prices)
Total retail commodity turnover. 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
State trade. 66.8 68.8 69.4 69.9 70.3 70.6 70.8
Cooperative trade. 24.5 28.9 28.9 28.8 28.4 28.2 28.0
Kolkhoz trade. 8.7 2.3 1.7 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2
408
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Proportion of State, Cooperative and Kolkhoz Trade in Sale of Foodstuffs
(percent of total) �
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
In actual prices of state,
cooperative
and
kolkhoz
trade
Total sales volume of foodstuffs.
100
100
100
100
100
100
State and cooperative trade
94.7
95.6
95.8
95.5
95.7
95.6
Kolkhoz trade . . . . . . . . .
. . 5.3
4.4
4.2
4.5
4.3
4.4
In identical prices for ail forms of trade _
(in state retail prices)
Total sales volume of foodstuffs. 100 100 100 100 100 100
State and cooperative trade 96.2 97.2 97.7 97.6 97.8 97.8
Kolkhoz trade . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8 2.8 2.3 2.4 2.2 2.2
- Proportion of State, Cooperative and K,olkhoz Trade in Sale of Foodstuffs
for a Comparable Group of Goods
(percent of total)
1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978 ;
In actual prices of state, cooperative and kolkhoz trade ~
`iotal sales volume of foodstuffs. 100 100 100 100 100 100 ~
State and cooperative trade 90.0 91e5 91.9 91.2 91.5 91.2
Kolkhoz trade . . . . . . . . . . . 10.0 8.5 8.1 8.8 8.5 8.8
In identical prices for all forms of trade
(in state retail prices) _
Total sales volume of foo dstuffs. 100 100 100 100 100 100
State and cooperative trade 92.7 94.5 95.4 95.2 95.5 95.6
Kolkhoz trade . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3 5.5 4.6 4.8 4.5 4.4
409
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Retail Commodity Turnover of State and
Cooperative
Trade,
Including Publ
ic Dining
(millions of
rubles)
Total
Breakdown of total volume
of retail
coffinodity
turnover
volume
state
and cooper-
retail
trade and
trade in
urban
of re-
ative
trade
public
dining
settlements and
Years
tail
rural areas
commod-
state
cooper-
retail
public
in urban
in ru-
ity
trade
ative
trade
dining
settle-
ral
turn-
trade
ments
areas
.
over
1940
18023
13108
4915
15676
2347
12778
5245
1945
16014
12460
3554
12704
3310
11846
4168
1946
24723
19853
4870
19841
4882
19114
5609
- 1950
35958
26104
9854
31215
4743
27298
8660
1955
50194
34736
15458
44314
5880
36867
13327
1960
78555
54904
23651
71532
7023
59675
18880
1965
104762
73805
30957
94697
10065
80668
24094
1970
155208
109341
45867
140175
15033
120035
35173
1975
210389
148741
61648
190772
19617
164967
45422
- 1976
220139
156490
63640
199E18
20521
173796
46343
1977
230641
164475
66166
209282
21359
181786
48855
- 1978
241313
172579
68734
219097
22216
191001
50312
Retail Commodity Turnover of State and Cooperative Trade
Excluriine Public Dining
(millions ol' rubles)
Total volume cf re-
Breakdown of commodity turnover
tail commodity
state and cooperative
trade in urb
an settle-
Years
turnover (exclud-
trade
ments and rural areas
ing public din-
state
cooperative
in urban
in rural
-
ing)
trade
trade
settlements
areas
- 1940
15676
11226
4450
10870
4806 -
1945
12704
9505
3199
8955
3749
1946
19841
15683
4158
14998
4843
1950
31215
22312
8903
23282
7933
1955
44314
30215
14099
32102
12212
1960
71532
49295
22237
53675
17857
1965
94697
65599
29098
71871
22826
1970
140175
97088
43087
106848
33327
1975
190772
132642
58130
147591
43181
1976
199618
139681
59937
155614
44004
1977
209282
147006
62276
162912
46370
1978
219097
154455
64642
171385
47712
410
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Retail Commodity Turnover of Public Dining of State and Cooperative Trade
(millions of rubles)
Total volume of
Breakdown of
commodity turnover
commodity turn-
state
and cooperative
trade in urb
an settle- .
Years
over of public
trade
ments and rural areas
dining
state
cooperative
in urban
in rural
trade
trade
settlements
areas
1940
2347
1882
465
1908
439
1945
3310
2955
355
2891
419
1946
4882
4170
712
' 4116
766
1950
4743
3792
951
4016
727
1955
5880
4521
1359
4765
1115
- 1960
7023
5609
1414
6000
1023
1965
10065
8206
1859
8797
1268
1970
15033
12253
2780
13187
1846
1975
19617
16099
3518
17376
2241
1976
20521
16818
3703
18182
2339
1977
21359
17469
3890
18874
2485
1978
22216
18124
4092
19616
2600
Retail Commodity Turnover of State and Cooperative Trade,
Including Public Dining, by Union Republics
(millions of rubles)
1940
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
USSR. . . . . . . . .
. . 18023
104762
155208
210389
220139
230641
241313
RSFSR . . . . . . . .
. . 11670
63181
91250
122416
127917
133539
139354 -
Ulcrainian SSR
3203
18504
27548
36919
38485
40410
42145
Belorussian SSR
524
3111
5233
7431
7769
8239
8682
Uzbek SSR
523
3214
4985
7242
7678
8187
8694
Kazakh SSR.
412
4997
7290
10167
10536
11040
11596
Georgian SSR.
333
1530
2315
3210
3382
3569
3760
Azerbai3an SSR.
297
1335
2051
2757
2941
3084
3227
Lithuanian SSR.
171
1274
2209
3053
3233
3391
3595
Moldavian SSR
107
1048
1752
2573
2728
2896
3053
Latvian SSR
189
1404
2241
2908
3066
3181
3324
Ktrgiz SSR.
94
871
1382
1983
2087
2183
2305
Tadzhik SSR
100
726
1167
1675
1782
1895
2017
Armenian SSR.
109
759
1276
1840
1960
2100
2244
Turkmen SSR
127
636
1020
1472
1555
1650
1758
Estonian SSR.
121
820
1305
1678
1788
1871
1963
411
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Per Capita Retail Commodity Turnover of State and Cooperative
Trade, Including Public Dining, by Union Republics in 1978
Rubles
(in
actual
1978
(in comparable
prices) as
a .
pricea)
percentage of
including
1940
~
1970
~
including
~
including
~
~
-rq
b
b
b
O
~
O
0
U
U
c0
V1
~
O
0
tA
O
cd
m
O
4-1
ti-1 $4
4-1
w
U
41
�rl N
W
W
U
11
�rl i-+
W
44
U
cd ~
-W
O
cl1 >
-W
O
td >
+1
O
U O
~
Ul
'Ly
O m
W
v O

ul
'C1
O m
44
U O
~A
'L1
O W
w 0
1+
v:1
O
O
G a!
0 41
p N
N:J
O
O
G G!
O
i-i F+
0)~
U
O
0 N
0 +1
0. +1
44
a�H
0. 4-1
4a
q~-;
cs, -u
w
q�,i
USSR.
. 924
482
442
726
531
1100
144
133
157
RSFSR
. 1017
558
459
695
522
1049
144
135
158
Ukrainian SSR
. 848
419
429
798
572
1156
144
134
157 -
Belorussian SSR .
. 912
471
441
1185
941
1508
156
147
167
- Uzbek SSR
. 573
262
311
550
36t,
848
136
123
148
Kazakh SSR.
. 795
401
394
894
652
1208
142
130
157
- Georgian SSR.
. 752
347
405
622
455
832
151
142
159
Azerbaijan SSR. .
. 540
259
281
447
341
616
134
123
147
Lithuanian SSR. .
. 1062
540
522
1333
1046
1683
150
145
154
Moldavian SSR
. 776
334
442
1339
798
2147
158
147
166
Latvian SSR
. 1321
639
682
937
689
1295
139
130
148
Kirgiz SSR.
. 660
318
342
795
516
1253
140
127
154
Tadzhik SSR
. 538
238
300
633
399
993
134
121
148
Armenian SSR.
. 748
372
376
689
603
808
143
131
157
Turkmen 'OSR
. 646
293
353
495
330
781
136
117
160
Estonian SSR.
. 1343
680
663
814
659
1023
137
129
146
412
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Per Capita Retail Commodity Turnover of State and Cooperative Trade,
- in Urban Settlements and in Rural Areas
(rubles)
Urban per capita commoci- Rural per capita commodity
ity turnover in urban turnover in rural areas
settlements
rn ~
b p b ~
o�n ~w o ~ ~ a�o ~~w o ~ ~ 44 o :1 G 0 o z 0 0 w
0 41 o 0 4+ ~ 0 4+ o o aJ
co w cn G v�H cG w m G c1 �H
USSR
1950.
. 383
234
149
80
40
40
1955.
. 423
245
178
122
57
65
1960.
. 564
316
248
174
86
88
1965.
. 660
387
273
222
121
101
1970.
. 874
485
389
334
185
149
1975.
. 1074
575
499
450
242
208
1976.
. 1110
590
520
462
247
215
1977.
. 1142
599
543
490
260
230
1978--total
. 1179
613
566
507,
268
239
inc lud ing :
RSFSR
. 1180
645
535
653
364
289
Ukrainian SSR
. 1136
559
577
400
201
199
Belorussian SSR
. 1296
652
644
454
256
198
Uzbek SSR
. 892
413
479
355
158
197
Kazakh SSR.
. 985
497
488
574
290
284
Georgian SSR.
. 1193
550
643
283
130
153
Azerbaijan SSR.
. 841
403
438
202
98
104
Lithuanian SSR.
. 1514
750
764
382
225
157
Mo ldavian SSR
. 1423
599
824
365
165
200
Latvian SSR
. 1685
802
883
545
292
253
Kirgiz SSR.
. 994
489
505
449
210
239
Tadzhik SSR
. 1053
466
587
262
116
146
Armenian SSR.
. 973
479
494
319
168
151
_ Turkmen SSR .
. 975
454
521
343
144
199
Estonian SSR.
. 1664
826
838
610
348
262
The rural population buys 2. considerable amount of goods in urban stores.
Thus, for example, according to a sample survey of families, the purchases
of nonfood consumer items by kolkhoz farmers in urban stores made up ap-
p roximately 40 percent of the total volume of purchases of thpse goods by
them.
413
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Ratio of Foodetuffs and Nonfood Consumer Items in Total Volume
of Commodity Turnover of State and Cooperative Trade,
Including Public Dining
(percent)
Al1
including
Years
goods
foodstuffs
nonfood consumer items
1940
100
63.0
37.0
1945
100
75.6
24.4
1946
100
74.5
25.5
1950
100
58.4
41.6
1955
100
54.9
45.1
1960
100
54.4
45.6
1965
100
57.7
~
42.3
1970
100
55.5
44.5
1975
100
53.6
46.4 -
1976
100
53.2
46.8
1977
100
52.6
47.4
- 1978
100
52.2
47.8
Sale of
Goods to the Population on
Credit in
State and Cooperative
Trade
(millions
of rubles)
including
Years
`~1
cultural and
other
goods
clathing
personal goods
goods
1960
633.0
363.5
223.0
46.5
1955
3371.7
1152.0
1631.4
588.3
1910
3122.1
825.8
1864.7
431.6
1975
4696,0
1345.6
2567.5
782.9
1976
4907.3
1468.9
2566.3
872.1
1977
5039.1
1494.4
2609.1
935.6 -
1978
4994.3
1478.8
2553.2
962.3
Commodity Structure of Retail Comanodity Turnover of State and
Cooperative Trade, Incl:iding Public Dining*
(millione of rubles)
1940 1965 1970 1975 1978
All goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18023 104762 155208 210389 241313
Foodstuffs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11357 60452 86168 112729 125857
Meat and sausage items 1111 7957 11751 16665 17668
meat and poultry . . . . . . . . . . 602 4649 6780 9964 10586
sausage items. . . . . . . . . . . . 509 3308 4971 6701 7082
*
The data on the increase of the sale of goods in comparable prices and on
the sale in physical terms are cited on pages 388-391.
/Table continued on following page/
414
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1940
1965
1970
1975
1978
Fish an3 herring. . . . . . . . . . .
. 315
1820
2315
2552
2617
fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 194
1059
1846
2249
2447
herring . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 121
761
469
303
170
Canned goods. . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 95
1816
2697
3948
4450
4
416
445
772
625
meat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
. 32
498
731
1191
1631
vegetables and fruit and berries. .
. 59
902
1521
1985
2194
Fats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 587
4167
5017
6100
6909
animal oil. . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 342
2373
3065
3808
4302
vegetable oil . . . . . . . . . . .
. 174
902
967
1089
1187
other fats . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 71
892
985
1203
1420
Milk and dairy products
.
217
3189
5065
6326
6741
Cheese and sheep's milk cheese.

524
812
1107
1326
Eggs . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 110
900
1600
2855
3543
Sugar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 514
4663
5522
6129
6302
Confectionary items . . . . . . . .
. . 664
4077
5929
7579
7922
Tea . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 89
422
590
826
1030
Salt. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 36
111
131
147
147
Bread and bakery goods.
3097
6020
6800
7564
8100
Flour, groats and macaroni goods. .
628
2883
3717
4400
4811
flour . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 303
1471
1960
2298
2478
groats and legumes.
226
916
1214
1433
1596
macaroni goods. . . . . . . . . .
. . 99
496
543
669
737
Potatoes . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 179
614
758
1084
1065
Vegetables. . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 174
1153
1866
2637
3460
Fruits, berries, watermelons and mel
ons. 184
1521
2546
3178
3339
Other foodstuffs. . . . . . . . . .
. . 2873
17290
26971
37009
43409
Price markup in public dining
484
1325
2081
2623
3018
I
NonPood consumer items. . . . . . . ,
Fabrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
cot ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
wool fabrics and shawls . . . . . .
silk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
linen .
.
Clothing, underwear,headwear, and fur
clothing and underwear. . . . . . .
fur and fur goods . . . . . . . . .
headwear . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Knitted goods, stockings, socks . . .
knitted goods . . . . . . . . . . .
stockings, socks. . . . . . . . . .
Foo twear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
leather, textile and combined . . .
felt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
rubb e r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
/Table cc.ntinued on following page/
6666 44310 69040 97660 115456
. 1165
4983
5026
6748
7025
. 787
1871
1822
1568�
1601
. 196
1330
1345
2056
2195
. 113
1542
1530
2797
2833
. 69
240
329
327
396
. 1185
9493
15278
19361
22825
. 1016
8691
14353
18254
21540
. 90
507
620
766
925
. 79
295
305
341
360
. 369
4066
8567
11095
12692
. 235
3003
6871
9086
10255
. 134
1063
1696
2009
2437
. 661
5209
7693
9993
11016
. 502
4280
6600
8859
9756
. 43
276
228
192
213
. 116
653
865
942
1047
415
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1940
1965
1970
1975
1978
Household soap. . . . . . . . . � � �
~ 104
352
262
256
218
Synthetic detergents. . . . . . . . .
:
135
435
690
790
Toilet soap and perfumery
. 293
716
1176
1807
2529
toilet soap . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 54
163
217
301
333
perfumery . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 239
553
959
1506
2196
Haberdashery and thread
. 319
2281
3638
5197
6231
haberdashery . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 283
2156
3522
5072
6110
thread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 36
125
116
125
121
Tobacco it ems and makhorka.
. 530
1909
2780
3681
4127
Matches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 43
115
137
158
170
Kerosene . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 115
177
131
84
59
Furniture, rugs and metal beds.
. 197
2477
3604
5431
7059
furniture . . . . . . . . . � � � �
144
1986
2883
4248
4896
rugs and carpet items
: ~
318
557
1061
2048
metal beds . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 53
173
164
122
115
Metal utensils . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 200
723
961
1334
1546
. Glassware, porcelain and earthenware.
. 52
403
617
1181
1647
Cultural goods . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 543
4647
7629
9876
11727
student notebooks, paper and office
items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 128
592
1015
1316
1513
publicat ions. . . . . . . . . . . .
. 189
1140
1734
2323
2811
sporting goods. . . . . . . . . . .
. 42
338
542
745
829
radio i tems . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 22
1525
2832
3522
4175
musical items . . . . . . . . . . .
. 60
254
281
329
354
toys . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 54
413
649
973
1192
other cultural goods.
. 48
385
576
668
853
Other nonfood consumer items.
. 884
6624
11106
20768
25795
including:
bicycle s and motorcycles.
. 17
716
1009
1326
1634
clocks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 32
433
578
896
1165
jewelry . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 10
107
533
1637
2731
electri cal items. . . . . . . . . .
. 3
981
2050
2733
3056
sewing machines . . . . . . . . . .
. 4
124
104
116
150
window glass. . . . . . . . . . . .
. 10
43
50
Sb
48
- timber, lumber, cement, bricks, rolled
metal p roducts and other construction
.
materials . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 63
1063
1500
1995
2103
_ Sale by Consumer Cooperatives of Foodstuffs, Which Were Purchased
at Contract Prices and Accepted on Commission
(thousands of tons)
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
Meat and poultry. 174.5
197.6
171.1
192.2
189.5
204.7
Fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7
6.9
8.8
6.2
5.7
5.1
Animal oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5
0.8
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.4
/Table continued on following page/
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1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
Vegetable oil. . . . . . . . . .
. .
51.5
37.0
33.6
35.0
24.7
18.7
Other fats . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
13.3
9.8
8.7
7.5
6.5
7.0
Milk and dairy products.

74.8
44.4
22.9
21.1
18.1
17.3
Eggs, millions . . . . . . . . .
. .
304.2
543.6
523.9
383.0
393.9
411.5
Honey . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
10.6
14.0
16.6
16.0
16.0
16.2
Flour and food grain

174.8
332.9
163.2
115.4
150.3
156.7
411 kinds of groats and legumes.

54.4
41.6
28.2
25.0
23.2
23.0
Potatoes . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
201.3
247.0
241.7
244.1
228.4
191.3
Vegetables . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
277.1
384.4
392.5
374.2
355.5
353.9
Fruits, berries, watermelons and
" melons . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
287.9
349.7
394.0
307.7
337.0
303.3
Grape, fruit and berry wines, thou-
sands of dal . . . . . . . . . .
. .
2165
2648
1633
1105
723
608
Production and Household Goods
Allocated for Sale to the Population
1940
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
Timber, thousands of solid m3. .
330
2203
2524
1626
1737
1864
2028
Lumber, thousands of m3.
227
1661
2485
2838
2755
2517
2463
Standard houses, thousands of m2
of total area.

1434
1180
877
697
717
544
Sets of parts for standard houses
with walls made from local con-
struction materials, thousands
of m2 of total area.

4471
3673
1809
1582
1617
1611
Cement, thousands of tons.
44
1891
1561
2309
2664
2679
2328
Roofing shingle, millions of
conventional sheets.
18
1211
1700
2206
2438
2261
2005
Soft roofing, millions of m2
S
206
212
274
321
342
345
Building glass, millions of m2 .
8
51
53
50
49
47
46
Rplled ferrous metal products,
thousands of tons.
12
107
223
117
133
135
130
Wire nails, thousands of tons. .
8
148
193
198
198
193
187
Coal, millions of tons

17.4
24.4
27.6
26.8
27.8
29.2
Lamp kerosene, rhousands of tons

2270
1686
966
840
738
685
Production and Household Goods Allocated for Sale to the Population
in Rural Areas
- 1940 1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978
Timber, thousands of solid m2. . 30 1490 1373 977 1 195 1343 1360
Lumber, thousands of m3. 46 1013 1374 1880 1841 1721 1670
Standard houses, thousands of m2
of total area. 777 768 636 494 494 399
/Tab1e cotninued on following page7
417
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1940
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
Sets of parts for standard houses
' with walls made from local con-
etruction materials, thousands
of m2 of total area.

2683
2159
1074
1088
1055
1036
Cement, thousands of tons.
4
1181
998
1545
1845
1898
1589
Roofing shingle, millions of
conventional sheets.
8
783
1046
1515
1707
1657
1422
Soft roofing, millions of m2
2
139
139
199
240
252
251
Building glass, millions of m2 .
4
30
29
28
28
28
27
Rolled ferrous metial products,
thousands of tons.
6
87
163
83
97
97
100
Wire nails, thousands of tons. .
5
107
133
143
141
136
132
Coal, millions of tons

12.8
15.1
10.2
8.2
5.5
6.2
- Lamp kerosene, thousands of tons

1485
1201
729
647
564
524
Breakdown
of Commodity Turnover of Public
Dining Into Self-Produr.ed
Products and Purchased
Goods
Total commodity
including
Years
turnover, mil-
self-produced
purchased
lions of rubles
products
goods
1940
2347
1312
1035
1945
3310
1481
1829
1946
4882
1770
3112
1950
4743
1268
3475
1955
5880
2111
3769
1960
7023
3364
3659
1965
10065
5512
. 4553
1970
15033
8846
6187
1975
19617
12221
7396
1976
20521
12900
7621
1977
21359
13497
7862
1978
22216
14080
8136 .
Output of Dishes by Public Dining Enterprises
Number of dishes,
Number of dishes,
Years
millions
Years
millions
1940
8133
1965
22125
1945
14952
1970
31444
1946
12289
1975
40339
1950
6428
1976
42624
1955
10345
1977
44362
1960
15285
1978
46194
418
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Reserve Commodity
Stocks in
Retail and Wholesale
Trade
and in
Industry
(at end
of the year)
Millions of
rubles
In days
of retail
commod-
u a ~
ity
turnover
,v
p
o w
-
co
0 x 0
'
Gl
U1 U r-1
V1 O td
~
c.d
d
~ 0 ~ 4.3 N
~N
U
b
.-I O
'
S-i
Years
0

~ 3
9
~
~ ~
4-1

,
,
.-a
vi u
� ~ o G

i
v ~ ~

~ cn
rl cd
-ri
C) �r
co
ri J
N lb 4)
00
~
co
r-I
~
~

~
c
tl r
N
l
~ N
A
~
~
C
3
r-I
~
c
~
~d
~
G~
0
u~
~
~
o

a
0.i r
l
c
d
.i -
t
1940
1636
1374
3010
54
34
29
63
1950
6410
3411
9821
65
70
37
107
1955
9887
2761
12648
78
77
21
98 -
1960
18176
6307
24483
74
85
29
114
1965
26381
9348
35729
74
96
34
130 I
1970
35253
10440
45693
77
88
26
114 '
i 1975
45420
12712
58132
78
84
24
108
1976
47283
11583
58866
80
84
21
105
1917
45742
12402
61144
80
82
21
103 ~
1978
48688
11635
60323
81
79
19
98
Average Annual Number of Workers of Retail Trade and Public Dining
(thousands)
Average annual number of workels including at consumer coopera-
at all trade organizations tives
YeaYS at public at public
in retail dining en- total in retail dining en- total
trade terprises trade terurises
1940
1414
788
2202
566
108
674 '
1950
1308
659
1967
505
93
598
1955
1634
856
2490
572
140
712
1960
2226
1069
3295
819
181
1000
1965
2974
1477
4451
1015
246
1261
1910
3763
1983
5746
1249
333
1582
1975
4345
2405
6750
1387
409
1796
1916
4418
2449
6867
1404
416
1820 -
1977
4495
2493
6988
1421
424
1845
1978
4559
2532
7091
1435
433
1868 -
The data on the number of workers employed in retail trade and public din-
ing at all trade organizations are cited in the table; the number of workers
419
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employed on the staff of oblast and kray administrations of trade, at sub-
sidiary enterprises, in transportation and in other sectors of the activity
o� trade organizations is not included. _
Commodity Turnover Per Worker in Retail Trade and Public Dining
_ of the Miniatry of Trade, Departments of Workers' Supply, Offices of
_ Food Supply for Workers and Fntploqees and Consumer Cooperatives
(in comparable prices; 1940 = 100)
1940 1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978 -
Retail trade. 100 208 241 286 293 300 308
Public dining . . . . . . . . . . 100 145 161 174 177 181 185
Marketing Costs in Trade
1940
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
Total,* millions of rubles.
1933
9251
14462
18868
19568
20518
21851
including:
in wholesale trade.
210
885
1327
1623
1639
1653
1715 ~
in retail trade
1250
6134
9412
12187
12647
13286
14151
in public dining. .
449
1897
3188
4208
4406
4641
4976
Percent of commodity turnover of
_
each sector of trade individually:
-
in wholesale trade.
1.77
1.17
1.25
1.16
1.14
1.11
1.12
in retail trade
8.21
6.61
6.94
6.60
6.57
6.59
6.70
in public dining. .......1
9.63
18.85
21.20
21.45
21.47
21.73
22.40
Percent of total amount of retail
commodity turnover, including
public dining--total. ......1
1.04.
9.00
9.60
9.24
9.19
9.20
9.36
including:
-
in wholesale trade.
1.20
0.86
0.88
0.79
0.77
0.74
0.73
' in retail trade
7.14
5.97
6.24
5.97
5.94
5.96
6.06 -
in public dining.
2.56
1.85
2.11
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.13
*
The expenditures on the delivery,
stor
age ard sale
of potatoe
s, vegetables
- and fruit at storehouses, which ar
e not
broken down
into
whole
sale and re-
tail trade, are included in the to
tal amount
of the
marketing
costs.
Marketing Costs of Retail Trade and Public Dining Enterprises
- Retail trade Public dining
Years millions of percent of com- millions of percent of com-
rubles modity turnover rubles moditv turnover
1940 1250 8.21 449 19.63
1950 2098 6.78 633 13.35
; 1955 2646 6.06 868 14.76
1960 4023 5.74 1144 16.29
/Table continued on follow:ing page/
~

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Retail
trade
Public
dining
Years
millions of
percent of com-
millions of
percent of com-
rubles
modity turnover
rubles
modity turnover
1965
6134
6.61
1897
18.85
- 1910
9412
6.94
3188
21.20
1975
12187
6.60
4208
21.45
1976
12647
6.57
4406
21.47
1977
13286
6.59
4641
21.73
1978
14151
6.70
4976
22.40
_ Marketing Costs of Retail Trade and Public Dining Enterprises -
(in 1940 prices)
1940 1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978
Marketing costs of retail trade
as a percentage of the commodity
turnover of the corresponding
year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.21 8.72 8.74 8.28 8.24 8.29 8.48
Level oE marketing costs
(1940= 100) 100 106 106 101 , 101.4 101 103
. . . . . . . . . . . Costs of public dining enter- ~
prises as a percentage of the !
commodity turnover of the corre- ~
sponding year . . . . . . . . . .19.63 28.73 31.91 32.53 32.46 32.85 34.09
Level of costs (1940 = 100). 100 146 163 166 165 167 174
Structure of Ma.rketing Costs of Retail Trade
- (percent of commodity turnover)
1940 1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978 -
Al1 marketing costs. 8.21 6.61 6.94 6.60 6.57 6.59 6.70
Expenditures on rail, water and
_ truck transportation 2.08 1.13 1.13 1.10 1.09 1.07 1.08
Wages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.51 2.91 3.13 2.87 2.84 2.89 2.99
Expenditures on rent and main-
tenance of facilities and appli-
ances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.78 0.82 0.87 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.95 _
Expenditures on current repair . 0.32 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.13
Expenditures on preparation,
sorting, packaging and storage
of goods, on purchase of ice and
maintenance of refrigerator
units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.17 0.11 0.18 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.18
Interest on credit 0.20 0.35 0.31 0.33 0.33 0.31 0.31
Losses of goods within set ~
standards. . . . . . . . . . . . 0.17 0.16 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18
Losses of goods above set 0.38
standards. . . . . . . . . . . 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02
/Table continued on following page/
421
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1940 1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978
Expenditures and losses on pack-
aging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.18 0.11 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.06
Administrative and management
expenaes of superior links 0.75 0.23 0.26 0.21 0.22 0.22 0.22
Other expenditures (deductions
for social insurance, expendi-
tures on labor safety, office
expenses and others) 0.84 0.60 0.63 0.54 0.56 0.56 0.58
Structure of Costs of Public Dining Enterprises
(percent of commodity turnover)
1940
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
All costs.
19.63
18.85
21.20
21.45
21.47
21.73
22.40
Expenditures on rail, water
and truck transportation
1.87
1.29
1.48
1.72
1.73
1.72
1.73
- Wages . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.56
11.29
12.83
12.57
12.56
12.79
13.42
Expenditures on rent and main-
tenance of facilities and appli-
.
_ ances . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.37
1.60
1.72
i.18
2.00
2.01
2.03
Expenditures on current repair
0.91
0.36
0.40
0.41
0.4(
0.41
0.40
Fuel, staam, electric power. .
1.84
0.94
0.79
0.77
0.76
0.74
0.73
Wear of special sanitary work
clothing, table linen and in-
expensive items, dishes, sil-
-
� verware, as well as expendi-
tures on washing and mending
of special sanitary work
clothing and table linen
1.25
1.09
1.16
1.11
1.10
1.10
1.08
Losses of goods within set
standards. . . . . . . . . . .
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.11
0.11
0.11
Losses of goods above set
0.31
standards. . . . . . . . . . .
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01
_ ExpenditurPS and losses on
-
packaging. . . . . . . . . . .
0.33
0.13
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.13 -
Administrative and management
expenses of superior links

0.41
0.52
0.52
0.54
0.57
0.60
Other expenditures (deductions
-
for social insurance, expendi-
tures on labor safety, office
expenses and others)
2.19
1.59
2.02
2.09
2.11
2.12
2.16
422
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Profitability of
Retail Trade
and Public Dining of
the Ministry
nf Trade,
Departments of
Workers' Supply, Offices
of Food
Supply for Workers
_
a
nd Employeee
and Consumer
Cooperatives
Retail trade
Public dinin
g
'
Years
markups
n sold
~arketing
profit
from sale
revenue
from sale coats
profit .
from sale
o
goods
costs
of goods
of goods
of goods
Mi
llions of rubles*
1940
1375
1050
325
495
378
117
' 1950
2228
1763
465
659
607
52
1955
3476
2365
1111
1002
838
164
1960
5258
3695
1563
1219
1121
98
1965
6740
5580
1160
1799
1852
-53**
1970
10828
8493
2335
3308
3084
224
1975
14201
10978
3223
4290
4034
256
1976
14766
11365
3401
4503
4213
290
1977
15520
11899
3621
4751
4431
320
1978
16058
12551
3407**
4855
4743
112**
Percent
of commodity-
turnover
1940
10.70
8.17
2.53
23.02
17.92
5.10 ~
1950
8.16
6.46
1.70
14.56
13.41
1.15
1955
8.43
5.74
2.69
17.65
14.78
2.87
1960
7.76
5.45
2.31
17.74
16.31
1.43
1965
7.55
6.25
1.30**
18.38
18.91
-0.53**
- 1970
8.35
6.55
1.80
22.74
21.20
1.54
1975
8.08
6.25
1.83
22.78
21.42
1.36
1976
8.08
6.22
1.86
22.92
21.44
1.48
- 1977
8.14
6.24
1.90
23.27
21.71
1.56
1978
8.07
6.36
1.71**
22.90
22.37
0.53** -
* With allowance made for Che network of Aptekoupravleniye, Knigotorg an
the Main Administration for the Distribution of Printed Matter the profit
from the sale of goods in retail trade and public dining in 1970 was
2,815,000,000 rubles, in 1975--3,901,000,000 rubles, in 1976--4,153,000,000
rubles, in 1977--4,415,000,000 rubles, in 1978�-4,003,000,000 rubles
**The considerable increase of the marketing co;ats in rerail trade and pub-
lic dining in 1965 and 1978 is connectFi with the increase of the wages of
trade workers. In 1965 a state grant ,n the amount of 430 million rubles _
and in 1978 a state grant in the amount of 600 million rubles were allo- _
cated to trade organizations to cover the additional expenditures on wages.
With allowance made for these state grants the profit from ssles as a per-
centage of the commodity turnover in retail trade in 1965 was 1.62, in -
1978--1.89, in public dining in 1965--0.95, in 1978--1.66
423
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Indices of State Retail Prices
(percent of average annual prices)
_ including Of total
All food- of them nonfood amount of
Years goods stuffs foodstuffs alco- consumer goods, goods
excluding holic items in public
alcoholic items dining
items
1940 = 100
1940
100
100
100
100
100
100
1950
186
203
187
289
165
194
_ 1965
140
152
133
258
126
154
1970
139
152
133
262
124
155
1975
139
154
133
267
122
156
1976
139
154
133
267
122
156
1977
139
154
133
267
122
156
1973
140
155
135
269
123
158
1970 = 100
1970
100
100
100
100
100
100
1975
99.7
100.9
100.5
102
98
100.9
1976
99.7
100.9
100.5
102
98
100.8
1977
100
100.9
100.6
102
99
100.9
1978
100.7
102
102
103
99.2
102
Indices of State
Retail Prices
for
Individual Consumer
Goods
(percent
of average annual prices of
1940)
-
1940
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
All goods. . . . . . . .
. . . . 100
140
139
139
139
139
140
Foodstuffs . . . . . . .
. . . . 100
152
152
154
154
154
155
Meat and poultry
100
152
152
152
152
152
152
Fish and herring
100
124
120
125
125
125
125
Animal oil
100
149
148
148
148
148
148
Vegetable oil.
100
132
132
132
132
132
132
Sugar . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 100
173
169
169
169
169
169
Confectionary items. .
100
174
169
169
169
169
174
Salt . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 100
117
117
117
117
117
117
Bread and bakery goods
100
111
111
111
111
111
111
Flour . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 100
112
112
112
112
112
112
Groats and legumes
100
122
122
122
122
122
122
Macaroni items
100
114
114
114
114
114
114
Potatoes . . . . . . .
. . . . 100
126
132
144
129
130
133 =
_ Vegetables . . . . . .
. . . . 100
154
181
188
191
194
200
Alcoholic items.
100
258
262
267
267
267
269
/Table continued on following page/
- 424
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1940
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
Nonfocd consumer items.
100
126
124
122
122
122
123
Cotton fabrics.
100
175
170
170
170
170
170
Wool fabrics and shawls
100
160
156
156
156
156
156
Silk fabrics.
100
132
126
126
126
128
128
Clothing and underwear.
100
153
150
148
148
150
148
Knitted goods
100
169
167
161
161
159
155
, Stockings and socks
. 100
107
93
90
90
90
90
Leather, textile and combined
shoes . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 100
164
163
163
163
163
163
Rubber footwear
. 100
170
169
169
169
169
168
Haberdashery.
. 100
121
121
121
121
121
121
Tobacco items
. 100
111
111
111
111
111
111
Matche5 . . . . . . . . . . .
. 100
163
163
163
163
163
163
Kerosene. . . . . . . . . . .
. 100
95
95
95
95
95
95
Student notebooks, paper and
office items.
. 100
102
95
84
84
84
84
Wristwatches.
. 100
36
36
36
36
36
37
Bicycles and mopeds
. 100
79
76
73
73
73
73
Indices of State Retail Prices for Individual
Consumer Goods
(percent of average
annual prices of 1970)
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
All goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 100
99.7
99.7
100
100.7
Foodstuffs . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 100
100.9
100.9
100.9
102
Meat and poultry . . . . . . . . .
. 100
100
100
100
100
Fish and herring . . . . . . . . .
. 100
104
104
104
104
Animal oil . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 100
100
100
100
100
Vegetable oil. . . . . . . . . . .
. 100
100
100
100
100
Sugar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 100
100
100
100
100
Confectionary items.
100
100
100
100
103
Salt . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 100
100
100
100
100
Bread and bakery goods
100
140
100
100
100
Flour . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 100
100
100
100
100
Groats and legumes
100
100
100
100
100
Macaroni items . . . . . . . . .
. . 100
100
100
100
100
Potatoes . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 100
109
98
99
101
Vegetables . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 100
104
106
107
110
Alcoholic i.tems. . . . . . . . .
. . 100
102
102
102
103
Nonfood consumer items
100
98
98
99
99.2
Cotton fabrics . . . . . . . . .
. . 100
100
100
100
100
Wool fabrics and shawls.
100
100
100
100
100
Silk fabrics . . . . . . . . . .
. . 100
100
100
101
101
Clothing and underwear
100
98
98
99
98
Knitted goods. . . . . . . . . .
. . 100
96
96
95
93
Stockings and socks.
100
97
37
96
96
/Table continued on following pa~e/
425
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1970 1975 1976 1977 1978
Leather, textile and combined shoes.
= Rubber footwear. . . . . . . . . . .
Haberdaehery . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tobacco items. . . . . . . . . . . .
Matches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kerosene . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- Student notebooks, paper and office
. 140
100
100
99.5
99.5
. 100
100
100
100
99.2
. 100
100
100
100
99.7
. 100
100
100
100
100
. 100
100
100
100
100
. 100
100
100
100
100
items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 100
89
89
88
88
Wristwatches . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 100
100
100
100
103
Bicycles and mopeds.
100
95
95
95
95
Motorcycles and motor scooters
100
96
96
96
96
Televisions . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 100
78
78
77
68
Sewing machines. . . . . . . . . .
. . 100
100
100
100
100
Cameras . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 100
100
100
100
100
Number of
Retail Trade
Enterprises of State and Cooperative
Organizations
by Types
of Enter
prises
(at end
of the yea
r; thous
ands)
Number
of including
Of the
total number of enterprises
Years
enter-
in urban
settle-
in rural
areas
prises
stores
stalls
ments
stores
stalls
stores
stalls
- 1940
407.2
307.1
100.1
90.7
62.7
216.4
37.4
1945
245.1
194.8
50.3
64.3
33.9
130.5
16.4
1946
285.0
219.9
65.1
73.0
44.9
146.9
20.2
1950
415.8
298.4
117.4
108.7
80.4
189.7
37.0
1955
487.5
352.5
135.0
134.7
86.2
217.8
48.8
1960
567.3
413.0
154.3
170.7
107.6
242.3
46.7
1965
643.3
471.7
171.6
207.0
116.1
264.7
55.5
1970
682.0
500.0
182.0
221.3
124.4
278.7
57.6
1975
696.1
521.0
175.1
237.4
122.8
283.6
52.3
1976
969.5
523.0
173.5
240.1
120.1
282.9
53.4
- 1977
695.6
525.5
170.1
242.6
118.0
282.9
52.1
1978
695.9
528.1
167.8
245.3
117.2
282.8
50.6
426
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Number of Public Dining Enterprises of State and Cooperative
Organizations by Types of Enterprises
(at end of the year; thousands)
Number of Of total number of
enter- Including public dining enter-
Yeara prises prises
factory dining rooms snack in urban in rural
kitchens and restau- bars and settle-
rants buffets ments areas
1940
87.6
0.133
46.9
40.6
59.2
28.4
1945
73.4
0.115
55.0
18.3
51.6
21.8
1946
70.5
0.115
48.5
21.9
48.2
22.3
1950
95.4
0.092
39.9
55.4
69.8
25.6
1955
118.1
0.095
52.8
65.2
83.1
35.0
1960
147.2
0.126
66.4
80.7
108.8
38.4
1965
192.7
0.187
96.7
95.8
137.1
55.6
1970
237.3
0.217
131.1
106.0
166.5
70.8
1975
274.5
0.237
164.1
110.2
188.9
85.6
1976
280.7
0.238
169.0
111.5
192.7
88.0
1977
286.2
0.237
175.7
110.3
196.6
89.6
1978
292.1
0.250
182.3
109.5
200.6
91.5
Number of Enterprises of Retail Trade and Public Dining of State
, and Cooperative Organizations by Union Republics
(at end of the year; thousands)
Number of enterprises of re- Number of enterprises of
tail trade public dining
1940 1965 1970 1975 1978 1940 1965 1970 1975 197
USSR.
407.2
643.3
682.0
696.1
695.9
87.6
192.7
237.3
274.5
292.1
RSFSR
227.2
344.7
357.4
361.1
359.4
51.6
106.2
126.8
143.6
151.9
Ukrainian SSR .
92.2
139.6
148.2
148.3
145.9
18.7
38.4
47.7
53.6
55.2
Belorussian SSR
18.7
22.9
24.2
24.6
24.5
2.5
5.9
7.8
9.9
10.7
Uzbek SSR
14.2
24.2
28.7
32.3
34.0
3.0
9.6
12.3
15.2
16.7
Kazakh SSR.
12.8
35.9
39.4
40.5
41.5
2.2
8.6
11.1
13.8
15.3
Georgian SSR. .
7.6
14.1
15.2
15.1
15.5
1.8
4.7
5.8
6.6
7.2
Azerbaijan SSR.
7.5
13.7
15.6
15.7
17.4
2.3
5.1
6.2
7.4
8.4
Lithuanian SSR.
4.2
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.4
0.7
1.9
2.5
3.1
3.5
Moldavian SSR .
3.8
7.7
9.1
10.3
10.3
0.9
2.0
2.9
3.6
4.0
Latvian SSR
5.1
7.0
6.9
7.1
7.1
0.9
2.2
2.5
2.9
3.1
Kirgiz SSR.
2.5
6.2
7.1
7.6
7.6
0.5
1.6
2.4
2.8
3.1
Tadzhik SSR
3.0
5.3
6.3
7.0
7.3
0.7
1.7
2.4
3.4
3.8
Armenian SSR. .
2.7
5.7
6.7
7.4
7.1
0.6
1.9
2.9
3.6
3.8
Turkmen SSR
2.7
4.7
5.3
5.9
6.2
0.7
1.2
1.9
2.5
2.8
Estonian SSR. .
3.0
3.9
3.9
4.0
3.9
0.5
1.3
1.6
1.9
2.0
427
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Floor Space
of StoreE and the N�+nber of
Seats
at Public
Dining
Enterprises of
State and Coopera
tive Organizations
by Union
Republics
(at end
of th
e year)
Floor
space
in atores,
Number of
seat at
thous
ands o
f m2
public di
ning enter-
prises, thousands
-
1965
1970
1975
1978
1965
1970
1975 1978
- USSR. . . . . . .
. . . . . 24756
31457
39280
43570
6862
10026
13713
15896
- RSFSR . . . . . .
. . . . . 14168
17732
21905
24120
3944
5605
7529
8617
Ukrainian SSR
4918
6414
7926
8741
1310
2042
2812
3219
Belorussian SSR .
970
1221
1530
1761
206
335
513
616
- Uzbek SSR
705
1050
1473
1722
268
380
578
708
Kazakh SSR.
1337
1593
2115
2385
264
385
561
678
Georgisn SSR.
508
555
713
790
161
222
261
303
Azerbaijan SSR. .
367
428
565
629
142
191
258
314
Lithuanian SSR. .
297
387
483
518
86
132
190
226
Moldavian SSR
252
349
482
555
70
117
176
219
Latvian SSR
339
375
431
451
125
170
214
234
Kirgiz SSR.
173
250
341
405
51
79
109
144
Tadzhik SSR
200
260
342
398
57
84
119
143
Armenian SSR.
198
303
396
457
57
110
155
198
Turkmen SSR
128
199
290
340
38
56
87
107
Estonian SSR.
176
210
245
258
65
91
118
130
Specialization of Stores of the Ministry of Trade, Departments of Workers'
Supply, Offices of Food
Supply for Workers and
Employees and
the Firm
Network
of Ministries
(at end of the year)
_
1940
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
All stores.
101034
183288
197383
211076
213095
214764
216715
Food.
39065
87140
95190
100750
101756
102391
103008
Nonfood
29772
75158
82178
90403
91254
92325
93542
Mixed
32197
20990
20015
19923
20085
20048
20165
I. Specialization of food
stores
- All food stores
39065
87140
95190
100750
101756
102391
103008
Bakery and bread.
6879
11571
12345
12386
12294
12162
12031
Meat, meat and fish,
meat, fish and vege-
- tables, fish.
1800
4569
4761
4934
4924
4736
4452
Fruit and vegetable
1893
6525
7907
9064
9300
9327
9698
Dairy
605
3148
3600
3585
3566
3507
3497
Wine and liquor
3750
515
925
1985
2730
3584
4196
Waters and ice creams .
984
883
1005
986
982
982
969
/Table continued on fellowing page/
428
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~
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1940
1965
1970'
1975
1976
1977
1978
Dietary products and
cliildren's food.
219
192
220
240
254
270
With universal assort-
5904
ment andother spe-
cialized stores.
12811
13238
14825
14976
15043
15149
Nonspecialized food
stores
17250
46899
51217
52755
52744
52796
52746 -
II. Specialization of
~
nonfood stores
All nonfood stores
29772
75158
82178
90403
91254
92325
93542
Fabrics.
212
2068
1877
1548
1538
1515
1495
Shoes.
205
2583
2512
2738
2766
2764
2811
Clothing and underwear
173
2704
2578
2709
2713
2834
2862
Furs and headwear.
386
292
196
169
163
159
151 =
- Haberdashery, knitted
goods and perfumes
1317
3706
4371
4855
4942
4954
5026
Children's goods

887
1051
1245
1299
1332
1368
Cultural goods
664
1911
1969
1954
1960
1982
2000
Books*
2446
5862
6836
7907
8017
8168
8314
Household dishes
2042
5838
6288
6987
7082
7197
7297 i
Furniture.
719
1997
2099
2197
2246
2268
2314 ;
Petroleum stores
1510
1868
1589
1211
1124
1060
987 '
Construction materials
9
1136
1280
1338
1354
1332
1361 _
Drugstores and sanita-
tion and hygiene
stores
11111
19908
22909
25256
25575
25914
26266
Other specialized
stores
1774
4304
5733
6956
7151
7344
7681
Nonspecialized non-
food stores.
5808
18134
18939
21078
20955
20969
20954
Department stores.
290
573
601
615
631
656
681
For the sale of uought
up items
776
136
80
47
45
44
38 _
Commission stores.
330
1158
1270
1593
1693
1833
1936
*In 1956 the network of bookstores of the former Main Administration of
Publishing Houses, the Printing Industry and the Book Trade in rural areas
was turned over to consumer cooperatives; in this connection the data for
1940 for the purposes of comparability are shown with the excluaion of
these stores. The number of book stores of consUmer cooperatives at the -
end of 1978 was 8,853.
429
FOR OFFICIAL LSE ONLY
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Grouping of Public Dining Enterprises
of State
and
Cooperative
Trade by Locati
on
- (at end of the year;
thousands)
1965
1970
1975
1978
~ -W
R1 N 0
tA
W
0
LO
~
cti
tA
~ W Q d
~ ~
Gl
V7
Q
CJ
N
E3
a,+ a~ 0.
o k 10 o
-r4

+
o
$4
4
o
k
.c
W H ~ 44
.
2 4j
w
S
~
4-I
FQ".~
O w 41 O
w ~
U
4)
ro
O
w
41
a!
N
U7
G!
G~1
t1~
Cd
q
~
q
Cdi
~
G
a0i
z -A ~ z
a
i
to
z
_H
a
m
z
_H
cn
All public dining enter-
-
prises.
192.7
6862
237.3
10026
274.5
13713
292.1
15896
including:
at industrial enter-
prises.
32.7
1736
42.4
2530
51.7
3467
56.3
3979
at construction projects
3.4
130
5.4
222
7.0
312
7.9
361
at transportation enter-
_ prises.
5.5
172
7.2
242
8.8
328
9.5
373
at institutions
14.7
500
17.7
685
21.8
932
24.0
1061
at general educationa.l
schools
45.8
1173
54.3
1992
61.7
3220
64.8
4061
at higher educational
institutions and tekh-
nikums
5.9
295
7.9
441
9.4
617
10.1
709
at institutions of vo-
cational and technical
education.
3.6
295
4.4
401
5.2
556
5.9
666
at entertainment enter-
prists, stadiuma and
parks.
6.8
110
7.3
164
6.3
168
6.1
171
at sovkhozes
13.0
391
17.2
560
20.5
725
22.4
831
at timber managements,
logging and other en-
terprisea and organ-
izations
7.2
165
9.1
215
9.7
251
9.6
260
at airports, railroad
stations and piers
5.9
158
6.5
194
6.7
231
6.9
256
not connected with
serving the contin-
gent of any specific
enterprise, institu-
tion
48.2
1737
57.9
2380
65.7
2906
68.6
3168
430
FOR OFPICIAT. L'SE OIv'LY
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'
Number
of Stores and Their
Floor Space
(at
end of the y
ear)
-
For all trade
organizationa
For state trade org
anizations
N
$4
~
N
~
O
4
U�
0
w
O
w~
u O
ro
1-4
w 1acV
Years
� 4 1
~n ~
Y+cV
r
a~ a
�
~ G
~ a 0
a~i a m
s+
,
~ a~ ai
4+ U p
a "i a~i cn
Ap 'C
w~�+
O rl
ca a) ai
14 U 14
A~+ 'C
G
~~+O co
O ri
o rl
r-i ,-i
O! ctl O
9 a a.~
O A
0 -W co
0 rl
r-I �H
0 c0 O
> 0. 4+
fA tA
WEl
RS (A fA
A m Ul
W E3
c0 tA V!
1955
352.5
12.6
35.7
134.0
6.1
45.4
1960
413.0
17.6
42.7
158.9
8.5
53.6
- 1965
471.7
24.8
52.5
189.5
13.4
70.8
1970
500.0
31.5
62.9
202.0
16.8
83�2
1975
521.0
39.3
75.4
215.9
21.4
98.9
1976
523.0
40.7
77.8
218.0
22.2
101.8
1977
525.5
42.2
80.2
220.0
22.9
104.3
1978
528.1
43.6
82.5
122.0
23.6
106.4
Number of Seats at Public Dining Enterprises
(at end of the ye ar)
For all trade organizations
For state trade
organizations
Number of
Average number
Number of
Average number
Years
seats,
of seats per
seats,
of seats per
thousands
enterprise
thousands
enterprise
~ 1955
3084
30.5
2497
36.9
1960
4459
34.3
3460
40.0
1965
6862
40.8
5395
50.0
1970
10026
47.1
7940
56.9
1975
13713
54.9
10780
65.9
1976
14434
56.2
11312 .
67�2
1977
15139
58.9
11800
70�7
1978
15896
60.2
12323
71.8
431
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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Number of Enterprises af Retail Traae and Public Dining
of Consumer Cooperatives
(at end of the year; thousands)
Enterprises
of retail
trade
Enterp
rises of public
dining -
including
including
Years
total
stores
stalls
total
dining
snack
rooms and
bars and -
restaurants
buffets
1940
229.3
197.6
31.7
17.5
12.2
5.3
1945
124.2
114.3
9.9
14.1
11.2
2.9
1950
214.0
181.2
32.8
24.4
11.2
13.2
1955
265.3
214.5
50.8
33.5
17.6
15.9
1960
312.0
254.1
57.9
43.4
21.2
22.2
1965
350.8
282.2
68.6
60.3
28.5
31.8
1970
369.7
298.0
71.7
73.3
38.3
35.0
1975
371.8
305.1
66,7
86.3
49.9
36.4
1976
371.1
305.0
66.1
88.4
52.1
36.3
1977
369.4
305.5
63.9
90.4
54.4
36.0
1978
368.4
306.1
62.3
92.5
57.1
35.4
Number
of Enterprises of
Retail Trade
and Public
Dining
Per 10,00
0 Peop
le by
Uni
on Re
publics
(at en
d of
the
year)
Enterprises of
retail
Enterprises of
public
trade
dining
1940
1965
1970
1975
1978
1940
1965
1970
1975
1978
USSR.
21
28
28
27
27
4
8
10
11
11
RSFSR
20
27
27
27
26
5
8
10
11
11
Ukrainian SSR
22
31
31
30
29
4
8
10
11
11
Belorussian SSR .
21
26
27
26
26
3
7
9
11
11
Uzbek SSR
21
23
24
23
22
4
9
10
11
11
Kazakh SSR.
20
30
30
29
28
3
7
8
10
10
Georgian SSR.
21
31
32
31
31
5
IO
12
13
14
Azerbaijan SSR. .
23
30
30
29
29
7
11
12
13
14
Lithuanian SSR. .
14
23
23
22
22
2
6
8
9
10
Moldavian SSR
15
23
25
27
26
3
6
8
9
10
Latvian SSR
27
31
29
28
28
5
9
11
12
12
Kirgiz SSR.
16
24
24
23
22
3
6
8
8
9
' Tadzhik SSR
19
21
21
20
19
4
7
8
10
10
Azmenian SSR.
20
25
26
26
23
4
9
11
12
13
Turkmen SSR
20
24
24
23
22
6
6
9
10
10
_ Estonian SSR.
28
30
29
28
26
S
10
12
13
13
432
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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Floor Space at Stores and the Number of
Seats
at Public
Dining
Enterprises
Per 10,000 People by
Union
Republ
ics
(at end
of the year
)
Floor
space
at stores,
Number
of seats at
pub- _
m2
lic di
ning
enterprises
1965
1970
1975
1978
1965
1970
1975
1978
USSR. . . . . . . . . .
. . 1066
1290
1537
1661
295
411
536
606
RSFSR . . . . . . . . .
. . 1114
1357
1626
1754
310
429
559
627
Ukrainian SSR
1080
1350
1613
1757
288
430
572
647
Belorussian SSR
1121
1345
1630
1842
238
369
547
645
Uzbek SSR
678
864
1039
1120
258
313
407
460
Kazakh SSR.
1110
1282
1488
1625
219
292
395
462
- Georgian SSR.
1128
1174
1450
1576
358
469
531
604
Azerbaijan SSR.
791
819
985
1044
306
364
450
521
Lithuanian SSR.
994
1222
1455
1524
289
417
574
666 _
Mnldavian SSR
748
964
1250
1406
207
324
455
556
Latvian SSR
1487
1573
1737
1792
549
713
860
928
Kirgiz SSR.
662
835
1023
1148
193
265
327
409
Tadzhik SSR
783
872
978
1049
223
282
341
376
Armenian SSR.
884
1189
1387
1510
253
432
548
653
Turkmen SSR
668
897
1133
1232
197
252
339
387 ~
Estonian SSR.
1357
1529
1705
1758
504
666
823
888 ~
433
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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CONSUMER SERVICES
Main Indicators of Consumer Services
1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978
Number of enterprises (at end of the
year), thousands. . . . . . . . . . . 192.9 239.4 263.0 262.8 263.5 265.7
including in rural areas. 80.2 102.9 108.9 108.2 109.1 109.7
- Volume of consumer services (1910=100) 100 164 177 188 203
including in rural areas. 100 192 212 230 252
Average annual number of workers at
enterprises and receiving centere,
thousands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1321 1869 2293 2383 2450 2504
Number of Consumer Service Enterprises by Types of Services
(at end of the year; thousands:) 1965 1970 1915 1976 1977 1978
All enrerprises. . . . . . . . . . . .192.9 239.4 263.0 262.8 263.5 265.7
including by types of consumer
services :
repair and custom-making of shoes. . 30.4 33.5 31.2 30.2 29.3 28.8
repair and c.ustom-making of clothes. 33.1 40.1 42.7 42.2 41.3 41.1
repair, custom-making and knitting
of knitted goods 2.0 3.2 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.7
repair of radios and televisions,
household mach ines and appliances,
vehicles, repair and production of
metal items. . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.9 27.0 33.0 32.6 32.4 33.1
repair and produc tion of furniture . 3.1 3.1 4.3 3.7 3.7 3.8
= dry cleaning and dyeing. 0.8 1.1 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.0
2aundries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,2 3.6 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.7
construction and repair of apartments 4.2 7.7 10.4 'll.l 11.4 11.9
- photography. . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.2 11.9 13.9 14.2 14.5 14.7
bath houses and showers. 23.2 29.5 31.2 31.6 32.2 32.2
- barbers and hairdressers 35.3 42.3 46.1 45.6 46.2 47.0
rental centers . . . . . . . , . . . 7.1 7.8 10.2 10.7 11.4 11.7
434
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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Number of Consumer Service Enterprises by Union Republics
(at end of the year; thousands)
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
USSR. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 192.9
239.4
263.0
262.8
263.5
265.7
RSFSR . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 95.4
113.0
120.7
119.4
119.4
119.2
Ulcrainian SSR . . . . . .
. . . . 40.1
49.5
54.8
56.3
55.8
56.7 -
Belorussian SSR
6.5
9.1
10.6
10.8
10.9
11.2
Uzbek SSR . . . . . . . .
. . . . 8.4
13.4
16.2
16.1
16.6
17.2
Kazakr: SSR. . . . . . . .
. . . . 10.8
13.3
15.4
15.2
15.5
15.9
Georgian SSR. . . . . . .
. . . . 7.3
9.5
10.0
9.6
9.9
10.1
Azerbai j ar. Sf"t.
5.4
6.4
7.9
8.1
8.2
8.5
Lithuanj.an SSR.
3.1
3.4
3.7
3.7
3.6
3.5
Moldavian SSR . . . . . .
. . . . 3.5
4.3
4.5
4.7
4.5
4.6
Latvian SSR . . . . . . .
. . . . 2.3
2.8
3.0
2.8
2.9
2�5
Kirgiz SSR. . . . . . . .
. . . . 2.1
2.9
3.3
3.3
3.4
3.6 -
Tadzhik SSR . . . . . . .
. . . . 2.3
3.7
4.0
4.0
4.1
4.1
Armenian SSR. . . . . . .
. . . . 2.6
3.8
4.2
4.1
4.0
3.9
Turkmen SSR . . . . . . .
. . . . 1.2
2.1
2.6
2.7
2.7
2.8
" Estonian SSR. . . . . . .
. . . . 1.9
2.2
2.1
2.0
2.0
1.9
Number of Consumer
Service Enterprises
in Rural Areas
by Union Republics j
(at end of the year; thousands)
~
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978 -
USSR . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 80.2
102.9
108.9
108.2
109.1
109.7
RSFSR . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 37.3
44.8
45.1
44.3
44.5
43.7
- Ukrainian SSR . . . .
. . . . . . 15.5
17.9
18.4
18.9
18.7
19.4
Belorussian SSR
2.6
4.4
5.0
5.2
5.2
5.4
Uzbek SSR . . . . .
. . . . . . . 4.4
8.3
10.2
10.0
10.3
10.7
- Kazakh SSR. . . . .
. . . . . . . 6.3
7.9
9.1
8.8
9.1
9.4
Georgian SSR. . . .
. . . . . . . 3.1
4.7
4.3
4.0
4.1
4.2
Azerbaijan SSR.
1.2
1.8
2.5
2.7
2.8
2.9
Lithuanian SSR.
2.4
2.5
2.7
2�7
2�7
2�6
Moldavian SSR . . .
. . . . . . . 2.0
2.3
2.5
2.6
2.5
2.5
Latvian SSR . . . .
. . . . . . . 1.4
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.8
1.4
K.irgiz SSR. . . . .
. . . . . . . 1.0
1.5
1.8
1.8
1.9
2.0
Tadzhik SSR . . . .
. . . . . . . 1.0
1.8
1.9
1.9
2.0
2.0
Armenian SSR. . . .
. . . . . . . 0.6
1.2
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.3
Turkmen SSR . . . .
. . . . . . . 0.3
0.6
0.8
0.9
0.9
0.9
Estonian SSR. . . .
. . . . . . . 1.1
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.3
435
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY _
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Volume of Consumer Services by Types
(in comparable prices of 1976; millions of rubles)
1975 1976 1977 1978
Total volume of consumer services.
including by types:
repair and custom-making of shoes.
repair and custom-making of clothes*
repair, custom-making and knitting of
knitted goods* . . . . . . . . . . . . .
repair of radios and televisions, house-
hold machines and appliances, vehicles,
repair and production of inetal items*. .
repair and production of furniture
dry cleaning and dyeing. . . . . . . . .
laundries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
construction and repair of apartments* .
pho t o g raphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
bath houses and showers. . . . . . . . .
barbers and hairdreasers . . . . . . . .
rental centers . . . . . . . . . . . . .
*
Processing cost.
5457.7 5895.3 6276.9 6776.5
492.6 521.8 559.8 608.2
1298.7 1364.9 1338.4 1416.2
218.7 244.5 268.3 294.5
469.1
564.4
658.6
744.0
168.5
189.6
213.6
233.1
144.6
154.7
160.2
170.9
275.4
295.5
314.4
333.2
434.9
470.6
508.0
543.1
248.0
275.0
298.4
317.5
162.5
167.9
170.8
176.6
514.2
526.5
555.1
597.6
81.1
91.6
104.3
122.2
Volume of Consumer Services by Types in Rural Areas
(in comparable prices of 1976; millions of rubles)
1975
1976
1977
1978
Total volume of consumer services.
1352.0
1489.9
1614.5
1771.8
including by types:
repair and custom-making of shoes.
115.7
127.0
141.3
160.3
repair and custom-making of clothes*
291.9
309.9
305.5
325.7
repair, custom-making and knitting of
knitted goods* . . . . . . . . . . . . .
81.4
97.1
109.3
124.5
repair of radios and televisions, house-
hold machines and appliances, vehicles,
repair and production of inetal items*. .
86.8
103.6
119.9
133.1
repair and production of furniture
69.2
80.0
92.9
104.2
dry cleaning and dyeing.
12.4
13.7
14.8
16.1
laundries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.8
15.2
17.7
20.2
construction and r.epair of apartments* .
223.4
239.1
256.9
277.8
photography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51.2
57.4
62.0
66.5
bath houses and showers.
26.7
28.1
28.8
29.4
barbers and hairdressers
48.3
51.3
55.0
59.4
rental centers . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.8
7.1
8.5
10.6
*
Processing cost.
436
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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Volume of Consumer Services by Union Republics
(in comparable prices of 1976; millions of rubles)
1975
1976
1977
19/ts
. . . . . . . . . . .
USSR
. . . . . . . 5457.7
5895.3
6276.9
6776.5
.
RSFSR . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 3044.9
3267.6
3451.4
3717.0
Ukrainian SSR . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 1086.1
1172.2
1263.4
i363.6
Belorussian SSR . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 213.7
233.4
245.2
268.0
Uzbek SSR . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 176.2
198.7
221.7
245.9
- Kazakh SSR . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 264.0
286.2
303.9
327.1
Georgian SSR . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 96.0
106.6
116.4
126.9
Azerbaijan SSR . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 70.0
77.7
83.0
91.3
Lithuanian SSR . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 89.1
96.3
102.8
110.4
Moldavian SSR . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 80.5
88.9
95.7
104.1
Latvian SSR . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 101.4
107.4
113.5
118.8
Kirgiz SSR . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 54.0
59.1
63.2
69.0
Tadzhik SSR . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 49.1
54.5
59.4
65.3
Armenian SSR . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 46.3
51.5
57.5
62.8
Turkmen SSR . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 36.1
40.8
42.6
46.3
Estonian SSR . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 50.3
54.4
57.2
60.0
Volume of Consumer Services
in Rural Areas by
Union Republics
(in comparable prices
of 1976; millions
of rubles)
1975
1976
1977
1978
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
USSR
. . . . . 1352.0
1489 . 9
1614.5
1771.8
.
RSFSR . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 633.1
696.7
746.8
816.9
Ukrainian SSR . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 263.1
285.0
311.6
339.3
Belorussian SSR . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 56.2
64.6
69.6
78.1
- Uzbek SSR . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 73.0
84.4
95.7
108.8
Kazakh SSR . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 94.0
104.2
113.0
122.7
Georgian SSR . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 21.6
24.9
28.9
34.0
Azerbaijan SSR . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 12.4
13.8
15.6
18.2
Lithuanian SSR . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 34.8
37.5
40.4
42.8
oldavian SSR . . . . . . . . . .
- M
. . . . . 40.5
44.9
48.4
52.4
.
- Latvian SSR . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 44.8
46.9
49.3
52.7
Kirgiz SSR . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 18.4
20.6
22.3
24.9
Tadzhik SSR . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 19.1
21.0
23.5
27.2
Armenian SSR . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 8.6
9.8
11.8
12.8
Turkmen SSR . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 12.6
14.6
15.7
18.2
Estonian SSR . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 19.8
21.0
21.9
22�8
437
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PUBLIC EDUCATION AND CULTURE
Number of Students by Types of Instruction
(at beginning of school year; thousands)
Ln

%p
oo
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\
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All who were taught.
10588
47547
71857
79634
92605
93708
94881
98145
including:
at general educational
schools.
9656
35552
48255
49193
47594
46468
45445
44711
of them:
at day general educa-
tional schools
9656
34784
43410
45448
42611
41551
40625
39912
at evening (shift) gen-
eral educational
schools (including
those who studied by
correspondence).

768
4845
3745
4983
4917
4820
4794
at vocational and tech-
nical educational insti-
tutions (including fac-
tory training schools
and departmental voca-
tio:ial schools).
106
717
1701
2591
3381
3552
3681
3827
at secondary specialized
educational institutions
54
975
3659
4388
4525
4623
4662
4672
' at higher educational
institutions
127
812
3861
4581
4854
4950
5037
5110
learned new occupations
and improved their skills
at enterprises, insti-
tutions, organizations
and kolkhozes, as well as
- were covered by other
- types of instruction
(except networ.k of polit-
ical education).
645
9491
14381
18881
32251
34115
36056
39825
438
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Number of People Who Received a Secondary (General and Specialized)
Education During the Years of Soviet Power
(thousands )
Years
Total
Average
Years
Total
Average
year
a
a year
_
1918-1928
738
67.1
1956-1960
8641
1728.1 !
1929-1932
577
144.3
1961-1965
6710
1342.0
1933-1937
1109
221.8
1966-1970
16143
3228.7
1938-1940
1405
468.4
1971-1975
18994
3799.0
1941-1945
1320
264.0
1976
4757
1946-1950
2332
466.4
1977
5067
1951-1955
5097
1019.3
1978
5180
During 1918-1978 78.1 mi llion people received a secondary (general and
specialized) education, o f them 60.6 million graduated from secondary gen-
eral educational schools, 15.9 million--from tekhnikums and other secondary
specialized educational institutions (those admitted after graduation from
an incomplete secondary s chool) and 1,6 million--from secondary vocational
and technical schools.
A universal compulsory s econdary education is being implemented in our
country.
General Educational Schools
(at beginning of the school year)
,n
w

.o
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Number of general educa-
tional schools, thousand s.
. 124
199
214
190
164
159
154
150
Number of students,
millions .
. 9.7
35.6
48.3
49.2
47.6
46.5
45.4
44.7
including:
in lst-3d grades .
. 8.1
16,1
15.4
15.3
12.7
12.5
12.6
12.9
in 4th-8th grades .
. 1.5
18,2
24.9
26.3
24.1
23.1
22.1
21.4
of them in 8th grade .
. 0.1
1,3
4.7
5.1
5.4
5.0
4.9
4.7
in 9th-10th (llth)
1
0
3
1
8.0
7.6
10.8
10.9
10.7
10.4
, grades . . . . . . . . .
.
.
.
Number of teachers,
thousands. .
. 280
1238
2497
2618
2703
2671
2652
2641
Schools and groups w:ith an extended day have undergone further development.
At the beginning of the 1978/79 school year there were 9.9 million students
at schools and in group s with an extended day and at boarding schools.
439
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Day General Educational Schools
_ (at beginnirig of the
school
year)
tn --4
I'o
~
~c
r_
ao
rn
\ \
~7 O
\
U1
\
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01
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Il-
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QN

-r
~
.i
~
.-t
Numoei of schools,
thousands.
12:i.7 191.5
190.4 1
74.6
149.5
144.7
140.5
137.1
including:
elementary
119.4 125.9
94.4
74.5
47.9
43.4
39.7
36.7
incomplete secondary
2.0 45.7
62.4
53.8
47.7
46.0
44.4
43.2
secondary.
2.3 18.8
31.9
44.2
51.5
52.8
53.9
54.7
schools for mentally re-
tarded and physically
handicapped children
1.1
1.7
2.1
2.4
2.5
2.5
2.5
Number of students, mil-
lions.
9.7 34.8
43.4
45.4
42.6
41.5
40.6
39.9
including:
- at elementary schools. .
8.6 9.8
3.8
2.4
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
at incomplete secondary
schools.
0.3 12.5
16.6
12.5
8.8
7.9
7.3
6.7
at secondary schools
0.8 12.2
22.7
30.2
32.4
32.3
32.1
32.0
at schools for mentally
retarded and physically
handicapped children
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.5
Number of teachers,
thousands.
280 1216
2366
2510
2583
2555
2535
2526
Number of Students of Day Gene
ral Educational Schools
by Groups of
Grades
_ (at begi
nning of schoo
l year;
millions)
~
~
~
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r-
00
rn
O
vl
O
u'1
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00
.
O~
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O~
rn
O~
Total students.
34.8
43.4
45.4
42.6
41.5
40.6
39.9
including:
in urban settlements. .
10.8
21.8
23.0
22.3
21.9
21:7
21.6
in rural areas.
24.0
21.6
22.4
20.3
19.6
18.9
18.3
In 1st-3d grades--total .
15.8
15.2
15.2
12.6
12.4
12.5.
12.8
including:
- in urban settlements. .
3.9
7.1
7.3
6.5
6.5
6.8
7.1
in rural areas.
11.9
8.1
7.9
6.1
5.9
5.7
5.7
In 4th-8th grades--total.
17.5
23.1
25.1
23.4
22.4
21.6
20.8
including:
in urban settlements. .
6.1
11.5
12.7
12.1
11.7
11.3
11.0
- in rural areas.
11.4
11.6
12.4
11.3
10.7
10.3
9.8
/Table continued on following page/
440
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- ,p r, .o ~ ao rn
o Ln o Ln .o ~ co
a, rn o~ rn o. rn rn
1-4 -4
In 9th-10th (llth) grades--total. . 1.2 4.8 4.8 6.2 6.3 6.1 5.8
including:
,in urban settlements. 0.7 3.0 2.8 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.1
in rural areas. 0.5 1.8 2.0 2.8 2.9 2�8 2.7
In schools for mentally retarded
and physically handicapped children 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5
including:
in urban settlements. 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4
in rural areas. 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Labor Training of Students of Day Secondary General Educational
Schools at the Beginning of the 1978/79 School Year
including
Total in urban in rural
settlements areas
Number of day secondary general educa-
tional schools which carry out labor
- training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40672 16902 23770
Number of students of 9th-10th (llth)
grades, who are undergoing labor
training, thousands . . . . . . . . . 4011 2051 1960
including at enterprises and organ-
izations (percent):
industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 44 5
agriculture . . . . . . . , . . . . 39 5 74
transportation and communications . 17 21 13
construction. . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3 1
trade, public dining, material and
technical supply and marketing, pro-
- curements . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 7 1
The training of students for socially useful labor is one of the main tasks
of general educational schools.
At present 74 percent of the day secondary general educational schools of
the country are carrying out the labor training of students. Students of
the 9th-10th (llth) grades undergo labor training at enterprises, organ-
izations, kolkhozes and sovknozes, interschool educational and production
combines, in student production brigades and in other labor associations
of students, at workshops, laboratories and offices.
441
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Evening (Shift) General Educational Schools
(at beginning of the school year)
�4 %D 1-4 %0 r~ oo rn
s :o
O u1 O 'r1 "O r-I c0
Number of schools*--total. 7276 23893 15116 14736 14020 13573 13039
including independent schools. 12842 10246 10477 10489 10377 10287
Number of students (including
those studying by correspondence),
thousands . . . . . . . . . . . . . 768 4845 3745 4983 4917 4820 4799
in 1st-8th grades. 658 1729 903 453 359 299 257
in 9th-llth grades 110 3116 2842 4530 4558 4521 4542
*
- Including day general educational schools,
at which classes have
been
organized
for the training of young workers,
independent
correspo
ndence
schools;
for 1940/41--including
workers' sch
ools and schools for
adults.
Graduation
of Students
From General
Educational
Schools
(thousands)
,
Graduated
from incomplete sec-
Gradua.ted from complete sec-
Years
ondary
school
ondary
school
tot
al
including
total -
including
.
day
evening
day
evening
1940
1860
1794
66
303
277
26
1950
1491
1360
131
284
228
56
1955
3582
3332
250
1247
1068
179
1960
2383
2124
259
1055
709
346
1965
4270
3682
588
1340
913
427
1970
4661
4251
410
2581
1968
613
1975
5201
4951
250
3564
2716
848
1976
5213
4991
222
3873
2900
973
1977
4874
4698
176
4101
3009
1092
1978
4735
4585
150
4162
3009
1153
Secondary Vocational and Technical Schools of Al1 Departments
(at beginning of Lhe schoal year)
1970/71 1975/76 1976/77 1977/78 1978/79
Number of secondary vocational and
technical schools. 615 2734 3087 3418 3733
Students at them, thousands. 180 1216 1479 1703 1920
442
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483
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Sickness Rate of the
Population With Individual Infectious Diseases
1940
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
- Number of cases,
thousands
Typhoid fever and Rara-
typhoid A, B and C . . .
121.3
25.5
22.5
26.0
21.0
22.9
18.1
Scarlet fever.
251.5
530.8
469.9
361.1
383.6
305.4
287.2
Diphtheria
177.0
4.7
1.10
0.20
0.20
0.24
0.27
Whooping cough
453.3
190.0
39.5
14.9
33.0
22.6
17.2
Tetanus. . . . . . . . .

1.4
0.65
0.49
0.43
0.42
0.36
Acute poliomyelitis.
1.28
0.30
0.27
0.13
0.11
0.26
0.15
Measles. ........1181.9
2128.7
471.5
363.8
320.8
315.3
545.4
Number of cases per
100,000 people
Typhoid fever and para-
typhoid A, B and C . . .
62
11
9
10
8
9
7
Scarlet fever.
129
230
194
142
149
119
110
Diphtheria
91
2
0.45
0.08
0.08
0.09
0.10
Whooping cough
232
82
16
6
13
9
7
Tetanus. . . . . . . . .

0.59
0.27
0.19
0.17
0.16
0.14
Acute poliomyelitis.
0.6
5 0.13
0.11
0.05
0.04
0.10
0.06
Measles.
605
922
194
143
125
122
209
*
Prior to 1965 only cases of il
lness wi
th typhoid fever and
paratyphoid A
and B were recorded.
Number of Beds (Medical and Obstetric) for Pregnant Women and New
Mothers by Union Republics
(thousands)
1940
1965
1970
1975
1978
USSR . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 147.1
227.0
223.8
223.0
226.7
RSFSR . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 90.7
118.3
110.3
110.5
112.3
ilkrainian SSR . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 35.0
47.8
45.1
41.6
39.8
Belorussian SSR . . . . . .
. . . . . . 5.4
7.5
6.9
7.0
7.2
Uzbek SSR . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 2.8
11.0
13.4
15.2
17.2
- Kazakh SSR . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 4.3
14.7
16.3
15.7
16.6
Georgian SSR . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 1.9
4.2
4.4
4.4
4.3
Azerbai3an SSR . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 2.0
4.3
5.6
5.9
6.4
Lithuanian SSR . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 0.4
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.4
Moldavian SSR . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 0.6
4.4
4.5
4.1
3.7
Latvian SSR . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 0.8
1.5
1.4
1.6
1.7
Kirgiz SSR . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 0.8
3.2
4.0
4.2
4.3
Tadzhik SSR . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 0.6
2.2
2.9
3.3
3.8
Armenian SSR . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 0.7
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.8
Turkmen SSR . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 0.8
1.9
2.8
3.2
3.3
Estonian SSR . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 0.3
0.8
0.9
0.9
0.9
484
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Number of Maternity Advice Bureaus, Children's Polyclinics and Out-Patient
Clinics (Independent and Belonging to Other Institutions)
by 'lnion Republics
1940
1965
1970
1975
1978
USSR . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 8603
19333
20955
22079
22978
RSFSR . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 4917
10956
11504
12120
12261
Ukrainian SSR . . . . . .
. . . . . 1821
4157
4649
4500
4622
Belorussian SSR . . . . .
. . . . . 311
503
550
574
609
Uzbek SSR . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 276
618
807
975
1095
Kazakh SSR . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 269
900
982
1201
1381
Gsorgian SSR. . . . . . .
. . . . . 283
445
472
477
496
Azerbaijan SSR. . . . . .
. . . . . 166
274
313
3238
588
Lithuanian SSR. . . . . .
. . . . . 51
205
203
228
229
Moldavian SSR . . . . . .
. . . . . 40
222
222
237
221
Latvian SSR . . . . . . .
. . . . . 109
217
215
220
228
Kirgiz SSR . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 66
220
292
317
324
Tadzhik SSR . . . . . . .
. . . . . 71
122
201
259
305
Armenian SSR. . . . . . .
. . . . . 60
232
245
228
226
Turkmen SSR . . . . . . .
. . . . . 106
147
174
212
250
Eetonian SSR. . . . . . .
. . . . . 57
115
126
143
143
485
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FINANCE AND CREDIT
Monetary Accumulations
of the
National Economy (Excluding Kolkhozes)
(billions of
rubles)
1940
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
All monetary accumulations. 14.3
83.3
139.7
176.2
189.3
196.0
210.3
including:
profit.
. 3.3
37.0
87.0
104.5
106.4
110.3
114.3
turnover tax.
. 10.6
38.7
49.4
66.6
70.7
74.6
84.1
other accumulations
. 0.4
7.6
3.3
5.1
12.2
11.1
11.9
Profit of Enterprises and Economic Organizations*
(millions of rubles)
1940 1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978
Profit--total. 3269 36960 86989 104497 106376 110316 114309
Profit of state enter-
prises and economic organ-
izations 3149 36062 85668 102847 104706 108565 112582
of them enterprises and
organizations of:
industry 1689 22548 55956 65941 64827 67161 70659
agriculture (sovkhozes
and oCher state farms) .-176 -568 4935 -492 1925 1446 2073
procurement. 86 668 1182 1235 1235 1364 1340
transportation and com-
munications. 674 6830 11523 15557 15741 16393 16275
construction (contract-
ing organizations) -16 1605 4736 8566 8512 8701 8226
supply and marketing 139 892 1696 2978 3153 3344 3304
trade. 326 1398 2859 4393 4671 4941 5203
municipal services 128 748 984 1311 1235 1329 1276
other sectors. 299 1941 1797 3358 3407 3886 4226
Profit of consumer cooper-
atives . 120 898 1321 1650 1670 1751 1727
*
In this and other tables a minus sign means a loss.
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The profit in 1978 as compared with 1977 in comparable prices and under
comparable conditions increased by 6 percent.
Distribution of the Profit of State Enterprises and Economic
Organizations*
(percent)
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
Profit made--total . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100
100
100
100
100
100
- of it:
paid into the budget.
70
59
57
56
59
57
including payments from the profit.
69
58
56
55
58
56
left at the disposal of enterprises and
economic organizations.
30
41
43
44
41
43
including:
allocated for capital investments and
formation of the main herd.
10
13
10
9
6
7
withheld for economic stimulation funds
6
14
17
17
17
17
allocated for the increase of internal
working capital and the financing of the
planned losses of other enterprises
9
5
5
4
5
5 -
used for other purposes
5
9
11
14
13
14
The data pertain only to enterprises and economic
organizat
ions,
which I
made a profit.
Distribution of the Profit of Industrial Enterpri
ses*
(percent)
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
Profit made--total . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100
100
100
100
100
100
of it:
- paid into the budget.
71
62
58
57
61
59
including payments from thP profit.
71
61
57
57
60
58
of it:
profit withholding tax.
71
4
1
1
1
1
fee for fixed production capital and
working capital . . . . . . . . . . .

17
22
23
23
23
fixed (rent) payments . . . . . . . .

5
4
3
3
3
payment nf the net surplus of profit.

35
30
30
33
31
left at the disposal of enterprises
29
38
42
43
39
41
including:
allocated for capital investments
9
14
10
9
5
7
withheld for economic stimul,ation funds
6
14
17
18
17
17
used for other purposes
14
10
15
16
17
17
*
The data pertain only to enterprises and economic organizations, which
made a profit.
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Profitability
of Induatrial
Enterprises
All monetary accumula-
Percent of the value of the
tione (the profit,
fixed production
capital and
Years
turnover tax and
including the
profit
Physical working
capital
others), billions of
all monetary
profit
rubles
accumulations
1960
46.6
14.0
45.1
13.6
1965
60.3
22.5
34.8
13.0
1970
93.0
56.0
35.8
21.5
1971
95.4
56.2
33.8
19.8
1972
99.7
59.4
32.6
19.3
1973
105.2
60.0
31.7
18.0
1974
113.3
64.2
31.6
17.7
, 1975
116.5
65.9
28.0
15.8
1976
118.7
64.8
26.5
14.4
1977
122.3
67.2
25.3
14.0
1978
135.3
70.7
26.1
13.5
Profit of Industrial Enterprises� by
Sectors of Industry
(millions
of rubles)
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
All industry . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 22548
55956
65941
64827
67161
70659
including by sectors:
_ electric power. . . . . . . . . .
. 875
3464
4341
3904
3999
4321
fuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. -614
5229
5461
5636
5428
5025
of it:
oil drilling. . . . . . . . . .
. 331
2380
2553
2551
2532
2284
petroleum refining.
. 568
1165
1785
1937
1995
2263
gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 58
747
796
916
1014
1062
coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. -1582
844
242
148
-159
-626
- peat . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 8
66
29
31
-9
-10
ferrous metallurgy.
. 1302
3999
4283
4987
4846
4748
chemical and petrochemical.
. 1723
3708
6575
6593
6987
7332
machine building and metalworking
. 7029
13887
16660
16286
17866
20137
timber, wood processing and pulp
and paper . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 696
2587
2216
1939
1919
1817
including:
- logging . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 202
901
512
354
250
109
pulp and paper.
. 100
484
588
606
604
596
construction materials industry .
. 473
1611
2022
1884
1774
1601
including cement.
. 242
292
387
380
383
356
light . . . . . . . . . . .
. 3466
6962
7260
7174
7361
7614
including textile
. 1925
3326
3798
3619
3579
3732
food. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 4643
6797
8564
7814
8123
8514
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Profitability of InduEtrial Enterprises by Sectors of
Industry
(profit as a percentage of the value of
the fixed pr
oduction c
apita
l
and physical working
capital
)
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
In actual prevailing price
s
A11 industry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 13.0
21.5
15.8
14.4
14.0
13.5
including by sectors:
electric power. . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 4.6
10.9
7.8
6.5
6.2
6.4
fueT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. -3.1
18.8
12.3
11.3
10.1
8.7
of it:
oil drilling. . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 5.7
27.8
16.8
15.2
13.2
11.0
petroleum refining. . . . . . . . . .
. 19.4
22.6
23.3
23.2
24.4
24.8
gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 9.3
64.5
22.9
20.8
19.9
17.8
coal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. -17.0
7.3
1.5
0.8
-0.8
-3.2
peat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 0.9
6.5
2.1
2.2
-0.6
-0.7
ferrous metallurgy. . . . . . . . . . .
. 8.6
17.2
11.8
12.7
11.7
10.7
chemical and petrochemical.
. 16.4
20.2
21.0
19.3
19.0
18.4
machine building and metalworking
. 16.7
22.8
16.6
14.9
14.8
15.2
timber, wood processing and pulp and
paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 6.9
20.0
11.4
9.3
8.7
7.9
including:
logging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 4.3
16.4
6.3
4.2
2.8
1.2
pulp and paper . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 5.9
14.7
10.7
10.1
9.4
8.7
construction materials industry
. 5.4
12.2
9.9
8.5
7.5
6.4
including cement. . . . . . . . . . .
. 14.5
13.3
11.3
10.4
10.1
8.9
light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 29.9
42.5
28.7
26.8
25.8
25.3
including textile . . . . . . . . . .
. 23.4
28.4
20.7
18.9
17.6
17.5
food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 24.4
27.4
23.9
20.9
20.6
20.7
In comparable prices of 1975
All industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 10.6
13.8
15.8
15.9
15.9
15.6
including by sectors:
. . o . . . . . . . . .
electric power.
. 8.3
8.4
7.8
8.0
7.8
8.1
fuel. . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . .
. 13.2
13.9
12.3
11.6
10.7
9.3
of it:
oi1 drilling . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 17.8
21.9
16.8
15.2
13.4
11.6
petroleum refining. . . . . . . . . .
. 12.2
15.8
23.3
23.2
24.2
25.1
gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 56.5
53.5
22.9
21.8
20.9
18.7
coal. . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . .
. 9.6
4.4
1.5
0.8
-0.4
-2.8
peat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 1.5
4.0
2.1
3.1
0.4
0.5
ferrous metallurgy. . . . . . . . . . .
. 11.9
13.6
11.8
11.2
10.2
9.4
chemical and petrochemical.
. 10.9
14.6
21.0
20.7
21.3
21.0
machine building and metalworking
. 3.8
7.6
16.6
19.1
20.7
22.4
timber, wood processing and pulp and
paper . . . . . . . . . � � � � � � � .
. 9.1
13.7
11.4
10.3
9.7
8.4
including:
logging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 0.8
11.8
6.3
4.0
2.6
0.9
pulp and gaper. . . . . . . . . . .
. 9.5
9.5
10.7
10.1
10.0
9.7
/Table continued on following pagze/
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1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978
construction materiale induatry.
6.5
9.1
9.9
9.1
8.2
7.0
including cement . . . . . . . . .
. . . 9.7
11.3
11.3
10.3
10.1
9.0
light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 24.0
33.9
28.7
28.3
27.4
27.3
including textile. . . . . . . . .
. . . 18.4
22.7
20.7
19.1
17.9
17.9
food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 23.7
25.7
23.9
20.7
20.5
20.8
Profit and Profitability of Enterprises of Transportation
and Communications
1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1973
_ Profit from all activity, millions of rubles
Rail transport. . . . . . . . . . . . . 4414 5763 '892 6947 6699 6605
MariCime transport. . . . . . . . . . . 247 1052 1892 1956 1969 2031
River transpo rt . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 389 544 527 576 642
_ Motor transport . . . . . . . . . . . . 990 2008 2741 2578 2898 2144
Communications. . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 26 840 1290 1337 1507 1738
Level of profitability,*
Rail transport. . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.3
Maritime transport. . . . . . . . . . . 6.3
River transport . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5
Motor transport . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.6
Communications. . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3
*
The p rofit as a percentage of the value of t
and physical working capital.
percent
14.0 10.6
16.8 19.4
12.8 12.0
32.5 26.2
13.8 11.8
ae fixed pri
10.3
17.9
10.9
21.9
11.2
Auctii
9.6 9.1
16.7 15.9
11.0 11.7
23.1 14.9
11.9 12.7
Dn capital
Profit and Profitability of Contr.~~cting Construction Organizations
1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978
- Total profit of contracting construc-
tion organizations, milliona of rubles. 1605 4736 8566 8512 8701 8226
Profit from delivery of work to cli-
ents, millions of rubles. 1651 4772 8487 8435 8623 8230
Level of profitability (profit from the
- delivery of work to clients as a per-
centage of the cost of contracting
construction operations). 6.1 11.3 15.9 15.1 14.8 13.4
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Profit and Profitability of State and Cooperative Trade
Enterprises and Organizations*
Total profit including the Level of profitability--
of trade en- profit from profit from sale of
terprises sale oF goods goods as a percentage of
and organ- in wholesale commodity markeCing
izations, and retail turnover coats
millions of trade and pub-
rubles lic dining
1965
All trade.
. 2296
1548
0.9
17.8
state. . . . . . .
. 1398
962
0.7
15.6
of it:
_ retail . . . . .
. 1044
628
0.9
11.8
_ wholesale.
. 354
334
0.5
43.1
cooperative.
. 898
586
1.9
22.8
1970
- All trade.
. 4180
3333
1.45
25.2
state. . . . . . .
. 2859
2403
1.3
26.0
of it:
_ retail . . . . .
. 2207
1885
1.9
22.8
wholesale.
. 652
518
0.6
53.5
cooperative.
. 1321
930
2.0
23.4
1975
All trade.
. 6043
4583
1.5
27.0
state. . . . . . .
. 4393
3487
1.4
29.7
of it:
retail
. 3428
2805
2.0
26.5
wholesale.
. 965
682
0.7
59.3
cooperative.
. 1650
1096
1.8
20.8
1976
All trade.
. 6341
4894
1.5
27.8
state. . . . . . .
. 4671
3750
1.5
30.8
of it:
retail
. 3724
3009
2.1
27.3
wholesale.
. 947
741
0.7
63.7
cooperative.
. 1670
1144
1.8
21.0
1977
All trade.
. 6692
5193
1.6
28.2
state. . . . . . .
. 4941
4002
1.5
31.5
of it:
retail
. 3984
3224
2.2
27.8
wholesale.
. 957
778
0.7
68.4
cooperative.
. 1751
1191
1.8
21.0
*
The data are cited
for enterprises
of the Ministry of Trade,
departments
of workers' supply and offices of food supply for workers and
employees,
the Main Adminietration for the Distribution of
Printed Matter, Aptekoup-
- ravleniye, Knigotorg and consumer cooperatives.
/Table continued on
following page/

491
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Total profit
including the
Level of profitability--
of trade en-
profit from
profit from
sale of
terprises
sale of goods
goods as a p
ercentage of
and organ-
in wholesale
commodity
marketing
izations,
and retail
turnover
costa
millions of
trade and pub-
rubles
lic dining
1978
All trade.
. 6930
5411
1.6
27.4
state.
. 5203
4193
1.5
30.7
of it:
retail
. 4252
3385
2.2
27.4
wholesale.
. 951
808
0.7
61.9
cooperative.
. 1727
1218
1.8
20.2
_ Working Capital in Sectors of the National Economy
(at end of the year; millions of rubles)
1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978
_ All working capital
Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . 137168 211837 314043 333914 358106 381333
including in sectors ofthe
national economy:
industry . . . . . . . a. . .
agriculture (sovkhozes nd
other state farms) . . . . . .
including sovkhozes. . . . .
transportation and communica-
tions . . . . . . . . . . . . .
construction (contracting
organizations) . . . . . . . .
procurement. . . . . . . . . .
supply and marketing . . . . .
trade . . . . . . . . . . . . .
other sectors. . . . . . . . .
53653 78824 104927 109978 118157 125310
11859 21513 29735 32998 35675 37462
10319 18453 27490 32090 34867 37200
3238 5380 7644 8187 8599 9239
9207 19285 50969 57903 64645 72838
7153 10531 11616 13306 12062 15137
8234 13261 17692 18259 19448 20755
37261 50137 66278 68024 71770 71587
6563 12906 25182 25259 27750 29005
including worlcing capital in reserves of commodity stocks
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107673 163356 234305 252135 269296 286193
including in sectors of the
national economy:
industry . . . . . . . . . .
agriculture (sovkhozes and
other state farms) . . . . . .
including sovkhozes. . . . .
transportation and communica-
tions . . a . . . . . . . . . .
/Table continued on following page/
44250 63277 84185 88811 95626 101375
10202 18497 25574 28447 30362 31880
9020 16078 23899 27868 29878 31370
1647 2562 3421 3686 3967 4250
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1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
construction (contracting organ-
izatione). . . . . . . . . . . .
4585
10688
32225
38256
43522
49020
procurement. . . . . . . . . . .
5967
9203
9442
11406
10146
12730
supply and marketing
5641
9310
12445
13063
13870
14798
trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32421
43737
56974
58819
61471
61350
other sectors.
2960
6082
10039
9647
10332
10790
Structure of the Working Capital and Sources of Its Formation
in Individual Sectors of the National Economy
(at end of the year; percent)
1965- 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978
Entire national economy
_ Working capital--total. 100 100 100 100 100 100
commodity stocks. . . . . . . . . . . 78.5 77.2 74.6 75.5 75.2 75.3
5hipped goods and rendered services . 7.8 7.2 6.6 6.1 6.0 6.1
monetary assets . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5 7.8 8.7 8.5 8.5 8.5
accounts receivable 6.6 7.4 9.5 9.3 9.6 9.5
other working capital 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.6
Sources of formation of working capi-
tal--total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 100 100 100 100 100
internal capital and capital equated
with it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38.3 34.1 26.9 25.6 24.8 25.0
bank credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.1 45.9 44.8 46.1 46.3 46.2
accounts payable. . . . . . . . . . . 11.5 13.3 21.6 21.5 22.5 22.0
other sources . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 6.7 6.7 6.8 6.4 6.8
Industry
Working capital--total. 100 100 100 100 100 100
commodity stocks. . . . . . . . . . . 82.5 80.2 80.2 80.8 80.9 80.9
shipped goods and rendered services . 9.9 8.5 8.6 8.0 7.8 7.9
monetary assets . . . . . . . . . . . 4.0 6.6 6.2 6.4 6.3 6.3
accounts receivable 3.0 4.0 4.0 3.7 3.9 3.8
other working capital 0.6 0.7 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1
Sources of formation of working capi-
tal--total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 100 100 100 100 100
internal capital and capital equated
- with it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.7 38.9 35.2 35.0 34.1 34.5
bank credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.6 43.6 47.3 47.1 48.2 48.0
accounts payable. . . . . . . . . . . 8.6 9.0 8.8 9.2 9.3 8.9
other sources . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 8.5 8.7 8.7 8.4 8.6
Agriculture (sovkhozes and other
state farms)
Working capital--total. 100 100 100 100 100 100
commodity stocks. . . . . . . . . . . 86.0 `'r.7 86.0 86.2 85.1 85.5
shipped goods and rendered services . 1.9 s.6 4.2 3.7 4.2 4.0
monetary assets . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4 7.2 8.1 8.1 8.2 8.2
accounts receivable 2.8 1.8 1.1 1.2 1.5 1.4
other working capital 1.9 0.7 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.9
/Table continued on following page/
493
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1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978
Sources of formation of working capi-
tal--total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 100 100 100 100 100
internal capital and capital equated
with it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.0 53.6 33.4 24.4 21.5 21.2
bank credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.5 25.0 45.9 54.4 58.1 58.4
accounts payable. . . . . . . . . . . 5.9 7.1 7.1 6.8 6.4 6.6
other sources . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.6 14.3 13.6 14.4 14.0 13.8
Sovkhozes
Working capital--total. 100 100 100 100 100 100 -
commodity stacks. . . . . . . . . . . 87.4 87.8 86.9 86.8 85.7 86.0 _
- shipped goods and rendered services . 1.6 3.3 4.1 3.6 4.1 4.0
monetary assets . . . . . . . . . . . 6.7 7.1 7.4 7.7 7.9 7.9
accounts receivable 2.3 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.2
other working capital 2.0 0.7 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.9
Sources of formation of working capi-
tal--total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 100 100 100 100 100
_ internal capital and capital equated
with it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.7 56.3 32.4 24.0 21.2 21.0
_ bank credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.0 23.2 48.1 55.5 59.0 59.3 -
accounts payable. . . . . . . . . . . 5.5 6.4 6.8 6.6 6.2 6.4
other sources . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.8 14.1 12.7 13.9 13.6 13.3
Construction (contracting organ-
izations)
Working capital--total. 100 100 100 100 100 100
commodity stocks. . . . . . . . . . . 50.1 55.4 63.2 66.1 67.3 67.1
shipped goods and rendered services . 4.0 3.6 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.4
monetary assets . . . . . . . . . . . 16.7 13.2 8.4 7.8 6.7 6.7
accounts receivable . . . . . . . . . 29.0 27.6 25.7 23.5 23.4 23.6 -
other working capital 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2
Sources of formation of working capi-
tal--total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 100 100 100 100 100
internal capital and capital equated
with it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.6 41.5 20.3 18.3 16.6 16.5
bank credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.2 21.8 15.6 17.4 19.0 19.2
accounts payable. . . . . . . . . . . 21.7 30.8 59.7 60.2 60.8 61.0
other sources . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 5.9 4.4 4.1 3.6 3.3
Trade
Working capita.l--total. 100 100 100 100 100 100
commodity stocks. . . . . . . . . . . 87.0 87.3 86.0 86.5 85.7 85.8
_ shipped goods and rendered services . 5.0 4.7 4.8 4.3 4.4 4.3
monetary assets . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 3.8 4.3 4.3 4.9 4.8
accounts receivable 4.7 4.1 4.8 4.8 4.9 5.0
other working capital 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
/Table continued on following page/
494
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1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 19713
Sources of formation of working capi-
tal--total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 100 100 100 100 100
internal capital and capital equated
with it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.7 25.8 26.4 27.1 27.0 27.0
bank credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.0 61.5 60.1 60.1 59.2 59.1
accounts payable. . . . . . . . . . . 9.6 11.5 11.4 10.7 11.7 11.8
other sources . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.7 1.2 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1
Structure of Working Capital in
Reserves of
Commodity Stocks
in the National Economy
(at end of the year; percent)
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
Working capital in reserves of cammodi-
ty stocks--total . . . . . . . . . . .
100
100
100
100
100
100
Production stocks. . . . . . . . . . .
40.8
42.2
39.3
39.3
39.5
39.4
raw materials, basic naterials and
purchased semimanufactures
19.7
19.9
18.5
18.6
18.6
18.6
auxiliary materials.
3.8
4.2
4.0
3.8
3.8
3.7
- fuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.0
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.8
packaging and packaging materials. .
2.1
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
spare parts for repair
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.0
2.1
2.0
tools, operating stock and other
inexpensive and rapidly wearing
items. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.7
5.4
5.0
4.9
4.9
4.9
seed and planting stock.
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.9
0.9
- iodder an.: iorage. . . . . . . . . .
i.^
l-4
1.3
1.6
1.5
1.6
aniira.ls for fattening and young
animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.7
5.0
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.9
other production stocks.
0.5
0.5
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.4
Unfinished production and internally
produced semimanufactures.
10.4
12.0
19.2
20.4
21.4
21.3
unfinished industrial production and
internally produced semimanufac-
- tures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.4
8.4
7.9
7.9
7.9
7.9
unfinished nonindustrial production.
0.7
2.2
9.9
11.2
12.2
12.1
unfinished agricultural production .
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.3
Stocks and unfinished production of
subsidiary agriculture
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
Expenditures of future periods
2.1
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.6
Finished production.
6.0
4:6
4.4
4.2
4.2
4.2
Goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40.2
38.9
34.9
34.0
32.8
33.0
Other commodity stocks
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
495
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Structure of Working Capital in Reserves of Commnodity Stocks in Industry
(at end of the year; percent)
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
Working capital in reserves of commodi-
ty stocks--total. . . . . . . . . . . .
100
100
100
100
100
100
Production stocks . . . . . . . . . . .
58.5
59.9
60.2
60.1
59.8
59.9
raw ma.terials, basic materials and
purchased semimanufactures.
38.2
38.2
39.3
38.7
38.4
38.6
auxiliary materials
5.2
5.9
5.3
5.5
5.5
5.5
fuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.4
packaging and packaging materials
2.4
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.3
2.3
spare parts for repair.
3.2
3.7
3.7
3.9
4.1
4.0
tools, operating stock and other in-
expensive and rapidly wearing items .
8.1
8.3
8.0
8.1
8.1
8.1
Unfinished production and internally
produced semimanufactures
20.0
21.1
20.6
21.4
21.5
21.5
unfinished industrial production and
internally produced semimanufactures.
19.6
20.9
20.4
21.1
21.2
21.2
unfinished nonindustrial production .
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.3
Stocks and unfinished production of
subsidiary agriculture.
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
Expenditures of future periods.
4.3
4.4
4.1
4.3
4.2
4.2
Finished production . . . . . . . . . .
13.7
11.1
11.4
11.2
11.4
11.3
Goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.6
2.7
2.7
Other commodity stocks.
0.5
0.5
0.7
0.2
0.2
0.2
496
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497
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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Structure of Working Capital in Reserves of Commodity Stocks
in Construction (Contracting Organizationa)
(at end of the year; percent)
1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978
Working capital in reservea of commodi-
ty stocks--total. . . . . . . . . . . . 100 100 100 100 100 100
Production stocks . . . . . . . . . . . 89.3 72.1 32.5 30.6 29.5 29.6
raw materials, basic materials and
purchased semimanufactures. 63.0 53.2 23.8 22.7 22.0 22.1
auxiliary materials 12.3 8.3 3.8 3.6 3.4 3.5
tools, operating stock and other in-
expensive and rapidly wearing items . 13.6 10.5 4.8 4.3 4.0 3.9
other production stocks 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Unfinished production and internally
produced semimanufactures 8.3 27.4 67.3 69.2 70.2 70.1
unfinished industrial production and
internally prodiiced semimanufactures. 0.2 0.6 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
unfinished production on construction
and installation operations 8.1 26.8 67.2 69.1 70.1 70.0
Expenditures of future periods. 2.4 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3
Structure of Working Capital in Reserves
of Comutodity
Stocks
in Trade
(at end of the year;
percent)
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
Working capital in reserves of commodi-
ty stocks--total. . . . . . . . . . . .
100
100
100
100
100
100
Production stocks . . . . . . . . . . .
6.6
6.4
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.9
raw materials, basic material and
purchased semimanufactures.
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
packaging and prlckaging materials
2.3
2.2
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.6
operating stock and other 'Lnexpensive
and rapidly wearing items
1.8
1.7
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
Unfinished production and internally
produced semimanufactures
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
Stocks and unfinished production of
subsidiary agriculture.
0.4
0.5
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.4
Expenditures of future periods.
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
- Goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
92.7
92.8
92.5
92.3
92.1
92.2
498
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Assete of Economic Stimulation Funds of Enterprises and Economic
Organizatione by Sectors of the National Economy*
(assets used; millions of rubles)
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
Total** . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 2595
15177
24903
25902
26760
28478
State enterprises and economic organ-
izations . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 2559
15102
24335
25388
26232
27936
including of:
industry . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 1363
10313
14478
15258
15845
17034
agriculture (excluding kolkhozes).
. 242
1100
2150
2157
2314
2388
transportation and communications.
. 253
1616
2360
2335
2322
2460
construction . . . . . . . . . . .
. 316
892
2228
2236
2159
2313
procurcment . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 32
169
244
231
225
299
supply and marketing
. 101
304
803
694
825
817
trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 102
253
829
1003
1065
1143
municipal services
. 26
108
359
425
457
469
other sectors. . . . . . . . . . .
. 124
347
884
1049
1020
1013
Consumer cooperatives.
. 36
75
568
514
528
542
Excluding the bonuses to workers, wh
ich were credited in accordance
with
the wage fund (billions of rubles): i
n 1970--4, in
1975--7, in
1976--8, in
1977--9, in 1978--10.
**Here and in the next three tables in connection with the change beginning
in 1977 in the procedure of using the production development fund for the
financing of capital investments the previously published data have been
recalculated in accordance with a methodology which is comparable to 1977.
Assets of Economic Stimulation Funds of State Enterprises and Economic
Organizations by Types of Funds
(assets used; millions of rubles)
1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2559 15102 24335 25388 26232 27936
Funds formed by enterprises in con-
- formity with the new conditions of
planning and economic stimulation. 11000
- Funds of industrial enterprises for
improvement of cultural and living
conditions of workers, improvement of
production and the corresponding funds
of enterprises and organizations of
other sectors* . . . . . . . . . . . 1005 468
Fund of consumer goods made from
production wastes. . . . . . . . . . 69 275
*
For enterprises and organizations, which have not
- new system of planning and economic stimulation.
/Table continued on following page/
499
_ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
p
20175 21581 22423 23742
178 145 132 138
177 147 168 223
been converted to the
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1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978
Bonuses awarded to enterpriaes and or-
ganizationa in accordance with aocial-
ist competition. . . . . . . . . . . . 154 334 331 335 331 355
Bonuses to workers of conatruction
projects and construction organiza-
tions for the placement into operation
_ on time and early of construction
projects and production capacities*. . 116 287 119 69 63 51
_ Deductions of up to 30 percent of the
above-plan profit for construction of
apartment houses*. . . . . . . . . . . 336 320 101 86 77 99
Assets for payment of bonuses to work-
ers for the development and introduc-
tion of new equipment. 194 307 380 360 368 347
Fund for the expansion and strengthen-
ing of agriculture � . 179 585 933 907 863 974
Fund for the development of local in-
dustry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 211 205 200 220
Other funds and special-purpose assets 506 1318 1730 1553 1607 1787
*
For enterprises and organizations, which have not been converted to the
new system of planning and economic stimulation.
Assets of Economic Stimulation Funds of Induatrial Fnterprises
(assets used; millions of rubles)
1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1363 10313 14478 15258 15845 17034
Funds formed Uy enterprises in con-
formit; with the new oonditions of
planning and economic stimulation. 8700 12832 13737 14254 15155
of them:
material incentive fund. 3739 5663 5892 6111 6166
fund for sociocultural measures and
housing construction . . . . . . . . 1620 1764 1875 1942 2174
production developmeat fund. 3341 5405 5970 6201 6815
Fund of enterprise for improvement of
cultural and living conditions of
workers and improvement of production* 670 94 34 35 31 33
Fund of consumer goods made from
production wastes. . . . . . . . . . . 68 274 176 147 168 220
Bonuses awarded to enterprisea in ac-
cordance with socialiat competition. . 114 205 203 210 210 221
Deductions of up to 30 percent of the
above-plan profit for construction of
apartment houses*. . . . . . . . . . . 183 37 18 10 12 12
*For enterprises and organizations, which have not been converted to the
new system of planning and economic stimulation.
/-Table continued on following pageT
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1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978
Assets for payment of bonuses to work-
- ers for the development and introduc-
tion of new equipment. 124 156 211 174 213 232
Fund for the development of local in-
dustry 208 211 205 200 220
Other funds and special-purpose assets 204 639 793 740 757 941
Assets of
Total. . . .
Funds formed
formity with
planning and
)rganizations*
1976 1977 1978
2236 2159 2313
1836 1790 1905
Economic Stimulation Funds
(assets usad; millio
by organizations in con-
the new conditions of
economic stimulations*'~ .
of Construction
ns of rubles)
1965 1970 1975
316 892 2228
25 1773
Fund of the chief of construction and
installation organizations***. 83 174 65 48 42 53
Bonuses awarded to organizations in
accordance with socialist competition. 21 58 54 52 51 54
Bonuses for the placement into opera- ;
= tion on time and early of construction
projects and production capacities***. 114 280 106 87 58 45
Deductions of up to 30 percent of the above-plan p rofit for the construction
of apartment houses*** 56 158 35 31 25 40 .
' Other funds and special-purpose assets 42 197 195 182 193 216
*Contracting construction organizations and organizations, which perform
work using their own resources.
**Including the bonuses for the placement into operation on time and early
of construction projects and production capacities, which were included in
the material incentive fund.
***For organizations which have not been converted to the new system of
planning and economic stimulati.on.
Amortization Deductions
(millions of rubles)
1965 1970 1975 1916 1977 1978
Amortization charged
All amortization deductions 18805 29105 49931 54206 58625 63184
including of:
_ state enterprises and economic
organizationa . . . . . . . . . . 18587 28738 49350 53575 57956 62479
LTable continued on following page/
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1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
of them:
industry . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10182
15544
27328
29606
32051
34468
agriculture . . . . . . . . . . .
1968
2985
5395
5977
6521
7081
transportation and communications
3638
5410
8699
9377
10006
10794
construction. . . . . . . . . . .
1250
2313
3724
4040
4406
4772
procurement . . . . . . . . . . .
167
228
352
371
388
408
supply and marketing.
322
530
1012
1124
1221
1339
trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
284
443
765
817
868
925
municipal services.
363
626
1192
1267
1411
1530
other sectors . . . . . . . . . .
413
659
883
996
1084
1162
_ consumer cooperatives
218
367
581
631
669
705
including for capital
repair
All amortization deductions
9575
14663
21046
22651
24370
26105
including of:
state enterprises and economic
organizations . . . . . . . . . . .
9466
14475
20796
22388
24093
25813
- of them:
industry . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4950
7559
11192
12065
13016
13940
agriculture . . . . . . . . . . .
831
1252
1908
2081
2256
2431
transportation and communications
2251
3196
4489
4801
5084
5434
construction. . . . . . . . . . .
709
1277
1650
1768
1922
2076
procurement . . . . . . . . . . .
74
101
130
136
143
151
supply and marketing.
145
270
404
444
484
522
trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
143
225
280
295
312
332
municipal services.
192
320
435
460
511
532
other sectors
171
275
308
338
365
395
consumer cooperatives
109
188
250
263
277
292
USSR State
Budget
(billions of ruble
s)
1940
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
Revenues--total. 18.0
102.3
156.7
218.8
232.2
247.8
265.8
including:
turnover tax 10.6
38.7
49.4
66.6
70.7
74.6
84.1
payments of state enterprises
and organizations from profit. 2.2
30.9
54.2
69.7
70.6
78.4
78.6
of them:
fee for productive capital
and working capital for
which standard rates are
laid down. . . . . . . . . .

13.7
22.6
23.7
25.4
26.6
payment of the net surplus
- of the profit. . . . . . . .

24.8
33.0
33.4
38.8
38.0
fixed (rent) payments.

2.5
2.4
2.3
2.3
1.1
profit withholding tax and
other payments 2.2
30.9
13.2
11.7
11.2
11.9
'12.9
/Table continued on following page/
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1940
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
income tax from cooperatives,
kolkhozes and enterprises of
public organizations.
0.3
1.5
1.2
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.6
etate loans floated among the
population. . . . . . . . . . .
0.9
0.2
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
state taxes from the population
0.9
7.7
12.7
18.4
19.6
20.8
22.1
assets of state social insur-
ance . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0.9
5.6
8.3
11.3
12.2
12.4
13.1
Of the total amount of revenues,
- those received from state and co-
operative enterprises and organ-
izations . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16.0
93.9
142.9
199.1
211.3
225.7
242.3
Expenditures--total
17.4
101.6
154.6
214.5
226.7
242.8
260.2
- including:
on the national economy
5.8
44.9
74.6
110.7
118.5
129.8
141.3
on sociocultural measures and
science . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1
38.2
55.9
77.1
80.7
84.3
89.1
of them:
education and science
2.3
17.5
24.8
32.8
33.8
35.1
36.9
health and physical culture .
0.9
6.7
9.3
11.5
11.8
12.5
13.5 ~
social security
0.3
9.1
12.7
18.2
19.2
20.2
21.4 ;
of them at the expense of
etate social insurance.
0.2
6.5
9.8
14.3
15.2
16.1
17.2
state social insurance.
0.5
4.0
7.3
11.8
12.7
13.3
14.0
state grants to mothers with
many children and single
mothers . . . . . . . . . . .
0.1
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
assets transferred to the
centralized union fund of
social security of kolkhoz
farmers . . . . . . . . . . .

0.4
1.4
2.4
2.8
2.8
2.9
for defense
5.7
12.8
17.9
17.4
17.4
17.2
17.2
for administration.
0.7
1.3
1.7
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
Structure of Revenues and Expenditures of the USSR 5tate Budget
(percent of total)
1940 1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978
- Revenues--total. 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 i
including: ,
turnover tax 58.7 37.8 31.5 30.4 30.4 30.1 31.6
payments of state enterprises
~ and organizations from profit. 12.1 30.2 34.6 31.9 30.4 31.6 29.6
/Table continued on following page/
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1940
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
of them:
fee for production capital
and working capital for which
standard rates are laid down.

8.7
10.3
10.2
10.2
10.0
payments of the net surplus
of the profit . . . . . . . .

15.8
15.1
14.4
15.7
14.3
fixed (rent) pnyments
1.7
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.4
profit withholding tax and
other payments.
12.1
30.2
8.4
5.4
4.8
4.8
4.9
income tax from cooperatives,
kolkhozes and enterprises of
public organizations.
1.8
1.5
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.6
state loans floated among the
population. . . . . . . . . . .
5.1
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.2
state taxes from Lhe population
5.2
7.5
8.1
8.4
8.5
8.4
8.3
assets of state social insur-
ance. . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.8
5.5
5.3
5.1
5.2
5.0
4.9
Of the total amount ofrevenues,
those received from state and cn-
operative enterprises and organ-
izationa. . . . . . . . . . . . .
88.8
91.8
91.2
91.0
91.0
91.1
91.2
Expenditures--total
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
including:
on the national economy
33.5
44.2
48.2
51.6
52.3
53.5
54.3
on sociocultural measures and
science. . . . . . . . . . . .
23.5
37.6
36.2
5.9
35.6
34.7
34.2
of them:
education and science
12.9
17.2
16.0
15.3
14.9
14.5
14.2
health and physical culture.
5.2
6.6
6.1
5.3
5.2
5.1
5.2
social security
1.8
8.9
8.2
8.5
8.5
8.3
8.2
of them at the expense of
state social insurance.
1.1
6.4
6.3
6.7
6.7
6.7
6.6
state social insurance.
2.9
4.0
4.7
5.5
5.6
5.5
5.4
state grants to mothers with
many children and single
mothere
0.7
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
assets transferred to the
centralized union fund of
social security of kolkhoz
farmers . . . . . . . . . . .

0.4
0.9
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.1
for defe;ise
32.6
12.6
11.5
8.1
7.7
7.1
6.6
for administration.
3.9
1.3
1.1
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
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Structure of Expenditures of the USSR State Budget by Types of Budgets
1940 1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978
Billions of rubles
Expenditures of the state budget--
total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.4 101.6 154.6 214.5 226.7 242.8 260.2
Of union budget (excluding as-
sets transferred to union re-
publics) . . . . . . . . . . . 13.2 43.2 80.6 109.7 119.8 126.2 132.4
Of budgets of union republics. 4.2 58.4 74.0 104.8 106.9 116.6 127.8
_ Percent
Expenditures of the state budget--
total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
- Of union budget. 75.8 42.5 52.1 51.1 52.8 52.0 50.9
Of budgets of union republics. 24.2 57.5 47.9 48.9 47.2 48.0 49.1
Expenditures on Sociocultural Measures and Science
From the State Budget and Other Sources
(billions of rubles)
1940 1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978
Expenditures on sociocultural
measures and science--total. 4.7 45.3 69.8 97.6 101.8 106.2 112.0
including;
on education 2.4 16.1 23.5 31.0 32.2 33.6 35.1
of them: instruction. 2.0 14.1 19.8 26.2 27.2 28.2 29.5
cultural and educational
work and art 0.4 2.0 3.7 4.8 5.0 5.4 5.6
on science 0.3 6.9 11.7 17.4 17.7 18.3 19.3
- on health and physical culture 1.1 7.9 11.8 14.6 15.2 16.1 17.3
on social security and social
insurance. . . . . . . . . . . 0.9 14.4 22.8 34.6 36.7 38.2 40.3
of them pensiuns 0.3 10.6 16.2 24.4 25.7 27.1 28.9
The expenditures on soci.ocultural measures and science (including the ex-
penditures on capital investnents) are made from the assets of the state
budget, state, cooperative, trade union and other public enterprises and
, organizations, as well as fram the asseCs of kolkhozes. In 1978 they were
more than 26 percent of the USSR national income.
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Expenditures on Sociocultural Measures
and Science
- for the US
SR State Budget
(million
e of
rubles)
1940
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
Expenditures on sociocultural
- measures and science--total.
4090
38165
55941
77044
80742
84272
89053
On education and science--
total. . . . . . � . . . . . .
2249
17510
24769
32788
33791
35116
36928
excluding capitalinvestments.
2180
16505
23479
31008
31924
33210
35013
of them:
generaCion education and
~ training of children and
adolescents, general educa-
tional work among adults
1159
8314
10749
13854
14283
14722
15326
- including:
kindergartens.
105
1695
2600
3513
3713
3979
4277
children's homes and board-
ing schools with a sPecial
routine*
99
363
411
525
549
585
605
general educational
schools of a11 types
860
5778
6953
8628
8766
8828
8995
cultural and educational work
77
424
703
982
1035
1139
1252
training of personnel.
747
3251
4854
7020
7387
7734
8108
of them:
higher educational insti-
tutions. . . . . . . . . .
273
1483
2188
2972
3108
3266
3449
tekhnikums, institutions
and schaols for training
_ personnel of internediate
skill. . . . . . . . . . .
189
829
1221
1790
1848
1917
1974
� vocational and technical
education. . . . . . . . .

840
1313
2092
2254
2365
2496
printing . . . . . . . . . . .
35
85
120
143
146
145
151
art and radio broadcasting
57
305
628
1116
1176
1281
1399
science. . . . . . . . . . . .
105
4126
6425
7893
7897
8189
8777
On health and physical culture--
total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
903
6669
9284
11470
11853
12464
13492
- excluding capital investments. .
888
6426
8785
10823
11209
11761
12730
of them:
treatment and preventive in-
stitutions . . . . . . . . . .
745
6002
8156
10020
10358
10855
11755
public health and preventive
institutions
79
256
398
474
488
512
545
physical culture
7
38
47
67
69
80
88
~
Boarding schools for mentally reta
rded
and physically handicapped children
belong to the boarding schools with
a special
routine.
/Table continued on following page/
-
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1940
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
On social security--total.

314
9050
12738
18166
19213
20177
21410
including at the expense
of
atate social insurance .

198
6504
9773
14338
15244
16146
17181
Or state social insurance.

501
4037
7335
11849
12748
13330
13998
On state grants to mothers
with
many children and single mothers
123
462
435
389
371
355
340
Assets transferred to the
central-
ized union fund of social
security
of kolkhoz farmers

437
1380
2382
2766
2830
2885
Expenditures for the Budget of State Social Insurance
(millions of
rubles)
-
1950
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
Expenditures--total.
1867
10541
17107
26187
27992
29476
31179
Pensions*. . . . . . . . . . . .
814
7407
11653
17761
18897
20133
21575
Grants* . . . . . . . . . . . . .
727
2587
4609
7214
7818
7985
3152
including:
for temporary disability
542
1963
3734
5082
5559
5729
5862 ,
for pregnancy and birth, for
i
items of care and feeding of
~
a child. . . . . . . . . . . .
176
616
866
1257
1344
1370
1431 '
for children of needy fami-
- lies** . . . . . . . . . . . .

866
905
877
849
Health resort service of workers
- and employees and diet therapy .
185
364
551
794
856
914
987
Service of children (children's
institutions, Pioneer camps,
' extrascholastic care of chil-
dren) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
96
136
191
255
265
280
294
Other expenditures
45
47
103
163
156
164
171
*
The data on expenditures on pensions and grants from all
sources are
cited
on page 368.
-

Grants for children of needy families were introduced on 1 November 1974.
_ Extension of Credit by Banks to the National Economy and the Population -
(balances of loans at end of the year; millions of rubles)
, 1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978
All loans. . . . . . . . . . . . 74030 126234 204044 227868 254037 274920
including:
USSR State Bank. 69461 112599 177748 196124 213023 225649
All-Union Bank for Financing _
- Capital Investments. 4559 13635 26296 31744 41014 49271
/Table continued on following page/ I
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1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
Short-term loans.
66690
104739
160715
177871
194245
206566
including:
USSR State Bank
63379
96682
148001
162005
175203
182903
All-Union Bank for Financing
Capital Investments
3311
8057
12714
15866
19042
23663
Long-term loans
7340
21495
43329
49997
59792
68354
including:
USSR State Bank
6082
15917
29747
34119
37820
42746
All-Union Bank for Financing
Capital Investments
1258
5578
13582
15878
21972
25608
- Extension of Credit by Banks
to Sectora of the National
Economy and the
Population
(balances of loans at
end of the
year; millions
of rubles)
1940
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978 -
All loans.
6406
74030
126234
204044
227868
254037
274920
including:
short-term loans
5574
66690
104739
160715
177871
194245
206566
of them to:
industry
2129
22884
33880
48612
51938
56986
61000
agriculture.
199
4496
8632
25553
31988
38161
41000 -
including kolkhozes. .
12
365
2452
10076
12075
14748
16356
transportation and com-
munications.
74
480
1043
1550
1732
1832
2100
construction
45
3441
8774
15837
19420
22903
26000
supply and marketing
831
4314
8469
11724
12133
12998
13200
procurement.
694
5238
8326
8518
10846
9447
12200
trade.
1566
254i:5
34746
48178
49054
51017
50000
other sectors.
36
372
869
743
760
901
1066
Zong-term loans.
832
7340
21495
43329
49997
59792
68354
of them to:
state, cooperative enter-
prises and organizations
477
2641
10553
25006
28832
35608
40833
including:
sovkhozes and other
state agricultural
enterprises.

469
5061
5726
6405
6916
_ housing construction
cooperatives
627
2069
3104
3178
3255
3318
interfarm enterprises
and organizations.

107
962
3597
4312
5152
5907
kolkhozes.
240
3890
10296
17789
20650
23592
26938 -
the population
115
809
646
534
515
532
583
including:
-
urban.
41
242
135
81
72
65
61
rural.
74
567
511
453
443
4E7
522
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APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300050017-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Extension of Short-Term Credit by Banks to
Economy by Types of Credits
(balances of loans at end of the year; millions
1950 1965 1970 1975
the National
of rubles)
1976 1977
978
- Short-term loans--total.
5574
66690
104739
160715
177871
194245
206566
Against physical assets--
total. . . . . . . . . . .
3423
51092
83566
117433
126520
138411
147000
production stocks.
1074
13287
24434
36088
37932
39949
43000
- unfinished production.
160
1489
2632
4259
5352
6470
7900
finished items
242
3448
3570
4241
3938
4306
4800
stocks of equipment in
construction
10
1140
2888
4694
5996
7336
7523
goods. . . . . . . . . . .
1860
30035
46314
58479
61799
64932
64200
including:
in trade
1124
21139
28755
35313
36443
37813
36200
at supply and marketing
organizations.
425
2347
5306
7414
7719
8191
8800
at procurement organ-
izations
243
4353
7441
7242
9454
8197
10700
other physical assets.
77
1693
3728
9672
11503
15418
19577
For settlements (payment
documents in transit and
others). . . . . . . . . . .
1887
12141
16015
26170
26687
27363
29500
For other purposes
264
3457
5158
17112
24664
28471
30066
Extension of Credit
by Banks to the National Economy and the
Population
by Union Republics
(balances of
loans at end of the
year; mi],iions
of rubles)
1950
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
USSR. . . . . . . . .
. . . 19315
74030
126234
204044
227868
254037
274920
RSFSR . . . . . . . .
. . . 11516
42740
71847
118246
132793
14E437
160727
Ukrainian SSR
2295
12411
21211
31929
35713
39482
43081
Belorussian SSR
418
1864
3510
6363
7699
8726
9445
Uzbek SSR
932
3091
4958
7050
7799
8835
9892
- Kazakh SSR.
561
4388
6888
11680
13780
15332
16016
Georgian SSR.
339
1239
2142
2780
2933
3370
3722
Azerbaijan SSR.
266
871
1667
2171
2379
2617
2800
Lithuanian SSR.
119
750
1626
2572
2614
3061
3199
Moldavian SSR
126
1029
1678
2911
3288
3576
3858
Latvian SSR
153
696
1244
1801
1962
2166
2344
Kirgiz SSR.
139
605
1182
1849
1916
2023
2199
Tadzhik SSR
226
604
965
1408
1469
1600
1755
_ Armenian SSR.
162
489
1111
1540
1663
1805
1937
Turlcsen SSR
181
486
1014
1597
1636
1842
1812
Estonian SSR.
90
350
606
871
876
948
1050
- Credits not broken down by
republics
1792
2417
4585
9276
9348
10217
11083
509
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300050017-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300050017-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Extension of Long-Term Credit by USSR State Bank and All-Union
Bank for Financing Capital Investments for Expenditures on Retooling
and Renovation of Qperating Enterprises in 1978
Millions Millione
of rublea of rubles
Loans isaued--total. 1442.1 Balance of loana (at end
including: of the year)--total. 3436.6
including:
USSR State Bank. 238.2 USSR State Bank. 426.0
All-Union Bank for Financ- A11-Union Bank for Fi-
ing Capital Investments. . 1203.9 nancing Capital Invest-
ments . . . . . . . . . . 3010.6
Exteneion of Long-Term Credit Co Kolkhozes for Production Measures
(issuance of loans; millions of rubles)
1940 1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978
Loans issued during the
, year--total. 87.3 1421.8 2183.2 3293.9 3774.6 4027.5 4482.9
For capital investments. 75.5 1384.7 2017.5 3293.9 3774.6 4027.5 4482.9
of them:
for construction of live-
stock facilities and mech-
anization of farms 9.0 513.2 880.7 1737.6 1840.4 1791.3 1723.0
for electrification, in-
stallation of radio, tele-
phones and gas 1.3 91.1 69.7 33.3 33.1 34.9 39.7
for water management con-
struction. 2.8 40.0 58.3 92.7 117.0 170.9 195.7
for construction of other
production facilities. 84.2 176.3 342.2 435.7 479.2 562.4
for construction of chil-
dren's institutions, bath
houses and other construc-
tion projects for cultural
and general purposes 143.6 93.9 110.0 112.9 114.5
_ for construction of apart-
ment houses (public hous-
- ing) . . . . . . . . . . . 70.9 144.0 178.6 228.3 278.3
for purchase of mature
livestock and recovery of
expenditures on transfer
of young animals to the
main herd. 40.6 60.0 85.6 134.5 194.7 239.6 337.2
for purchase of agricul-
tural equipment, fishing
ships and machinery for
fishing, trucks and
other vehicles 504.2 479.5 627.4 759.3 857.8 1114.4
/Table continued on following page/
510
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300050017-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300050017-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
1940 1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978
for other measures on capi-
tal investments. 21.8 92.0 52.9 88.3 105.8 112.6 117.7
For guaranteed wage of kol-
khoz farmers . . . . . . . . 37.1 165.7
511
rOR OFFICIAL L'SE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300050017-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300050017-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300050017-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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FOR OFFICIAL
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APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300050017-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Size of the Urban Population of Some Countries of the 4Torld
Size of urban
Total popula-
including
population as
Year
tion, mil-
urban popu-
as percentage
lions
lation
of the total
population
USSR. . . . . . . . . . . .
1913
159.2
28.5
18
1979
262.4
163.6
62
Bulgaria. . . . . . . . . .
1978
8.8
5.4
61
Hungary . . . . . . . . . .
1978
10.7
5.8
54
Vietnam . . . . . . . . . .
1977
50.4
10.1
20
German Democratic Republic.
1978
16.8
12.7
76
Cuba. . . . . . . . . . . .
1978
9.7
6.3
64
Mongolian People's Republic
1978
1.6
0.8
51
Poland. . . . . . . . . . .
1978
35.0
20.2
58
R,omania . . . . . . . . . .
1978
22.0
10.8
49
Czechoslovakia.
1978
15.2
10.3
68
Albania . . . . . . . . .
1973
2.3
0.8
33
Democratic People's Repub-
lic of Korea. . . . . . . .
Yugoslavia. . . . . . . . �
Australia . . . . . . . . .
Great Britain . . . . . . .
_ Egypt . . . . . . . . . . .
India . . . . . . . . . . .
Iran. . . . . . . . . . . .
Spain . . . . . . . . . . .
Italy . . . . . . . . . . .
Canada. . . . . . . . . . .
United States . . . . . . .
Turkey . . . . . . . . . . .
Federal Republic of Germany
France . . . . . . . . . . .
Japan . . . . . . . . . . .
1963
11.6
5.1
44
1971
20.5
7.9
39
1971
12.7
10.9
86
1973
55.9
42�7
76
1975
37.4
16.6
45
1974
586.1
120.6
21
1975
33.4
14.7
44
1970
33.4
16.4
49
1971
54.0
28.3
52
1971
21.6
16.4
76
1970
204.9
150.5
73
1976
40.2
17.9
45
1973
59.9
52.5
88
1970
50.8
35.8
70
1975
111.9
85.0
76
535
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300050017-5

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FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
BRIEF METHODOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS TO INDIVIDUAL STATISTICAL INDICATORS
CITID IN THE YEARBOOK
Territory and the Population
1. The /size of the population/* between censuses is calculated on the
basis of the materials of the latest censuses with allowance made for sub-
sequent changes in the natural and migratory movement of the population.
- The breakdown of the population into urban and rural is made in accordance
with the place of residence, and the population centers, which have been
confirmed by legislatives acts of the union republic as cities, urban-type
settlements, workers' settlements and health resort settlements, are re-
garded as urban settlements. All other population centers are rural
population centers.
Kolkhoz farmers, workers and employees of sovkhozes, subsidiary and other
agricuitural production enterprises, including people who are their de-
_ pendents, regardless of where they live--in urban or rural areas--are
grouped with the /agricultural population/, as distinct from the rural
population.
Summary Section
2. T'he /gross national product/ is the value of the created material
wealth and is defined as the sum of the gross production of the sectors of
physical production: industry, agriculture, forestry, cargo transport,
communications in the area which serves physical production, construction,
material and technical supply, the procurement of agr.icultural products,
trade and public dining, as well as other production types of activity
(publishing, movie making, the collection and procurement of scrap
metal and scrap materiaZ, the procurement of firewood by the population,
the gathering of mushrooms, berries and so on).
*
Passages enclosed in slantlines printed in boldface.
536
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300050017-5

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FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
When calculating the gross national product by sectors of physical produc-
tion the production of the sectors is calculated in actual sale prices,
which include along with other types of net revenue that part of it, which
is realized as the turnover tax. Here the turnover tax, including that
received with the sale of products produced from agricultural raw materi-
als, is taken into account in the production of industry.
When calculating the gross national product the turnover tax is included
in the production of industry less the recovery of the difference in prices
in the procurement and sale of agricultural produce.
The gross national product is broken down into the fund for the recovery
of material expenditures and the national income.
3. The /national income/ is the value which has been newly created in the
sectors of phyaical production. In other words, it is that portion of the
gross national product, which remains after the deduction of the means of
production, which were consumed in the production process (raw materials,
fuel, electric power and so on).
The national income is obtained as the sum of the net production of in-
dividual sectors of physical production. The net production of an indi-
vidual sector is calculated as the difference between the gross production
and the material production expenditures.
Just like the gross national product, the national income is calculated in
actual and comparable prices. In calculating the growth rate of the na-
tional income the following prices were used as the comparable prices:
through 1950 inclusively--the constant prices of 1926/27, in 1951-1955--
the 1951 prices, in 1956-1958--the 1956 prices, in 1959-1965--the 1958
prices, in 1966-1975--the 1965 prices. Beginning with 1976 the 1973
prices are used as the comparable prices.
The growth rate of the national income over lengthy periods, during which
the different comparable prices were used, is calculated by the chain meth-
od, that is, by multiplying the growth rates which were calculated for
specific periods on the basis of identical comparable prices.
In the yearbook along with the data on the growth rate of the /produced
national income/, for the purposes of comparability with the olan, the
data on the growth rate of the national income /used for consumption and
accumulation/ are also cited. For each individual year the total amount
of consumption and accumulation (that is, the national income used for
consumption and accumulation) /in actual prices/ differs from the national
income as the sum of the net production of the sectors of physical produc-
t~on (the produced national income) by the amount of reimbursement of
losses and the foreign trade balance. When the national income, which is
used for consumption and accumulation, is calculated over a number of years
/in comparable prices/, in this case the used national income will differ
from the produced national income primarily due to the structure of the
537
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physical composition, which in dynamics varies differently. In this con-
nection when revaluating in comparable pricea a slightly different dynam-
ics of the use and produced national income is obtained.
4. /Fixed capital/ is the most important component of the national wealth
of the country.
Buildings, structures, conveying equipment, machinery and equipment (oper-
ating and power machinery av.d equipment, measuring and control instruments
and devices, laboratory equip:nent, computer hardware), vehicles, tools,
draft and pioduc.*.ive livestock and other typea of fixed capital are grouped
with the fixed capital.
Fixed capital is broken down according to its purpose into fixed production
capital and fixed nonproductive capital.
The means of labor, which function in the sphere of physical production,
_ are repeatedly involved in the production of physical wealth, which in
this case retain their natural form, are gradually worn out and transfer
their value to the social product being created bit by bit as amortization
deductions, are grouped with the /fixed production capital/.
The fixed capital, which is not directly involved in the production process,
is fixed nonproductive capital. The capital of housing and municipal serv-
ices, organizations and institutions of public health, education, science,
culture, art, credit institutions and administrative organs is grouped
with the fixed nonproductive capital regardless of whether it is on the
balance sheets of production or nonproduction enterprises and organiza-
tions.
The fixed capital of state, cooperative and public enterprises and organ-
izations, kolkhozes, as well as the fixed capital owried by the public are
included in the fixed capital. Residences, outbuildings, perennial plant�-
ings, draft and productive livestock belong to the fixed capital of the
population.
5. The /conversion of hydroelectric power into conventional fuel/ in the
table "Fuel and Power Balance" is made according to the ideal equivalent--
123 g of conventional fuel are equivalent to 1 kWh of electric power.
When converting in accordance with the average level of the actual fuel
consumption per generated kilowatt-hour the water power resources used in
1978 correspond to the release of conventional fuel in the amount of
53.1 million tons.
6. T'he /productivity of social labor/ is calculated as the ratio of the
_ produced national income to the number of workers employed in the sectors
of physical production.
When comparing the growth rate of the productivity of social labor with
_ the growth rate of labor productivity in :tndividual sectors of physical
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production it should be borne in mind that in contraet to the productivity
of social labor, labor productivity in individual sectors of physical pro-
duction is calculated according to the gross production; a change in the
structure of social production also influences the dynamics of the produc-
tivity of social labor.
Science and Technical Progress
7. Included among /scientists/ are academicians, members and correspond-
ing members of the academies of sciences; all people holding the academic
degree of doctor of sciences, candidate of sc3.ences or the academic title
of pro�essor, docent, senior research associate, junior research associate,
assistant lecturer, regardless of the place and nature of their work;
people who perform scientific research at scientific institutions and
scientific teaching work at higher educational institutions, regardless of
whether or not they have an acaderni_c degree or academic title, as well as
specialists who have neither an academic degree nor an academic title, but
regularly perform scientific work at industrial enterprises, planning,
planning and design and planning and technological organizatic+ns according
- to a thematic plan of scientific work, which has been approved in accord-
ance with established procedure.
8. The expenditures on the drafting of technical specifications, the
production and testing of models and prototypes in accordance with inven-
tions and rationalization proposals, on the payment of compensation to the
authors, deductions for the fund for the payment of bonuses for the pro-
motion of the development of inventions and rationalization, for the organ-
ization of exhibitions, competitions, inspections, contests in the develop-
ment of inventions and rationalization and other mass organizational meas-
ures are taken into account /in the expenditures on the development of
inventions and rationalization/.
9. The /number of relatively released workers/ in a section, in which new
equipment has been introduced, is determined by the difference between the
number of workers, which is necessary for the production of the volume of
products, which are put out after its introduction, given the level of la-
bor productivity before its introduction, and the number of workers, which
is necessary for the production of the same volume of products given the
level of labor productivity, which can be achieved as a result of the
adoption of the measure, with allowance made for the time of the actual
effect of the measure.
10. The /State Seal of Quality/ is conferred by the USSR State Committee
for Standards on products, which in accordance with the indicators of the
technical level correspond to the best domestic and world achievements or
exceed them, are competitive on the foreign market, hane higher stable in-
dicators of quality, conform to the s?:andards (specifications), which take
into account the requirement of international standards, ensure economic
efficiency and meet most completely t"te needs of the national economy and
the population of the country.
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11. The growth rate of the /power-worker ratio/ in industry is calculated
according to the data on the actual consumption of electric power and
mechanical energy Uy industrial enterprises, which are carried on an inde-
pendent balance sheet, on the average per industrial worker; the growth
rate of the /electric power-worker ratio/ is calculated according to the
data on the actual consumption of electric power on the average per in-
dustrial worker.
12. The /mechanization of operations in the coal and timber industry/ is
determined by the ratio of the amounts of inechanized operations to the
total amount of performed operations of the given type.
The data on the /mechanization of logging/ are cited for the main major
logging enterprises and production associations, the logging of which con-
stitutes 89 percent of all the timber logging for the USSR.
13. The /power capacities of agriculture/ are determined on the basis of
the data on the total horsepower of the engines of tractors (including the
engines of tractors, on which reclamation and other machinery has been
mounted), combines, trucks and other mechanical engines, as well as the
total capacity of electric motors and power plants and the number of draft
animals. For kolkhozes the data on the power capacities are cited with the
exclusion of fishing kolkhozes.
14. The /power-worker ratio/ in agriculture is calculated for kolkhozes
(excluding fishing kolkhozes), interfarm agricultural enterprises and sov-
khozes of all systems.
To calculate the power-worker ratio the average annual power capacities
are divided by the average annual number of workers of sovkhozes, inter-
farm agricultural enterprises and kolkhozes farmers who are engaged di-
rectly in productio n.
15. The /indicators of the mechanization of agricultural operations/ are
defined as the ratio of the amount of inechanized operations to the total
amount of the corresponding operations. Operations, which are performed
by machines with mechanical engines or electric motors, are considered
mechanized.
16. The /complete mechanization/ of operations in animal husbandry is de-
termined by the proportion of the number of livestock and fowl in barns,
which have been equipped simultaneously with the mechanization of the sup-
ply of water to the animals, the distribution of feed and the removal of
manure, at cow barns, moreover, the milking of cows, at poultry houses for
laying hens--the gathering of eggs, in the total population of livestock
and poultry.
17. The /consumption of electric power/ at kolkhozes, interfarm agricul-
tural enterprises and sovkhozes is made up of the amount of electric power
(both what they generate themselves and what they receive from outside),
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which was consumed by agricultural enterprises for production purposes,
for the lighting of public buildings and streets, for movies and radio,
as well as was released for the needs of the workers of their own farm.
The amount of electric power, which was obtained by kolkhozes farmers,
workers and employees apart from the kolkhozes, interfarm agricultural
enterprises and sovkhozes, is not taken into account in the consumption of
electric power by the farm. This amount of electric power is included in
the total amount of its consumption in agriculture.
The consumption of electric power in agriculture is determined by the
amount of electric power, which was consumed by agricultural enterprises,
as well as by its consumption for lighting and household consumption in
rural areas.
= 18. The /level of complete mechanization of loading and unloading opera-
� tions in transport/ is determined by dividing the amount of loading and
unloading operations in ton-operations, which were performed by machines
(on the condition that manual labor is used only for auxiliary operations),
by the total amount of loading and unloading operations.
Industry
19. As a rule, the data both for industrial enterprises, which are carried
on an independent balance sheee, and for subsidiaxy industrial enterprises
at construction, trade, agricultural and other nonindustrial enterprises
and organizations are includeci fin the total for industry/.
20. The industrial enterprise as a whole is the /accounting unit/ in ob-
taining the results for individual sectors of industry. Enterprises are
assigned to one sector or another of industry in conformity with the main
product produced by the enterprise.
21. The /total production volume of industry as a whole and its individual
sectors/ is defined as the sum of the data on the gross production of the
individual industrial enterprises, which is taken into account according to
the plant method. The value of all the finished items produced by the
enterprise during the period under review and of all the semimanufactures
sold on the side (both those made from its own raw materials and mate-
rials and those made from the raw materials and materials of the client),
as well as the volume of the performed work of an industrial nature in ac-
cordance with orders from outside or of nonindustrial managements and
organizations of its own enterprise are regarded as the gross production
of the industrial enterprise.
For individual enterprises of machine building, the production of inetal
components and repair plants the value of the increase (decrease) of the
balances of unfinished production is also included in the gross production
on the condition that the duration of the pro3uction cycle (according to
the established technology) at these enterprises is more than two months.
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The value of internally produced products, which are used for industrial
rroduction needs within the given enterprise, is not included in the gross
production of the industrial enterprise (with isolated exceptions).
22. Industry is broken down into two large groups of sectors: the extrac-
tive industry and the processing industry.
Enterprises of the mining industry--enterprises for the mining of mining
and chemical raw materials, the ores of ferrous and nonferrous metals and
- nonmetallic raw materials for metallurgy, nonmetallic ores, petroleum, gas,
coal, peat, shales, salt, rock products, light natural fillers and lime-
stones--are assigned to the /extractive industry/; hydroelectric power
stations, enterprises for forest exploitation, fishing and the production
of sea products, water mains are also assigned to the extractive industry.
Enterprises for the praduction of ferrous and nonferrous metals, rolled
metal products, chemical and petrochemical products, machinery and equip-
ment, products of wood processing and the pulp and paper industry, cement
and other construction materials, the products of light and the food in-
dustry, as well as enterprises for the repair of industrial goods and
thermal electric power stations are assigned to the /processing industry/.
23. The data on the individual sectors of the national economy and indus-
try in this and other sections of the yearbook are cited in conformity
with the All-Union Classifier "The Sectors of the National Economy" (OKONKh).
24. The /growth rate of the total industrial production volume/ as a
percentage of the preceding year is calculating according to the data on
the gross production /in comparable, that is, the same, prices/, and the
valuation of the production in these prices is made directly at the enter-
prises. The growth rate from 1913 to 1953 is calculated according to the
data on the gross production in constant prices of 1926/27, from 1950 to
1955--in the wholesale prices of enterprises (that is, excluding the turn-
over tax) on 1 January 1952, from 1955 to 1967--in the wholesale prices of
enterprises on 1 July 1955, from 1976 to 1975--in the wholesale prices of
enterprises on 1 July 1967, since 1975--in the wholesale prices of enter-
prises on 1.'�anuary 1975. The growth rate for lengthy periods, during
which different comparable prices were used, is calculated by the chain
method, that is, by multiplying the growth rates for the individual periods,
during which the comparable prices were used. The growth rate with the
change in the methodology of planning and the accounting of the gross pro-
duction and the change in the organizational structure of enterprises, is
calculated in the same manner.
When calculating the growth rate of labor productivity (according to the
output of gross production per worker) over lengthy periods the chain
' method is also used.
The growth rate of the total production volume is calculated on the basis
of the thorough accounting of all types of industrial production without
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exception in physical terms, which are evaluated in comparable prices.
The method of calculating indices in the USSR ensures the completeness and
reliability of the obtained data and differs favorably from the method of
calculating indices of industrial production in capitalist countries.
In capitalist countries the annual indices of the physical volume of in-
dustrial production in connection with the lack of data of thorough ac-
counting are constructed on the basis of sets of representative goods.
The weighting of the particular indices when constructing indices for sec-
tors and industry as a whole is accomplished, as a rule, according to the
- value added. The indices of the set of products reflect the dynamics not
of the total production volume, but namely of the given set, the repre-
sentativeness of which is often very hypothetical. In this connection
they are inadequately reliable and are often revised.
In spite of the significant shortcomings of the methods of calculating
the indices, which are used in capitalist countries, they still make it
possible with a certain degree of tolerance to compare the US5R industrial
production indices with the indices of capitalist countries.
25. The /proportion of the production of individual sectors/ in the total
_ industrial production volume is calculated according to the data on the
gross production which was determined according to the 1976 methodology of
planning and accounting.
26. The breakdown of the gross production of industry into /the production
of ineans of production (group r1) and the production of consumer goods
(group B)/ is made iE conformity with the actual use of the products. Here
some types of products as a whole are assigned to group A(machine tools,
equipment, ores of ferrous and nonferrous metals, mineral fertilizers,
wood pulp and so forth), other types of products as a whole are assigned
to group B(finished sewn and knitted items, food fish products, bread and
- baked goods, household refrigerators, radio receivers, furniture and
others). A number of types of products, which are used for production and
nonproduction purposes (electric power, coal, finished fabrics, flour,
meat, animal oil and others), are broken down between group A and group B
in accordance with their actual use.
27. The production of industrial products /in physical terms/ is shown,
as a rule, according to the gross output of products, that is, including
products which are used for industrial production needs within the given
enterprise. For example, the amount ot pig iron, which was used at the
same enterprise for the production of steel, is also inc}.uded in Che data
on the prdduction of pig iron; the amount of granulated sugar, which was
used for the production of lump sugar, is also included in the data on the
production of granulated sugar.
Some types of products are produced not only at industrial enterprises,
but also in the private households of the population (canned goods, con-
fectionary items and others). The data cited in the collection on the
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production of products pertain to industrial production and do not in-
clude the product in the private households of the population.
28. The growth rate of /labor productivity/ in induetry is determined ac-
cording to the output of grosa production in comparable prices per worker.
When calculating the labor productivity in industry for 1913 in addition
to the number of hired personnel the number of handicraftsmen was also
taken into account.
29. The /capital-labor ratio/ by sectors (for the calculation of the
growth rate) is determined by dividing the average annual value of .he
industrial fixed capital by the average registered number of industrial
personnel engaged directly in production according to a comparable method-
ology.
30. The indicators of the /decrease of expenditures per ruble of commodi-
ty production/ is the ratio, which is expressed in percent, of the differ-
ence between the actual expenditures per ruble of commodity production of
the given year (in prevailing prices during the given year and in prices
comparable with the preceding year) and the expenditures pPr rubles of
commodity production during the preceding year to the expenditures per
ruble of commodity productian of the preceding year. Here the expendi-
tures per ruble of commodity production during the preceding year are taken
as the ones which actually formed during the preceding year, without con-
version to the output and product assortment and the prices of the year
under review, in accordance with the methodology of planning and account-
ing, which was used during the year in review.
31. The /wholesale prices of enterprises/ include the total production
cost and the profit of industrial enterprises. They are used for planning _
and accounting of the gross, commodity and sold producti^-~, the calcula-
tion of the profitability and so on.
The /wholesale prices of industry/, which are the ultimate prices for con-
sumers, include the wholesale prices of enterprises, the uiarkups of supply
and marketing organizations, transportation costs (in case of the FOB price
of the station of destination), while for a number of types of products they -
also include the turnover tax.
The /wholesale price indices/ are calculated by the chain method by multi-
plying th2 annual indices, which were obtained on the basis of the valua-
tion of the commodity production for each year in current prices and the
prices of the preceding year. Prior to 1958 the wholesale price indices
were calculated at the end of the corresponding year on the basis of sample
data for a set of representative goods.
32. All permanent electric power stations, regard3.ess of their capacity,
and mobile electric power stations with a capacity of 5 kW and more are in-
cluded /in the total for electric power stations/.
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Ttie data on the capacity of electric power stations are cited as of the
end of the corresponding year and pertain only to installed equipment.
All the electric power stations of the power administrations of the USSR
Ministry of Power and Electrification and the electric power stations of
other miaistries and departments, which are carried on an independent bal-
ance sheet, are grouped with /general-purpose electric power stations/.
33. Commercial crude ore (unsorted at.d sorted) according tc the weight of
the ore or concentrate according to the weight of the concentrate (and not
according to the weight of the ore which was converted into concentrate),
which are used in blast furnace and steel smelting units for the produc- -
tion of agglomerate, pellets, as well as for delivery outside, are in-
cluded j.t, /commercial iron ore/.
34. The /useful volume utilization factor of a blast furnace/ (KIPO) is
calculated according to the nominal available time as the ratio of the
number of nominal meter-days of operation of the furnace to the amount of
smelted pig iron in terms of conversion pig iron.
The product of the volume of the furnace, which is expressed in cubic
- meters, times the number of calendar days Iess the days of idle time of the
furnace for capital repair is understood as the nominal meter-days of
operation of the furnace.
- The useful volume utilization factor shows from what volume of the blast
furnace (in cubic meters) 1 ton of pig iron a day is smelted. Thus, the
more productively the useful volume of a blast furnace is used, the lower
- the useful volume utilization factor is.
_ 35. The /average daily yield of steel from 1 u,2 of area of the hearth of _
open hearth furnaces/ is determined by divided the amount of smelted open
_ hearth steel by the number of ineter-days of opEration of the furnaces.
The number of ineter-days of ope ration of open hearth furnaces is calculated
- by multiplying the area of the hearth of open hearth furnaces by the number
of calendar days of operation of the furnaces.
36. T'iie data on the production of /mineral fertilizers/ (including chemi- -
cal feed additives) is cited in terms of 100 percent nutrients and in con- _
ventional units, that is, in terms of the conventional content of nutrients:
for nitrogen fertilizers---20.5 percent N, potassium fertilizers--41.6 per-
cent K20, phosphate fertilizers--18.7 percent P205, phosphorite meal for
agriculture--19 percent P205, boric and boron-magnesium fertilizers--9 per-
cent H3B03.
- 37. The data on the /production of chemical means of plant prot ection/ are
cited in 100 percent terms for the primary nutrient ana in conventional
units (for the release furms of the compounds), that is, in the standard
= content of the active ingredient, which is used in the planning and account-
ing of the output of specific types of compounds.
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38. Marine boilers are not included in the data on the production of
/steam boilers/.
34 Large electrical machines, explosion-proof, crane and cutter electric
motors, which are taken into account separately, are not included in the
total of the /production of AC electric motors/ with a rating of 0.25 to
100 kW and electric motors with a rating in excess of 100 W.
40. /Machine tools/, which are part of the automatic and semi-automatic
- lines for machine building and mPtalworking, are including among machine
tools. In conformity with the methodology of planning, small machine tools,
- which are producei for the educational workshops of general educ3tional
schools, as well as machine tools for agricultural equipmer.t re~iair work-
shops are not included in the total of the production of machine tools.
= In 1978 88,000 of these machine tools were produced.
41. Hydraulic presses ror some technological processes of nonmetalworking
works: for the baling of cotton, paper and fabrics; industrial presses for ~
- the production of carbon electrodes; platen presses for the production of
plywood, splint-slab and wood-fiber board, textolite and getinaks;
presses for squeezing moisture from leather and cardboard and for the pro-
duction of artificial leather are also included in the tota'L of the pro-
duction of /fo rge and press machines/.
42. Small garage and paint compressors are included in the total of the
- production of /air and gas drive compressors/.
43. Industrial equipment for enterprises of the chemical industry, equip-
ment for chemical processes of other sectors of industry, particularly for
the sugar and other sectors of industry and for pulp production are in-
cluded in the total of the production of /chemical equipment/.
44. The data on the prcduction of cotton gi:.ning equipment, technological
equipment for the knitted wedr, textile and haberdashery, fulling and
felt industry and for the production of chemical fibers, which are taken
inzo account separately, are not included in the total of t::e /production
of technological equipment for the textile industry/.
45. Round timber and fir2wood for technological needs are included in the
amount of /timber logging/. In 1978 the firewood for technological needs
came to 19.7 million solid m3.
- 46. The data on /pulp/ include :Lemicellulose and are cited as regarding
digestion. Of the total amount of pulp for digestion the liquid pulp for
1978 came to 6,929,000 tnns.
47. White and colored writing page, as well as notebook paper are included
- in the total of /writing paper/.
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48. The /brand of cement/ is determined by its compressive strength and
is expressed in kg/cm2.
~ The average brand of cement is determined by multiplying the amount of
cement of e3ch brand by the indicator of this brand and dividing the
amount of the obtained products by the total amount of produced cement.
49. The data on the /production of wall materials/ are cited in terms of
a conventional brick, by which is understood a standard brick measuring
250 X 120 X 65 mn.
50. Al1 types of footwear, except felt and rubber footwear, a.re included
in the total of /leather shoes/.
51. The iproductivity of spinning equipment/ is characterized by the out-
put of thread in kilocounts per 1,000 spindles an hour and is determined
by dividing the amount of produced thread in kilocounts by the number of
worked spindle-hours. Tii^ amount of kilocounts of produced thread is ob-
tained by multiplying the weight of the thread in kilograms by the count
of thread according to a sample which characterizes the thickness of the
thread.
52. The /productivity of weaving equipment/ is characterized by the out-
put of urbleached fabrics in meter weft threads per loom an hour and is
det:rmined by dividing the amount of produced unbleached fabrics in meter
weft threads by the number of workers loom-hours. The number of weft
threads is determined by mul.tiplying the amount of produced unbleached
fabrics in weft threads by the average width of the unbleached fabrics.
53. The data /on technical and economic indicators/ are cited: /in the
textile and knitted wear industry/ for enterprises of the USSR Ministry of
Light Industry, the production volume of which in 1978 was 95-99.96 percent
of the total production; in the /oil industry/ for enterprises of the USSR
Ministry of the Food Industry, the production volume of which in 1978 was
98 percent of the total production of vegetable oil.
_ 54. Wristwatches, pocket watches, alarm clocks, wall weight-driven
clocks, wall pendulum clocks, wall balance clocks, table, floor and chess
clocks are included in the data on the /production of household clocks/.
Technical clocks, special clocks, primary and secondary elec;.ronic clocks
are not included.
55. Car and pocket radios, radio-tape recorders and radio-tape recorder-
phonographs are also included in the data on the /production of broadcast
radio receivers and radio-phonographs/.
56. The value of household furniture (excluding metal beds) and special
furniture (theater, laboratory, hospital, railroad station, furniture for
kindergartens, nurseries and others) are included in the data on the
/production of L:urniture/ in value terms. Only household furniture is in-
cluded in the data on the production of furniture in physical terms.
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57. The meat of all types of livestock and poultry, as well as the pro-
duced by-products of category I, which are obtained when processing live-
stock, are included in the total of the /industrial production of ineat/.
Liver, kidneys, brains, tongues and so forth belong to the by-products of
category I.
58. Milk, cream, sour cream, kefir, acidophilus, sour milk, soft cheese,
cottage cheese and other products made from whole milk are grouped with
/whole milk products/. The whole milk product3 are calculated in weight
units by converting each type of dairy product into milk according to the
coefficients established for them.
59. /Caaned goods/ are taken into account in conventional cans. 9 con-
ventional can is considered to be: a) for preserves, jam, butter, jelly,
tomato sauses, sterilized fruit juices, fruit paste, puree, condensed
milk, nature juices (pasteurized), pickled vegetables and fruits, as well
as for concentrated tomato products, which have been reduced to 12-percent
density--a can with a product net weight of 400 g; b) for all other types
of canned goods--a can with a capacity of 353.4 cm3.
Agriculture
60. The /gross production of agriculture/ is specified in monetary valua-
- tion at comparable prices as the sum of the production of plant growing and
animal husbandry. The comparable prices are obtained as the average
weighted prices of the commodity and noncoffiodity portion of the gross pro-
duction of agriculture. The commodity portion of the production is valued
at the actual Zale prices: the sale of products to the state by kolkhozes,
sovkhozes and other state farms and the population at state purchase
prices, the sale by kolkhozes and the population on the market at the
prices of the kolkhoz market. The noncommodity portion of the production
at kolkhozes, sovkhozes and other state farms is valued at the production
cost. On the plots of the population the nor.commodity portion of the pro-
duction, which is used for personal consumpt3.on and for agricultural pro-
duction, is valued at the average cominodity prices. At present the aver-
age 1973 prices for the USSR ar.e used ae the comparable prices. Up to
1950 the volume and indices of the gross production of agriculture were
specified in the prices of 1926/27, from 1951 to 1956--the 1951 prices,
from 1956 to 1958--the 1956 prices, from 1958 to 1965--the 1958 prices,
from 1965 to 1975--the 1965 prices, since 1976--the 1973 prices. For the
- long-term period, during which different comparable prices were used, the
indices of the increase of the total gross production, as well as of plant
growing separately and animal husbandry separately are calculated by the
method of chain indices.
~ 61. The /gross production volume of plant growing/ is determined by the
sizes of the gross harvest of agricultural crops, which is valued in com-
parable prices. Moreover, the increase of the value of the unfinished
production in plant growing during the year is added (or the decrease is
subtracted) along with the cost of the cultivation of young perennial
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plantings to the value of the gross harvest during the given year. The un-
finished production in plant growing is characterized by the expenditures
on the sowing of winter crops and the preparation of the soil for spring
crops, which were made during the given year against the harvest of the
next year. The cost of cultivating young perennial plantings includes the
cost of the planting and cultivation until fruit-bearing age of perennial
plantings.
62. The /gross production volume of animal husbandry/ is determined by
the amounts of the obtained offspring and the increase of the young live-
stock raised during the year, the weight gain of mature livestock, which
was obtained as a result of their fattentng, as well as the amount of
milk, wool, eggs and other products of animal husbandry, which were ob-
tained in the process of the economic use of livestock and poultry and were
not connected with their slaughter. The gross production volume of animal
husbandry is specified in monetary valuation at comparable prices.
63. The agricultural products, which are sold to the state and coopera-
- tives, the workers and employees of sovkhozes and subsidiary fa:-ms, as well
~ as to the population on kolkhoz markets, are included in the /commodity
production of agriculture/. The intrasectorial (intravillage) turnover,
that is, the direct sale or exchange of agricultural products between in-
dividual agricultural enterprises and the agricultural population, for
example, the sale by kolkhozes and kolkhoz farmers to each other, are not
included in the commodity production.
The commodity portion of the production of plant growing is determined
from the harvest of agricult-aral crops during the given year, the commodi-
_ ty portion of the production of animal husbandry is determined for the
calendar year.
64. The /state purchases of agricultural products/ constitute the bulk of
the commodity production of agriculture. Al1 Che products, which are sold
to the state by kolkhozes, sovkhozes and other state farms (toward the plan
and in excess of the plan) and by the population, are taken into account
in the volume of state purchases. Livestock, which are sold after fatten-
ing at interfarm organizations, are included in the volume of the sale of
livestock to the state by kolkhozes and sovkhozes. The purchases at kol-
khozes and from kolkhoz farmers of the surpluses of agricultural products
- by trade and cooperative organizations for puhlic dining and the expansion
_ of trade according to the plans of these organizations, as well as their
sale on the kolkhoz market are not taken into account in the state pur-
chases.
The purchases of the products of animal husbandry are taken into account
for the calendar year, that is, from 1 January to 31 December inclusively,
while the products of plant growing are taken into account from the har-
vest during the agricultu--,-al year, which is conventionally considered to
be from 1 July of tre cu-rrent year to 30 June of the following year in-
clusively.
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The data on the purchases of grain, raw cotton, sugar beets, oil-bearing
crops, flax fiber, hemp, tobacco, makhorka, potatoes, milk and wool are
- cited in recorded weight, that is, in a weight with allowance made for
markups or discounts for deviation of the quality of the products from the
established standard. Tlie data on the purchases of livestock and poultry
are cited both in the weight of the live livestock and goultry and in
dressed weight. The dressed Wc.ght of livestock and poultry ia calculated
according to coefficients of the meat yield with the slaughter of live-
stock and poultry in industry.
65. The /capital-labor ratio/ is calculated as the ratio of the average
annual value of the agricultural fixed production capital to the average
annual number of workers engaged in agricultural production.
66. The /total land area (territory)/ is cited according to the data of
the Main Administration of Geodesy and Cartography (GUGiK) excluding the
area of the White Sea and the Sea of Azov.
67. The /areas of farming land/ and their breakdown by land users are
cited according to the reports wh3ch are compiled on the basis of the data
of the state accounting of land.
68. The /organization of forests/ is understood as:
a) the economic and technical division of the forest, the inventory of
forest resources and the study of the conditions of the growth of the
forest;
b) the compilation of a plan of the organization of forestry.
The main species of trees, the age oi the trees being felled, the means of
fel.ling and reforestation, the plan of felling and the extent of use of the
forest (the estimated felling area) are established for each of the sections
of the forest (compartment, apportionment).
- 69. The /sown areas of agricultural crops/, which are cited in the tables,
are the spring productive areas, that is, all areas taken up by plantings
by the time of the completion of the sowing of spring crops, including
plantings in the row spacings of orchards and preliminary crops on plowed
_ meadows and pastures (with allowance made for their economic use during
the period of the harvest). Secondary and interrow sowings (except sow-
ings in the row spacings of orchards) are not including in these areas.
The sown areas ar kolkhozes, interfarm enterprises, sovkhozes and other
state farms are show n according to the data of their reports, while on the
private subsidiary farms of kolkhoz farmers, workers and employees they are
shown on the basis of the data of the thorough accounting of plantings and
sample surveys at these farms in individual years.
70. The /gross harvest of agricultural crops/ at kolkhozes, interfarm
- enterprises, sovkhozes and oCher state farms is established according to
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the data of their annual reports by the direct calculation of the products
harvested at these farms both from ths main sowings and from the secondary �
and interrow sowings. At the private subsidiary farms of kolkhoz farmers,
workers and employees the gross harvest af agricultural crops is calculated
on the basis of the data on the amounts of sown area at these farms and the
data on the average yield per hectare according to the materials of a sample
survey of the budgets of families of kolkhoz farmers.
The gross harvest and yield of cereal crops and sunflowers are established
in the weight arrived at by kolkhozes, interfarm enterprises, sovkhozes and _
other state fa-cns after the harvest (threshing by combines and other agri-
cultural machinery).
71. The /average yield of agricultural crops/ is calculated on the basis
of the gross harvest from the main plantings per hectare of spring produc-
tive planting of the given crop, with the exception ot the hay of sown
grasses and natural hay fields, for which the average yield is calculated
for the actually harvested area. The total gross harvest and the yield of
cereal crops are shown with the exception for cor.n of only the iry grain
(that is, grain of complete maturity). Here the gross harvest and yield
of corn are established by subtracting from the physical weight of the
ears the weight of the stalk, ss well as the moisture which exceeds the
standard norm.
72. The /area of 1-ruit, berry, grape and tea plantings/ for kolkhozes,
interfarm enterprises, sovkhozes and other state farms is determined from
the data on the annual reports of these farms.
The area of perennial plantings on the private subsidiary farws of kolkhoz _
farmers, werkers and employees are calculated according to the data of
censuses and sample surveys. -
73. The /gross harvest of fruit, berries and tea/ at kolkhozea, interfarm
enterprises, sovkhozes and other state farms is cited according to the
data of their annual reports. Ths gross harvest on private subsidiary farms of kolkhoz farmers, workers and employees is calculated on the basis
of the data on the size of the area of the plantings on these farms and
the average yield according to the materials of the sample survey of the
budgpr.s of the families of kolkhoz farnters.
74. The /area of irrigated land/ includes the lands, which-are suitable
for agricultural use and irrigation and have a permanent irrigation system
(canals, pipelines, races), which is connected with sources of irrigation,
the water resources of which ensure the irria,ation of thia land.
Lands, which have a drainage system, which ensures the normal water-air
conditions for their use for plantings of agricultural crops, perennial
plantings, hay fields and pastures, are grouped with /reclaimed lands/.
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75. The /number of livestock/ as of 1 January is established on the basis
of annual thorough accounts (censuses).
The number of individual types of livestock includes the number of all age
groups of ';he corresponding type of livestock. The number of cows is cited
with the exception of cows which have been transferred for fattening and
pasturing. The number of buffalo and yaks is taken into account among the
cattle.
The d3ta on the number of livestock during the prerevolutionary period are
cited as of 1 January 1916 in accordance with the materi2ls of the agri-
cultural census. Reliable data are lacking for earlier prerevolutionary
years. The sources of the official statistics for 1910-1914 and earlier
years (the data of the Central Statistical Commission, the veterinary ad-
ministration and others) are not suitable, since they suffer from signifi-
cant undercounting.
76. 'I'he meat of all types of livestock and poultry, crude fat and food
by-products are included in the data on the /production of ineat/. The
' data are cited for both the industrial and the intrafarm slaughter of live-
stock and poultry.
77. The actually produced cow's, sheep's, goat's and mare's milk, regard-
less of whether this milk was sold or 1 part of it was consumed at the farm
for the feeding of calves and piglets, is included in the data on the
/production of milk/. The milk sucked by calves during their suckling is
not included in the production of milk and is not taken into account when
determining the average milk yield per cow.
78. Al1 the actually sheared sheep's wool, goat and camel hair and goat
down, regardless of whether this fleece was sold or used for intrafarm
needs, are included in the data on the /production of wool/. The wool,
which was obtained from sheepskins during their industrial processing for
skin (so-called acid wool), is not included in the production. 1;te weight
of the wool ahown is the actual weight (that is, the weight of the greasy
wool), immediately after the shearing of the sheep; in those regions,
where the washing of sheep before sheai-ing is p~:acticed, as a result of
which the wool from these sheep turns out to some extent to be scoured
("peregon" or "poluperegon"), the weight of this wool is taken into account
in terms of greasy wool.
79. The yield of eggs, which were obtained during the year from all types
of domestic fowl, including the eggs which went for the reproduction of
fowl (incubation and otherf:), is included in the data on the /production
of eggs/.
80. The data on the /production of ar.mal oil/ include industrial produc-
tion and the output on the private subsidiary farms of kolkhoz farmers,
workers and employees.
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81. The /average annual milk yields per cow/ are cited in terms of the
average annual number of cows, which is calculated on the basis of the
presence of cows at the farm at the beginning anc: end of each month, re-
gardless of whether the cow was milkzd or not during the given month. At
kolkhozes, interfarm enterprises and sovkhozes the cows, which are being
fatCened before slaughter, the cows of the meat herd of regions of beef
cattle raising, as well as the cows, which have been singled out for the
group suckling of calves, if these cows are not milked, are excluded from
the total number of cows which were present at the farm when determining
the milk yield per cow.
82. The /yield of wool per sheep/ is determined on the basis of the num-
ber sheep, which were pre.sent at the farm at the beginning of the year, and
the total amount of sheep's wool which was sheared during the given year.
83. The /egg yield of hens/ is determined on the basis of the average an-
nual number of laying hens, which were present at the farm, and the number
of eggs obtained during the given year.
84. The /indicators of the development of kolkhozes/ are cited according
to the number of farms of the corresponding years, disregarding the con-
~ version during those years of kolkhozes into sovkhozes.
85. The /gross income (net production) of kolkhozes/ is calculated as the
difference between the value of the total gross production in the prices
of the corresponding years (excluding capital construction and capital
repair) and the material production expenditures (grain, fodders, fuel,
fertilizers, amortization and so on).
86. The /indivisible funds of kolkhozes/ include the fixed capital accord-
ing to the balance sheet value excluding wear, the working capital and the
funds for capital investments and capital repair by means of their own as- -
sets (excluding borrowed assets).
87. The /pay of kolkhoz farmers/ includes the total amount of money and
the value of the products, which are specified for issuance to kolkhoz
farmers, for work in all the sectors of the public sector.
The average pay per man-day is calculated by dividing this amount by the
total number of man-days, which were worked by kolkhozes farmers in all
sectors of the public sector.
Here for the purposes uf comparability with the indicators of the wage, of
workers and employees the payments in kind are valued at state retail
prices.
88. The /average annual number o� kolkhoz farmers/, who are employed in
the public sector of kolkhozes, is determined by adding up the number of
all the kolkhoz farmers who worked during all the months of the year under
review and by dividing the obtained figure by 12. Able-bodied kolkhoz
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farmers, adolescents and elderly people, regardless of the number of days
worked by them, are included in the number of kolkhoz farmers who worked
during each month.
89. The /average annual number of sovkhoz workers/ is determined by adding
up the average registered number of workers during all the months of the
year under review and dividing the obtainad figure by 12. The average
- registered number of workers during the month is calculated b,� adding up
the number of workers according to tiie list during all the calendar days
of the month, including holidays and days off, and dividing the obtained
figure by the number of calendar days of the month. The registered number of
' workers on days off or holidays is taken to be equal to the registered
number of workers during the preceding workday. The average number of
temporary workers, who were recruited for agricultural work among retirees,
housewives and students, who work individual days, is calculated by divid-
ing the number of man-days worked by them by the number of workdays in the
mor_th.
90. The /labor productivity as a whole for all public agriculture/ (kol-
khozes, sovkhozes, interfarm agricultural enterprises, subsidiary and
other agricultural production enterprises) is calculated: the /annual
labor productivity/--by dividing the gross production of agriculture in
monetary terms (in comgarable prices) by the average annual number of work-
ers who are employed in agriculture, the /hourly labor productivity/--by
dividing the gross production of agriculture in monetary terms (in compara-
ble prices) by the number of man-houra worked in agriculture during the
year.
91. Z'he /direct labor expenditures ir. man-hours/ for the production of
1 quintal of agricultural produce at kolkhozes and sovkhozes include the
labor expenditures of able-bodied people, adolescents and elderly people,
- who were engaged directly in the production of the given type of product,
_ less the general production and general economic expenditures.
92. Al1 the people, who have a diploma (certificate) on graduation from
a higher or secondary specialtzed educational institution, regardless of
the job performed by them or the held position, are included /among the
specialists/ with a higher and secondary specialized education, who worked
directly at kolkhozes, sovkhozes, interfarm agricultural enterprise5, sub-
sidiary and other agricultural production enterprises.
93. Both specialists with a higher and secondary specialized education
and experienced workers are included /amang the managerial workers/ of kol-
khozes, sovkhozes and interfarm agricultural enterprises by the held posi-
tions.
Trausport and Communications
94. The /freight turnover/ characterizes the amount o� work pe-.-formed on
the transportation of cargo and is defined as the sum of the products of
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the weight of each batch of transgorted cargo in tons times the tariff
distance of their transportation in kilometers. The /passenger turnoverj
characterizes the amount of work performed on the transportation of pas-
sengers with allowance made for the distances over which the passengers
were carried.
95. The /adjusted ton-kilometers/ characterize the total amount of the
work performed by transport on the transportation of cargo and passengers
and are defined for rail, water and motor transport as the sum of the ton-
kilometers and passenger-kilometers. The ton-kilometers for trucks, which
_ are operated on a piece rate, for freight trxis, as well as the passenger-
kilometers for buses and passenger cars are included for motor transport in
the total number of adjusted ton-kilometers.
96. The /length of railroad track in use/ is defined as the sum of the
length of individual rail lines, which is in use. The distance between the
center lines of the stations, which is measured according to the center
line of the main track, is considered the length of railroad track in use.
97. The /length of railroad sidings/ o� industrial enterprises and organ-
izations (the total length) is defined as the sum of the length of all the
tracks (main, station, special). Here the sections with two tracks are
included in the length twice, with three tracks--three times and so on.
98. The /average daily run of a freight car/ is the distance in kilometers,
which is covered by a freight car of the operating fleet on tYae average a
day and which is determined by dividing the car-kilometers by the car-days
of the operating fleet of cars.
_ 99. The /average daily run of a locomotive/ is the distance in kilometers,
- which is covered by a locomotive of the operating fleet on the average a day
and which is determined by dividing the loccmotive-kilometers by the
locomotive-days.
100. The /sectionaZ speed/ is the traveling speed of trains between sec-
tional, classification yards with allowance made for the stopover time of
the train at intermediate stations. The /r unning speed/, in contrast to
the sectional speed, is determined without allowance made for the stopover
time of the train at intermediate stations of the section.
101. The /transportation of cargo/ on railroad sidings of industrial
enterprises and organizations is taken into account as the sum of the
shipments of cargo, which are transferred from the Qidings to the railroads
of the Ministry of Railways and are taken from these roads to the sidings
of enterprises and organizations, as well as of the cargo, whichis hauled
on the sidings within industrial enterprises and organizations.
102. The /productivity per ton of carrying capacity (per horsepower) per
day of operation/ in ton-miles (ton-kilometers) is determined by dividing
the ton-miles (ton-kilometers) by the ton-days (power-days) i.n operation,
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that is, by the carrying capacity (horsepower), which is weighted according
to the time that the ships are in operation.
103. The /length of used navigable inland waterways/ is defined as the
sum of the length of the transportation routes of rivers, lakes, canals,
reservoirs and the Aral Sea, over which the movement of ships and the
towing of rafts are carried out.
. 104. The used /routes with markings/ are the routes on which shore and
floating signals have been installed: river beacons, buoys, ranges and
other devices, whicn ensure the safety of shipping both during the day and
at night.
105. The river /routes with guaranteed depths/ are the routes on which
a set depth of the shipping lane is ensured during the entire navigation
or a par*_ of it.
106. Common carrier motor transport and special motor transport--of minis-
tries, departments�, enterprises, organizations and kolkhozes--are included
in the /motor transport of the national economy/. The /common carrier
motor transport/ is the motor transport of the ministries of motor trans-
port (ministries of motor transport and highways) of the union republics
and individual executive committees (trucks, buses, taxis), which carries
" out the transportation of passengers and various cargo for state, public
and cooperative enterprises and the population.
107. The /productivity per ton of carrying capacity of the average regis-
tered vehicle/ is determined in tons or ton-kilometers by dividing the
hauled tons or the pe:formed ton-kilometers by the total carrying capacity
of the average registe:f_d number of vehicles.
108. The /transportation of passengers by passenger cars of private own-
ers/ is determined on the basis of the average register;ad number of passen-
ger cars of private owners, their total mileage a year, the use of the
seating capacity of the car and the length of trips.
109. The /transportation of passengers by passenger taxis/ is determined
on the basis of the paid mileage, the use of the seating capacity of the
passenger taxi and the distance of the trip of a passenger.
Capital Construction
110. The indicator of the /placement of fixed capital into operation/
includes the value of the finished construction and the production and
nonproduction entsrprises, buildings and structures, which hav-e been put
into operation; the value of the equipment of all types (which does and
does not require install.ation), which has been put into operation; the
value to tools, implements and other items, which are assigned to fixed
capital; the value of perennial plantings (orchards, vineyards and so on);
the value of the oparations on the irrigation and reclamation of land;
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the value of dregding and bog-preparation work; the value of completed
oil and gas producing wells, which have been put into operation, as well
as development wells with the necessary output of petroleum or gas, which
are being turned over for operation, and other expenditures connected with
the increase of the value of the fixed cap ital.
111. The expenditures on new construction, the renovation, expansion and
retooling of operating enterprises, the expenditures on housing, municipal,
cultural and general construction are included in /capital investments/.
The expenditures on construction operations, including the installation of
components which are a part of buildings; the expenditures on operations on
the installation of equipment; on drilling operatians athe production
and developmental drilling of oil and gas wells; on equipment, which does
and does not require installation; on the purchase of tools and imple-
ments; on planning and surveying work; on other capital operations and
other expenditures are grouped with capital investments.
The expenditures on the construction of new, the renovation, expansion and
retooling of operating enterprises, shops and other production facilities,
- as well as the expenditures on the acquis ition of equipment, tools and im-
plements of the entire extractive and processing industry, with the excep-
- tion of enterprises engaged in the production of consumer goods, are
grouped with the capital investments in industry for group A.
The expenditures on the construction of new, the renovation, expansion anci
_ retooling of operating enterprises, shops and other production facilities
(including the expenditures on the acquisition of equipment, tools and im-
plemenLs) of the processing industry, which ensure the production of con-
sumer goods (clothing, footwear, foodstuffs, furniture and so on), are
grouped with the capital investments in industry for group B. Products,
which are used as means of production and as consumer goods, are Produced
at some enterprises. In this case the breakdown of the capital investments
in industry into group A and group B is ma.de subject to the prevailing pur-
pose of .ne products of this enterprise.
112. The expenditures on the construction of new, as well as the expan-
sion, reconstruction, renovation and mechanization of already operating
production projecte, building and structures; the expenditures on the
, acquisitton of en,uipment, tools and implements for these projects, build-
ings and structures; the expenditures on the construction and equipment of
residential, cultural and general buildings and structures; the expendi-
tures on the planting and cultivation of perennial crops (orchards, vine-
yards, plantations, nurseries and so forth); the expenditures on the per-
formance of crop technical and other operations on the radical improvement
of plowlands, meadows and pastures; the expenditures on the creation of
wind shelter belts; the expenditures an the acquisition of agricultural
machinery, tractors, road and construction machinery, sea-going and river
� fishing boats and other machinery and eq~-ipment, which are not included in
- the estimates for construction; the expen3itures on the drafting of lans
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and estimates for construction and other capital operations and the ex-
penditures, which are made by means of internal assets (indivisible funds)
and bank credits (loans), are includeci in the /capital investments of
kolkhozes/.
113. Only the value of built personal residences and apartments are in-
cluded in the /capital investments of the population/.
114. Construction and installation organizations (the constru;,tion and
installation adminiatration, the construction admi.nistration, the mechaniza-
tion administration, the administration of the chief of operations, the in-
stallation administration, the construction office, the mobile mechanized
column and so forth), which belong to a construction or installation trust
(or an organization equated with it), as well as construction and instal-
lation organizations, which are directly subordinate to a combine, an as-
sociation, a chief or territorial administration for construction, a chief
production (sectorial) administration, a ministry (department), which
operate in conformity with a statute approved by a superior organization,
on the basis of cost account3.ng, with independent reporting and an independ-
ent balance sheet, are grouped with /primary contracting organizations/.
Repair and construction organizations are not included in the published
data on the number of state primary contracting construction and installa-
tion organizations.
115. The /growth rate of labor productivity in construction/ is determined
according to the amount of construction and installation work in accordancQ
wtth the estimated cost per worker, who is employed in construction and in-
stallation work and at subsidiary works which are included on the balance
sheet of construction organizations. The labor productivity in construc-
tion is cited without regard for the amounta of work and the number of
workers of 'nterfarm construction and construction and repair organizations.
Labor
116. Workers and employees of state, cooperative and public enterprises,
institutions and organizations; kolkhoz farmers and the members of the
families or workers and empluyees of able-bodied age, who are employed in
private aubsidiary agriculture; other groups of the employpd population
(individual peasant farmers, handicraftsmen and others) are grouped with
the fpopulation employed in the national economy/. Students of able-bodied
age, who are studying with leave from work, are not included among the
population employed in the national economy.
The concept /"workers and employees"/ includes all categories of workmen
of enterprises, institutions and organizations, that is, workers, engineer-
ing and technical, agronomic, zootechnic and vetera.nary personnel, teachers,
_ physicians and other specialists, employees, junior service personnel and
security personnel.
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117. The data on the average registered number of workers, in which there
are taken into account the workers, who are on the registered staff of
- enterpris2s, institutions and organizations, that is, including those
workers, who were absent due to illness and were on annual and additional
leave, and women, who were on maternity leave, and so forth are cited in
the table on the /average annual number of workers and employees/.
The /number of workers/, who are employed both in the: sectors of physical ~
production and in nonproductive sectors, are distingul;hed among the workers
and employees in the national economy.
When determining this num3er the people, who are engaged directly in the
process of creating physical assets, as well as the people, who are en-
gaged in repair, the handling of cargo, the transportation of passengers,
the provlsion of materials services and others; janitors and other build-
ing service personnel, as well as nursemaids, messengers, cloakroom at-
tendants and securlty workers are grouped with workers. _
� 118. The /average monthly wage/ of workers and employees for the national ~
- economy and by sectors of the national economy is determined by dividing the
credited wage fund, including the amounts, which have been credited from `
the material incentive fund (except one-time assistance), as well as lump- -
sum and other bonuses, which are not ir_cluded in the wage fund, by the
average annual number of workers and employees. The grants, which are re-
ceived by workers and employees from the assets of social insurance, are =
not included in the wage fund and the average monetary wage.
- 119. The /average set length of the work week/ of adult workers and em-
ployees is calculated as the arithmetic mean, which has been weighted in
accordance with the number of workers and employees with one or another
length of the work week, which has been set for them.
120. All people, who have a diploma (certificate) on graduation from a
higher or secondary specialized educational institution or educational
institutions equated with them and who are employed at enterprises, insti-
tutions, organizations and kolkhozes, regardless of the job performed by
them or the held position, are included among /specialists with a higher
and secondary specialized education/.
121. The data on the trainirg and improvement of the skills of personnel
direcCly at enterprises, institutions and organizations, as well as at
schools, in courses, at educational combines, institutes and faculties for _
the improvement of skills are cited in the tables on the /training and im-
provement of the skills of workers and employees/. The cited data do not
- include the training of personnel in cost accounting courses and at schools -
(courses in typing, stenography, foreign languages, of draftsmen and so -
forth), which carry out the training of workers at the expense of the
students themselves.
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isv.&-.:sr-4 J- -

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122. The data on the /training of skilled personnel at vocational and `
technical educational insritutions/ include the training carried out by
- educational institutions of the USSR State Comuittee for 1locational and
- Technical Lducation.
Increase of the Well-Being of the People
123. The /real income of the population/ expresses that amount of material �
wealth, in which are realized the monetary income and income in kind, which
were received in the form of wages, payments from public consumption funds
(pensions, grants, stipends and so forth), income from the private sector
- and orher income, which is used by the population to meet its material and -
cultural needs. Real income is the part of the national income, which is
received by the population as a result of its ultimate distribution.
Indices of the real income of the entire population, as well as indices of
the real income of workers and employees and of the real income of kolkhoz
farmers are calculated in order to characterize the increase of real in-
come.
When calculating the indices of real income the comparability of the corre-
= sponding prices should be ensured,for which during the calculations the
- change in prices during the period being compared is taken into account.
_ 124. The /payments and benefits/, which are received by the population =
from publiz consumption funds, include the corresponding expenditures of
the state budget, state and cooperative enterprises and economic organiza-
tions, kolkhozes, trade union and other public organizations.
The expenditures on free education and the improvement of skills, free
medical assistance, the expenditures for the payment of pensions, grants,
stipends to students, free and concessionary travel authorizations to
sanatoriums and holiday hotels, the expenditures of the state on the main-
- tenance of hcusing in the area, which is not covered by the low rent in
ef'Lect in the USSR, the expenditures on the payment for the annual leave of
workers and several other payments and benefits are grouped with payments
and benefits.
� When determining the amount of the indicated payments and benefits the ex-
penditures on instruction and other measures on education are taken without
the expenditures on science, the press and art; the expenditures on all
types of sociocultural measures are taken into account without the expendi-
- tures on capital invescments; the expenditures on sanatorium and health
r.esort assistance are taken without that portion of them, which is paid
- in part by the population, the expend itures cn children's preschool insti-
tutions and boarding schools are taken without the payment of parents; the
payment for leave is taken into account in an amount less the paid taxes.
- 125. The area of a11 living rooms and auxiliary rooms of apartments and
dormitories (kitchens, corridors and so forth) are includPd in the /total
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(useful) area/ of apartment houses. The area in apartment buildings, which
is desi.gned for nonresidential facilities (communications departments,
stores, ~irugstores, preschool institutions, libraries, recreation centers,
the offices of the housing administrations, consumer service enterprises
- dnd so forth), 3_s not included in the total area of apartment houses.
126. The /increase of the sale/ of individual goods and commodity groups
is calculated in comparable prices, including the turnover of consumer co-
operatives on the sale of agricultural products, which were bought at con-
tract prices and accepted on commission.
127. The /average life expectancy/ is the number of years of life ahead
on the average per person from the given generation of those born. Here it
is presumed that throughout the life ahead of this generation with its
transition from one age to another the death rate will be equal to the cur-
rent level of the death rate of the population in the corresponding age
groups.
The increase of the average life expectancy is a result of a decline of
the death rate. With a decrease of the death rate the inclicator of the
average life expectancy increases. Thus, in conformity with international
practice the indicator of the average life expectancy characterizes the
average amount of life ahead for the given generation under the conditions
of the present age-by-age death rate of the population.
Thp indicator of the average life
structing so-called life tables,
which characterize the death rate
shift from one age to the next.
expectancy can be obtained only by con-
which contain a number of indicators
by ages and the survival rate with a
Trade
128. The /rQtail commodity turnover/ of state and cooperative trade is
defined as the volume of the sale of goods to the population by the retail
trade network, the network of public dining, as well as outside the trade
network (throubh clething repair and tailoring shops, repair shops, di-
rectly by industrial and transportation enterprises and others); moreover,
the sale by the trade network to organizations, institutions and enter-
prises of foodstuffs for feeding the contingents serviced by them (at
sanatoriums, children's institutions, hospitals and others) and of nonfood
consumer items for their current economic needs is included in the retail
commodity turnover.
Since late 1954 the organizations of consumer cooperatives have purchased
from kolkhoz farmers agricultural products at contract prices, have ac-
cepted products from kolkhozes on commission and then sold them to the
public. This selling is also included in the total volume and structure
of the retail commodity turnover for the correspondirig commodity groups.
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129. At public dining enterprises the production is taken into account in
diahes. A dish (portion) is a unit of physical measurement of the dinner
- production, as well as of the cold and hot snacks distributed to the popu-
lation. The number of dishes shows the number of units of production (por-
tions), which are sold to the population. A dish does not involve a con-
- stant size of the portion, in particular, a half partion is conaidered a
dish.
130. The /reserve commodity stocks/ on 1 January of each year in retail
and wholesale trade as a whole in days of commodity turnover are calculated
as a percentage of the turnover of the retail network during the fourth
quarter of the preceding year without the turnover of consumer cooperatives
on the sale of agricultural products, which were bought at contract prices
and accepted on commission.
The reserve comnodity stocks on 1 January of each year in wholesale trade
and industry in days of turnover are calculated as a percentage of the
delivery volume of goods for retail trade, for the p�roduction and operating
needs of all sectors of the economy, for export and for other purposes dur-
ing the fourth quarter of the preceding year.
131. The /indices of state retail prices/ of the tota.l commodity turnover
during each year are determined by evaluating the entirety of the goods
_ sold to the population during the year in review both through retail trade
and through public dining in the prices of the base period and the period
under review. Here in the calculations of the price indices the establish-
ment of temporary prices for goods of improved quality is not regarded as
an increase of the prices, and accordingly their repeal is not regarded as
a decrease of the prices.
132. The /marketing costs of retail trade and public dining/ in 1940
prices are calculated by recalculating the commodity turnover according to
the indices of state retail prices and the physical marketing costs accord-
ing to the corresponding indices of pricea and tariffs.
133. The data on the /number of seats/ are cited for public dining enter-
prises, which have a dining hall equipped with seats.
134. The sale of agricultural products by kolkhozes, kolkhoz farmers and
other groups of the population, who have a private p1ot, to workers, em-
ployees and organizations at contract prices is included in the /sales
volume on the kolkhoz intravillage market/. The sale of goods by kolkhozes
and kolkhoz farmers to each other constitutes the /intravillage market
turnover/, which is not a part of the turnover of the intravillage kolkhoz
market.
_ Public Education and Culture
135. Students who completed the seventh grade of seven-year and secondary
schools are included among the students who graduated from an incomplete
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secondary school priur to 1962. In connection with the introduction of a
universal compulsory eight-year education in the country there was no
` graduating class of students frofft the seventh grade in 1962; all the stu-
dents should have continued studying in the eighth gr3de. Since 1963 the
students who have completed the eighth grade of eight-year and secondary
schools have been included among the students who have graduated from an
incomplete secondary school.
136. The libraries, which have a universal book collection and meet the
mass demands of the population for literature, are grouped with /general
libraries/. These libraries may be carried on an independent budget (in-
dependent libraries) or on the budget of trade union organizations, enter-
prises, institutions and so forth. Since 1962 public libraries r.ave been
taken into account among the general libraries.
Generul libraries are administered by state and public organizations and
kolkhozes.
In addition to general libraries attached to enterprises and institutions,
higher and secondary specialized educational institutions, schools and
other instxtutions there are also /scientific, academic, technical and
other specj_al libraries/.
137. Since 1964 public clubs have been taken into account among fclub
institutions/.
Finance and Credit
The data of the section are cited in the actual prices which were in ef-
fect each year, except for the data on the profitability of industrial
enterprises by sectors of industry, which are also cited in comparable
prices.
138. The profit, the turnover tax and other receipts, which are a part of
the net revenue of the national economy, are included in the /monetary ac-
cumulations/. The turnover tax directly enters the revenue of the state
- budget and is used for national needs. A portion of the profit, which is
received by enterprises, in conformity with the plans is used by them for
the further development of facilities (capital investments, the increase
of working capital and others), for the creation of economic stimulation
funds (the material incentive fund, the fund for sociocultural measures
and housing construction, the production development fund, the fund of the
enterprise for the improvement of the cultural and living conditions of
the workers and the improvement of production and so on). The other part
of the profit is contributed by enterprises to the state budget and is
- also used for national needs.
The data on the profit, which are cited in the yearbook, characterize the
net profit (less the planned and unplanned losseE), which was received by
enterprises and organizations. The profit by individual sectors of the
~
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national economy is determined on the basis of the reports of independent
cost accounting enterprises of the corresponcling sector. Here the financial
results of the activity of suusidiary works are included in the indicators
of the enterprises of the ma.in sector.
- 139. The /profitability of industrial enterprises/ is calculated by com-
paring the profit or all the monetary accumulations with the value of the
fixed capital and working capital.
The sum of the balance sheet profit, which includes the profit (loss) from
the sale of industrial products, the profit from the sale of the products
and services of the subsidiary and ancillary works of industry, as well as
other planned and unplanned revenues and losses of enterprises, is taken
as the profit; the average annual value (the initial value excluding
wear) of all fixed production capital, that is, the industrial fixed capi-
tal and the productive capital, which belong to enterprises of other sec-
tors of the national economy (subsidiary agricultural enterprises, procure-
ment, transportation and other enterprises and organizatians), which are
taken into account on the balance sheet of industrial enterprises, is taken
as the value of the fixed capital; the average annual balances of working
capital, which has been invested in reserves of cotmnodity stocks--produc-
tion stocks (raw materials, ma.terials, fuel, spare parts, inexpense imple-
ments and others), the expenditures on unfinished production, the expendi-
tures of future periods and stocks of finished production--are taken as the
working capital. Here all working capital, regardless of the sources of
its formation, that is, including that which has been lent by a bank, is
taken into account.
T'he profitability of industrial enterprises by ;:ectc;rs of industry is
cited on the basis of the prices and conditions of the corresponding years,
as well as with allowance made for conversion into the comparable prices
- and conditions of 1975.
_ When recalculating the profitability, in. addition to the changes in the
prices for individual types of products, the introduction on 1 January 1975
- of new standards of amortization and the value of the capital after its
revaluation on 1 January 1972, the increase of the wages of industrial
workers, changes in the methodology of forming the profit and others are
taken into account.
The data on all the monetary accumulations of industrial enterpri:ses in-
clude, in addition to the profit, also the turnover tax, special sur-
charges, which are levied upon the sale of products in excess of tha base
price, as well as other amounts, which directly enter the revenue of the
state budget, but are a part of the net income of industry.
The data on the profitability, which are cited in the yearbook, pertain
to industrial enterprises which are carried on an independent balance
- sheet.
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140. The /profitability for other sectors of the national economy/ (ex-
cept industry) in conformity with the prevailing methods is determined:
_ for /transportation/ by comparing the profit with the average annual value
- of the fixed production capital and the working capital; here the profita-
bility of river transport is calculated without the navigation service,
which is maintained at the expense of the state budget;
for /contracting construction organizations/ by comparing the profit with
the actual cost of contractual construction operations;
for /trade organizations/ by comparing the profit with the volume of the
commodity turnover (the retail and wholesale commodity turnover and the
commoditv turnover of public dining) and, in addition, with the amount of
the marketing costs. The data on the profitability in trade are cited for
the Ministry of Trade, departments of workers' supply and offices of food
supply for workers and employees, the Main Administration for the Distribu-
tion of Printed Matter, Aptekoupravleniye, Knigotorg and consumer coopera-
tives.
141. The /working capital/ is the sum of the working productive capital
and the capital of circulation. The working capital is formed by means of
the assets, which the state has put at the disposal of individual enter-
prises and economic organizations in the amounts established by standards
(internal working capital), as well as by means of credits granted by
banks and the assets, which are temporarily in the circulation of enter-
prises before the completion of settlements with the state budget, sup-
plies and other creditors.
142. The /economic stimulation funds/ are formed by means of deductions,
which are made by enterprises from the profit, deductions, which are in-
cluded in the production cost, the cost of operations and services, and
other sources.
143. The /USSR State Budget/ includes the union budget, the budgets of the
union republics, which, in turn, consist of the republic and local budgets.
The USSR State Budget also includes the budget of state social insurance.
144. The /expenditures on sociocultural measures and science/ from the
state budget and ottier sources inclu3e:
a) the expenditures on sociocultural measures (including capital invest-
ments) of the state budget and the budget of state social insurance;
b) expenditures on pensions and grants to kolkhoz farmers from the cen-
tralized union fund of social insurance, which is created through the
state budget and the assets of kolkhozes;
c) the expenditures on sociocultural measures of state and cooperative
enterprises and organizations, namely: capital investments in the
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construction of sociocultural facilities through sources of financing of
t.he national economy, the expenditures on the training of personnel and
scientific research through the enterprises' own assets and assets re-
ceived by them from the state budget for economic measures; the expendi-
tures on the cultural and personnel needs of workers and employees from
economic stimulation funds, other funds, as well as at the expense of the
profit of enterprises and organizations;
d) the expenditures of trade uions and public organizations on the cul-
tural and persinnal needs of workers;
e) the monetary expenditures and expenditures in kind of kolkhozes from
the fund for social and personal measures and the fund of social security
and material assistance to kolkhoz farmers in the form of payments to kol-
khoz members for work at cultural and service institutions, for the time
that women are on maternity leave and others with the valuation of the
payments in kind at state retail prices, as well as the expenditures on
the construction of buildings for cultural and general purposes, the ex-
penditures on grants, the sanatorium and health resort service of kolkhoz
farmers from the centralized fund of social insurance of kolkhoz farmers;
f) the expenditures at the expense of other sources.
145. The /extension of credit by banks to the national economy and the
population/ includes the short-term and long-term credits, which have been
granted to state and cooperative enterprises and organizations and kol-
khozes, as well as to the population by institutions of the USSR State
Bank and the All-Union Bank for Financing Capital Investments.
USSR Foreign Economic Contacts
146. The /foreign trade turnover/ is shown with the inclusion of reexports.
The export and impoxt of goods by way of outright aid and other noncommer-
cial operations (parcel postage, baggage and others) are not included in
the forej.gn trade turnover. The exports and imports are given strictly for
the calendar period, regardless of by means of what trade agreement and the
_ plan of what period the export and import of goods were carried out.
The exports and imports axe taken into account at FOB prices, that is, for
exports the overhead to the Soviet port or the USSR line of navigation is
included in the value of the goods; for imports the overhead to the foreign
_ port or the line of navigation of the counCry of origin is included in the
value of the goods.
The absolute volume of the foreign trade turnover, exports and imports of
the USSR as a whole with CEMA member countries includes the data from the
year of admission of each country to the Council for Mutual Economic As-
sistance, while the growth rate is specified for all these countries for
all the cited years.
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147. The indicators of the /economy and culture of capitalist countries/
in all instances (except those specifically stipulated) are cited on the
basis of publications of the official statistics of the individual coun-
tries and the individual capitalist associations or the official statisti-
cal bulletins and collections of international organizations.
The appropriate recalculations have been made in order to ensure the com-
parability of the statistical data in instances when the methods of the in-
dividual indicators of Soviet and foreign statistics are different. Such
recalculations were made, in particular, when comparing the following in-
dicators for the USSR and the United Ststes and other capitalist countries:
a) when comparing the /national income/. The statistics of the United
States (just as the statistics of other bourgeois states) includes in the
total national income not only the results of physical production, but also
nonproductive services. The double counting of the revenue of services
was in di�ferent years 25-30 percent of the officially published total na-
tional income of the United States.
In Soviet statistics the national income is regarded not as the simple sum
of all types of revenues, as is customary in bourgeois statistics, but as
the sum of the primary revenues obtained in the sphere of physical produc-
tion.
For comparability it is necessary to recalculate the U.S. national income
- according the methodnlogy used in the USSR, that ia, to exclude for the
United States the sum of the double counting of the revenue of services,
as well as to evaluate the national income of the USSR and the United
States in comparable prices. The calculations which were made show that
the USSR national income in 1978 was 67 percent of the U.S. national in-
come.
It should also be taken into account that U.S. statistics, like the statis-
tics of other capitalist countries, makes a deliberate distortion when cal-
culating the indicators of the breakdown of the national income, which has
as its goal the significant exaggeration of the share of the workers;
b) when comparing the /total industrial production volume/ the gross pro-
duction of IJ.S. industry was regrouped according to the classification used
in the USSR. Several versions of the calculations of the gross industrial
production of the USSR and the United States in comparable prices were
made. T'he calculations which were made show that the USSR industrial pro-
duction volume in 1978 was more than 80 percent of the U.S. industrial pro-
duction. This ratio is also confirmed when comparing the production of
the most important types of industrial products in physical terms;
c) when comparing the /generation of electric power/. In many capitalist
countries the indicators of the generation of electric power are cited for
the release of electric power from the collecting bars (that is, without
the electric power which was consumed by general-purpose electric power
~
'
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stations for tYeir own internal needs), while in the USSR the generation
of electric power is usually characterized by the data on the gross genera-
tion of electric power. For the purposes of comparability of the indica-
tors of the generation of electric power the grosa generation of electric
power by capitalist countries is calculated, while in some instances the
release of electric power from the collecting bars is determined for the
USSR;
d) when comparing the /production of steel/. The ateel, which was smelted
at specialized enterprises for the production of cast material, which do
- not produce bars, is added to the production of s*_eel for the United States
for the purposes of comparability with the data fo r the USSR; approximately
- 2.7 millions tons of steel in terms of molten stee 1 were smelted at these
enterprises in 1978;
e) when comparing the /agricultural production vo lume/. All types of
agricultural products in physical terms for the U SSR and the United States
are evaluated in comparable prices. The results o f the calculations which
were made show that the USSR agricultural production volume on the average
in 1976-197$ was approximately 85 percent of the U.S. agricultural produc-
tion; _
f) when comparing /labor productivity i.n industry/.. In order to compare
the data of the USSR ancl the United States the number af workers in U.S.
industry was recalculated according te the clasaification used in the USSR.
Moreover, the data for the USSR are lowered in connection with the differ-
ent methods of estimating the register;' staff in the USSR and the United
States; in the USSR not only those who actually worked, but also those
who were absent from work in connection with tri:p s for the improvement of
skills, correspondence students who received leave to take examinations,
and people performing state duties are included in the nwnber of workers
(industrial personnel directly engaged in product ion); the workers of the
USSR have the right to a longer period with pay in case of temporary dis-
ability and so on. On the other hand, a downward adjustment is made in the
data for the United States, since the number of those employed in American
industry also includes strike members.
- After the appropriate adjustments the number of workers (industrial per-
sonnel directly engaged in production) in USSR industry (including kolkhoz
industry) in terms of the average annual number in 1978 was 35 million,
while in U.S. induatry (for a group approximately comparable with the USSR)
it was 25 million. Thus, the number of workers in USSR industry was 140
percent of the number of workers in the United States. On the basis of
these data (the industrial production in the USSR is more than 80 percent
of the U.S. production, while there are 40 percen t more workers than in
the United States) it turns out that the labor pro ductivity of industrial
personnel directly engaged in production in the USSR in 1978 was more thaa
55 percent of the labor productivity in U.S. industry;
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g) when comparing the /laUor productivity in agriculture/. According to
the data of American statistics, the number of workers employed at U.S.
farma on the average in 1960-1978 was 4.5 million. However, American
statistics to a considerable extent doe:4 not take into sufficient account
the number of hired warkers and the members of the families of farmers,
who work a partial work week (the members of the families of farmers, who
perform unpaid labor at farms, arE� included among those employed only if
they spend 15 or more hours durini, the week in question). Moreover, the
expenditures of labor for a numbei- of agricultural operations, which are
performed in the USSR by kolkhozes and sovkhozes, at U.S. farms are made
by enterprises of other sectors. Among them are the cleaning and drying
of grain, the hauling of agricultLral produce to the city, the delivery of
means of production to farms, the partial preparation of fodders for live-
stock and others.
- For the purposes of comparability of thE� expenditures of labor it is necas-
sary to make the appropriate adjustments in the data of American statis-
tics. With allowance made for these adjustments it turns out that on the
average during 1966-1978 not 4.5 million geople, but about 6.5 million were
employed in U.S. agriculture. On the average in 1966-1978 in average an-
nual terms 28.8 million people, including adolescents and elderly people,
who took part in agricultural operations, were employed in all USSR agri-
culture, including those employed in the private subsidiary agriculture
of kolkhoz farmers, workers and employees (not couiiting, of course, the
time spent on housework which is not connected with agricultural produc-
tion). Thus, the average ar_nual number of workers employed in USSR agri-
culture was approximacely fourfold more than in the United States, while
the agricultural production volume on the average in 1966-1978 was ap-
proximately 85 percent of the U.S. level.
h) when comparing the /number of students/. Candidates for the academic
degrees of master and doctor of sciences, foreign students and students of
seminaries and military higher educational institutions are excluded from
the official data for the United States.
All the recalculations for the eniLmerated indicators were made for zhe
purpose of comparing the absolute levels for the corresponding years in the
USSR and capitalist countries. The growth rates in all instances are
cited in accordance with the official statistics of the capitalist coun-
tries without recalculation.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Statistika", 1979
7807
CSO: 8144/1461 -END-
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